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Innovation infrastructure facilities include: Selection of innovative projects. The innovation process is

Innovative infrastructure of the Russian Federation and its development

Introduction

At present, the creation of a national innovation infrastructure in Russia is a key task not only for the scientific and technical sphere, but also for increasing the competitiveness of the domestic economy. Commercialization of technologies is part of a holistic mechanism for the creation and implementation of innovations within the framework of the national innovation infrastructure. In this paper, we will consider the concept and tasks of the innovation infrastructure, elements of the innovation infrastructure of the Russian Federation, the essence and principles, the classification of scientific organizations, signs and types of small innovative enterprises(companies), as well as indicate the goals and objectives of the innovation strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020.

1. The concept and objectives of the innovation infrastructure

innovative infrastructure science

Under the innovation infrastructure is understood a set of organizations that contribute to the implementation of innovative projects, including the provision of managerial, logistical, financial, information, personnel, advisory and organizational services.

The innovation infrastructure is the link between the results of scientific research and the market, the state and the business sector of the economy.

Usually, at least the following types (subsystems) of innovation infrastructure are distinguished:

financial: various types of funds (budget, venture, insurance, investment), as well as others financial institutions, such as, for example, the stock market, especially in terms of high-tech companies;

production and technological (or material): technology parks, innovation and technology centers, business incubators, etc.;

informational: the actual databases and knowledge and access centers, as well as analytical, statistical, informational, etc. centers (i.e. service providers);

personnel: educational institutions for the training and retraining of personnel in the field of scientific and innovation management, technological audit, marketing, etc.;

expert consulting: organizations engaged in the provision of services on intellectual property, standardization, certification, as well as consulting centers, both general and specialized in certain areas (finance, investment, marketing, management, etc.).

In all the cases listed above, the subjects of innovative activity are provided with access to certain types of resources and services they need, namely:

to financial resources directly, or through obtaining a share in market value subjects;

to buildings, structures, equipment, instruments, etc.;

to the necessary information;

to human resources with the required qualifications, or systems that ensure the improvement of their qualifications;

different kind special services that can be provided to this subject of innovative activity.

The objectives of the innovation infrastructure are expressed as follows:

selection of projects based on the system of objective examination;

creation of favorable starting conditions for the development of small innovative technology-oriented firms;

support of mechanisms of interaction with major centers;

formation of a material and technical base for the creation and development of small innovative firms;

creation of information networks that ensure the development of small firms, the possibility of their connection to international networks;

entrepreneurship training in the scientific and technical field.

Elements of innovation infrastructure

With the help of various elements of the innovation infrastructure, the following main tasks are solved:

Information Support;

production and technological support for innovation;

holding exhibitions of innovative projects and products;

provision of consulting assistance;

training, retraining and advanced training of personnel for innovative activities.

The key elements of the innovation infrastructure are:

) technology park structures:

science parks, technology and research centers;

innovation, innovation-technological and business-innovation centers;

technology transfer centers;

business and technology incubators;

virtual incubators;

technopolises, etc.

) information technology systems:

bases of scientific and technological information, technical-legal and technical-economic information, other databases.

Let us consider separately the presented elements of the innovation infrastructure.

Information technology systems

One of the key elements of the innovation infrastructure is information technology systems. These systems are based on databases containing a wide variety of information about the subjects and results of innovation activity.

The rapid development of Internet technologies and other new information technologies allows you to significantly increase the efficiency of solving the problem information support innovative activity. Using telematics networks for interactive remote access to databases of information technology systems contribute to more efficient implementation of innovation processes.

Examples of the successful functioning of this element of the innovation infrastructure are the information technology systems ARIST, CORDIS, EPIPOS supported by the EU countries.

Thus, the scientific and technological information service ARIST is an information tool for obtaining information about innovative technologies existing on the market. It is used to connect innovative organizations with relevant technology with potential clients. ARIST provides a range of information services that can be divided into three groups:

Scientific and technological information to analyze what stage a certain innovative technology has reached.

Technical and legal information - topics such as industrial property (patents, trademarks, utility models, national and foreign technical standards), as well as legislation, regulations different countries.

Feasibility information includes market research on supply and distribution.

Technopark structures.

Currently, there are a wide variety of forms of technopark structures in the world:

science parks, technology and research parks,

innovation, innovation-technological and business-innovation centers,

technology transfer centers,

business and technology incubators, virtual incubators,

technopolises and others.

There are fundamental differences between some of these forms associated with different functional purposes, the specifics of the organizational form, the range of tasks to be solved, while the difference between other technopark structures is more of a terminological nature, sometimes associated with the peculiarities of the development of innovation infrastructure in a particular country.

There are three main groups of technopark structures:

. incubators,

. technology parks,

. technopolises.

Consider distinctive features, the characteristic features of each and these forms and the experience of their functioning in various countries.

Incubators -These are multifunctional complexes that provide a variety of services to new innovative firms that are at the stage of emergence and formation.

In other words, incubators are designed to “hatch” new innovative enterprises, assist them at the earliest stages of their development by providing information, consulting services, renting premises and equipment, and other services.

The main task of the incubator is to create a favorable environment for the development and support of small businesses by creating organizational and economic conditions that stimulate their activities (providing information, consulting services, renting premises and equipment, and other services).

The incubator usually occupies one or more buildings. The incubation period of the client firm usually lasts from 2 to 5 years, after which the innovative firm leaves the incubator and begins independent activity.

The incubator, as a form and element of the innovation infrastructure, is in constant development, the logic of which is largely helped to understand the history of the emergence and spread of incubators.

Under technoparka compactly located complex is meant, the functioning of which is based on the commercialization of scientific and technical activities and the acceleration of the promotion of innovations in the sphere of material production.

Distinctive features technopark:

the complexity of the legally independent firms and organizations included in the technological park in terms of the scientific and production cycle of creating innovations (scientific institutions, universities, industrial enterprises, service departments, etc.);

compact location;

limited space;

availability of quality infrastructure;

location in ecologically clean scenic areas;

high efficiency of innovative activity.

The concept of a technology park is quite close to the concept of an incubator in the field of innovation. Both of these elements of the innovation infrastructure are complexes designed to promote the development of small innovative companies, create a favorable, supportive environment for their functioning. The difference between them lies in the fact that the range of technopark client firms, unlike incubators, is not limited to newly created innovative companies at the earliest stage of development. The services of technology parks are used by small and medium-sized innovative enterprises that are at various stages of the commercial development of scientific knowledge, know-how and science-intensive technologies. In other words, technoparks are not characterized by a strict policy of constant renewal, customer rotation, which is typical for incubators in the field of innovation.

The main structural unit of the technopark is the center. Typically, the structure of the technopark includes:

innovation and technology center;

Training Center;

counseling center,

information centre,

marketing center,

Industrial Zone.

Each of the technopark centers provides a specialized set of services, for example, services for retraining specialists, searching for and providing information on a specific technology, lawyer consulting etc. The technopark may include an incubator as its separate structural element.

Technopolis,which is often also called a scientific city or a science city, a “city of brains”, is a large modern scientific and industrial complex, including a university or other universities, research institutes, as well as residential areas equipped with cultural and recreational infrastructure.

The purpose of the construction of science cities, technopolises is to concentrate scientific research in advanced and pioneer industries, to create a favorable environment for the development of new high-tech industries in these industries. As a rule, one of the criteria that a technopolis must meet is its location in picturesque areas, harmony with natural conditions and local traditions.

Currently successful development innovation infrastructure in many countries is associated with integration processes that allow achieving synergistic effects by combining and coordinating the activities of various elements of the innovation infrastructure. In our country, a positive integrating role in the development of innovation infrastructure is played by the creation of various innovation unions and associations.

One example is the beginning of the creation of a territorially isolated complex - the Skolkovo innovation center, which creates an unprecedented legal regime that minimizes administrative barriers and the tax burden for resident companies. Within the framework of the Skolkovo innovation center, a technical university is being created with the aim of reaching the level of the world's leading universities in the future. A system of state co-financing of innovative projects of private companies is being formed through the management company of the Skolkovo Innovation Center, the federal state autonomous institution "Russian fund technological development" and other development institutions. In relation to companies with state participation, a system is being formed to support the development and implementation of innovative development programs by them.

Essence and principles of formation of organizational structures of innovative enterprises

The solution of the tasks facing innovative enterprises (IE) (independent or included in associations, concerns and other high-level organizational forms) is carried out within the framework of certain organizational structures. They provide for the presence of a certain composition of units or individual functionaries who are in established relationships and interactions, and within the framework of intrastructural activities of one type or another, aimed at performing certain functions and achieving private and general goals of the functioning of the IP.

The organizational structure of an IP is a set of scientific, design, design, technological and information departments (laboratories, departments, sectors, groups) that carry out the main creative activity in creating an intellectual product - innovations of a certain profile and specialization, as well as production, support and management departments, ensuring the implementation of thematic R&D plans and the implementation of the created innovations. The organizational structure of any IP must correspond to its target and functional structure. In practice, such a complete coincidence of structures may not be. This is explained by the fact that in the conditions of dynamic market relations some goals and functions disappear and new ones appear in accordance with new ideas, tasks, methods of solution, etc. .

The fundamental factors under the influence of which the organizational structure of the IP is formed are:

features of the branch of knowledge, science and technology, production;

the degree of independence of the individual entrepreneur or place in the structure of the association;

directions of R&D performed and specific tasks of the thematic plan;

the level of specialization and the degree of cooperation of a particular individual entrepreneur and its place in public division labor, as well as the technology of carrying out and the level of automation of scientific, design, economic and managerial work;

deadlines for solving scientific and technical problems;

the structure of the IP's disposable resources (labor, material, information and financial) and their development trends.

The most important principles for building and improving IP structures are:

the primacy of goals, functions, tasks and the secondary nature of the departments that solve them;

rational division and cooperation of labor (external and internal) and expedient specialization of departments and performers, which in turn creates conditions for the scientific organization of labor of workers at all levels, speeding up workflow and passing information of all types vertically and horizontally, reducing the cycle and reducing the cost of creating innovation;

hierarchy of interaction structural divisions with the minimum possible number of hierarchy levels to provide the shortest paths for information from top to bottom and bottom to top;

ensuring manageability, for which at each hierarchical level there should be optimally 5-6, but not more than 8-9 organizational cells;

specialization of each structural body at any level in the performance of a possibly narrow range of functions provided for by the provisions.

Classification of scientific organizations by sectors of science and types of organization

Organizations for which research and development is the main activity are not always characterized by belonging to a particular sector of the economy, or organizational and legal form of ownership. In this case, the following classification of scientific organizations by sectors of science and types of organizations, united by organizational features, nature and specialization of work.

Sector Type of scientific organizationState Organizations of ministries and departments that ensure government and meet the needs of society as a whole (public administration, defense, public order, healthcare, culture, leisure, social Security etc.), including federal and local authorities. Non-profit (non-profit) organizations wholly or mainly funded and controlled by the government, with the exception of organizations related to higher education. They primarily serve the government and do not aim to make a profit, but are mainly engaged in research on public and administrative functions. Entrepreneurial All organizations and enterprises whose main activity is the production of products or services for sale (other than higher education services), including those owned by the state. Private non-profit (non-profit) organizations, mainly serving the above organizations. Higher education Universities and other higher education institutions, regardless of funding sources or legal status. Research institutes, experimental stations, clinics under the direct control of, or operated by, or associated with institutions of higher education. Organizations directly serving the field of higher education (organizations of the system of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation) Private non-profit (non-profit) Private organizations that do not aim to make a profit (professional societies, unions, associations, public, charity organisations, funds), except for funds financed by more than half of the state, which belong to the public sector. Private individual organizations.

Small innovative companies (enterprises) in the Russian Federation

Among the organizational structures of innovation management, small enterprises stand out. In the most difficult situation is not a large business, but a small innovative company (enterprise) (MIK, MIP) - a science-intensive enterprise related to the so-called high tech companies that produces goods or services of a certain scientific and technical level.

Types of small innovative companies.

Small innovative companies are of the following types:

. MIK in the administrative structure of large research institutes and NGOs.They are the very first, trial market form of small knowledge-intensive companies. The organizers were almost always the leadership of the parent organization, the MIK actually functioned as one of the administrative departments of the parent organization, being part of its bureaucratic apparatus, and its employees carried out the orders of the parent organization through the accounts of the MIK, overestimating their wages 5-10 times. .

. "Shadow" MICs- were organized and registered by employees independently, without the consent of the administration of the parent organization, in which the vast majority of their founders and owners worked. Formally, the activities of such MICs are criminally punishable. However, shadow MICs had two advantages over the MICs described above:

They carried out initial accumulation financial resources for further, independent activity;

Scientific and technical staff got an idea of what private enterprise is.

However, the most important drawback remained - the absence of social risk.

. MIK of a self-sustaining administrative unitseparated themselves from the large research parent organizations, which were entirely their former departments or laboratories. Such MECs almost completely ceased their activities, firstly, due to the termination of public funding and, secondly, with a change in the point of view of the leadership of the parent organization.

. Science-intensive MICs of "free swimming"- pure commercial enterprises, the creation of which was a truly responsible decision for the people who made it, since it involved initial stage the complete absence of fixed assets, raw materials, working capital, combined with the rejection of social guarantees that existed while working in the parent organization.

Small innovative enterprises need constant support from the authorities state power, local government and non-profit organizations. First of all, a broad legal environment is needed for the functioning of the SIE. Legislative and regulations form a system of economic, financial, material and other incentives that guarantee the necessary support for certain categories of small businesses. Installed general rules their behavior in market economy, at the same time prohibitions are introduced on the conduct of illegal business. At the same time, legislative acts establish measures to protect business entities from the negative impact external environment, including from illegal actions of authorities different levels.

State support is provided at the federal, regional and local levels. State support measures at any level are based on the Federal Law “On state support small business in Russian Federation» dated June 14, 1995 (as amended on March 21, 2002) .

In order to stimulate the innovative activity of SIE, the methods of state influence are divided into direct and indirect. Direct methods of state regulation of SIE development are manifested in various forms financing, in stimulating the cooperation of small innovative enterprises with universities, large enterprises and research and production complexes, in priority right to receive orders for the development and production of products and the provision of services for state needs. Direct methods include targeted programs support of small enterprises in the innovation sphere. The indirect methods of state influence include legislative and legal acts, which are very diverse and relate to many areas of activity of the SIE. Indirect methods include the liberalization of taxation, in particular the application tax incentives(reducing tax rates, " tax holidays" and etc.).

legislative;

financial;

administrative and organizational (registration, licensing and certification procedure);

informational;

tax;

property;

consulting;

personnel (training and retraining);

commodity;

production and technical;

insurance.

Many authorities are responsible for implementing support for small businesses. These include the Federal Antimonopoly Service, the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation, Russian agency support for small and medium businesses and their regional branches, State Duma Committee on economic policy, entrepreneurship and tourism, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry and departments (committees, commissions, etc.) for supporting small businesses, which are part of the structure of local governments. In addition, numerous non-profit unions and associations are involved in supporting small businesses.

6. Goals and objectives of the formation of the innovation infrastructure of the Russian Federation in market conditions

Russia sets itself ambitious but achievable long-term development goals, consisting in ensuring a high level of well-being of the population and strengthening the geopolitical role of the country as one of the leaders that determines the world political agenda. Only possible way achieving these goals is the transition of the economy to an innovative social oriented model development. The global economic crisis of 2008-2009 complicated the implementation of the set goals, led to a reduction in private business spending on innovation and slowed down the development of the Russian innovation system. Nevertheless, the difficult economic situation in the short term does not mean the need to revise the goals of long-term development, but leads to increased requirements for the pace and quality of economic development in the period up to 2020.

The goal of the strategy is to transfer the Russian economy to an innovative development path by 2020, characterized by the following main indicators:

share of enterprises industrial production those carrying out technological innovations will increase to 40-50% in 2020 (in 2009 - 9.4%);

Russia's share in the world markets for high-tech goods and services (including nuclear energy, aircraft engineering, space technology and services, special shipbuilding, etc.) will reach at least 5-10% in 5-7 or more sectors by 2020;

the share of exports of Russian high-tech goods in the total world exports of high-tech goods will increase to 2% in 2020 (in 2008 - 0.35%);

the gross value added of the innovation sector in the gross domestic product will be 17-18% in 2020 (in 2009 - 12.7%);

specific gravity innovative products in the total volume of industrial production will increase to 25-35% in 2020 (in 2010 - 4.9%);

domestic spending on research and development will increase to 2.5-3% of gross domestic product in 2020 (in 2009 - 1.24%), of which more than half - at the expense of the private sector;

the share of Russian researchers in the global number of publications in scientific journals will increase to 3% in 2020 (in 2010 - 2.13%);

the number of citations per publication of Russian researchers in scientific journals indexed in the WEB of Science will increase to 2.1 citations in 2020 (in 2006 - 1.51 citations per article);

at least 4 Russian universities will be among the top 200 world universities according to the QS World University Rankings (1 in 2010);

the number of patents annually registered by Russian individuals and legal entities in the patent offices of the EU, the USA and Japan will exceed 2.5-3 thousand in 2020 (in 2009 - 63);

the share of funds received through the implementation of R&D and R&D in the structure of funds received by the leading Russian universities from all sources will reach 25%.

General economic growth and the pace of innovative development will be increasingly interconnected. On the one hand, innovative development will become the main source of economic growth through increasing the productivity of all factors of production in all sectors of the economy, expanding markets and increasing the competitiveness of products, through the creation of new industries, increasing investment activity, increasing household incomes and consumption volumes, etc.

It is estimated that innovative development will provide an additional 0.8 percentage points of annual economic growth above the “inertial” development scenario, starting in 2015. On the other hand, economic growth will expand opportunities for the emergence of new products and technologies, will allow the state to increase investment in human capital (primarily in education and fundamental science), in support of innovation, which will have a multiplier effect on the pace of innovation development.

The main objectives of the innovation strategy are:

development human resources in the field of science, education, technology and innovation;

increasing the innovative activity of business and accelerating the emergence of new innovative companies;

the widest possible implementation in the activities of bodies government controlled contemporary innovative technologies;

formation of a balanced and sustainable research and development sector;

ensuring the openness of the national innovation system and economy, as well as Russia's integration into the world processes of creating and using innovations;

activation of activities for the implementation of innovation policy carried out by public authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities.

Solving the problem of developing human resources in the field of science, education, technology and innovation includes the implementation of the following activities:

creation of effective material and moral incentives for the influx of the most qualified specialists, active entrepreneurs, creative youth in the sectors of the economy that determine its innovative development, as well as in education and science that ensure this development;

increasing the susceptibility of the population to innovation - innovative products and technologies;

increase in the number of innovative entrepreneurs;

creating an atmosphere of risk tolerance in society;

promotion of innovative entrepreneurship and scientific and technical activities;

adaptation of the education system in order to form the population with the knowledge, competencies, skills and behaviors necessary for an innovative society and innovative economy from childhood, as well as the formation of a system of continuous education.

An innovative business behavior model should become dominant in the development of companies in order to increase efficiency and take leadership positions in the markets, as well as in the technological modernization of key sectors of the economy that determine the role and place of Russia in the global economy, and in increasing labor productivity in all sectors.

The widest possible introduction of modern innovative technologies into the activities of government bodies will ensure, among other things, the formation e-government, translate into electronic form most services to the population and increased use of the public order system to stimulate innovation. The state should ensure the formation of a favorable innovation climate, including the creation of conditions and incentives for innovation, as well as favorable conditions for the use of innovation in all types of activities.

The formation of a balanced and sustainable research and development sector with an optimal institutional structure will ensure an expanded reproduction of knowledge, as well as an increase in the efficiency and effectiveness of the infrastructure that ensures the commercialization of research results.

Ensuring the openness of the national innovation system and economy, as well as Russia's integration into the world processes of creating and using innovations, will make it possible to intensify international bilateral and multilateral scientific and technical cooperation.

The intensification of activities to implement the innovation policy carried out by the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities will, among other things, ensure the formation of territories for innovation development and the development of innovation clusters.

The implementation of the Strategy is based on the following principles:

identification of problems and ways to solve them using a set of innovative tools in areas characterized by insufficient entrepreneurial activity;

close interaction between the state, business and science both in determining priority areas of technological development and in the process of their implementation;

creation of incentives and conditions for technological modernization based on increasing the efficiency of companies using a set of measures of tariff, customs, tax and antimonopoly regulation;

ensuring investment and personnel attractiveness of innovative activity;

transparency in spending funds to support innovation;

orientation in assessing the effectiveness of organizations of science and education, innovative business and innovation infrastructure to international standards;

promotion of competition as a key motivation for innovative behavior(including in the research and development sector);

coordination and interconnection of budgetary, tax, foreign economic and other areas of socio-economic policy as necessary condition solution of key tasks of innovative development.

In this paper, we examined the concept and tasks of the innovation infrastructure, elements of the innovation infrastructure of the Russian Federation, the essence and principles, the classification of scientific organizations, features and types of small innovative enterprises (companies), and also pointed out the goals and objectives of the innovation strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020. As a result, in At present, the key problem is the generally low demand for innovation in the Russian economy, as well as its inefficient structure- excessive bias towards the purchase of finished equipment abroad to the detriment of the introduction of their own new developments. These trends determine the need to adjust the innovation policy pursued so far. Strategy based on positive results achieved as a result of the innovation policy in previous years, corrects its most significant shortcomings, and also takes into account new areas of innovation support policy formed in recent years.

Task number 2

Underline the correct answer.

1. Royalty is:

a) payments in the form of interest;

b) cost-reimbursed prices;

c) prices with guaranteed maximum payouts;

d) fixed price.

2. Innovation marketing is a process that includes:

a) price planning;

b) market research;

c) sales planning;

d) all together.

2.3. Obtaining an economic effect from investing in a new product is a task:

a) engineering;

b) reengineering;

c) brand strategy;

d) benchmarking.

2.4. The purpose of innovation management in the enterprise is

a) defining the main directions scientific activity enterprises;

b) determination of the main directions of economic activity of the enterprise;

c) definition of the main directions production activities enterprises;

d) all answers are correct.

Task number 3

List the sources of financing for innovation activities. Innovation finance is the direction and use of Money for the design, development and organization of production of new types of products, services, for the creation and implementation of new equipment, technology, the development and implementation of new organizational forms and management methods. Sources of financing for innovative activities of organizations can be divided into the following groups (Table 1).

Table 1. Sources of financing for innovative activities of organizations.

List of used literature

1. http://dic.academic.ru/

http://economy.gov.ru/

N.R. Kovalev, V.A. Pirozhkov "Innovation Management", Yekaterinburg, 2006

V.V. Zharikov I.A. Zharikov V.G. Odnolko A.I. Evseychev. Innovation process management: tutorial. - Tambov: Tambov Publishing House. state tech. Un-ta,. -180 p., 2009

Innovation management: educational and methodological complex / S. P. Barabenko, M.N. Dudin, N.V. Lyasnikov. - M.: ZAO Tsentropoligraf, 2010. - 287 p. - (Higher education)

http://studopedia.ru/

http://bzbook.ru/

Innovation management: Textbook for universities / S.D. Ilyenkova, L.M. Gokhberg, S.Yu. Yagudin and others; ed. Prof. S. Ilyenkova. - 2nd edition, revised and supplemented by M.: UNITI-DANA, 2003 -343 p.

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Employees

-: set more up-to-date goals and inform employees about them

+: improve communications

S: Strategic planning is

-: goal selection process

-: structure selection process

+: decision making process

S: . Goal achievement indicators

+: profit level

-: total sales

-: foreign investment

S: Strategic plans are being developed

-: individually

-: within a separate division

+: company-wide effort

S: Modern organizations, usually

+: multipurpose

-: single purpose

-: aimless

S: The planning process is affected

+: external environment

-: internal environment

- company culture

S: The basis for the existence of the organization is

- employee motivation

-: corporate culture

S: Goals are being adjusted

- until the degree of achievement of goals is revealed

- after identifying the achievement of goals

+: in the process of identifying the achievement of goals

S: The implementation of the goals involves

- setting goals for each performer

- control over the fulfillment of goals

S: Basic requirements for goals

-: concreteness

-: measurability

+: reachability

S: Organization in management represents

+: specific form of association

-: combining functions

-: merging solutions

S: The governance structure is

+: number of levels and divisions

-: the number of employees

-: number of management procedures

S: . When creating a management structure, take into account

- rate of controllability

- direct and reverse links

S: The predominance of horizontal links is typical for

-: matrix structure

+: linear structure

-: functional structure

S: Qualifications to leaders in matrix structure

+: high

- less high

S: Product orientation in line structure

- strong

-: none

S: .Pre-production include

+: generalization of research results

-: start-up and testing of technological equipment

S: .Functional cost analysis solves problems

+: analysis of the usefulness of the properties of the product and the cost of their provision

-: property utility analysis

S: . Venture firms and explerent firms solve the same problems

S: .Project development should be focused on specific market needs

S: .Preparation of innovative changes is carried out at the level

+: senior management

-: mid-level

S: .What is the essence of comparative examination

+: checking the validity of specific decisions on project financing

-: checking the validity of the project

S: .In the presented project, a research problem known in science is formulated, but new approaches to its solution are proposed. What decision can an expert make?

-: the project deserves unconditional support

+: the project deserves support

S:. Are the concepts of "payback period" and "payback period" synonymous?

S: .Which efficiency is given the most attention at the micro level

+: commercial

-: mixed

S: .An innovative solution can be adopted if the calculated value

-: less than required by the investor

+: equal to the required by the investor

S: .If the integral effect is positive, the profitability index

+: greater than one

-: less than one

S: .Venture firms are profitable

S: .Explerent firms are engaged in

+: promoting innovations to the market

- promotion of goods on the market

S: .Do technoparks have development prospects in Russia

S: .Violent firms operate in the environment

+: large standard business

-: small standard business

S: .Commutator companies are engaged in

-: large standard business

S: .Is the position of an innovation manager appropriate in the patient firms

S: .Patient firms are profitable

S: .Organizational scheme of management depends on the form of innovative entrepreneurship

S: .The infrastructure of science and innovation is

+: scientific and technical information centers

- public academies

S: .Which of the phases strategic planning is the most difficult

+: strategy formulation

-: strategy Development

S: .For firms that base their activities on the principles of entrepreneurial competition, a strategy is characteristic

+: offensive

- defensive

S: .How many blocks does the preparation of initial information for adoption include management decisions on the formation of science and technology policy

S: Firms that have won large market shares in fast-growing industries ("stars") choose a strategy

+: growth; firms that have won large market shares in fast-growing industries (“stars”) should choose a growth strategy

-: abbreviations

S: .When developing a strategy from top to bottom

+: strategic plan as an order descends through all levels of management

-: strategic plan as the order descends to the lower levels of management

S: .Can the firm use the services of consultants in developing a strategy

S: .A firm that follows an imitation strategy has an innovation cost

-: high

S: .Which innovations take into account the scope of the enterprise

+: technological; Innovations of the system structure of the enterprise (management, production, technological

-: Innovations of the system structure of the enterprise (management, production, technological

S: The introduction of a new product is defined as a radical innovation if

+: intended area of application, functional characteristics, construction or used materials and components are significantly different from previously used products

-: intended scope

S: .The development of a new method for the production of plastics refers to

+: process

-: systemic

S: .On what basis is the classification of innovations into single and diffuse

+: by prevalence

-: for preservation

S: .Does product innovation include the development of a new method for the production of plastics

S: .What innovations characterize the prevalence

+: diffuse

- radical

S: .Venture business is typical for

+: small firms

- large firms

S: .Infrastructure objects of science and innovation include

+: technology parks

-: technopolis

S: . Commutator firms are engaged in

- big business

+: medium and small businesses focused on meeting local and national needs

S: .Indicate which of the following applies to enterprise entry innovation.

+: change in the choice and use of raw materials and equipment

-: equipment change

S:. developed

-: classification of innovations by type of novelty for the market

-: classification of innovations into product and process

+: the theory of long waves, or large conjuncture cycles

S: .How many cycles does innovation management include

S: What kind of information should an innovation manager have

+: comprehensive information about scientific research carried out by type of work in various sectors of science

-: comprehensive information about scientific research

S:. Are the concepts of scientific and technical and innovative activities equivalent?

S: .Can the functions of an innovation manager be performed by a traditional manager

S: .Do the tasks of innovation management differ from the general tasks of managing an organization

S: Is the position of an innovation manager mandatory in a small business?

S: Can a strategy emerge from an idea related to innovation?

S: .Can a firm choose a strategy for organizing a risky project, having a weak market position

-: management

+: control

-: object of management

-: management function

S: What management functions reflect the process of division of managerial labor

+: specific

-: binders

-: socio-psychological

S: .Is the situation of "conflict of interest" taken into account when selecting experts

S: .Under what conditions does the expert doubt the performance of the declared work on time

+: the clarity of the presentation is fuzzy, there is no scientific and methodological study of the solution to the problem

- clarity of presentation is not clear

S: .How is the technical and economic level of products assessed from the consumer's point of view

-: ratio between benefit and cost of acquisition new products

+: the ratio of the level of excellence and the cost of its provision

S:.What is certification

+: determination of product compliance with the requirements of regulatory and technical documentation

-: determination of conformity of products to requirements

S: .Firms that specialize in creating new or radical transformations of old market segments are classified as

+:explerentam

-: Patients

S: . What is the purpose of an innovation manager

+: reducing the risk in the life of the company and creating comfortable conditions for employees

-: increasing the risk in the life of the company and creating comfortable conditions for employees

S: . Do technoparks stimulate the development of small innovative entrepreneurship? +:yes

Subject and course system
- Entrepreneurial activity as a subject legal regulation
  - The ratio of the concepts of "entrepreneurial activity", " economic activity"," economic activity "," commercial activity»
  - Forms and types of entrepreneurial activity
- The concept of business law and its place in the structure of Russian law
- Principles of business law
  - Basic principles of business law
- Business Law Methods
- Legal relations arising in the field of entrepreneurial activity
Sources of business law
- The concept and types of sources of business law
  - Entrepreneurial legislation and the main directions for its improvement
  - Business law system
- Business practices as a source of business law
- Application of international law
- Role judicial practice in the legal regulation of relations in the field of entrepreneurial activity
Legal status individual business entities
- Business entities: concept and types
- Individual form of entrepreneurship
  - Legal capacity individual entrepreneur
  - Licensing of an individual form of entrepreneurship
- Collective forms of entrepreneurship
  - General partnerships
  - Faith partnership
  - Societies with limited liability(OOO)
  - Joint stock companies(AO)
  - Production cooperatives(PC)
  - State and municipal unitary enterprises
- Small business entities
  - Business associations
    - Holdings classification
    - Ways to create holdings. Participation system
- Financial and industrial groups
- Other forms business associations
- Non-profit organizations as business entities
Creation and termination of activities of business entities
- The procedure and methods for creating business entities
- State registration business entities
- Reorganization of subjects of collective entrepreneurship
- Liquidation of subjects of collective entrepreneurship
Insolvency (bankruptcy) of business entities
- The concept, criteria and signs of insolvency (bankruptcy)
  - Bankruptcy Criteria
  - Signs of bankruptcy
- Legal status of participants in legal relations of insolvency (bankruptcy)
- Legal status of the creditor
- Legal status of the arbitration manager
- Court of Arbitration as a participant in legal insolvency (bankruptcy) relations
- Insolvency (bankruptcy) procedures
  - observation. The concept of observation. Neutrality of the procedure
  - financial recovery
  - External control. Goals and grounds for the introduction of external management
  - Bankruptcy proceedings
  - world agreement. World deal in bankruptcy and lawsuits
Legal regime of property of business entities
- The concept and types of property of business entities
- Legal Forms ownership of property by business entities
- Legal regime certain types property
  - Legal regime of funds
  - Legal regime of securities
  - Legal regime of profit
Privatization of state and municipal property
- The concept and main goals of privatization
- Privatization legislation
- Subjects and objects of privatization legal relations
- Procedure and methods of privatization
The mechanism of state regulation of entrepreneurial activity
- State regulation of entrepreneurial activity: concept, types, grounds and limits
- Methods, means and forms of state regulation of entrepreneurial activity
- State control over entrepreneurial activity
State regulation of functional types of economic activity
- Antimonopoly regulation of entrepreneurial activity
  - Subjects of competition
  - Antitrust Law
  - The concept and types of monopolies
  - Monopolistic activity of subjects of competition
  - Antimonopoly authorities
  - Sanctions for violating antitrust laws
- Technical regulation
  - Technical regulations
  - Standardization
  - Compliance confirmations
  - State control (supervision) over compliance with the requirements of technical regulations
- State regulation of pricing
  - Pricing as a type of economic and legal activity
  - Legislation on chains and pricing and the main directions for its improvement
  - Public Law Regime for Pricing
- State regulation of innovation activity
  - Sources of legal regulation of innovation activity
  - Subjects and objects of innovation activity
  - Public law regime for the implementation of innovative activities
- State regulation of investment activity
  - Subjects of investment activity
  - Objects of investment activity
  - Public law regime for investment activities
  - Features of individual forms of implementation foreign investors activities on the territory of the Russian Federation
- State regulation of foreign economic activity
  - Sources of legal regulation of foreign economic activity
  - Subjects and objects of foreign economic activity
  - Public law regime of foreign economic activity
State regulation of sectoral types of entrepreneurial activity
- State regulation of banking activities
  - The concept and structure of the banking system of the Russian Federation
  - Sources of legal regulation of banking activities
  - Legal status credit banking organizations
  - Public Law Regime of Banking Activities
- State regulation of exchange activities
  - Sources of legal regulation of exchange activities
  - Subjects of exchange activity
  - Public law regime for the implementation of exchange activities
- State regulation of insurance activities
  - Sources of legal regulation of insurance activities
  - Subjects of insurance activities (insurance business) and participants in insurance relations
  - Objects of insurance
  - Public Law Regime for Carrying out Insurance Activities
- State regulation of professional entrepreneurial activity in the securities market
  - Sources of legal regulation of professional entrepreneurial activity in the securities market
  - Subjects of professional entrepreneurial activity in the securities market
  - Public law regime for the implementation of professional entrepreneurial activities in the securities market
- State regulation of audit activity
  - Types of audit
  - Sources of legal regulation of audit activity
  - Subjects of audit
  - Public law regime for the implementation of audit activities
- State regulation appraisal activities
  - Sources of legal regulation of valuation activities
  - Subjects and objects of valuation activities
  - Public law regime of valuation activities
Entrepreneurial contract
- Entrepreneurial agreement: concept, types and scope
- Features of the procedure for concluding a business contract
- Features of changing and terminating a business contract
- Execution of a business contract: concept, principles
Business Responsibility
- The concept, types and grounds for the application of liability
- Penalty: concept, types and procedure for collection
- Losses: concept, types and recovery procedure

Subjects and objects of innovation activity

Under subject of innovation should be understood as physical or entity who takes part in the creation of innovation at all or separate stages this process. Primarily

such entities include the business entities themselves, whose activities are accompanied by scientific, technical and organizational research in order to improve the product they produce, the services provided and the work performed, methods of promoting goods on the market, etc.

Among the subjects of innovative activity, it is necessary to name organizations and individuals related to the subjects of scientific and (or) scientific and technical activities in accordance with the Law on Science: scientists (researchers), specialists of a scientific organization (engineering and technical workers), scientific organizations, academy of sciences.

According to Art. 4 of this Law, a scientific worker (researcher) is a citizen who has the necessary qualifications and is professionally engaged in scientific and (or) scientific and technical activities.

A specialist of a scientific organization (engineering and technical worker) is a citizen who has a secondary vocational or higher professional education and contributes to obtaining a scientific and (or) scientific and technical result or its implementation (Article 4).

A scientific organization is a legal entity, regardless of the legal form and form of ownership, as well as public association scientists carrying out as the main scientific and (or) scientific and technical activity, training of scientists (Article 5).

Scientific organizations are subdivided into scientific research, scientific organizations of universities, experimental design, design, design and technological organizations, state scientific centers and other organizations engaged in scientific and (or) scientific and technical activities.

Academies of Sciences in the Russian Federation are divided into those with state status and those without it. The former include the Russian Academy of Sciences, branch academies of sciences, the list of which is exhaustively defined in the Law on Science (Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Russian Academy of Education, Russian Academy of Architecture and Building Sciences, Russian Academy of Arts).

The Russian Academy of Sciences conducts fundamental and applied scientific research on the most important problems of the natural, technical and human sciences and takes part in the coordination of fundamental scientific research carried out by scientific organizations and educational institutions universities and funded federal budget.

Branch academies of sciences carry out fundamental and applied research in the relevant fields of science and technology.

Academies of Sciences with state status are created, reorganized and liquidated by federal law on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation or the Government of the Russian Federation.

The academies of sciences that do not have state status include, for example, the Russian Academy of Justice, the Russian Academy of Security, Defense and Law Enforcement Problems.

In the system of subjects of innovative activity, an independent group is formed by organizations that provide a variety of consulting services (on patenting, developing a marketing strategy, optimizing management, legal, etc.).

Technoparks play a special role in innovation activities. Their place among the subjects of innovation activity is to a certain extent conditional, since from the standpoint of the theory of law, these formations are not subjects of legal relations, which, however, does not detract from their importance in this area as integral, systematically organized structures. Technoparks are created, as a rule, on the basis of a scientific organization or a university with the involvement of business entities, in order to create an innovative infrastructure that contributes to the implementation of innovative activities at all its stages.

For example, the Nizhny Novgorod State technical university Technopark N1TU was created; On the basis of the Russian State Scientific Center "Kurchatov Institute" the Technopark "Kurchatovskiy" was established. The participants of the technopark carry out their activities on the basis of concluded civil contracts of a contract type or on joint activities. In this case, some Management Company(it can be the organization on the basis of which the technopark is formed), which attracts the subjects of innovative activity to cooperation, provides them with services and manages the technopark.

This method of organizing the activity of a technopark is provided, in particular, in the Regulations on technoparks created on state-owned land plots located on the territory of Sverdlovsk region, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Sverdlovsk Region of July 8, 2003 No. 410-pp.

Subjects of innovation activity- created by the Government of the Russian Federation non-profit organizations- The Fund for Assistance to the Development of Small Forms of Enterprises in the Scientific and Technical Sphere and the Federal Fund for Industrial Innovations, financed from the federal budget and supporting innovative projects.

The object of innovation is the innovation, the creation of which is directed by the actions of the subjects of innovative activity at one or another of its stages. In this sense, the concept of "object of innovative activity" is not identical to innovation, since the latter refers precisely to the final result of this activity, while objects are created at its intermediate stages.

Considering that each stage of the innovation process is characterized by certain goals, the achievement of which is aimed at the activity of the participants, and specific results for them, the objects of innovation activity can be divided into an intellectual product and (or) finished goods(new or improved product, material, technology).

Legal protection of an intellectual result arises for various reasons, in connection with which these objects can be grouped as follows.

Objects protected by virtue of registration and issuance of a title of protection (patent, certificate). These include patent objects (inventions, utility models, industrial designs), means of individualization ( trademarks, service marks, appellations of origin of goods, brand names), from among non-traditional objects of intellectual property - selection achievements.

It should be noted that the appearance of these objects occurs mainly at the first stage of innovation, after which this process passes into another phase, when the intellectual result is embodied in the product. However, this does not mean that a patentable result cannot appear at subsequent stages, for example, during development work, when a patentable solution arises in the process of their implementation.

Objects protected by virtue of the fact of creation. Among them are objects of copyright, as well as topologies of integrated circuits, which, at the request of their copyright holder, can be registered with the patent office.

Objects protected due to the unknown to third parties and the adoption of special protective measures to preserve such unknown. The objects of this group include information constituting official and commercial secrets. Almost any innovative solutions can be objects of this group. Thus, it is extremely important for participants in innovation activity to classify a technical solution (as well as the process of its development) capable of being patented in order to prevent premature disclosure of information about the essence of the achieved intellectual result.

Objects that are not patentable by virtue of a direct indication of patent law may also be protected in some cases under the trade secret regime. We are talking about the solutions named in the Patent Law of the Russian Federation, which, for one reason or another, are not subject to patenting as inventions, utility models, industrial designs.

So, in accordance with paragraph 2 of Art. 4 Patent Law non-patentable including discoveries, scientific theories, mathematical methods, rules and methods of games, intellectual and economic activity, which does not exclude the possibility of their classification. These objects include the one developed in the process of experimental design work. technical documentation and a prototype, access to which by third parties should not be possible.

There are objects that are not included in any of the above groups. For example, a certain commercial idea, which is known in certain professional circles, can in a particular situation act as an object of real commercial value for an entrepreneur, when the practical implementation of this idea can sometimes “breathe new life" in manufacturing process, reveal its new opportunities and lead to additional financial results.

2. Methods for evaluating the effectiveness of innovations.

Final task:

1) Consider contemporary issues by region related to the opening of innovative enterprises

2) Draw up a project using the most convenient way of financing for you.

3) Select the best option innovations using the following inputs:

Indicators	Options
BUT	B	C

Production cost
Investment in innovation
Innovation

We take the level of interest rate equal to 35%.

Зi=Ci+i*Ki →min

4) Describe state regulation innovative activity?

Crossword:

Horizontally:

1. Relatively new organizational structure of innovation activity, which is the cheapest and most effective method combining joint efforts. 2. The totality of the main, auxiliary and service departments of the organization that ensure the processing of the “input” of the system into its “output” is the finished product. 3. New organizational form innovation activity,

meaning union, association of active competition with relations

partnerships and individual creativity. 4. A legal unit of business activity. 5. The type of structure of an innovative organization, in which general designers or project managers are added to the linear-functional structure, responsible for the competitiveness of objects. Within the structure, the connections are open. 6. Temporary association of large firms within the framework of interfirm cooperation, involving joint financing, strategic R&D, development of technologies and standards over a certain period of time. 7. A "risk" company, which is a small, but very flexible and efficient enterprise, created with the aim of testing, refining and bringing "risk" investments to industrial implementation. 8. A compactly located complex, the functioning of which is based on the commercialization of scientific and technical activities and the acceleration of the promotion of innovations in the sphere of material production. 9. This type The innovative organization is focused on creating improving innovations. 10. Organizational functions associated with the process of organizing a system of relationships and interdependencies. 11. This organizational structure is a collection of fully specialized units, each of which performs strictly defined parts of R & D, corresponding to their profile and specialization. 12. This type of structure is acceptable for multi-product concerns, subdivided into productions by product types.

Vertically:

13. An organizational structure that unites industrial enterprises, banks, trade organizations interconnected by a single technological cycle to increase the competitiveness of products and services. 14. Form of organization of FIGs, involving the creation of a parent company and subsidiaries, where the parent company owns a controlling stake in subsidiaries. 15. A new organizational form of innovative activity, which means an alliance, an association of active competition with partnerships and individual creativity. 16. A specially created complex in one region, near the center of scientific ideas, including firms, institutions covering the full innovation cycle. 17. The structure of the enterprise, including a set of scientific, design, design, technological and information departments, as well as support and management departments. 18. A set of stable connections of an object that ensure its integrity and identity to itself. 19. Company with subsidiaries and branches in various countries. 20. Mandatory component of the technopark. 21. This type of innovative organization is focused on the creation of basic innovations. 22. Expansion of spheres of activity, range of products produced by monopoly associations. 23. Type of structure, when complex groups of 10-15 people are formed at the enterprise to perform individual work and manufacture constituent parts products.

24. An enterprise structure in which work planning and control

execution is carried out vertically from the head to the production units that perform managerial functions.

Certification test:

1. Innovation is:

a) innovation;

b) innovation;

c) innovation process;

d) innovative activity;

e) innovative potential.

2. The innovation process is:

a) the process of transforming scientific knowledge into innovation.

b) activities aimed at the commercialization of scientific research;

c) development of innovative potential;

d) implementation of innovation policy.

3. The introduction of the term innovation is associated with the name:

a) Hobson

b) Keynes;

c) Schumpeter;

d) Marx.

4. Innovation management:

a) a set of personnel management methods;

b) a set of methods and forms of innovation management;

c) independent science.

5. The introduction of a new product is defined as a radical innovation if:

a) covers technological changes to the product;

b) concerns the use of an improved technological process;

c) the intended application, functional characteristics, materials and components of construction or used differ significantly from previously used products.

6. Evaluation method economic efficiency investment projects can be:

a) the net present value method;

b) the method of the index of profitability and profitability of the project;

c) payback period method;

d) method internal norm profitability;

e) the method of calculating the break-even point of the project.

7. Choose the correct answer. Innovative infrastructure is:

a) the art of managing and coordinating labor, material and other resources throughout the life cycle of the project through the application of a system modern methods and management techniques to achieve the results defined in the project in terms of the composition and scope of work, cost, time, quality of the project;

b) a system of interrelated and complementary organizations different orientation and various organizational and legal forms, as well as the order of their interaction, which ensure the implementation of the stages of the innovation process, starting with the technological development of the completed scientific development;

c) a system of calculations aimed at choosing and substantiating the goals of IP development and preparing decisions necessary for their unconditional achievement.

8. The functions of the state in the innovation sphere are:

a) accumulation of funds;

b) stimulation of innovations;

c) coordination of innovation activities;

d) legal support;

e) staffing.

9. With an offensive strategy, the cost of innovation:

a) high;

b) average;

c) low.

10. Investment risk management methods can be:

a) diversification;

b) transfer (outsourcing);

c) the probability of occurrence;

d) hedging;

e) logical addition of risks.

11. Relatively internal environment innovation strategy may be:

a) grocery;

b) functional;

c) resource;

d) organizational and managerial;

e) situational.

12. Match the concepts with their definitions:

A. Innovation management B. Diffusion of innovation C. Basic research D. Applied Research D. Developments E. Scientific organization

1) the process by which an innovation is transmitted through communication channels between members social system in time; 2) are original works aimed at obtaining new knowledge, finding ways to use the results of fundamental research; new methods for solving certain problems; 3) a set of principles, methods and forms of management of innovative processes, innovative activities engaged in this activity organizational structures and their staff; 4) an organization (institution, enterprise, firm), for which research and development is the main activity; 5) experimental or theoretical research aimed at obtaining new knowledge; 6) these are works aimed at creating new products or devices, new materials, introducing new processes, systems and services or improving those already produced or put into operation.

13. State innovation policy is:

a) a set of actions of government bodies that have a specific goal, means of achieving the goal;

b) determination by the state authorities of the Russian Federation of the goals of innovation activity;

c) determination by the state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of the goals of the innovation strategy and mechanisms for supporting priority innovation programs and projects;

d) choice on the basis of taking into account the goals, the state of the external environment and the potential of the directions of innovative activity of the state.

14. The objects of science and innovation infrastructure include:

a) concerns and associations;

b) public academies;

c) technology parks.

Planning of innovative processes.

16. Select from the list what applies to the subjects of the innovation market:

a) enterprises;

b) a patent;

In the organisation;

G) scientific and technical progress;

e) license;

f) institutions;

g) universities;

and) individuals(scientists and specialists).

17. The sources of financing for an innovative project do not include:

a) own funds;

b) working capital;

c) borrowed funds;

d) sponsorship.

18. Regarding the external environment, an innovation strategy can be:

a) offensive;

b) defensive;

c) adaptive;

d) situational.

19. An innovative project is:

a) the form of targeted management of innovative activities;

b) a set of documents;

c) innovation.

20. Is not the main direction of the state innovation policy:

a) support for fundamental research aimed at obtaining results that revolutionize science and technology;

b) acquisition of intangible technology in the form of patents, know-how, trademarks, programs, etc.;

c) financing of exploratory R&D to create new equipment and technology with advanced technical solutions for the subsequent transfer of results to the material production environment;

d) creation of a legislative and information base that ensures the economic interest of manufacturers in the implementation of innovations.

21. Mark the wrong answer. Life cycle innovative project includes the following stages:

a) formation innovative idea;

b) project development;

c) consideration of the project;

d) project implementation;

e) completion of the project.

22. Risk in innovative activity can be:

a) clean;

b) speculative;

c) hidden;

d) financial.