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Social relationship. Question. Social connections, social relations, social interaction. Social interactions of people in society

social connection is a set of conscious or unconscious, necessary and random, stable and spontaneous dependencies of some social actors from others. To the greatest extent, social ties are manifested in various kinds of adaptive behavior of people, taking into account the norms and values recognized by the group. A high degree of manifestation of social ties is an activity undertaken by people taking into account the needs of others, especially when it does not correspond to the personal interests of the acting people.

Now we will move on to further analysis and raise questions about what is happening between people, between individuals, how connections and dependencies arise between them, how associations appear that unite people into stable communities. Communicating with peers, relatives, acquaintances, with random fellow travelers, each person carries out certain social interactions.

Spatial contact- this is the initial and necessary link in the formation of social relationships. Knowing where people are and how many of them, and even more so by observing them visually, a person can choose an object for further development relationships based on their needs and interests.

Contacts can be:

v transient or persistent, depending on their frequency and duration;

v personal and material;

v direct and indirect.

In the process of social interaction is produced:

ü perception each other's people;

ü mutual evaluation each other;

ü joint action - cooperation, rivalry, conflict, etc.

Let us give a definition of social interaction: social interaction is a system of socially conditioned individual and/or group actions connected by mutual causal dependence, in which the behavior of one of the participants is both a stimulus and a reaction to the behavior of the others.

There are four main features of interaction:

1) objectivity- the presence of an external in relation to interacting individuals or groups of goals, reasons, objects, etc., which encourage them to interact;

2) situationality- a fairly strict regulation of interaction with the specific conditions of the situation in which this process takes place: the behavior of friends at work, in the theater, at the stadium, at a country picnic is significantly different;

3) explication- availability for an outside observer of the external expression of the interaction process, whether it is work at a factory, a game or dancing;

4) Reflective polysemy- the possibility for interaction to be a manifestation of both the main subjective intentions, and an unconscious or conscious consequence of the joint participation of people in interindividual or group activities (for example, joint work).

The system plays an important role in the implementation of interactions. mutual expectations presented by individuals and social groups to each other before committing social acts. Such expectations can be episodic and vague in the case of short-term interactions, say, with a single date, a casual and non-repeating meeting, but can also be stable in frequently recurring or role-playing interactions.

If an interaction is a bidirectional exchange of actions between two or more individuals, then an action is just a one-way interaction. Action can be divided into four types:

1. physical action, for example: slapping, handing over a book, writing on paper;

2. verbal or verbal action, for example: insult, greeting - "hello";

3. gestures as a kind of action: a smile, a raised finger, a handshake;

4. mental action, which is expressed only in inner speech.

Of the four types of action, the first three are external, and the fourth - internal. Examples that reinforce each type of action correspond to the criteria of social action by M. Weber: they are meaningful, motivated, oriented towards the other.

Social interaction is based on social statuses and roles. Hence the second typology of social interaction (by spheres):

Economic sphere where individuals act as owners and employees, entrepreneurs, rentiers, capitalists, businessmen, unemployed, housewives;

Professional area where individuals participate as drivers, bankers, professors, miners, cooks;

Family-related sphere, where people act as fathers, mothers, sons, cousins, grandmothers, uncles, aunts, godfathers, sworn brothers, bachelors, widows, newlyweds;

Demographic sphere, including contacts between representatives of different sexes, ages, nationalities and races (nationality is also included in the concept of interethnic interaction);

The political sphere where people fight or cooperate as representatives of political parties, popular fronts, social movements, and also as subjects state power: judges, policemen, juries, diplomats, etc.;

The religious sphere implies contacts between representatives of different religions, one religion, as well as believers and non-believers, if the content of their actions relate to the area of religion;

Territorial-settlement sphere - clashes, cooperation, competition between local and newcomers, urban and rural, temporarily and permanently residing emigrants, immigrants and migrants.

Thus, the first typology of social interaction is based on types of action, the second - on status systems.

Any interaction is exchange. You can exchange anything: signs of attention, words, gestures, symbols, material objects. Perhaps you will not find anything that could not serve as a medium of exchange. Thus, money, with which we usually have an exchange process, is far from the first place.

According to the exchange theory George Homans (1910-1989), the behavior of a person at the present moment is determined by whether and how exactly his actions were rewarded in the past. He brought out the following exchange principles: 1) the higher the act is rewarded, the more often it is repeated; 2) if in the past in a certain situation there was a reward, people tend to create such a situation again; 3) than more reward, the more people are willing to expend effort to obtain it; 4) when a person's needs are almost completely satisfied, he tends to make efforts to satisfy them to a lesser extent. social behavior is an exchange of activities, tangible or intangible, more or less rewarding or costly, between at least two persons. Subinstitutional behavior - real behavior in institutional structures, elementary social behavior- this is the actual behavior of people in direct contact with each other, where each directly and directly rewards or punishes the other.

Elementary social behavior:

§ socially (orientation to another person);

§ directly (face-to-face);

§ really (this is real behavior, not the norm of behavior);

§ implies social norms, which, however, cannot cover all situations of interaction (role and role performance).

In all episodes of his life, a person is connected with other people. To satisfy his needs, a person must interact with other individuals, participate in joint activities. After a series of interactions with others, a person enters into a certain relationship.

Social connections – it is a special type of contact between people. We can talk about the presence of a social connection when there are obvious three signs: 1) personal obligations of each member of the group to comply with the norms common to the group and protect common values; 2) the dependence of the members of the group on each other, arising on the basis of a common interest; 3) identification of the individual with the group.

Main elements that make up a social connection are contacts. They can be spatial, psychological (interest), social (exchange).

Social Relations have different bases and many different shades depending on the personal qualities of individuals. The formation of social ties occurs gradually, from simple forms to complex ones. The development of social ties leads to social interactions. Measuring the number and direction of social contacts makes it possible to determine the structure of social interactions and the nature of social relations.

social interaction(interaction) is a form of social communications; the process of communication between individuals, their influence and influence on each other. Social interaction is made up of individual social actions. An important role in the implementation of interactions is played by the system of mutual expectations presented by individuals and social groups to each other before performing social actions.

Typology. Interactions can be both short-term, situational, and stable, reusable or even permanent. According to the types of actions, interactions can be physical, verbal, gestural. Social interaction based on status systems is typified by spheres, as it includes people's communications in the economic, professional, family-related, demographic, political, religious, territorial-settlement spheres. The most common forms social interactions are cooperation (cooperation), rivalry (competition), conflict (collision).

As a result of the repetition of one or another type of interaction, different types social relations between people.

Social Relations - it is a certain stable system of connections and dependencies individuals, which has developed in the process of their repeated interactions with each other in the conditions of a given society; it is a set of forms of organization life together of people. Social relations are clearly separated in meaning and content, which depend on how the need for values and possession of them are combined in interactions. Social relations are the stable element that unites people in society.

16. National-ethnic communities and relations

The ancient Greek word "ethnos" has about 10 meanings: people, crowd, tribe, mass, etc.

In ethnographic literature, “ethnos” is commonly understood as a stable community of people living, as a rule, in a separate territory, having their own original culture, language, and self-awareness. In Soviet sociology and ethnography, it was traditionally believed that ethnic division is a kind of social and ethnic groups are integral systems inextricably linked with socio-economic factors. Therefore, ethnos is a social phenomenon.

There are two opposite approaches to understanding the essence of an ethnos: natural-biological, sociocultural.

The origins of the first date back to the middle of the 19th century, and its representatives belonged to the so-called racial-anthropological school in naturalistic sociology, which we mentioned in our previous lectures. Representatives of this trend Zh.A. de Gobineau, S. Ammon, J. Lapouge believed that the ethno-cultural diversity of mankind is due to genetic differences.

The specificity of the sociological approach to the study of ethnic groups lies primarily in the fact that, unlike ethnography, which has a clearly defined historical and descriptive character, in sociology ethnic communities are considered as elements of the social structure of society, in close relationship with other social groups - classes, strata, territorial communities and various social institutions.

society political power social

System analysis of public life

Throughout the history of sociology, one of its most important problems has been the problem: what is a society? Sociology of all times and peoples has tried to answer the questions: how is the existence of society possible? What are the mechanisms of social integration that ensure social order, despite the huge diversity of interests of individuals and social groups? Consideration of this problem is our task in this topic.

Let's start with how sociology interprets the concept of "society". E. Durkheim considered society as a supra-individual spiritual reality based on collective ideas. According to M. Weber, society is the interaction of people, which is the product of social, that is, other people-oriented actions. The prominent American sociologist T. Parsons defined society as a system of relations between people, the connecting beginning of which are norms and values. From the point of view of K. Marx, society is a historically developing set of relations between people that develop in the process of their joint activities.

It is obvious that in all these definitions, to one degree or another, an approach is expressed to society as an integral system of elements that are in a state of close interconnection. This approach to society is called systemic. The main task systems approach in the study of society is to combine various knowledge about society into a coherent system that could become a theory of society.

Consider the basic principles of a systematic approach to society. To do this, it is necessary to define the basic concepts. System- this is a certain way ordered set of elements interconnected and forming some integral unity. The internal nature, the content side of any integral system, the material basis of its organization is determined by the composition, the set of elements.

The social system is a holistic formation, the main element of which are people, their connections, interactions and relationships. These connections, interactions and relationships are stable and are reproduced in the historical process, passing from generation to generation.

social connection is a set of facts that determine joint activities in specific communities at a specific time to achieve certain goals. Social ties are established not at the whim of people, but objectively. The establishment of these connections is dictated social conditions in which individuals live and act. The essence of social ties is manifested in the content and nature of the actions of people who make up this social community. Sociologists single out connections of interaction, relations, control, institutional, etc.

social interaction is a process in which people act and are affected by each other. The mechanism of social interaction includes individuals who perform certain actions, changes in the social community or society as a whole caused by these actions, the impact of these changes on other individuals that make up the social community, and, finally, the feedback of individuals. Interaction leads to the formation of new social relations. social relations-- these are relatively stable and independent ties between individuals and social groups.

So, society is made up of many individuals, their social connections, interactions and relationships. But is it possible to consider society as a simple sum of individuals, their connections, interactions and relationships? Supporters of a systematic approach to the analysis of society answer: "No." From their point of view, society is not a summative, but an integral system. This means that at the level of society, individual actions, connections and relationships form a new, systemic quality. System quality-- this is a special qualitative state, which cannot be considered as a simple sum of elements. Social interactions and relations are of a supra-individual, transpersonal nature, that is, society is some kind of independent substance that is primary in relation to individuals. Each individual, being born, finds a certain structure of connections and relations, and in the process of socialization is included in it. Due to what is this integrity, that is, systemic quality, achieved?

A holistic system has many connections, interactions and relationships. The most typical are correlative connections, interactions and relationships, including the coordination and subordination of elements. Coordination- this is a certain consistency of elements, that special nature of their mutual dependence, which ensures the preservation of an integral system. Subordination - this is subordination and subordination, indicating a special specific place, the unequal significance of elements in an integral system.

So, as a result, society becomes an integral system with qualities that none of the elements included in it separately have. Due to its integral qualities social system acquires a certain independence in relation to its constituent elements, a relatively independent way of its development.

social interaction

Social interaction- a system of interdependent social actions associated with cyclic dependence, in which the action of one subject is both the cause and effect of the response actions of other subjects. It is related to the concept of “social action”, which is the starting point for the formation of social ties. Social interaction as a way of implementing social ties and relationships presupposes the presence of at least two subjects, the process of interaction itself, as well as the conditions and factors for its implementation. In the course of interaction, the formation and development of the individual, the social system, their change in the social structure of society, etc. take place.

Social interaction includes the transfer of action from one social actor to another, the receipt and reaction to it in the form of a response action, as well as the resumption of actions of social actors. It has a social meaning for the participants and involves the exchange of their actions in the future due to the presence in it of a special causality - social relation. Social relations are formed in the process of interaction between people and are the result of their past interactions that have acquired a stable social form. Social interactions, by contrast, are not "frozen" social forms, and "living" social practices of people that are conditioned, directed, structured, regulated by social relations, but are able to influence these social forms and change them.

Social interaction is determined by the social statuses and roles of the individual and social groups. It has an objective and a subjective side:

objective side - factors that are independent of interacting, but influencing them.
Subjective side- the conscious attitude of individuals to each other in the process of interaction, based on mutual expectations.

Classification of social interaction

Primary, secondary (ideological, religious, moral)
By the number of participants: the interaction of two people; one person and a group of people; between two groups
Multinational
Between people of different incomes, etc.

Notes

Social interaction- Social interaction “a way of implementing social ties and relationships in a system that implies the presence of at least two subjects, the process of interaction itself, as well as the conditions and factors for its implementation. During the interaction takes place ... ... Wikipedia

social action- human action (regardless of whether it is external or internal, is reduced to non-intervention or patient acceptance), which, according to the alleged actor or actors meaning correlates with action ... ... Wikipedia

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Social partnership. Interaction of government, business and hired personnel. Textbook for undergraduate and graduate studies, Voronina L.I. The author of the textbook not only refers to the works of foreign and Russian sociologists, including works on economic sociology, but also shows his own vision of the current ...

social interaction

The starting point for the emergence of a social connection is the interaction of individuals or groups of individuals to meet certain needs.

Interaction - it is any behavior of an individual or a group of individuals that is significant for other individuals and groups of individuals or society as a whole at the present moment and in the future. The category "interaction" expresses the content and nature of relations between individuals and social groups as permanent carriers of qualitatively various kinds activities that differ in social positions (statuses) and roles (functions). No matter in which sphere of the life of society (economic, political, etc.) interaction takes place, it is always social in nature, as it expresses the connections between individuals and groups of individuals, connections mediated by goals that each of the interacting parties haunts.

Social interaction has an objective and subjective side. The objective side of interaction- these are connections independent of individuals, but mediating and controlling the content and nature of their interaction. The subjective side of interaction - this is a conscious attitude of individuals to each other, based on mutual expectations (expectations) of the corresponding behavior. These are interpersonal (or, more broadly, socio-psychological) relations, which are direct connections and relationships between individuals that develop under specific conditions of place and time.

Mechanism of social interaction includes: individuals who perform certain actions; changes in the outside world caused by these actions; the impact of these changes on other individuals; feedback from affected individuals.

Under the influence of Simmel and especially Sorokin, interaction in his subjective interpretation was accepted as the initial concept of group theory, and then became the initial concept of American sociology. As Sorokin wrote: “The interaction of two or more individuals is a generic concept of a social phenomenon: it can serve as a model for the latter. By studying the structure of this model, we can also understand the structure of all social phenomena. Having decomposed the interaction into its component parts, we will thereby decompose the most complex social phenomena into parts. “The subject of sociology,” says one of the American teaching aids according to sociology, is direct verbal and non-verbal interaction. The main task of sociology is to achieve a systematic knowledge of social rhetoric. The interview as a form of rhetoric is not just a sociological tool, but part of its subject matter.”

However, in and of itself, social interaction still explains absolutely nothing. In order to understand the interaction, it is necessary to clarify the properties of the interacting forces, and these properties cannot find an explanation in the fact of interactions, no matter how they change due to it. The very fact of interaction does not add knowledge. Everything depends on the individual and social properties and qualities of the interacting parties. That is why the main thing in social interaction is content side. In modern Western European and American sociology, this side of social interaction is considered mainly from the standpoint of symbolic interactionism and ethnomstodology. In the first case, any social phenomenon appears as a direct interaction of people, carried out on the basis of the perception and use of common symbols, meanings, etc.; as a result, the object of social cognition is considered as a set of symbols of the human environment included in a certain "behavioral situation". In the second case, social reality is seen as "a process of interaction based on everyday experience."

Everyday experience, the meanings and symbols that govern the interacting individuals, impart to their interaction, and it cannot be otherwise, a certain quality. But in this case, the main qualitative side of the interaction remains aside - those real social phenomena and processes that appear for people in the form of meanings, symbols, everyday experience.

As a result, social reality and its constituent social objects act as a chaos of mutual actions based on the "interpreting role" of the individual in "defining the situation" or on ordinary consciousness. Without denying the semantic, symbolic and other aspects of the process of social interaction, it must be recognized that its genetic source is labor, material production, and the economy. In turn, everything derived from the basis can and does have an inverse effect on the basis.

Way of interaction

The way an individual interacts with other individuals and the social environment as a whole determines the “refraction” of social norms and values through the consciousness of the individual and his real actions based on the comprehension of these norms and values.

The interaction method includes six aspects: 1) information transfer; 2) obtaining information; 3) reaction to the received information; 4) processed information; 5) receiving processed information; 6) reaction to this information.

social relations

Interaction leads to the establishment of social relationships. Social relations are relatively stable ties between individuals (as a result of which they are institutionalized into social groups) and social groups as constant carriers of qualitatively different types of activities that differ in social status and roles in social structures.

Social communities

Social communities are characterized by: the presence of living conditions (socio-economic, social position, professional training and education, interests and needs, etc.) common to a given group of interacting individuals (social categories); way of interaction of a given set of individuals (nations, social classes, socio-professional groups, etc.), i.e., a social group; belonging to historically established territorial associations (city, village, settlement), i.e., territorial communities; the degree of limitation of the functioning of social groups by a strictly defined system of social norms and values, the belonging of the studied group of interacting individuals to certain social institutions (family, education, science, etc.).

Formation of social relations

Social interaction is an invariable and constant companion of a person who lives among people and is forced to constantly enter into a complex network of relationships with them. Gradually emerging connections take the form of permanent ones and turn into social relations - conscious and sensually perceived sets of repetitive interactions, correlated in their meaning with each other and characterized by appropriate behavior. Social relations are, as it were, refracted through the internal content (or state) of a person and are expressed in his activity as personal relations.

Social relations are extremely diverse in form and content. Each person in his own way personal experience knows that relationships with others develop in different ways, that this world of relationships contains a motley palette of feelings - from love and irresistible sympathy to hatred, contempt, hostility. Fiction, as a good assistant to the sociologist, reflects in its works the inexhaustible richness of the world of social relations.

Classifying social relations, they are primarily divided into unilateral and reciprocal. One-sided social relations exist when partners perceive and evaluate each other differently.

One-sided relationships are quite common. A person experiences a feeling of love for another and assumes that his partner also experiences a similar feeling, and orients his behavior towards this expectation. However, when, for example, a young man proposes to a girl, he may unexpectedly receive a refusal. A classic example of one-sided social relations is the relationship between Christ and the apostle Jude, who betrayed the teacher. World and domestic fiction will give us many examples of tragic situations associated with one-sided relationships: Othello - Iago, Mozart - Salieri, etc.

The social relations that arise and exist in human society are so diverse that it is advisable to consider any one of their aspects, based on a certain system of values and activity of individuals aimed at achieving it. Recall that in sociology values understand the views and beliefs shared by any community regarding the goals to which people aspire. Social interactions become social relationships precisely because of the values that individuals and groups of people would like to achieve. Thus, values are necessary condition social relations.

To determine the relationship of individuals, two indicators are used:

value expectations (expectations), which characterize satisfaction with a value model;
value requirements that an individual puts forward in the process of distributing values.

The real possibility of achieving one or another value position is value potential. Often it remains only a possibility, since the individual or group does not take active steps to occupy more value-attractive positions.

Conventionally, all values are divided as follows:

welfare values, which include material and spiritual benefits, without which it is impossible to maintain the normal life of individuals - wealth, health, safety, professional excellence;
all others - power as the most universal value, since the possession of it allows you to acquire other values (respect, status, prestige, fame, reputation), moral values(fairness, kindness, decency, etc.); love and friendship; also distinguish national values, ideological, etc.

Among the social relations are the relations social dependency, for they are present to varying degrees in every other respect. Social dependence is a social relationship in which the social system S1, (individual, group or social institution) cannot perform the social actions necessary for it d1 if the social system S 2 take no action d2. At the same time, the system S 2 is called dominant, and the system S 1 - dependent.

Suppose the mayor of the city of Los Angeles cannot pay wages public utilities until the money is allocated to him by the governor of California, who manages these funds. In this case, the mayor's office is a dependent system, and the governor's administration is seen as the dominant system. In practice, dual interdependence often occurs. Thus, the population of an American city depends on the head in terms of the distribution of funds, but the mayor also depends on voters who may not elect him for new term. The line of behavior of the dependent system must be predictable for the dominant system in the area that concerns dependency relationships.

Social dependence is also based on the difference in status in the group, which is typical for organizations. Thus, individuals of low status are dependent on individuals or groups that are of higher status; subordinates depend on the leader. Dependence arises from differences in the possession of meaningful values regardless of official status. For example, a leader may be financially dependent on a subordinate from whom he has borrowed a large amount of money. Latent, i.e. hidden, dependencies play an important role in the life of organizations, teams, groups.

Often in an organization, the leader relies in everything on the opinion of a relative working here, in order to please him, erroneous decisions are often made from the point of view of the interests of the organization, for which the whole team then pays. In the old vaudeville "Lev Gurych Sinichkin", the question of who will play the main role in the premiere performance instead of the ill actress can only be decided by the main "patron" of the theater (Count Zefirov). Cardinal Richelieu effectively ruled France instead of the king. Sometimes a sociologist, in order to understand conflict situation in the team where he was invited as an expert, one must begin with the search for a "grey eminence" - an informal leader who actually has real influence in the organization.

power relations are of the greatest interest among researchers of social dependence. Power as the ability of some to control the actions of others is of decisive importance in the life of a person and society, but so far scientists have not developed a consensus on how power relations are carried out. Some (M. Weber) believe that power is associated primarily with the ability to control the actions of others and overcome their resistance to this control. Others (T. Parsons) proceed from the fact that power must first of all be legalized, then the personal position of the leader makes others obey him, despite the personal qualities of the leader and subordinates. Both points of view have the right to exist. Thus, the emergence of a new political party begins with the fact that there is a leader who has the ability to unite people, create an organization and begin to lead it.

If the power is legalized (legitimate), people obey it as a force, resisting which is useless and unsafe.

In society, there are other, not legalized aspects of the manifestation of power dependence. The interaction of people at the personal level often leads to the emergence of power relations, paradoxical and inexplicable from the point of view of common sense. A person of his own free will, not urged on by anyone, becomes a supporter of exotic sects, sometimes a real slave to his passions, which make him break the law, decide to kill or commit suicide. The irresistible attraction to gambling can deprive a person of his livelihood, but he again and again returns to roulette or cards.

Thus, in a number of spheres of life, constantly recurring interactions gradually acquire a stable, orderly, predictable character. In the process of such ordering, special connections are formed, called social relations. Social relations - these are stable ties that arise between social groups and within them in the process of material (economic) and spiritual (legal, cultural) activities.

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