Basic concepts. “Innovation (innovation) is the end result of innovative activity, which has been implemented in the form of a new or improved product. Innovation processes in the modern economy of the Improved New Technological
The term "innovation" comes from the Latin word "innovus" (in - in, novus - new, innovare - to make new) and means renewal or improvement.
In the scientific and legal literature, this term first began to be used in the 30s of the twentieth century, while almost every specialist involved in the study of innovative issues revealed it in different ways. Thus, attempts to define innovations were made by J. Schumpeter, P. Drucker, V. Hippel, V. Kingston and other authors.
In international practice, the variant of the definition of "innovation" given in the international standards "Oslo Manual on Invention Statistics and the Collection and Processing of R&D Data" ("Oslo Manual") has become widespread. In accordance with these standards, "innovation" is the end result of innovative activity, embodied in the idea of a new or improved product, introduced to the market, new or improved technological process used in practical activities or in a new approach to social services.
In the Order of the Federal State Statistics Service dated October 30, 2009 N 237 “On approval statistical toolkit to organize a federal statistical observation behind the activities carried out in the field of science and innovation" contains the following definition of innovation: "Innovation is the end result of innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product (goods, works, services), production process, a new marketing method or organizational method in the conduct of business, the organization of jobs or the organization of external relations.
For the company, innovation is the main means of increasing profits, the ability to create strategic advantages in the most competitive areas, the keys to new markets. For a country, the ability to effectively use innovations means the achievement of such national goals as national security, protection environment, health care, as well as increasing labor productivity, attracting international investment, that is, ultimately, raising the level and improving the quality of life. Governments are betting on innovation when they are trying to overcome a crisis.
Innovation is the end result of innovative activity, which means activities aimed at the use and commercialization of the results of scientific research and development to expand and update the range and improve the quality of products (goods, services), improve their manufacturing technology with subsequent implementation and effective implementation in the domestic and foreign markets, innovation activity involves a whole range of scientific, technological, organizational, financial and commercial activities, which together lead to innovation.
The Order of the Federal State Statistics Service dated October 30, 2009 N 237 “On approval of statistical tools for organizing federal statistical monitoring of activities carried out in the field of science and innovation” gives the following definition of innovation activity: “innovation activity is a type of activity associated with the transformation ideas (usually the results of scientific research and development or other scientific and technical achievements) into technologically new or improved products or services introduced on the market, into new or improved technological processes or methods of production (transfer) of services used in practical activities. Innovative activity involves a whole range of scientific, technological, organizational, financial and commercial activities, which together lead to innovation.
In the Policy Guidelines and target program innovation activity is understood as the performance of works and (or) the provision of services aimed at:
- Creation and organization of production of a fundamentally new or with new consumer properties of products (goods, works, services);
- creation and application of new or modernization of existing methods (technologies) of its production, distribution and use;
- · the use of structural, financial, economic, personnel, information and other innovations (innovations) in the production and marketing of products (goods, works, services) that provide cost savings or create conditions for such savings.
- 1.2 Classification and types of innovations
In the practice of innovation management, various classifiers of innovations are used.
According to the type of novelty for the market, innovations are divided into: new to the industry in the world; new to the industry in the country; new to this enterprise(groups of enterprises).
According to the stimulus of appearance (source), we can distinguish:
- innovations caused by the development of science and technology;
- innovations caused by the needs of production;
- innovation driven by market needs.
By place in the system (at the enterprise, in the firm), we can distinguish:
- innovations at the entrance of the enterprise (raw materials, equipment, information, etc.);
- innovations at the output of the enterprise (products, services, technologies, information, etc.);
- · innovations of the system structure of the enterprise (management, production).
Depending on the depth of the changes made, there are:
- radical (basic) innovations that implement major inventions and form new directions in the development of technology;
- · improving innovations that implement small inventions and prevail in the phases of distribution and stable development of the scientific and technical cycle;
- · modification (private) innovations aimed at partial improvement of obsolete generations of equipment and technology.
For filling purposes statistical reporting several types of innovations are distinguished, for each of which is given own definition and description, as well as several types of activities that are not clearly recognized as innovative innovations. Relevant recommendations are contained in the Order of the Federal State Statistics Service of October 30, 2009 N 237 "On approval of statistical tools for organizing federal statistical monitoring of activities carried out in the field of science and innovation", which contains form No. 4-innovation "Information on innovation activity organizations." This form divides innovations into three main types: technological, which in turn includes product and process innovations; marketing innovations and organizational innovations.
Technological innovation - the activities of the organization associated with the development and implementation of technologically new products and processes, as well as significant technological improvements in products and processes; technologically new or significantly improved services, new or significantly improved methods of production (transfer) of services.
Product innovations are the development and introduction into production of technologically new and significantly technologically improved products.
Process innovation - the development and implementation of technologically new or technologically significantly improved production methods, including methods for transferring products.
Marketing innovations - the implementation of new or significantly improved changes in the design and packaging of products, the use of new methods of sales and presentation of products (services), their presentation and promotion to sales markets, the formation of new pricing strategies.
Organizational innovation - the implementation of a new method in doing business, organizing jobs or organizing external relations.
1.3 Innovation process
Sequential chain of events in which an innovation develops from an idea into a specific product, technology or service and is disseminated with the goal of practical application and commercialization is called the innovation process.
Leakage innovative project driven by innovative infrastructure, which includes:
- relevant legal and legislative framework;
- · formed market of scientific and technical products;
- network of organizations involved in commercialization and capitalization scientific developments;
- · counseling centers;
- information and intermediary services;
- organizations that carry out export-import operations on innovations;
- a network of organizations that carry out engineering, audit, management, coordination and other paid services;
- · scientific and practical personnel, ready to perceive innovations.
The innovation process includes seven elements, the combination of which into a single sequential chain forms the structure of the innovation process.
These elements include:
- 1. initiation of innovation;
- 2. marketing innovation;
- 3. release (production) of innovation;
- 4. implementation of innovation;
- 5. promotion of innovation;
- 6. evaluation of the economic efficiency of innovation;
- 7. diffusion (distribution) of innovation.
The beginning of the innovation process is initiation. Initiation is an activity that consists in choosing the goal of innovation, setting the task performed by innovation, searching for the idea of innovation, its feasibility study and materializing the idea. The materialization of an idea means the transformation of an idea into a commodity (property, a new product, etc.).
After the justification of a new product, marketing research proposed innovation, during which the demand for a new product is studied, the volume of product output is determined, consumer properties and product characteristics are determined, which should be given to innovation as a product entering the market. Then the innovation is sold, that is, the appearance on the market of a small batch of innovation, its promotion, evaluation of effectiveness and diffusion.
Innovation promotion is a set of measures aimed at the implementation of innovations (advertising, organization of the trading process, etc.).
The results of the implementation of innovation and the costs of its promotion are subjected to statistical processing and analysis, on the basis of which it is calculated economic efficiency innovation.
The innovation process ends with the diffusion of innovation. Diffusion (lat. diffusio - distribution, spreading) of innovation is the spread of once mastered innovation in new regions, in new markets.
Thus, the innovation process is aimed at creating the products, technologies or services required by the market, and its direction, pace, goals depend on the socio-economic environment in which it develops and functions.
Topic 1. Innovations as an object of innovation management
1.1. Definition of novelty and innovation. Criteria for innovation.
In a competitive environment, it is necessary to constantly upgrade products, expanding product lines, which will make it possible to achieve high profit rates for a long time, to defend leadership positions in the market.
Some aspects of innovation management:
1. Innovation as an object of management identified in post-industrial society. At the previous stages of the development of society, innovations were not considered as one of the factors of competitive success, and, accordingly, they were not singled out as a separate subject of research and management.
2.Interaction of strategy and innovation. Currently, the directions of strategic and innovation management are complementary and, therefore, they must be considered in a complex: the strategy is focused on innovation, and innovation is the basis of results. strategic management.
Currently, there is no generally accepted terminology in the field of innovation. Key concepts are scientific and technical progress, innovation, innovation, innovation, which, as a rule, are identified. It is generally accepted that the concept of “innovation” is the Russian version of the English word innovation. The literal translation from English means "innovation". In the theory of innovation, 3 fundamental terms are distinguished: innovation (innovation), innovation, innovation. (rice)
Innovation(innovation) is a formalized result of fundamental, applied research, development and experimental work in any field of activity to increase its effectiveness. Innovation is close to the concept of “invention”, because is a specific result of the development of a new scientific idea, which has the form of a sample, which differs from the previously used qualitative characteristics, which make it possible to increase efficiency.
Innovations can take the form of: discoveries, patents, trademarks, rationalization proposals, documentation for a new or improved product, technology, management or production process, organizational, production or other structure, know-how, concepts, scientific approaches or principles, document, market research results. Thus, innovation - this is new or updated product someone's creative activities proposed consumers for further conversion and use.
The process of introducing an innovation to the market is commonly referred to as the commercialization process. The period of time between the appearance of an innovation and its implementation into an innovation is called the innovation lag.
Innovations act as an intermediate result of the scientific and production cycle and, with practical application, turn into scientific and technical innovations - the end result. The development of innovations is the implementation of a commercial (entrepreneurial) idea to meet the demand for specific types products, technologies, services as goods. The presence of demand indicates their competitiveness, which is an important result of innovation.
Innovation(English “innovation”) means innovation as a result of practical (or scientific and technical) development of innovation.
There are many definitions of innovation in the literature.
B. Twiss defines innovation as a process in which an invention or idea acquires economic content.
F. Nixon believes that innovation is a set of technical, industrial and commercial activities that lead to the emergence of new and improved industrial processes and equipment on the market.
B. Santo: innovation is such a socio-technical and economic process that, through the use of practical ideas and inventions, leads to the creation of products and technologies that are better in their properties. If an innovation is focused on economic benefits, then its appearance on the market can bring additional income.
J. Schumpeter interprets innovation as a new scientific and organizational combination production factors motivated by an entrepreneurial spirit.
Analysis of various definitions of innovation leads to the conclusion that the specific content of innovation is change, and the main function of innovation is the function of change.
The Austrian scientist I. Schumpeter singled out five typical changes (1911):
1. Usage new technology, new technological processes or new market support for production (purchase and sale).
2. Introduction of products with new properties.
3. Use of new raw materials.
4. Changes in the organization of production and its logistics.
5. The emergence of new markets.
Later (1930), he introduced the concept of innovation, interpreting it as a change with the aim of introducing and using new types of consumer goods, new production and Vehicle, markets and forms of organization in industry.
Innovation- this is the end result of the introduction of innovation in order to change the object of management and obtain an economic, social, environmental, scientific, technical or other type of effect, i.e. profitable use of innovations in the form of new technologies, types of products and services, organizational, technical and socio-economic decisions of an industrial, financial, commercial, administrative and other nature.
In management, innovation is defined as the creation and presentation of goods or services that offer consumers benefits that consumers perceive as new or better. Thus, consumers do not always need a new product, but a solution that offers new benefits.
Features of the definition of innovative activity:
Often the term "innovation" is used as a synonym for the word "invention". Specialists in the field of technology often use such phrases as, for example, “innovative developments”, which rather corresponds to the terms: technology, business process, business idea.
There is a common misconception that innovations occur in the field of high technologies. In fact, innovation occurs in all areas, from bread baking to oil production. There are simply companies that prefer the innovative path of development, that is, they constantly reinforce industry or market leadership with technical innovations. They allocate significant funds for R&D, maintain a large staff of specialists, and are not afraid to outsource the development of new products and processes. Innovation helps companies stay ahead of the competition, gain additional profit by reducing costs, increasing productivity, creating new products and new markets, and so on.
The most fertile ground for the birth of innovations is competition. It is competition that forces us to constantly improve, reduce costs, and look for new markets. And innovation is a very significant competitive advantage. And often it is innovations that are a chance for small companies to make a qualitative breakthrough, leaving behind larger market participants.
Innovation must have goal. Having purpose can improve the quality of innovation—which means more effective new developments, often without increased investment. At the same time, the presence of a goal does not guarantee increased sensitivity to market changes.
In any case, for success, you must first decide where to go next. And what is the purpose of this.
Synonym innovation activity entrepreneurial activity. For ease of analysis, companies should be distinguished by volume: large - in which there are entire departments innovative development and small - in which the entrepreneur-innovator plays the main role. To be successful, you need to expand the scope of perception. But if entrepreneurs have no problem with this, then large corporations that look at the market through the prism of the reports of their marketing departments often find themselves incapable of effective innovation if they do not define the goals of the development and research process. Having a goal also provides a kind of stability that allows innovators to stay open to ideas and opportunities longer. In this regard, the innovator is identical to the entrepreneur.
It is necessary to evaluate the effect not only from the position of the seller, but also from the position of the consumer, as well as take into account the negative consequences of the development of innovations.
A new product becomes a successful innovation if it meets the following four criteria.
1.Importance . The new product or service must provide benefits that are perceived as meaningful by consumers.
2.Uniqueness . The benefits of the new product must be perceived as unique. If consumers believe that existing products have the same benefits as a new product, it is unlikely to get high marks.
3.Sustainability . A new product may offer unique or important benefits, but if it is easily replicated by competitors, its market prospects are dim. Patents are sometimes a barrier to competition, but in most industries the most effective means of sustaining innovation are a company's agility in the market and strong supplier brands.
4.Liquidity . The company must be able to sell the created product, and for this it must be reliable and efficient; must be sold at a price that consumers can afford to pay; to deliver and support the product, the company must develop an efficient distribution system.
With the help of the criteria, it is possible to explain the phenomenon of innovation, which ensures economic growth, as the end result of the implementation of the innovation process, expressed in a new marketable high-tech product that is in demand on the market, protected as intellectual property or focused on a positive effect.
In line with international standards innovation is defined as the end result of an innovative activity that is embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced to the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice, or a new approach to social services. .
Therefore, the properties of innovation from the position of the company are:
Scientific and technical novelty,
manufacturing applicability,
Commercial feasibility (acts as a potential property, which requires certain efforts to achieve).
The commercial aspect defines innovation as an economic necessity realized through the needs of the market. Let's pay attention to two points:
- "materialization" of innovation into new types of products, means and objects of labor, technology and organization of production;
- "commercialization", turning them into a source of income.
Sometimes innovation is seen as a process. This concept recognizes that innovation develops over time and has distinct stages. The terms "innovation" and "innovation process" are close, but not unambiguous. The innovation process is associated with the creation, development and dissemination of innovations .
From what has been said, it follows that innovation should be considered continuously with the innovation process.
In Russian law, the term "innovation" appeared in the early 1980s. The definition of innovation is given in the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 24, 1998 N 832 "On the concept of innovation policy Russian Federation for 1998-2000 "* (988). Innovation (innovation) is considered as the final result of innovative activity, which has been implemented in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice.
There are different approaches to understanding the essence of innovation. Innovations are considered both as a result of scientific and technical activity, and as a process of creation and dissemination of new equipment, technology, organizational forms etc. The concepts of innovation, innovation, innovation are used in different ways. Often they are identified. Sometimes innovation is associated with the initial stage of the research and production cycle (invention, know-how, etc.), innovation is associated with the use of innovation at an intermediate stage, and innovation is seen as the dissemination of innovation at the final stage of the research and production cycle. The main characteristics of innovation are primarily novelty and commercialization. Innovation does not always take the form of a commodity. They can be created for internal use, but in this case, commercialization remains a potential property of innovation.
Currently, there is no single approach to the division of innovations into types. They are classified, for example, depending on the level of innovation novelty: radical (implementation of discoveries, inventions, patents) and ordinary (know-how, rationalization proposals, etc.) or depending on the scope of innovation: managerial, organizational, social, industrial. The criteria for classifying innovations can be the scale of innovations, effectiveness, the stage of the scientific and technical process, the pace of implementation.
AT general view All innovations are divided into two main categories: technological and non-technological. Technological innovations include innovations affecting the means, methods, production technologies that determine scientific and technological progress, non-technological innovations - organizational, managerial, social. Technological innovations, in turn, are divided into product and process ones * (989).
A product innovation can be basic or enhancement. A core product innovation is a new product functional characteristics which, the materials and components used significantly distinguish it from previously produced products. An improved product innovation is an existing product that has been markedly improved in quality or cost. Process innovation refers to a technologically new or improved production method. In connection with the mentioned innovations, it should be noted the changes made to the methodology for determining the innovative activity of industrial enterprises. If earlier innovation activities included the whole range of scientific, technological and organizational activities carried out at industrial enterprises, since 2003, it has been recommended to include technological innovations - product and process - as in official statistics, as innovation activities. Such changes were caused by the need to identify the most effective innovations introduced into production in order to significantly intensify production and improve the quality of products * (990).
The aforementioned Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the concept of the innovation policy of the Russian Federation for 1998-2000" contains a definition of innovation activity. Innovation activity is understood as a process aimed at implementing the results of completed scientific research and development or other scientific and technical achievements into a new or improved product sold on the market, into a new or improved technological process used in practical activities, as well as related additional scientific Research and development.
Distinguish the concept of innovation in a broad and narrow sense. In a broad sense, innovation is understood as the use of scientific and technical knowledge in order to transform various aspects public life. In a narrow sense, this is an activity aimed at obtaining new scientific and technical knowledge and their implementation in the manufacturing sector in order to create a competitive product.
It should be noted that in regulations and scientific literature there is no single approach to the definition of innovation activity. Some authors believe that research activities do not always lead to results that should be implemented, and can hardly be considered innovative. In this case, innovation activity turns out to be activity only for the creation of developments and their practical implementation, and the process of creating and identifying innovations (knowledge, technologies, etc.) remains outside of it.
Another definition of innovation is related to understanding it as a process of performing work or services for the creation, development in production and practical application of new or improved products, a new or improved technological process. This broader definition of innovation is more commonly used, according to which scientific activity and scientific and technical activity are the stages of the innovation process and their combination with the "material" stages (production, trade and consumption) is considered as an innovation cycle.
The innovation process can be divided into separate stages. Sometimes three phases of the innovation process for a new product are considered: development, adoption, and dissemination. There are four steps in this process: fundamental research, applied research, research and development and experimental development, commercialization of the results of scientific research and development. Innovative activity is also considered as a mediating link between the actual scientific and production area. In this case, the innovation sphere differs from the scientific and industrial one by the presence of a specific marketing function, specific methods of financing, lending and methods of legal regulation, a special system of motivation for subjects of innovative activity * (991).
The development of innovative processes is primarily due to socio-economic transformations. Innovative activity in modern Russia associated with the formation of a new, entrepreneurial culture. The idea of innovation activity as the main functional characteristic of entrepreneurship was substantiated by J. Schumpeter. He wrote about an entrepreneur carrying out a "reorganization economic life on the basis of greater private economic expediency "* (992). The purpose of innovative activity is to increase production efficiency, create a competitive product that can provide additional profit. Any innovative activity is entrepreneurial, since it is independent, associated with the entrepreneur's willingness to take on all the risk of implementing a new project and responsibility.
Sometimes innovative activity is considered as a kind of activity that includes only elements of entrepreneurship. This is explained by the fact that the creation of new and original products and their implementation as elements of the first stages of the innovation process do not belong to entrepreneurial activity in the exact sense of this concept, because the decisive criterion that determines commercial success is the quality of new end products, technologies and machines. Besides at the first stages of an innovative cycle activity, as a rule, is unprofitable * (993).
In the mid-80s of the twentieth century. the term "national innovation system" appeared in Western economic literature. The national innovation system is considered as a set of interrelated organizations (structures) engaged in the production and commercial implementation of scientific knowledge and technologies within national borders. At the same time, the national innovation system is a complex of legal, financial and social character, providing innovative processes and having strong national roots, traditions, political and cultural features * (994).
The effectiveness of innovative development depends on the interaction between the participants in the innovation process. The role of the state, for example, is to promote innovative business, but the private sector also provides support to the state in its innovation policy, in particular, with contributions to innovation funds and assistance to scientific organizations. In order to promote new technologies in production, it is necessary to interact with state scientific organizations and universities with industrial enterprises.
On the formation and state of the national innovation system many factors influence. The current state of the national innovation system in Russia is called a crisis. It is due to insufficient funding of science from federal budget, lack of demand for scientific and technical developments from the private sector, "brain drain", etc. In Russia, an innovation system of a new type should be formed, which will be able to unite the efforts of the state, the scientific community and the private business sector of the economy to implement the country's transition to an innovative development path.
The formation of a national innovation system provides for the construction of an innovation infrastructure, i.e. a complex of organizations providing services for the creation, development in production and practical application of a new or improved product, a new or improved technological process. They are in a certain relationship, expressing the unity of the stages of innovation. These are investment and innovation funds, banks, business incubators, economic associations, financial groups associated with scientific and technical innovations, etc. An obligatory element of the infrastructure of the innovation market is the so-called innovation intermediaries that promote innovation to the market. These include organizations involved in patenting, licensing, commercialization of developments, consulting and marketing of innovations. Specialized firms - innovative intermediaries receive intermediary profit by optimizing the innovation process or its individual stages.
The most important direction in the creation of innovation infrastructure in Russia is the formation of scientific and technological parks, innovation and technology centers and business incubators. The first domestic industrial park was created in 1990 in Tomsk. Today, hundreds of small innovative firms operate as part of and with the support of innovation and technology centers and technology parks. The difference is that in the first case, assistance is provided to already formed small innovative firms, in the second case - to start-up small firms. There are two types of business incubators: they can be integral part technopark, but there may be independent organization. Legally, business incubators are most often designed as non-profit organizations specializing in supporting small businesses. Currently, there are about 40 innovation and technology centers, 80 technology parks and about 60 business incubators in Russia. From the point of view of the formation of a technopark, science cities are promising, concentrating the scientific and technical potential of the defense sector and large universities.
Technological innovation represent the end result of innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product or service introduced on the market, a new or improved process or method of production (transfer) of services used in practice. An innovation is considered implemented if it is implemented in the market or in the production process.
In industry and services, there are two types of technological innovation: product and process.
In industry distinguish the following definitions.
- 1. Product innovation involves the development and implementation of technologically new or improved products. The introduction of a new product is defined as a radical product innovation if it concerns a product whose intended application, functionality, properties, construction or materials and components used significantly distinguish it from previously produced products. Such innovations can be based on fundamentally new technologies or on a combination of existing technologies in their new application. Technological improvement of a product (incremental product innovation) affects an already existing product, the quality or cost characteristics of which have been significantly improved through the use of more efficient components and materials, a partial change in one or a number of technical subsystems (for complex products).
- 2. Process Innovation - it is the adoption of technologically new or significantly improved production methods, including product transfer methods. Innovations of this kind can be based on the use of new production equipment, new methods of organizing the production process or their combination, as well as using the results of research and development. Such innovations are usually aimed at improving the efficiency of production or transfer of products already existing in the enterprise, but may also be intended for the production and supply of technologically new or improved products that cannot be produced or supplied using conventional production methods.
In the service sector the following definitions apply to this group of innovations.
- 1. Product innovation include the development and implementation of fundamentally new services, the improvement of existing services by adding new functions or features, significant improvements in service delivery (for example, in terms of their efficiency or speed).
- 2. Process innovation cover the development and implementation of technologically new or significantly improved methods for the production and provision of services.
Process innovation is measured in a differentiated way, with new or significantly improved methods of producing goods and services, production methods for procurement, supply of goods and services, methods in ancillary activities, such as Maintenance and repairs, procurement operations, accounting and computer services.
Process innovations, as a rule, are aimed at reducing the costs of production or activities for the transfer of products, services per unit of output, improving the quality, efficiency of production or transfer of products already existing in the organization, but can also be intended for the production and transfer of technologically new or improved products, services that cannot be produced or supplied using conventional manufacturing methods (Table 1.1).
Table 1.1
Process innovation
|
Area of manifestation |
Change Objects |
|
|
New or significantly improved methods of producing goods and services |
|
|
|
New or significantly improved production methods logistics, supply of goods and services |
in the processes of selling products and services |
and materials; Creation of an Internet service for placing consumer orders for manufactured products |
|
New or significantly improved methods of support activities (maintenance and repair, communications, etc.) |
The use of new or significantly improved technologies, production equipment and (or) software in auxiliary activities not directly related to the production of goods, works, services, but aimed at ensuring the production process |
|
Product innovations include the development and introduction into production of technologically new and significantly technologically improved products. They may be based on fundamentally new technologies, on the use or combination of existing technologies, or on the results of research and development. However, they may be new to the enterprise, but not necessarily new to the market. In addition, it does not matter whether the innovative products were developed by the enterprise or by other organizations. Types of product innovations are presented in Table. 1.2.
Table 1.2
Types of product innovations
|
grocery innovation |
Characteristics of innovation |
|
|
Technologically new product |
A product mastered in production, whose technological characteristics(functional features, design, additional operations, as well as the composition of the materials and components used) or the intended use are fundamentally new or significantly different from similar products previously manufactured by the enterprise |
Phone – cordless phone; computer (mainframe) - personal computer - laptop; incandescent lamp - energy efficient fluorescent lamp |
|
Technologically advanced product |
A previously released product for which quality characteristics are improved, the economic efficiency of production is increased by using more highly efficient components or materials, partial changes in one or more technical subsystems (for complex products) |
Personal computer based on a new generation processor (Pentium I, Pentium II, Pentium III...); mechanical watches - quartz (electronic) watches; oil paint (based on drying oil) - nitro enamels (based on cellulose nitrate) |
Organizational and managerial changes have been observed in innovation statistics since 2001. Initially, the object of the study was organizational innovations implemented by the organization over the past three years. Since 2006, in order to calculate the indicator of the cumulative level of innovative activity, introduced into international practice, in Russia the methodology for measuring organizational innovations has been reduced to unified system calculation of innovative activity - for the reporting year.
The studies conducted by the Association of Managers of Russia showed that only through organizational and managerial innovations in Russia it is possible to increase labor productivity by 80%.
Innovation
In the world economic literature, innovation is interpreted as the transformation of potential scientific and technological progress into a real one, embodied in new products and technologies.
There are hundreds of definitions in the literature (see Table 1.1 for examples). For example, on the basis of content or internal structure, innovations are technical, economic, organizational, managerial, etc.
For example, B. twist defines innovation as a process in which an invention or idea acquires economic content. F. Nixon considers innovation to be a set of technical, industrial and commercial activities that bring new and improved industrial processes and equipment to the market. B. Santo believes that innovation is such a social, technical, economic process that, through the practical use of ideas and inventions, leads to the creation of products and technologies that are best in their properties, and if it focuses on economic benefits, profit, the emergence of innovation on the market can generate additional income. I. Schumpeter interprets innovation as a new scientific and organizational combination of production factors, motivated by an entrepreneurial spirit.
Table 1.1 Definitions of “innovation”
|
Definition |
|
|
Innovation is such a social, technical, economic process that, through the practical use of ideas and inventions, leads to the creation of products and technologies that are better in their properties. |
Santo B. Innovation as a means..., 1990, p. 24. |
|
An innovation (innovation) is usually understood as an object introduced into production as a result of a research or discovery made, which is qualitatively different from the previous analogue. |
Utkin E.A., Morozova N.I., Morozova G.I. Innovation management..., 1996, p. ten. |
|
Innovation is the process of implementing a new idea in any area of human life, contributing to the satisfaction of an existing need in the market and bringing an economic effect. |
Bezdudny F.F., Smirnova G.A., Nechaeva O.D. Essence of the concept..., 1998, p. eight. |
|
Innovation - the use of the results of scientific research and development aimed at improving the process of production, economic, legal and social relations in the field of science, culture, education and other fields of activity. |
Suvorova A.L. Innovation management, 1999, p. fifteen. |
|
Innovation is the result of updating, transforming previous activities, leading to the replacement of some elements by others, or the addition of new ones to existing ones. |
Kokurin D.I. Innovative activity, 2001, p. ten. |
|
Innovation (innovation) is the result of practical or scientific and technical development of innovation. |
Avsyannikov N.M. Innovation management, 2002, p. 12. |
|
An innovation is an object introduced into production as a result of a scientific research or discovery made, which is qualitatively different from the previous analogue. |
Medynsky V.G. Innovation management, 2002, p. 5. |
|
Innovation is understood as the end result of scientific research or discovery, qualitatively different from the previous analogue and introduced into production. The concept of innovation applies to all innovations in organizational, production and other areas of activity, to any improvements that reduce costs. |
Minnikhanov R.N., Alekseev V.V., Fayzrakhmanov D.I., Sagdiev M.A. Innovation management..., 2003, p. 13. |
|
Innovation is the process of development, development, exploitation and exhaustion of the production, economic and social potential underlying innovation. |
Morozov Yu.P., Gavrilov A.I., Gorodkov A.G. Innovation Management, 2003, p. 17. |
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Innovation as a result of the creative process in the form of created (or implemented) new use values, the use of which requires the individuals or organizations using them to change the usual stereotypes of activities and skills. The concept of innovation extends to a new product or service, a method of their production, an innovation in organizational, financial, research and other areas, any improvement that provides cost savings or creates conditions for such savings. |
Zavlin P.N. Fundamentals of innovation management..., 2004, p. 6. |
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Innovation is a new or improved product (good, work, service), method (technology) of its production or application, innovation or improvement in the organization and (or) economics of production, and (or) product sales, providing economic benefits, creating conditions for such benefits or improving the consumer properties of products (goods, works, services). |
Kulagin A.S. A little about the term..., 2004, p. 58. |
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Innovation is the creation of new or improved technologies, types of products or services, as well as decisions of an industrial, administrative, financial, legal, commercial or other nature, which, as a result of their implementation and subsequent practical application, have a positive effect on the economic entities involved. |
Stepanenko D.M. Classification of innovations..., 2004, p. 77. |
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The word "innovation" is synonymous with innovation or novelty, and can be used along with them. |
Avrashkov L.Ya. Innovation Management, 2005, p. 5. |
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Innovation is the end result of introducing an innovation in order to change the object of management and obtain an economic, social, environmental, scientific, technical or other type of effect. |
Fatkhutdinov R.A. Innovation Management, 2005, p. fifteen. |
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Innovations in relation to the agro-industrial complex are new technologies, new equipment, new varieties of plants, new breeds of animals, new fertilizers and means of protecting plants and animals, new methods for the prevention and treatment of animals, new forms of organization, financing and lending to production, new approaches to training, retraining and advanced training of personnel, etc. |
Shaitan B.I. Innovations in the agro-industrial complex..., 2005, p. 207. |
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Innovation is the involvement in the economic circulation of the results of intellectual activity containing new, including scientific, knowledge in order to meet social needs and (or) make a profit. |
Volynkina N.V. Legal entity..., 2006, p. 13. |
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In accordance with international standards (Frascati's Guide - new edition document adopted by the OECD in 1993 in the Italian city of Frascati) innovation is defined as the end result of innovation, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice, or in a new approach to social services. |
Science statistics..., 1996, p. 30-31. |
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Innovation (innovation) is the end result of innovative activity, realized in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice. |
The concept of innovative..., 1998. |
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Innovation is an innovation in the field of engineering, technology, labor organization and management, based on the use of the achievements of science and best practices, as well as the use of these innovations in a variety of areas and fields of activity. |
Raizberg B.A. Lozovsky L.Sh. Starodubtseva E.B. Modern economic ..., 1999, p. 136. |
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Innovation: 1. Innovation, innovation. 2. A set of measures aimed at introducing new equipment, technologies, inventions, etc. into the economy; modernization. |
Big sensible..., 2003, p. 393. |
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Innovation is an innovation in the industrial and non-industrial spheres, in the field of economic, social, legal relations, science, culture, education, healthcare, in the field of public finance, in business finance, in budget process, in banking, financial market, in insurance, etc. |
Financial and credit..., 2004, p. 367. |
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Innovation - getting big economic results through innovation; the essence of a progressive development strategy for the organization of the state as opposed to the bureaucratic type of development. |
Rumyantseva E.E. New economic..., 2005, p. 162. |
At present, technological innovations are subject to the concepts established in International Standards in Science, Technology and Innovation Statistics. International Standards in Science, Technology and Innovation Statistics - Recommendations international organizations in the field of science and innovation statistics, providing their systematic description in a market economy.
In accordance with these standards, innovation is the end result of innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced to the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice, or in a new approach to social services.
In this way:
- innovation is a consequence of innovation activity;
- the specific content of innovation is change;
- the main function of innovation is the function of change.
The Austrian scientist I. Schumpeter identified five typical changes:
- use of new equipment, new technological processes or new market support for production (purchase and sale);
- introduction of products with new properties;
- use of new raw materials;
- changes in the organization of production and its logistics;
- emergence of new markets.
I. Schumpeter formulated these provisions back in 1911. Later, in the 30s, he introduced the concept of "innovation", interpreting it as a change with the aim of introducing and using new types of consumer goods, new production and transport vehicles, markets and forms of organization in industry .
In a number of sources, innovation is viewed as a process. This concept recognizes that innovation develops over time and has distinct stages.
According to modern concepts, three properties are equally important for innovation:: scientific and technical novelty, industrial applicability, commercial feasibility (the ability to meet market demand and make a profit for the manufacturer). The absence of any of them negatively affects the innovation process.
Innovation process
The terms "innovation" and "innovation process" are not unambiguous, although they are close. The innovation process is associated with the creation, development and dissemination of innovations.
There are three logical forms of the innovation process:
- simple intraorganizational (natural);
- simple interorganizational (commodity);
- extended.
Simple innovation process involves the creation and use of innovation within the same organization, innovation in this case does not take a direct commodity form.
At simple cross-organizational innovation process innovation acts as an object of sale. This form of the innovation process means separating the function of the creator and producer of innovation from the function of its consumer.
Finally, advanced innovation process manifests itself in the creation of more and more innovation manufacturers, the violation of the monopoly of the pioneer manufacturer, which contributes through mutual competition to the improvement of the consumer properties of the manufactured goods.
In the conditions of a commodity innovation process, at least two economic entities operate: the producer (creator) and the consumer (user) of innovation. If the innovation is a technological process, its producer and consumer can be combined in one economic entity.
As the innovation process turns into a commercial one, two phases are distinguished:
1. Creation and distribution
Creation of innovation- successive stages of scientific research, development work, organization of pilot production and marketing, organization of commercial production (the beneficial effect of innovation has not yet been realized, but only the prerequisites for such implementation are being created).
Diffusion of innovation- this is the redistribution of the socially useful effect between the producers of innovation, as well as between producers and consumers (this information process, the form and speed of which depends on the power of communication channels, the peculiarities of the perception of information by business entities, their abilities for the practical use of this information, etc.)
2. Diffusion of innovation
Diffusion of innovation- the process by which an innovation is communicated through communication channels between members social system in time (in other words, diffusion is the spread of an innovation already once mastered and used in new conditions or places of application).
One of the important factors in the spread of any innovation is its interaction with the relevant socio-economic environment, an essential element of which are competing technologies.
Innovation management
Innovation management- a set of principles, methods and forms of management of innovative processes, innovative activities, organizational structures engaged in this activity and their personnel.
Innovative activity (R & D and implementation of their results in production) is one of the main areas of activity of any organization. The field of R&D is directly related to marketing, and this relationship is two-way. R&D units should be based in their activities on marketing research needs and market conditions, and, therefore, they should work on the instructions of marketing services. On the other hand, tracking trends in the scientific and technological process, forecasting and actually developing new products require R&D departments to set tasks for marketing services to conduct an appropriate assessment of the market potential of new products.
The task of R&D is to create new products (or services) that will be the basis production activities organizations in the future. At R&D production culture, traditions, organization, infrastructure, technological level, personnel potential etc. But perhaps the most important circumstance is that R&D as an activity facing the future is closely related and mutually determines the strategic management of the company. A strategy becomes a reality only as a result of the development of a specific product or process. R&D expenditure is an investment in the future of an organization, but at the same time it is associated with high uncertainty and risk.
All of the above gives reason to conclude that in most cases, R&D management (forecasting, planning, project evaluation, organization and integrated management, control over the progress of R&D) is a strategically more important task than the actual execution of R&D (it is more important to determine the right direction of movement than to focus on specific steps in this direction).
Thus, R&D and their management (innovation management) are closely related to the theory and practice of general management, marketing, production management, logistics, strategic management, financial management enterprises.
Experts identify the following innovation management functions:
- constant adjustment of innovative goals and programs depending on the state of the market and changes external environment;
- focus on achieving the planned end result of the organization's innovative activities;
- use of a modern information base for multivariate calculations when making management decisions;
- change in the functions of strategic management and planning (from current to prospective);
- the use of all the main factors of change and improvement of the innovative activity of the organization;
- involvement in the management of the entire scientific, technical and production potential of the organization;
- implementation of management based on anticipation of changes and flexible decision-making;
- ensuring the innovation process in each segment of the organization;
- deep economic analysis every management decision.
Innovation managers have to deal with a complex managerial tasks:
- determination of the goals of strategic management of the development of the organization;
- identifying priority tasks, determining the order and sequence of their solution;
- change management in the organization;
- preparation of a system of measures for the development and development of new types of products;
- assessment of the necessary resources and search for sources of their provision;
- ensuring strict control over the fulfillment of tasks in the field of innovation;
- ensuring the competitiveness of the organization in a highly competitive environment;
- achieving maximum profit in specific business conditions;
- early preparation of the necessary innovations;
- improvement organizational structure organizations in accordance with changing requirements;
- security effective work each employee and team as a whole;
- the ability to reasonably take risks and at the same time be able to minimize the impact of risky situations on financial position organizations.
The specificity of innovation as an object of management implies a special nature of the activity of an innovation manager. Except general requirements(creative character, analytical skills, etc.), he must be a true professional, know the production and technological field of innovation; state of the innovative product market, investment market; organization of innovative activities for the development and development of new types of products and the provision of new types of services; financial and economic analysis of innovative production and investment activity; basics labor relations and motivation of personnel; legal regulation and types state support innovative activity. Special attention should be given to the preparation and adoption of managerial decisions, as well as control at each stage of its passage. The ultimate goal of innovation management is to improve the efficiency of resource use and ensure the rational functioning of the subjects of innovation.
