Theoretical foundations of social work with low-income families. Low-income families as an object of social work. State system of social assistance

Introduction

Chapter 1. Historical facts and the present in development social work with low-income people

1.1. Essence of social work

1.2. The history of the development of social work with the poor

1.3. Social work with low-income strata of the population in Russia and abroad

Chapter 2. Social support for the low-income population

2.1. Essence social protection

2.2. State system social assistance

Chapter 3. Social work to overcome poverty

3.1. Poverty in Russia

3.2. Fight against poverty

3.3. The Role of Social Workers in Overcoming Poverty

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Social work is a complex, multifaceted concept. Social work is an activity, the purpose of which is to optimize the implementation of the subjective role of people in all spheres of society in the process of life support and active existence of the individual, family, social and other groups and strata in society. This activity is professional and is aimed at helping, supporting, protecting all people, especially the so-called weak layers and groups (disabled people, large families, single-parent families, the elderly, migrant communities, etc.). It is clear that such activity has taken place from the very beginning of the emergence of human society, taking different forms at different stages of its development. Historically, social work grew out of philanthropic (charitable) activities, which were carried out by various religious, social, and later business organizations(Salvation armies, women's unions, etc.). Philanthropy was originally aimed at helping the poor, sick, homeless, orphans and other socially disadvantaged categories of the population.

It is important to note that today social work in Russia and abroad, as a kind of activity, is aimed not only at the implementation of social support measures for "weak" social groups, but also at the implementation of measures for the social protection of the entire population. In this broad sense, social work concerns every person, the entire population.

To reveal the relevance of the topic of this work, it is important to note that social support, social protection of people, in general, social work are determined by the social policy of the state as a certain orientation and a system of measures to optimize social development society, relations between social and other groups, the creation of certain conditions to meet the vital needs of their representatives.

Relevance of the research topic. Improving the well-being of the population is one of the main goals of any society striving for progress. A state that cares about its citizens must create favorable conditions for a long, safe, healthy and prosperous life for people, ensuring economic growth and social stability in society.

As a result of liberal reforms in the 90s of the twentieth century, our country underwent intensive processes of socio-economic transformations, which led to a change in the established patterns of socio-economic behavior of the country's population. There's been a transformation social structure Russian society, there was a deep social polarization. The depreciation of income as a result of hyperinflation has led to a massive decline in the standard of living of Russians. Not only those who lived below the poverty line in the past, but also a huge proportion of the able-bodied, working, and until recently quite prosperous middle-income stratum of the population, found themselves in a distressed situation.

At present, a high level of unemployment, high tariffs for housing and communal services, and a low level of wages that do not correspond to the cost of living have a negative impact on the well-being of families. Low-income families are practically unable to pay for expensive education and health services, tourism and recreational services, and many other material, social and spiritual benefits. Under these conditions, the qualitative socialization of children, the realization of their potential, their spiritual and intellectual development becomes impossible. The problem of poverty in the family is becoming stable. Thus, poverty is one of the most urgent and acute problems of modern Russia.

It is the unsatisfactory socio-economic situation of a significant part of families that causes social tension, negatively affects all processes in society, hinders successful development countries.

One of the main goals of the economic reforms carried out by the Government Russian Federation, is to improve the standard of living of the population of the country. The standard of living of the population is largely determined by the size of the income of citizens, as well as the availability of education, health care, housing and communal and other social services. At the same time, the state assumes the appropriate social guarantees, which are understood as a certain guaranteed set of socially significant benefits and services for all citizens. Social guarantees in practice are embodied in certain minimum standards related to the income of the population, educational opportunities and medical care, housing, etc.

Purpose and main objectives of the study. The purpose of the work is to define and improve social work with the low-income population, as well as to analyze the state of social protection of low-income families.

Achieving this goal involves solving the following tasks:

1. Determine the framework that ensures the implementation of the state adopted social guarantees, as well as clarify the place and role of social standards in the system of social protection of the population.

2. Consider low-income families as centers of social tension.

3. Analyze the problems of low-income families and social prevention technologies.

4. Consider the forms and methods of social protection of the family.

An object research - social work with low-income families.

Subject research are features of social work with low-income families.

Theoretical and methodological basis of the thesis became the fundamental works of domestic, as well as some foreign scientists engaged in research in the social sphere, including mechanisms for the implementation of social guarantees.

In preparing the work, legislative and regulations defining the institutional foundations of social guarantees of the state.

Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the development practical advice to improve social work with low-income strata of the population and determine the role of social workers in overcoming poverty.

The practical significance of the work. The practical significance of the study conducted in this work lies in the fact that its results can be used as a basis for changing some parameters Russian system social protection, as well as when adjusting social work with low-income strata of the population.

Separate results of the thesis can be used as the basis practical activities social services.

The conclusions obtained in the course of the study make it possible to substantiate the need for the authorities and social institutions to develop a common strategy for social work with the poor in the new socio-economic conditions. The study can contribute to the timely identification of population groups requiring special state support, and can be used to conduct a comprehensive and objective assessment of the effectiveness of anti-poverty interventions.

The materials of the thesis can be useful for the subsequent study of this problem, further research and writing larger, generalizing works.

Work structure. In accordance with the purpose and objectives of the study, the thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a bibliographic list. The content of the work is set out on 51 pages.

Chapter 1. Historical facts and the present in the development of social work with low-income people

1.1. Essence of social work

Social work is a professional activity aimed at helping people, social groups in overcoming personal and social difficulties through support, protection, correction and rehabilitation.

As an activity to help people solve their problems, social work is one of the humane professions. Like medicine, which aims to rid people of diseases, or pedagogy, aimed at the formation of the human personality, it is a practical expression of the principle of humanism, according to which the highest value in society is a person. Humanity is a moral quality that characterizes the attitude of social workers towards their clients.

Like all social institutions, the institution of social protection and social work ultimately performs the most important task for the state and society - the task of stabilizing and preserving society, maintaining and harmonizing existing public relations and providing conditions for its comprehensive development - i.e. in fact, it is one of the essential factors in ensuring the stability and security of the state.

1.2. The history of the development of social work with the poor

Social work as a social phenomenon has been characteristic of human society since its inception: in various periods of its development, society helps its members to survive in various forms. This model of assistance is determined by the level of development of society, its culture in a specific historical period. The very first form of social assistance is charity. With the advent of the state, the process of providing assistance is enriched with system properties (legislative basis for assistance, regulation of the process, etc.).

The spread of Christian ideology played a special role in the development of social work. In addition to the fact that the church is actively involved in real activities to create institutions to help and support various categories of the population, the Christian doctrine introduces a new moral meaning into the process of providing assistance. The very understanding of such phenomena as poverty is reviewed in the context of a kind of social and religious activity aimed at transforming the world in the image and likeness of God.

In the second half of the XIX century. active participation in the processes of providing assistance begins to play not only the state, the church, but also various public organizations, first of all - charitable, educational societies, feminist organizations.

The state system of assistance and support focused mainly on the treatment of social ills, such as poverty, homelessness, disability. In a number of countries, state organizations are emerging that purposefully carry out state policy on the ground in the matter of social security and support (Elberfeld social security system in Germany, Zemstvo charity system in Russia, etc.).

The development of social work in Russia has its own logic and features, which are expressed in the conceptual apparatus of the history of Russian social assistance (charity and charity are the main, specific concepts of domestic experience) both in content and in forms. This specificity was formed in the conditions of the civilizational originality of Russia (features of the way of life, mentality, cultural traditions, folk pedagogy, etc.).

Identification of the main stages of pre-revolutionary activities for charity and charity is connected with the nature of the participation of various forces in it: the church, the state, the public.

So, the first stage: X - the middle of the XVIII centuries. - marked by the active charitable activities of the church and the gradual formation of the state system of charity. By the second half of the 18th century, a stable state policy was being formed in Russia aimed at helping the disadvantaged and the needy. Effective forms and methods of helping those in need appear: orphans, illegitimate children, widows, the elderly, the disabled, the disabled, the crippled, the mentally ill, imprisoned victims of fire, etc. There are two types of charity: “closed” - in institutions specially created for this (hospitals, shelters , almshouses, etc.), “open” - outside institutions, carried out in the form of pensions, benefits, provision of land, profession. Church and private charity exists along with state charity and sometimes plays a leading role.

The second stage: the middle of the 18th – the middle of the 19th centuries. – functioning of state-public charity. Of particular importance in this direction is the activity of Catherine II to strengthen the legislative and organizational base of charity (opening orders for public charity); development of a system of closed charity under the leadership of I.I. Betsky, and the emergence of public charity (the creation of public charitable societies such as the Free Economic Society, the Imperial Humanitarian Society, etc.).

The third stage: the reforms of 1861-1917 - the period of public charity. In the post-reform period, public charity and charity underwent serious changes: qualitatively new principles of organization and activity of charity societies and institutions appeared. Distinctive features charitable activities are becoming decentralization, “openness” and public charity, a focus on prevention in social activities, the emergence and dissemination of original forms and methods of working with a wide contingent of the population, as well as an increase in the number of private charity. Despite the numerous shortcomings of the Russian charity system (the most important of which are the dispersal of funds and efforts, the lack of a unified program), this time was a heyday in the history of domestic social assistance.

The post-revolutionary and Soviet period is characterized by the development, mainly, of the social security system, which took shape in general by the end of the 1920s. AT modern conditions a model of social work is being formed that reflects the features of social processes in modern Russia and uses the experience and traditions of organizing social activities in the field of charity and social security.

1.3. Social work with low-income strata of the population in Russia and abroad

Today, targeted social assistance is actively developing in Russia, that is, a system of measures to provide assistance to individual really needy individuals or groups of the population in order to overcome or mitigate life's difficulties, maintain their social status and full-fledged life. Of course, we can talk about its insufficiency, that it does not allow people to step over the poverty line, but, unlike the period of 1990-2000, it is really provided (no delays, etc.), although it is largely due to low social -the economic situation in the country and threats to the security of citizens.

The main types and forms of targeted social assistance are established at the regional level, taking into account the property and social status and the need factor of citizens. These include:

Cash assistance: lump sums; allowances for payment of transport services; assistance in emergency situations that entailed large one-time expenses (fire, flood, purchase of housing, etc.); assistance in paying for housing and utilities;

Grant for food and treatment; concessional loans and credits;

In-kind provision: provision of basic necessities (food, footwear, clothing, etc.); repair of apartments, vehicles; release of drugs; provision of free meals; provision of fuel;

humanitarian aid;

Services and benefits: referral to rehabilitation centers, centers for socio-psychological assistance, boarding schools; placement in nursing homes; organization of home-based social services on a paid and free basis; attachment to stores selling food and essentials at socially low prices; provision of benefits for payment of communal services; organization of free night accommodation for homeless citizens; providing short-term care for sick and lonely people; organization of assistance to families with "lying" patients; creation of special pharmacies or departments in pharmacies for low-income citizens.

It is also possible to provide other types of assistance (legal, psychological, informational, career guidance, etc.), which are in dire need of clients of the social service system.

Targeted social assistance is provided in accordance with established poverty criteria, based on social monitoring. The criteria for targeted social assistance are based on social standards, including indicators of the level of consumption of the most important goods and services, the amount of cash income and other conditions of human life.

This form of social work is undoubtedly one of those where achievements are seen to a greater extent. However, targeted social assistance cannot completely replace the system of social work. Therefore, today a significant number of legislative acts aimed at the development of this work are being adopted in the country. Let's consider the most significant of them.

On August 11, 1995, the Federal Law "On charitable activities and charitable organizations" was approved. It is a statute that lays down the foundations legal regulation charitable activities, which determines the forms of its support by the authorities state power and local governments.

Charitable activity is characterized as a voluntary activity of citizens and legal entities on disinterested (gratuitous or on preferential terms) transfer of property to citizens, incl. funds, disinterested performance of work, provision of services, provision of other support.

The goals of charitable activity in Russia are interpreted much more broadly than in the laws of the leading countries of the world. For example, among the areas of charitable activities in Russia, the following are defined: assistance in strengthening the prestige and role of the family in society; preparing the population to overcome the consequences natural Disasters, environmental, industrial or other disasters, to the prevention of accidents; assistance to victims of social, ethnic, religious conflicts, victims of repression, refugees and internally displaced persons; promoting the protection of motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, strengthening peace, friendship and harmony among peoples, preventing social, national and religious conflicts.

However, compared with the leading countries of the world, the Russian Law does not include such areas of charitable activities as the protection of human and civil rights, the promotion of industry and commerce, the support of various religious movements and confessions, etc.

To date, the profession of a social worker has become an integral part of public life in countries that we call "civilized". Neither the implementation of social development programs nor the provision of the social policy of the state can do without the activities of social workers.

Specialists in the field of social work are widely used as experts in the preparation of legislation, decision-making by local governments and substantiation of the activities of public organizations. Therefore, the number of representatives of this profession is quite large.

For example, in the UK today there are about 50 thousand social workers with a total population of just over 50 million people. Most modern researchers of social work are characterized by an understanding of its essence in a definition similar to that given by the US National Association of Social Workers: “Social work is a professional activity of helping individuals, groups or communities, strengthening or reviving their ability to social functioning and creating favorable social conditions to achieve these goals”.

The most important structure of the European social interaction is the Council of Europe - a consultative inter-parliamentary organization established in 1949 to promote integration processes. About a hundred different conventions and agreements have been concluded within the framework of the Council, which, although they are advisory in nature, are taken into account by European states when forming social policy. (This, in particular, is the reason for the adoption of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On the phased reduction in the use of the death penalty in connection with Russia’s accession to the Council of Europe” dated May 16, 1996 No. 724, which also contains the requirement to bring Russian norms into line with the Minimum standard rules treatment of prisoners adopted by the United Nations.) The decisions of the Council, along with the specialized bodies of the UN and other international organizations, are of great importance for the entire European social space. The most important for us are the European Charter of Local Self-Government (May 15, 1985) and the European Social Charter (October 18, 1961), which contain a number of obligations: the right to work and fair remuneration; the right of working women to be protected; the right of children and adolescents to protection, the right to vocational guidance and vocational training, health protection, social security, social and medical assistance; the right to use social security services; the family's right to social, legal and economic protection; the right of mothers and children to social and economic protection; the right of physically and mentally disabled persons to vocational training, rehabilitation and return to public life; among other rights is the right of immigrant workers and their families to protection and assistance.

In accordance with the Single European Act, which entered into force on July 1, 1987, 12 Member States of the European Community: Great Britain, Denmark, France, Portugal, Spain, Germany, Belgium, Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg, Italy, the Netherlands until December 31, 1992 d. created a territory without internal borders, on which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured. For 340 million citizens of the EU countries, this means that a higher education diploma is recognized in all countries, any person with the appropriate qualification can work in a specialty in any of the 12 countries along with its indigenous people, use social security and social protection services, although it is integration in the social sphere - in comparison with the financial and economic - is associated with the greatest difficulties. different level salaries, budget allocations for the social sphere, significant differences in the system of social and medical insurance and others create real problems in building a single social space.

Social structure in developed countries with market economy is designed to guarantee a minimum set of services in accordance with the subsistence level, to create equality of “starting” opportunities from budgetary funds, while most citizens create the necessary fund for social security through the system of social and medical insurance. Through progressive taxation, the principle of social solidarity is implemented, when the healthy support the sick, the young support the elderly, and there is a partial redistribution of income in favor of the unemployed and other categories of the poor.

The most acute social problem is unemployment - in Western Europe it is 10.5% of the active labor force. Youth are particularly affected by unemployment. The lack of prospects gives rise to mass acts of violence and manifestations of vandalism among young people; juvenile delinquency, prostitution, drug addiction and alcoholism are further spreading. AIDS is becoming a social scourge. Under these conditions, the main attention in social policy and social work is given to the creation of new jobs, the organization of reasonable spending of free time for boys and girls. New methods of social work are also emerging - mobile social work and streetwork (social work on the street). These methods originated in the USA and then spread to Austria, Germany, France and other European countries.

In the United States, state support is provided only at the level of programs for the poorest segments of the population, therefore, charitable beginnings at the level of non-governmental structures are more developed here. Tax incentives contribute to the active involvement of businesses for the implementation social programs and social work.

In Germany, almost the entire social sphere is regulated by law. There is a set of social legislation in force here - the Social Code, which unites the entire set of social laws - from the social protection of young people to social assistance to the elderly and the disabled. Federal legislation defines a kind of “frame” structure, while specific content is carried out at the land level.

The developers of federal laws on social assistance proceeded from the fact that in his life a person should rely, first of all, on his own strength. If this is not possible for any reason, then German citizens, as well as immigrants, migrants and stateless persons, can use the right to receive social assistance. At the same time, the provision of social assistance is based on the principle of subsidiarity, which includes, among others, the following aspects: - the recipient of social assistance in the process of his reintegration into society is obliged to be active himself; - the levers of social assistance are switched on only when other possibilities of providing assistance to those in need in the sphere of legislative, contractual or moral have been exhausted.

Public administration in France is much more decentralized than in many European countries, and local authorities enjoy more independence. The decentralization laws of March 2, 1982, January 7, 1983, and in particular the law of July 22, 1983, provide for the division of responsibility between the central government, regions, departments and municipalities (communes). The municipality has significant political, economic, social and cultural powers, controlling the creation of new businesses, social, educational and cultural institutions. He is also in charge of collecting local taxes. The state performs only residual functions in social assistance: it takes persons who have become disabled under its guardianship, places persons in need of care in special centers and shelters, engages in their social adaptation and provides assistance to people deprived of their homes by paying benefits.

Sweden is notable for having achieved one of the highest standards of living in the world. Social policy is aimed at reducing the wage gap, actively combating unemployment through such measures as subsidies for hiring labor and special programs for creating jobs, retraining, and increasing labor mobility. An integral part of the "Swedish model" is a powerful system of social security for the population; free education, a high level of health care and pensions, a variety of assistance to the disabled and substantial material benefits to families with children. The trade unions play a significant role, uniting up to 80% of the workers, and in some industries - up to 95% (6, pp. 149-162).

The study of the experience of social work abroad suggests a typology of countries according to the established systems of social work, in particular, the role of the state in solving problems of social protection of the population. It is on this basis that they now distinguish between the American (with a predominance of non-state forms of assistance and support for the socially weak strata) and the European system (with a predominance in the latter of state forms of assistance and support for the population).

Chapter 2. Social support for the low-income population

2.1. The essence of social protection

The system of social protection of the population as a special social institution is in the process of its development. The term "social protection" is various meanings. In the new economic conditions, he replaced the term "social security" used in the Soviet economy, where he characterized the specific organizational and legal form of social protection carried out directly by the state.

In modern conditions, it was necessary to develop other organizational and legal forms of social support for the most vulnerable categories of the population. The term "social protection" was introduced, which has long been used in world practice.

Social protection as a social institution, which is a set of legal norms designed to solve certain social and economic problems, in the international context usually deals with categories of citizens established by law who, due to disability, lack of work, or for other reasons, do not have sufficient means to meet their vital needs and the needs of disabled family members. Within the framework of social protection systems, such citizens are provided with compensatory assistance in cash and in kind, as well as in the form of various types of services, in the event of adverse events established by law. In addition, social protection systems implement preventive measures aimed at preventing adverse events. Social protection is carried out in various organizational and legal forms, including such as the individual responsibility of employers, insurance, social insurance, targeted social assistance, state social security, etc. The use of certain organizational and legal forms of social protection can have various social and economic consequences which must be taken into account in the management of this industry.

At the same time, social protection, being by its functional nature a fairly integral system, which is an independent social institution, has specific features associated with the technologies of the services it provides. The technology for granting pensions differs significantly from the technology for providing medical care, social rehabilitation technologies, or technologies for providing unemployed citizens.

In order to understand the state of development of the institution of social protection in Russia and develop a national policy regarding the ways of its further development in our country, it seems necessary, first of all, to note that, although such an institution exists in Russia and plays an extremely important role in the life of Russian citizens, its development to a certain extent, it is carried out spontaneously, without a proper idea of ​​what tasks and how it should solve and what should be its organizational structure, from the point of view of both the organization of the system of legal norms and the administrative structure of this institution, designed to develop and implement in practice legal norms of this institution.

In addition, it should be noted that, despite the actual existence of the social protection system in Russia and its rather rapid development, it has not yet been accepted by the public consciousness in our country as an independent social institution. In this regard, the scope of its activities is significantly narrowed. In practice, in the functions of public authorities that have the words “social protection” in their names, such as former Ministry social protection of the population of the Russian Federation or ministries, committees or departments of social protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, do not include many functions that, by definition, should be within their competence.

The lack of a general idea about the nature of the institution of social protection and its content naturally leads to confusion and free interpretation of various categories, terms and concepts that serve to reveal the meaning of this institution.

In the Soviet period, due to the weak theoretical study of social protection as a social institution, the term "social security" was used in a broad sense to define the totality of social economic relations in the country concerning issues of social protection, and in this sense he defined the entire institution of social protection, called "social security law". At the same time, the term "social security" in the narrow sense was used to define the system of relations in the field of social protection associated with the provision of certain types of security at the expense of the state budget.

In a country that has embarked on the path of developing a market economy, the term "social security", reflecting the specifics of the organization of social protection in a centrally planned economic system, cannot be used to define either the entire set of socio-economic relations in the field of social protection, or its administrative structures with new functions.

Therefore, the term "social security" has been largely superseded from the practical sphere by the new term "social protection".

The term "social protection" to the greatest extent corresponds to the essence of this social institution, although the term "social security" continues to exist as a "social security right".

Social protection is also provided for families with low per capita incomes that do not provide the socially necessary subsistence level, which usually results in a lack of means of subsistence or funds to pay for vital goods and services (means of rehabilitation, payment for housing, treatment).

Social protection can be carried out in cash in the form of pensions and benefits, in kind, as well as by providing various kinds of services to persons who are the object of social protection. It can be both compensatory and preventive.

One of the state-legal forms of social protection is directly the state provision of disabled persons. The main features of direct state support are the financing of expenses from the state budget and the establishment of categories of persons provided for and the level of their provision in accordance with the priorities determined by state authorities.

Direct state provision in countries with market economies has a rather limited scope of application.

Another organizational and legal form of social protection is social insurance, which is widely used in the vast majority of countries with a market economy in relation to many types of social protection. It is based on the concept of social risks and the requirement for their mandatory and voluntary insurance.

Financing of social insurance payments is carried out at the expense of insurance premiums of working citizens and their employers, paid, as a rule, in equal shares. The state sometimes also participates in the financing of social insurance systems.

In countries with market economies, such an organizational and legal form of social protection as social assistance is also actively used.

It is targeted and is provided to individuals after checking their need, if they do not have other sources of livelihood.

Other organizational and legal forms of social protection can be provided funds - mandatory (compulsory) accumulation of funds in case certain circumstances arise. These funds exist in individual countries (Asia and Africa, which were colonies) and are nationwide organizations designed to implement mandatory savings for all working citizens. The foundations aim to ensure that each worker is individually responsible for their future well-being. They are savings bank type institutions. You can use these deposits in case of temporary disability, on condition of termination of work, in case of unemployment.

A characteristic feature of private forms of social protection is that they are not created without fail due to the adoption of relevant legislation, but due to the private initiative of individual subjects of relations in this environment, who assume obligations to implement social protection of a limited circle of persons representing for them a certain interest. Private forms can be used in such types of social protection as temporary disability, medical care, pensions and others.

Thus, social protection in any state is a complex system of socio-economic relations designed to provide comprehensive assistance to disabled or partially able-bodied persons, as well as families whose able-bodied members' incomes do not provide a socially necessary standard of living for the family.

Effective social protection presupposes the implementation of a policy that adequately responds to the social well-being of people, capable of capturing the growth of social discontent and social tension, and preventing possible conflicts and radical forms of protest.

2.2. State system of social assistance

The state system of social assistance is devoted to problems that are of fundamental importance for the formation of a scientific understanding of social assistance.

The Russian model of the social state differs from those existing in foreign countries in many respects due to the huge difference in the conditions for the formation of social statehood. The country does not yet have a stable economy necessary for the successful implementation of a large-scale social policy. Therefore, in modern conditions, the idea of ​​a welfare state can be considered only as a program setting for long-term development. It serves as a guideline for the practical activities of the government, which in recent years has managed to stop the negative trends in the economy.

The revival of Russia is possible only by building a social state based on law, in which the ideas of equality and justice triumph. It should synthesize the best results of international experience, but be based on the highest achievements of Russian culture and traditions.

As emphasized by M.V. Baglai, the welfare state "should fight not against wealth, but against poverty."

In accordance with Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the main goal of the economic policy of the welfare state is to increase the welfare of the population. Therefore, production should create sources for investment in the social sphere, which, in turn, will stimulate the expansion economic activity. And an indicator of the balance between the economic and social activities of the state will be the increase in all types of social payments to a level that provides all members of society with a decent life.

According to O.P. Berebina, “the institution of a “decent life” is a set of norms that guarantee material security at the level of the standards of a modern developed society, access to cultural values ​​... the rights of personal and family security for both those who work and those who cannot work” .

Achieving this goal of socio-economic policy is impossible in the absence of a developed system of social protection of the population, one of the most important elements of which is state social assistance.

To determine the place of state social assistance in the social security system, it is necessary to turn to the theory of social risk. As you know, in real life, social risk has a variety of specific manifestations. Specific social risks serve as the basis for building the state social security system, creating financial mechanisms and organizational structures for the realization by everyone of the right to social security under the conditions established by law.

Article 3 of the Federal Law of July 16, 1999 “On the Fundamentals of Compulsory Social Insurance” contains the first legitimate definition of “social insurance risk”, and Article 7 specifies its types. But if the legislator fixes the concept of "social insurance risk", then we can make an assumption about the existence of "non-insurance" social risk. Obviously, the risks listed in Article 7 of the Federal Law of July 16, 1999 threaten not only persons subject to compulsory social insurance, i.e. working under an employment contract or self-employed.

Military personnel, employees of the internal affairs bodies, security services, tax police and other categories of employees are also subject to them. They receive pensions, benefits and medical services at the expense of federal budget and not from off-budget social insurance funds. Based on this, the author joins the opinion of E.E. Machulskaya that when defining these risks as "insurance" the emphasis is on the financial mechanism of protection against them, which is not the only possible one. In all economically developed countries of the world, the sources of financing payments and services in the event of social risks are not only insurance premiums, but also the state treasury. Therefore, the expediency of dividing social risks into insurance and non-insurance seems doubtful.

The only type of "non-insurance" social risk, measures to protect against which are always covered by budgetary funds, is the social risk of poverty. It is he who is the object of protection for the state system of social assistance. At present, it is being formed into a legally formalized and internally organized systemic education within the framework of a more complex multi-level social security system.

The study of social assistance will be incomplete without its analysis as a form of exercise by the poor of the constitutional right to social security. The right to social assistance is organically linked with the right to life and the right to social security, but it occupies a completely independent place among socio-economic human rights. This conclusion is based on the content of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966, the Revised European Social Charter of 1996 and other international legal acts. Thus, Article 11 of the Covenant proclaims the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for him and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions.

The revised European Social Charter of 1996 is one of the few international treaties, which makes a clear distinction between the right to social security (art. 12) and the right to social assistance (art. 13). In addition, Article 30 of the Charter enshrines the right to protection from poverty and social exclusion.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation does not mention the human right to social assistance. Therefore, in scientific literature it has so far been explored only within the framework of the right to social security. But in the future, the influence of international acts on the Russian legal system, as well as the development of domestic legislation, will inevitably lead to the recognition of the right to social assistance as an independent socio-economic human right.

The state system of social assistance is a set of ways material protection of the population from the social risk of poverty by providing social payments or services at the expense of budgets of various levels.

2.3. Targeted provision of social assistance

The types of social assistance, first of all, include those cash payments that are provided to individuals and families whose incomes do not reach the subsistence level for reasons beyond their control. Their appointment is made targeted, i.e. after checking the level of income by the social protection authorities, taking into account the property of the applicant (in other words, after testing the means), in accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 22, 2000 No. 152 “On the procedure for accounting for income and calculating the average per capita income of the poor families and low-income citizens living alone to provide them with state social assistance.

One of the most important tasks of social protection reform in Russia is to replace large-scale subsidizing of service providers with targeted assistance to the poor.

Let us consider the main stages in the development of social protection in the transition period, focusing on Special attention addressing issues.

The need for a transition to targeted assistance was particularly acute in the housing sector, which needed to be transferred to a market economy. The restructuring of the housing and utility financing system, which began in 1992, included an increase in housing and utility fees in the municipal sector, which represents the bulk of the country's housing stock, especially in cities. To protect the interests of low-income families whose income is insufficient to pay for housing, special housing subsidies have been introduced. They became the first all-Russian program of targeted social assistance, the implementation of which at the local level began in 1994. By July 1995, 90% of the country's population lived in the regions of its operation.

Contrary to the method of assessing income by indirect methods, which is used in some other countries with economies in transition, in particular, the Paros system in Armenia, eligibility for the housing allowance program is determined on the basis of calculating current cash income. There is no categorical "filter" to restrict the beneficiaries of the subsidy to certain population groups. The property potential of the family is not taken into account. Eligibility does not evaluate expected consumption levels based on family socio-demographic characteristics or ownership. If the share of family income that goes to the maintenance of housing (in the cases of pilot cities - from 10 to 18%) is lower than the established standard for paying the social norm for housing, then the family is entitled to receive a housing subsidy. The subsidy is calculated according to the "compensation of the difference" formula between the amount of payment for the social norm of housing and the consumption of utilities and the share of family income that is legally provided for paying for housing and the above-mentioned services, which allows paying the largest amount of the benefit to the poorest.

Since the introduction of the first targeted housing subsidy program, the following main steps have been taken:

in 1995, the Law "On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation" was adopted, which established the basic principles for the provision of social assistance;

in 1997, the methodology for calculating the subsistence minimum was legally established, which is considered the poverty line when determining the right to social assistance;

in 1997, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments were given the opportunity to introduce the targeted principle of providing children in the first or second year of life with special baby food;

in 1999, the Law "On State Social Assistance" determined the conditions for the provision of targeted social assistance.

Finally, the amendments of July 21, 1998 and July 17, 1999, introduced into the Federal Law "On State Benefits to Citizens with Children", made it possible to introduce the targeted principle of assigning the largest social assistance program - monthly child benefits. Like many countries, Russia has long provided various benefits to citizens with minor children. The system inherited from the USSR, within which 13 benefits were provided, was distinguished by "extreme complexity and logical inconsistency." Means were not assessed, and benefits were calculated by enterprises and, in some cases, by social security authorities.

Since then there have been significant changes. The system was simplified, administrative responsibility for the calculation of benefits was transferred to state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments. Although not all types of benefits for citizens with children have been converted into a targeted form, the most important of them, namely the monthly allowance, is provided to families with incomes below the subsistence level. Despite the introduction of a means test, benefits remain fixed and do not depend on the relative difference in family income (like the housing subsidy program). The amount of child allowances takes into account only the category of recipient and place of residence, in particular, an increased allowance is provided for children of single mothers and children whose parents evade paying alimony, for children of military personnel undergoing military service on conscription, as well as for citizens living in places with high cost of living.

Consider the types of targeted social assistance to low-income families and citizens in the city of Glazov.

In accordance with the Procedure for providing targeted social assistance to low-income citizens and families in the city of Glazov, which was approved by the decision of the Glazov City Duma dated April 27, 2004 No. 287, targeted social assistance can be provided in the form of:

Payment for various social services:

The stay of the child in a preschool institution;

Milk formula for a child under the age of 2 years;

Making photographs for registration of a passport;

Services related to the issuance of a passport;

Medical examination upon admission to work;

Discount on payment for bath services;

Sanitary inspection services for the prevention of pediculosis;

Lunches in the canteen of ZAO Spektr;

Subscription to the newspapers "Red Banner" and "My City".

· Monetary social benefits;

· Benefits for payment of utility bills and travel;

Subsidies for housing and communal services;

· natural care products;

In-kind assistance with manufactured goods. Social assistance to citizens can also be provided in the form of social services with partial payment or free of charge (the procedure for payment is regulated by the Decree of the Government of the Udmurt Republic dated April 11, 2005 No. 54):

regular social services at home;

One-time (urgent) social services;

Check-in at the day care department or at the social and health department of the CSO;

· Temporary residence in the CSO;

· Labor camp for teenagers or children's group of the day in the center "Family";

Temporary residence of the child in a social shelter;

· Temporary residence in the crisis department of "Juno";

· Social services of a pedagogical, psychological, legal nature.

Benefits for payment of housing and communal services are also provided.

With the help of privileges, completely different socio-political goals are realized. Although some of them are designed to help socially vulnerable groups of the population, many recipients of categorical benefits - judges, police officers and customs officials - cannot be considered poor. Even when the benefits relate to socially vulnerable groups, the effectiveness of earmarking is limited, since these groups, identified according to the demographic principle, are heterogeneous in terms of their financial situation and may include non-poor citizens. On the other hand, many of the poor today do not belong to any traditional socially vulnerable category. As a result, according to various sources, only from 19 to 25% of the total social benefits and payments go to the poorest segments of the population.

In connection with the growth of poverty and economic inequality in the 1990s. local governments everywhere began to develop their own programs of social assistance, supplementing the federal social legislation, the responsibility for the implementation of which also largely passed to the local level. An analysis of the situation in various cities shows that local programs largely reflect national trends, including benefits for various socio-demographic groups along with means-tested cash and in-kind assistance.

However, unlike federal law, local welfare programs are more likely to use a "double filter" method to determine eligibility, so that beneficiaries must belong to a certain group and have an income below a set threshold of need. This is especially true for cash benefits and in-kind assistance. The right to receive them is rarely granted to the entire population and is limited to certain socially vulnerable groups. For example, in Novgorod, income-based cash benefits are provided to eight categories, including families with five or more children, families with children with disabilities, unemployed single pensioners, and pregnant women.

The means threshold for determining eligibility for local programs is often set at or below the cost of living. Assistance in most cases is not aimed at raising the recipient's income to the subsistence level and is not differentiated depending on the financial situation of the family. In addition, many types of benefits are provided quarterly or once a year. However, various innovations are being applied at the local level, such as property valuation in determining eligibility. In contrast to cash and in-kind assistance, local benefits in the surveyed cities expand or supplement the benefits provided by federal law. So, at the federal level there are benefits for paying for the services of children's educational institutions for large families. Many local governments have expanded the range of recipients of this benefit to include children of single mothers or children from low-income families.

State authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments may offer additional types of social services. The experience of various cities shows that as additional services are primarily social domestic services of a personal nature (free or preferential tailoring, shoe repair, dry cleaning, hairdressing, repair of household appliances, etc.).

Many services offered municipal institutions services, in particular advisory assistance, are carried out on the principle of self-selection of clients, while home care and social services are based on a means test. In some cases, fees for services are differentiated, the poorest pay nothing, the rest pay according to their income.

A review of budget expenditures in various cities shows that the costs of the social sphere complex are very significant - an average of 84% of the total budget, approximately 4,000 rubles. per year per capita. Basically, these are expenses for subsidizing housing, health care, secondary education, etc. Actually, it is quite difficult to allocate expenses for social support of the population. Due to the variety of benefits and allowances provided for by federal law, city administrations experience difficulties in accounting and systematizing the costs of providing them. Evidence suggests that spending on social protection is dominated by spending on categorical benefits, child allowances, housing subsidies, and means-tested local benefits. However, all local self-government bodies noted that the lack of adequate compensation of local budget expenditures for providing benefits provided by federal legislation hinders the development of local social programs.

Although the procedure for granting local benefits often repeats federal legislation, i.e. Benefits are categorical and are assessed without means testing, most of the cash and in-kind assistance at the local level is provided taking into account family income. As with federal benefits, the cost of categorical benefits is higher than the cost of targeted assistance.

Local governments have more experience in providing targeted assistance than would be expected from an analysis of the social safety net at the national level. The administrations of the surveyed territories showed a much greater interest in increasing targeted assistance than the state authorities at the federal level. Even before the transfer of child benefits to the targeted form, they all used a means test to provide cash assistance. There is an interest in improving the method of means assessment, including the use of property assessment, income verification procedures. On the other hand, many social workers tended to determine eligibility for assistance based on the client's traditional socially vulnerable category.

Chapter 3. Social work to overcome poverty

3.1. Poverty in Russia

Economic and political reforms in the 1990s affected all strata of society and introduced fundamental changes in the system of income generation and consumption of Russian families. The beginning of economic reforms was associated with a large-scale rise in prices, the depreciation and loss of savings, the emergence of unemployment in open and hidden forms. Arrears in payment are widespread wages, pensions, unemployment benefits and child benefits. Huge potential unemployment, which could cover a third of the working-age population, was replaced by relatively moderate official unemployment, combined with a fall in real wages. Therefore, the fall in real incomes of the population and the growth of their differentiation are the two main trends in the change in the standard of living in Russia. These trends are developing against the backdrop of a reduction in goods and services that in the past were provided free of charge or almost free of charge. This applies to health care, education, housing and communal services and public transport.

Despite economic successes and a steady increase in real money incomes of the population, the scale of poverty remains high, which negatively affects both the development of a particular person, a particular family, and society as a whole. Poverty leads to a deterioration in the qualitative characteristics of the population, an increase in socio-economic inequality, is a brake on successful social development and economic development, and can be the cause of social cataclysms.

Despite the fact that poverty is a global phenomenon and is characteristic of any economic system, the level of poverty in Russia significantly exceeds the level of poverty in industrialized countries. This cannot but cause serious concern of Russian state and public institutions about the “social well-being” and the level of material well-being of their fellow citizens. Poverty is one of the main problems of the Russian state, overcoming which will depend on the reduction of social tension in Russia. President of the Russian Federation V.V. In his Address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on May 26, 2004, Putin defined the task of overcoming poverty as a strategic one for the next decade, along with doubling the country's gross domestic product.

In Russia today it is impossible to effectively solve the problem of poverty without improving the wage policy. Recognizing the unconditional need to develop targeted social assistance programs for the population, it should be said that in modern conditions they are to a large extent a struggle not with the cause, but with the consequence - the high level of poverty of a significant part of the able-bodied population. This necessitates:

A detailed study of those wage mechanisms that "contribute" to the emergence of poverty and the risk for the able-bodied population to fall into the category of the poor;

It is enough to create conditions for the economically active part of the population to earn and thus support themselves and their families.

The official indicator of the level of poverty in Russia is the proportion of the population with incomes below the subsistence level. The data of the State Statistics Committee of Russia on poverty are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Population of the Russian Federation with cash incomes below the subsistence level

The study of socio-demographic characteristics refutes conventional wisdom about who is poor in Russia. Despite the widespread belief that pensioners are at increased risk of poverty, according to budget statistics, there is Feedback between the incidence of poverty and age. The highest level of poverty is observed among the younger able-bodied ages, it is almost twice as high as among persons of retirement age. Complete families with 3 or more children and single-parent families are most vulnerable to poverty. It is also clear that there is a close relationship between poverty and the number of dependents.

Although the risk of poverty is not critical for pensioners in general, there is an increased likelihood of falling into the poor for pensioners over the age of 65 who live alone. This is especially evident in large cities, where interfamily solidarity is somewhat weakened. However, during the transition period, a significant layer of "new poor" has formed - low-income households that do not belong to any traditional socially vulnerable category, in particular, the working poor with low wages.

The differences in the extent of poverty in urban and rural areas are very significant. In general, city dwellers are less prone to poverty. Despite the fact that the transition from the income measure of the material possibilities of households to disposable resources somewhat smoothes the existing differences, a higher degree of concentration of the poor continues to persist in countryside. At the same time, the probability of mobility is higher in the city, i.e. transition from poverty to non-poverty, and a lower likelihood of long-term, stagnant poverty.

The level of differentiation in the city is higher than in the countryside. At the same time, the standard of living is also differentiated within urban settlements, depending on the type of cities. The best situation is in the largest cities (with a population of more than 1 million people). In small towns, the level of differentiation is lower; however, poverty is not only widespread, but is also characterized by the lowest parameters of the current consumption of the most essential material goods, primarily food. Unlike large regional centers, residents of small towns have extremely limited opportunities to find not only additional earnings, but also the main workplace secured by real, paid wages. At the same time, they do not have household plots large enough to provide their families with food, and many live quite far from their land plots.

The resolution of such an acute social problem as poverty is one of the activities of the state and is associated with support at the level of at least a living wage for those who could not provide for themselves. better life and reducing (by economic means) the number of people living below the poverty line. Otherwise, the growth in the number of poor people is fraught with social explosions and instability in the life of society. Reducing the number of poor people is one of the main tasks of the social policy of the state in the countries of the market economy.

An important direction in the social on politics when addressing issues of personal income protection is to support the poorest segments of the population. Of decisive importance in the social protection of these segments of the population is the development of a system of monetary and in-kind benefits. Such a system exists in all countries with a market economy and serves as an important social shock absorber, mitigating many of the negative consequences of its development.

3.2. Fight against poverty

As you know, the President of Russia V.V. In his Address to the Federal Assembly in 2004, Putin put forward among the most important tasks the overcoming of poverty, which is already chronic for many millions of people throughout Russia.

Poverty is a multifaceted social phenomenon. Indeed, people cannot be limited to satisfying their needs for food, clothing and shelter. They should have access to basic health care, education and culture, participation in public life. Therefore, measures to overcome poverty should be comprehensive and aimed at developing human potential.

Of course, the poverty reduction strategy includes economic growth. And, in addition, the formation of an efficient labor market and high labor costs, regulation of demographic and migration processes, improving the quality of education and strengthening the health of the population, developing a system of social protection for vulnerable groups, taking into account the characteristics of poverty in urban and rural areas, gender and environmental aspects of this activities.

The priority goal of state policy should be to improve the health of the population, increase life expectancy, and reduce preventable, especially premature, mortality. Increasing public spending on health to 5-6 percent of national GDP would be in line with developed countries.

Ensuring public access to quality education of all levels and degrees can become the basis for equalizing the economic opportunities of people. The guarantor of achieving this goal is the expansion of the coverage of children by permanent preschool organizations, the reduction in the proportion of children aged 15 to 17 who do not have a secondary general education and do not study anywhere. It is important to develop a network of schools and boarding schools for children, especially in rural areas. It is known that not everyone can get an education today, so it is necessary to facilitate the receipt of budget funding for people from poor families, orphans and children with poor health. In addition, it is necessary to develop a system of educational subsidies and loans - a new thing for our country.

The state will create conditions for effective employment of the population. Because the inability to find a job that people count on, the inability to find a job at the place of residence, odd jobs for a significant part of the population are the main causes of poverty. One of the directions for solving this problem is to train skilled workers in the network of vocational schools and lyceums on the basis of medium-term and long-term forecasts for the development of the economy. It is also necessary to increase the motivation of employers in expanding the training of workers directly at the workplace, in financing institutions of primary and secondary vocational education.

Now there is a disproportion in the structure of higher and secondary vocational education: sometimes there is an abundance of specialists with higher education, but there is a shortage of middle-level personnel and workers. This disparity needs to be corrected.

One of the causes of poverty is also low wages, especially in agriculture and forestry, in the sectors of education, healthcare, social services to the population, and culture.

The overcoming of higher poverty in villages and small towns is associated with the restoration of the lost social and economic positions here, with the improvement of the living conditions of the rural population. State support for the development of rural areas should be aimed at increasing the financial stability of agricultural producers. The state policy should be more active in increasing employment in small and medium-sized businesses in the countryside and in small towns. Here it is necessary to use lending to the population. Relevant is the development targeted programs development of the family economy in the countryside. In the future, this will lead to a change in the way of life in the countryside. Income and employment will increase.

It is necessary to develop a state family policy that would contribute to a more complete realization of the economic potential of the family and the development, in scientific terms, of reproductive functions, which equally depends on the health, economic opportunities and desires of the spouses.

In this regard, it will be important to strengthen and develop the system of social service institutions, especially for families and children, family planning and reproduction centers, as well as social services for young people, expand the market and improve the quality of social services provided.

At the same time, it is necessary to stop social dependency, to cultivate a new psychology in people, which involves, first of all, using the opportunities to overcome difficult life situations on their own. This will reduce the number of recipients of targeted social assistance and direct it to those who are really unable to provide for themselves.

In general, in my opinion, the role of the individual in overcoming poverty plays a very important role. First of all, everyone should want to overcome their poverty, and the state and local authorities should help in this by creating an integral system of various measures that allow people to work with full dedication, live with dignity, and be happy.

Now it is necessary to develop a comprehensive program to combat poverty at the regional level. I must say that it will be easier for us to do this, because more than two dozen social programs are already operating in the region. In many areas of education, culture, health care, we did not allow destructive processes during the years of reforms, as in other regions. For example, rural schools and clubs were not closed without special need. Saved a lot professional education. And most importantly - we have growth in the economy. This is a solid basis for the implementation of the planned programs and overcoming poverty.

3.3. The Role of Social Workers in Overcoming Poverty

A social worker is a very serious technology, without which modern society cannot be done due to many reasons, due to the existing structure in our society, due to the standards that exist and are accepted all over the world, because modern social policy cannot be built without social workers.

Unfortunately, our state has lost a lot in ideology. Do you know the question that old people most dislike: "Do the children help you?" In what other country in the world have they been able to destroy centuries-old family traditions in such a short time?

Now a generation is coming to replace it, in which there are no traditions of responsibility for one's own parents. Most of the laws and programs that are passed are most often aimed at patching holes or gagging certain groups of the population.

The implementation of most very costly laws takes a lot of money, special distributing and controlling bodies are created, but among those whom they are called upon to protect, there is neither satisfaction nor understanding.

I think that we need to focus our main efforts on the ideology and psychology of the individual.

The task of social services for the coming years should be psychological assistance. No program or law will be effective if the person for whom it was created does not understand its goals and objectives, does not see his own contribution and responsibility.

We have been reorganized so that we are accustomed to placing all responsibility on the state, forgetting about the personal, seed responsibility, the responsibility of parents for children and children for their parents.

It is necessary to completely change the very approach to providing assistance, relying on self-help, helping the person who applied to understand why he lives this way, how to fix it with the help of his family and himself. It is social workers who must patiently and persistently explain to Russians that the fashion for the poor has long since passed, that laziness and poverty are very close friends.

Often, it is customary to form the staff of social protection according to the funds paid or services rendered, but we would have more psychologists to professionally help those who are confused in their own thoughts. After all, they have been waiting for communism all their lives, and here market relations are in the yard.

No one is protected from poverty, and illness and weakness can come.

In my opinion, a lot depends directly on the employees of the social service, how targeted assistance will be provided locally.

For example, such aspects as: will beneficiaries who actually hide their income and are not poor be able to get into the programs. At the same time, will there not be cases when people who are in fact very much in need are excluded from the program. And such an important aspect is how comfortable and convenient the process of applying, collecting required documents and so on. It is all this that depends to a very large extent on specialists in the territorial departments of social protection.

A well-known problem with our targeted programs is inclusion errors, that is, the fact that the non-poor are included in the number of recipients. What contributes to this? First, the fact that there are no objective levers to verify the income of applicants. In addition, local specialists themselves have no motivation to seriously check the income. As you know, the effectiveness of their work does not affect their pay.

One of the practices that I would like to note is that specialists often do not encourage people to look at the application, see what incomes are listed there and remember, talk about some of their income, except for the standard ones: pension, salary.

If they try to determine the degree of need with the help of a household survey, then, as is known, there are also no clear criteria for who to classify as poor and who to consider as not poor when surveying the recipient's household.

Also, a point that is very alarming is that often specialists who deal with targeted programs, child benefits, housing subsidies, some local programs do not have a clear understanding of what targeting is, why it is needed.

Situations often arise when people say: no, we believe that child allowance should be assigned to all children, not taking into account the cost of living.

In turn, it is necessary to note several practices that help reduce switching errors. First, the fact that now, with the transition to the regional level of child allowance, in some regions the practice of annual re-registration of recipients is being introduced. And also the fact that local specialists often use informal ways, quite subjective ways of talking heart to heart, so to speak, with the recipients in order to reveal the real income.

The poor do not fall into the number of recipients among us, unfortunately, this still happens. This is facilitated, firstly, by the disunity of social programs. Secondly, the fact that failures on the ground are often not registered. At the consultation stage, many of us are dissuaded from collecting certificates and submitting documents. And then that information is not analyzed in any way, to whom we refused.

I would also like to note that some social protection workers still do not get out of the influence of the categorical paradigm, it is psychologically easier for them to assign assistance to specific categories, and not just to a person in need who does not fall under categories that are well known.

Another very important point is that it is very often far, inconvenient, expensive for rural residents to come, collect documents, and then apply for social protection. This is a very important issue, and excludes a lot of really needy people.

From the positive practices here, it can be noted that often social protection officers seek to inform people about changes in the rules of programs and about the adoption of new local or regional programs through various channels: both the media, and through field trips, and announcements in various places, including including on buses, in schools, in clinics, and so on.

A good practice, it seems to me, is that in many places, when they refuse to receive benefits or subsidies, people are advised to apply again after some time if something changes in their income, or the cost of living in the region changes, and so Further.

Direct access to potential recipients is also used, then specialists are not always passively waiting to be contacted, but they themselves call, transfer information, go out, come to work, and so on.

Another point that I want to dwell on is the costs of recipients. Local specialists really have a very strong influence on this: whether the costs of those who want to collect documents and submit them for targeted assistance will be reduced or, conversely, increased.

Among the bad practices, I would like to note, firstly, there are situations when additional documents are introduced that are not spelled out in the laws. For example, in one of the regions there is a bypass sheet in order to receive housing subsidies. That is, a person needs to specially come to social security, take this sheet, and then go to organizations with it.

There is also such a moment that, basically, the recipients themselves must collect all the certificates in all organizations. Again, these are the problems that social protection departments have not established links with other organizations, such as the Pension Fund, the tax office, the employment service, and so on.

Such a moment that it happens that every year a new personal file is added to the program or even every six months. This greatly increases the costs of both the recipient and time specialists, but for the recipient it is simply very unpleasant when you have to bring everything, all the documents again.

We need to help reduce the costs of recipients. When local social services organize some events, they must have village inspectors, specialists - social workers who work on the ground in rural settlements. They can collect documents and take them centrally to social security. Then the exchange of data with other organizations will be established, and people do not need to collect data themselves, when the calculation is made right in front of the person, he does not need to come and receive a piece of paper later, which says how much he receives a subsidy, and immediately the result is given to him. And such a practice that office hours are canceled and people can come and submit documents at any time.

It is necessary to implement such initiatives as a competition of social and cultural projects in the region. A grant fund is formed from the funds of socially responsible business and a little from the budget, projects are accepted, including those from public organizations, and the best are selected on a competitive basis.

Today, our society is not quite ready to address the issues of poverty. And many citizens are focused precisely on this passive position when they receive assistance from the state. And here, probably, first of all, the merit of the media. Sufficiently high standards are shown and people are not motivated to look for work in order to move. Probably, this is the mentality of our population. And here, of course, our joint services should provide certain psychological assistance to such categories of the population.

To some extent, I think so, of course, social workers today will not be able to overcome the level of poverty on their own. Clients who have a pension less than the subsistence minimum come to the urgent social service department. But the fact is that today they have the opportunity to get knowledge in this center, very interesting, very necessary in the computer field, or, let's say, candidates of medical sciences give lectures to them, they can get advice for free in this center, or, let's say, with they are taught by a lawyer and they are informed on various legal issues, I believe that to some extent, in this way, social workers contribute to reducing the negative impacts that poverty brings.

Still, within the framework of the topic that we are talking about, I would like to continue the topic that concerned the targeting of assistance, and, as the experience of social services shows, the experience of the fund for the prevention of social orphanhood, including in families living below the poverty, very big problem for them is also the fact that many services are inaccessible to them: medical, educational services. For various reasons, not necessarily material. That is, firstly, they really do not know about their rights, opportunities, benefits often. Secondly, they do not have access to this information. Often with difficulty they come out from somewhere, from their society, into Big world, into society, without having the documents that are necessary for obtaining certain benefits, allowances necessary to enroll a child in school, for example. And they are not always able to cope on their own with these formal procedures for collecting documents.

Conclusion

The modern understanding of the foundations of social development proceeds from the fact that the social policy of the state should be aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person. In this regard, the protection of labor and health of people, the establishment of a guaranteed minimum wage, the provision of state support for the family, motherhood and childhood, the disabled and the elderly, the development of social services, the establishment of state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection (including special emphasis is placed on social security by age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, etc.).

Social work is a universal social institution: its bearers provide assistance to all individuals regardless of social status, nationality, religion, race, gender, age and other circumstances.

The only criterion in this matter is the need for help and the inability to cope with life's difficulties on one's own.

At the same time, even now the poor and the poorest are not priority groups for the provision of social assistance. Taking into account the difference between the categories of poverty and the causes of poverty (life circumstances that do not depend on a person, the environment, physiological reasons, or, on the contrary, apathy, laziness, an elementary unwillingness to change the way of life), targeted assistance on the ground should become a priority for social policy, a more accurate definition of recipients help. Only 10% of the allocated material resources are intended for "targeted assistance", the rest is support for categories and institutions. And all social services disown the "unworthy poor" ("degraded", economically passive, alcoholics), not wanting to influence the situation in any way. And it will take less than ten years to reform the system of targeted assistance.

Quantitative assessments of various strata of the population differ greatly among officials and sociologists. Thus, according to the latest data from Rosstat, 14% of the population lives below the poverty line in Russia. However, experts are skeptical about this figure and note that in reality this figure is at least 30%. According to the latest data from Rosstat, the ratio of gross incomes of the poorest 10% to the super-rich 10% reached 16.8% in 2007. The stratification of the population has reached an extremely high level and continues to increase, and this trend is unlikely to change in the coming years.

To live, a person must satisfy the physiological, social and spiritual needs at least in a minimal amount. And for this you need to have the means of subsistence. The welfare state guarantees their provision by recognizing the right of each member of society to social assistance, regardless of any additional conditions. Based on this, the following definition can be proposed. The right to social assistance is an internationally recognized and state-guaranteed opportunity for a person to have a means of subsistence in the amount of the established subsistence level, regardless of engaging in any professional activity and participating in the financing of payments and services.

federal law dated July 17, 1999 "On State Social Assistance" laid the legal basis for the completion of the formation of the state system of social assistance. As already noted, it is created in order to protect the population from the social risk of poverty and has all the features of an independent organizational and legal form of social security. First, it applies to special subjects - low-income families and low-income citizens living alone. Secondly, budgets of various levels serve as sources of financing. Thirdly, they provide special types payments and services. Fourthly, social assistance is assigned by the decision of the social protection authority at the place of residence or registration of the poor person, as a rule, after a means test.

A very big problem for low-income families is that many services are inaccessible to them: medical, educational services. For various reasons, not necessarily material. That is, firstly, they really do not know about their rights, opportunities, benefits often. Secondly, they do not have access to this information. Often, it is difficult to get out from somewhere, from their own society, into the big world, into society, without having the documents that are necessary for obtaining certain benefits, allowances necessary for enrolling a child in school, for example. And they are not always able to cope on their own with these formal procedures for collecting documents.

And it is this side of the issue, I think, that determines the specifics of the work of social workers with families of this category, which are necessary for their successful adaptation in society. And from this point of view, the social worker must combine several roles when working with this group. On the one hand, he acts as an intermediary, that is, as the one who negotiates. As an intermediary, as someone who agrees on the possibility of obtaining certain services or benefits with official structures. And as the one who, on the other hand, determines the resources and opportunities of the family and motivates the family to participate in these meetings, because this is a separate and big problem.

On the other hand, he acts as a tutor, or escort, that is, someone who really monitors how the family progresses through all these institutions, how interaction takes place, exercises control and support somewhere. This can be expressed in the fact that one must literally walk hand in hand with this person through different structures.

In addition, he acts as a confidant of the family, because he is a member of the family, he knows the real situation within the family, knows about its problems, on the one hand, about its resources, on the other hand.

And he also acts as a defender of the interests of this group of families in society precisely because he knows the situation of these families from the inside.

And to provide these categories of families with real help, it is necessary to develop, on the one hand, the position of a social worker in relation to these families. On the other hand, the development of new knowledge and skills. And when we talk about a position, we mean by this precisely that the social worker should take on the function of an intermediary between families and various organizations and thereby develop a different approach, a different attitude, a different style of communication with these families, that is, to communicate with them not from the point of view of a teacher or judge, one who knows everything, or one who can tell what is right and wrong, but from the standpoint of a partner or mediator. And, of course, he needs additional professional skills, knowledge of legal issues, social protection issues, skills to establish contact with the family, motivation of family members for change and non-judgmental communication skills.

In fact, it is not enough, of course, to change only the function of a social worker and his approach to this work. It is also necessary to change the form and conditions for the provision of these services for this particular group of the population, that is, firstly, to simplify and modify the procedures, about which a lot has been said about the "one stop shop" service, about the specifics of collecting documents.

Secondly, these services should be as close as possible to this group, since moving around the city, between settlements families below the poverty line are hampered by both the lack of documents and financial opportunities, often by their appearance.

In the same way, about changing the style of communication with this group of a social worker, it is necessary that the employees of other services that interact with them also change their behavior and do not treat them down, which naturally causes aggression and unwillingness to repeat requests from this group. groups.

And as an additional motivation for families below the poverty line to apply for some services, including medical, educational, the situation works very well when material incentives, material assistance are combined with the provision of some services, then they come for financial help, they know that the next time they come here, they will receive it again, for this they come and do something else, change something in their lives.

Bibliography

1. Federal Law of July 16, 1999 "On the fundamentals of compulsory social insurance".

2. Federal Law of July 17, 1999 No. 178-Federal Law “On State Social Assistance”.

3. Federal Law of December 10, 1995 No. 195-FZ “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population of the Russian Federation”.

4. Federal Law No. 135-FZ of 11.08.1995 “On charitable activities and charitable organizations”.

3. The standard of living of the population of Russia // Goskomstat of Russia: Statistical collection. M., 2007..

4. Actual problems of the state and prospects of social work in Russia: Research Center for Qualitative Training of Specialists. M., 2006 - 76s.

5. Denisov N. Expenses and incomes of the population of Russia // Economics and Life 2001. No. 6. P. 3.

6. Durasanova T.P. Introduction to the specialty "social work". Tutorial. Balashov, 2000.

7. Kaigorodova L.A., Fadeev Yu.V., Dubrova O.A. Theory of social work. Textbook for students of the correspondence department of the Faculty of Social Work. - Novocherkassk, 2000.

8. Karelova G.A. Social protection: yesterday, today and tomorrow. // Man and labor. - 2002. - No. 6. - P. 24-28.

9. Klemantovich I. The culture of professional thinking of a social work specialist // Education of schoolchildren. M., 2005. No. 10. pp. 16-17.

10. Kurbatov V.I. Social work. Series "Textbooks, teaching aids" - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2000.p.256.

11. Lavrinenko L.Ya. Charitable activities in the field of education in pre-revolutionary Russia: historical and cultural and educational aspects / L.Ya. Lavrinenko // Education and Society. - 2004. - No. 1. - p. 86-98.

12. Lepikhov M.I. Law and social protection of the population (social law) - M: INFRA-M, 2000.p. 128.

13. Pavlyunok P.D. Fundamentals of social work: Textbook. M.: INFRA-M, 2003. 368s.

14. Panov A.M., Kholostova E.I. Russian encyclopedia of social work: In 2 volumes - M., 2006.

15. Romm M.V., E.V. Andrienko, L.A. Osmuk, I.A. Skalaban. Theory of social work: Proc. allowance. - Novosibirsk: Publishing house of NSTU, 2002. Part II. - 112 p.

16. Savinov A.N. Organization of the work of social security bodies: Textbook - M: INFRA-M, 2003.p.256.

17. Suleimanova G.V. Social security law. Textbook for high schools. - Rostov-on-Don: "Phoenix", 2003.p.318.

18. Trubin V.V. Strategy for reforming the system of social protection of the population in the Russian Federation. M., 2004.

19. Firsov M.V., Studenova E.G. Theory of social work. – M.: VLADOS, 2005.

20. Sharin V. Social service; problems, ways of development // Social security. - 2003. - No. 1.s. 18-21

21. Sharin V. Principles modern system social protection // Social security. - 2003. - No. 2.s. 12-16.

Legislative norms of the Russian Federation at the federal and regional levels determine the procedure for providing benefits and benefits to low-income families in 2020.

To receive such support, it is necessary to submit the relevant documents to the local Department of Labor and Social Services. protection of the population with the subsequent acquisition of the status of the poor family.

In what case is a family recognized as poor in 2020

The family in which average income calculated per person does not exceed the subsistence level established by the region, can be recognized as poor.

The resulting number should be divided by the number of people in the family. As a result, the average monthly income (average per capita) per person is determined.

If the value obtained is less than the subsistence level established for the current period, the family will be able to receive the appropriate status.

To calculate total income, the following are taken into account:

1. payments under the wage system;
2. property income;
3. social payments;
4. income from farming;
5. dividends;
6. alimony;
7. severance pay;
8. copyright rewards.

According to the law, only those families in which there are no able-bodied parasitists over the age of 18 can be recognized as poor. This rule does not apply to women on maternity leave.

Composition of a poor family

According to the legislation of Russia, any family in any composition has the right, under certain circumstances, to take advantage of benefits for the poor.

1. large families (with the number of children from three or more);
2. complete (both parents with children or childless parents);
3. incomplete (one parent and one or more children);
4. which include persons with disabilities;
5. with adopted children or taken under guardianship;
6. families without parents, where children are raised by grandparents.

It is mandatory that all family members live and be registered at the same address.

But if one of them, being an adult and capable of work, is a parasite, he will not be recognized by law as a low-income person. Such a person is not entitled to receive any social benefits.

The subsistence minimum in Russia

The living wage is approved by the Governments of the regions of the Russian Federation, taking into account their individual characteristics.

The calculation of this indicator is carried out quarterly for each category of citizens: per capita, for working citizens, pensioners and children.

In 2020, Russia is projected to increase the subsistence minimum by about 6%.

How to get the status of a low-income family

To obtain this status, one of the family members must submit the required package of documents to the social security department or to the MFP.

All documents must contain reliable information, secured by appropriate signatures and state seals.

If acts of fraud or concealment of sources of income are detected, the status of the poor will not be assigned. If the fraud is later discovered, the family may be required to return any payments received illegally.

If one of the family members is serving in the army or is serving a sentence in prison, is wanted or considered missing, a certificate of this from the relevant authority is required.

After the documents are handed over to the social worker, the case is considered by the commission, which can take from 10 to 30 days. In case of a positive decision, the family will be assigned the status of the poor.

Typical set of documents

The applicant in 2019 must provide the following documents and their copies:

1. status application;
2. identity cards of the whole family;
3. evidence of family ties;
4. a certificate describing the composition of the family;
5. house book with an extract on persons registered in the living space;
6. family income statements;
7. for temporarily unemployed persons - a work book and a certificate from the Employment Center;
8. list of property and title deeds.

If there is a disabled person in the family who needs special care, appropriate certificates and certificates are provided.

Types of support for low-income families in 2020

At the federal level:

• exemption from taxes on all types of payments made under the state program.
• provision of free legal services;
• health care benefits;
• out-of-competition admission to a state university for a person under 20 who has successfully passed the Unified State Examination and is dependent on a disabled parent of group I.

Benefits for low-income families:

• lump-sum payments to the needy;
• payments to large families;
• monthly allowance for children;

Video: Benefits for the poor and large families will increase:

Child support:

1. free travel in public transport for children under 7 years old;
2. benefits for the purchase of railway tickets;
3. granting an extraordinary seat in kindergarten and manger;
4. discounted meals for schoolchildren;
5. issuance of free medicines to children under 6 years of age;
6. concession for travel to another country for the purpose of treatment;
7. compensation for the purchase of compulsory school uniforms and stationery;
8. obtaining a ticket to the sanatorium.

Support for adult family members:

• provision of preferential working conditions;
• lowering the retirement age;
• the possibility of non-payment of the business registration fee.

Assistance in solving housing problems:

1. obtaining free housing on social rental terms for low-income families who do not have their own living space or live in cramped conditions;
2. the right to receive a social mortgage with state support (the state subsidizes a certain part of the interest rate);
3. granting a discount on real estate tax;
4. providing subsidies to pay utility bills.

The reason for the termination of support for the poor is the improvement of the financial situation, in which the average monthly income becomes higher than the subsistence level.

Within two weeks from the date of the change, a citizen is obliged to submit to the department of labor and social. protection of the population documents containing reliable information on income.

INTRODUCTION

Social work with low-income and large families is a complex, multifaceted concept. Social work is an activity, the purpose of which is to optimize the implementation of the subjective role of people in all spheres of society in the process of life support and active existence of the individual, family, social and other groups and strata in society. This activity is professional and is aimed at helping, supporting, protecting all people, especially the so-called weak strata and groups (large families, low-income families, etc.). It is clear that such activity has taken place from the very beginning of the emergence of human society, taking different forms at different stages of its development. Historically, social work has grown out of philanthropic (charitable) activities, which were carried out by various religious, public, and later entrepreneurial organizations. Philanthropy was originally aimed at helping the poor, sick, homeless, orphans and other socially disadvantaged categories of the population.

It is important to note that today social work with low-income and large families as a kind of activity is aimed at implementing measures of social support for these social groups. In this broad sense, social work concerns every person, the entire population.

Relevance of the research topic. Improving the well-being of low-income and large families is one of the goals of any society striving for progress. A state that cares about its citizens must create favorable conditions for a long, safe, healthy and prosperous life for people, ensuring economic growth and social stability in society.

Currently, the negative impact on the well-being of families

have a high level of unemployment, high tariffs for housing and communal services, low wages that do not correspond to the cost of living. Low-income and large families have virtually no opportunity to pay for expensive education and health services, household services and many other material, social and spiritual benefits. Under these conditions, the qualitative socialization of children, the realization of their potential, their spiritual and intellectual development becomes impossible. The problem of poverty in the family is becoming stable. Thus, poverty is one of the most urgent and acute problems of modern Russia.

Purpose and main objectives of the study. The purpose of the work is to analyze social work with low-income and large families, to determine ways to improve. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1. Consider low-income and large families as centers of social tension.

2. Analyze the problems of low-income and large families and the technology of social prevention.

3. Consider the forms and methods of social protection for low-income and large families.

The object of the study is the problem of social work with low-income and large families.

The subject of study is social work with low-income and large families.

In preparing the work, the legislative and regulatory documents that determine the institutional framework for social guarantees of the state were considered.

Work structure. In accordance with the purpose and objectives of the study, the work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources used.

1 HISTORICAL FACTS AND THE PRESENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL WORK WITH POOR AND LARGE FAMILIES

1.1 The essence of social work with low-income and large families

The modern understanding of the foundations of social development proceeds from the fact that the social policy of the state should be aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person. In this regard, the protection of labor and health of people, the establishment of a guaranteed minimum wage, the provision of state support for the family, motherhood and childhood, the disabled and the elderly, the development of social services, the establishment of state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection are important.

Social work with low-income and large families is a universal social institution: its bearers provide assistance to all individuals regardless of social status, nationality, religion, race, gender, age and other circumstances. one

The only criterion in this matter is the need for help and the inability to cope with life's difficulties on one's own.

Social work is a professional activity aimed at assisting people, social groups in overcoming personal and social difficulties through support, protection, correction and rehabilitation. 2

As an activity to assist low-income and large families in solving their problems, social work belongs to the number of humane professions. Like medicine, which aims to rid people of diseases, or pedagogy, aimed at the formation of the human personality, it is a practical expression of the principle of humanism, according to which the highest value in society is a person. Humanity is a moral quality that characterizes the attitude of social workers towards their clients.

Like all social institutions, the institution of social protection and social work ultimately performs the most important task for the state and society - the task of stabilizing and preserving society, maintaining and harmonizing existing social relations and providing conditions for its comprehensive development - i.e. in fact, it is one of the essential factors in ensuring the stability and security of the state.

The socio-political and socio-economic crisis phenomena in Russia have caused serious social losses that have affected most families. Low-income and large families found themselves in the most difficult situation. Large families in most territories of the Russian Federation are recorded in the presence of three or more children (in a number of subjects of the Federation - five or more). Large families, which once constituted the majority in Russia (in the 20th century in the European part of the country there were an average of 8-9 births per family), now steadily occupy an insignificant share (5.3%) of the total number of families. The share of the poor among families with many children is especially high. If among all families with children it is about 50%, then among families with three children it is much higher - about 85%, and among families with four children or more - it exceeds 90%. Moreover, a significant part of families with many children does not have even half of the subsistence minimum per family member. Meanwhile, about 20% of children in the country are brought up in large families. one

Attention to low-income and large families, especially in rural areas, in modern science is explained by the fact that in the conditions of a deepening socio-economic crisis and spiritual and psychological shock, among other traumatized categories, they occupy one of the first places.

1.2 The history of the development of social work with low-income and large families

Social work as a social phenomenon has been characteristic of human society since its inception: in various periods of its development, society helps its members to survive in various forms. This model of assistance is determined by the level of development of society, its culture in a specific historical period. The very first forms of social assistance to low-income and large families are alms. With the advent of the state, the process of providing assistance is enriched with system properties (legislative basis for assistance, regulation of the process, etc.).

In the second half of the XIX century. Active participation in the processes of providing assistance is beginning to play not only the state, the church, but also various public organizations, primarily charitable, educational societies, feminist organizations.

The state system of assistance and support focused mainly on the treatment of social ills, such as poverty, homelessness, disability. In a number of countries, state organizations are emerging that purposefully carry out state policy in the field of social security and support.

The development of social work in Russia has its own logic and features, which are expressed in the conceptual apparatus of the history of Russian social assistance (charity and charity are the main, specific concepts of domestic experience) both in content and in forms. This specificity was formed in the conditions of the civilizational originality of Russia (features of the way of life, mentality, cultural traditions, folk pedagogy, etc.).

Identification of the main stages of pre-revolutionary activities for charity and charity is connected with the nature of the participation of various forces in it: the church, the state, and the public.

So, the first stage: X - the middle of the XVIII centuries. - marked by the active charitable activities of the church and the gradual formation of the state system of charity. By the second half of the 18th century, a stable state policy was being formed in Russia aimed at helping the disadvantaged and the needy. Effective forms and methods of helping those in need appear: orphans, illegitimate children, widows, the elderly, the disabled, the disabled, the crippled, the mentally ill, imprisoned victims of fire, etc. There are two types of charity: “closed” - in institutions specially created for this (hospitals, shelters , almshouses, etc.), “open” - outside institutions, carried out in the form of pensions, benefits, provision of land, profession. Church and private charity exists along with state charity and sometimes plays a leading role.

The second stage: the middle of the 18th – the middle of the 19th centuries. – functioning of state-public charity. Of particular importance in this direction is the activity of Catherine II to strengthen the legislative and organizational base of charity (opening orders for public charity); development of a system of closed charity under the leadership of I.I. Betsky, and the emergence of public charity (the creation of public charitable societies such as the Free Economic Society, the Imperial Humanitarian Society, etc.).

The third stage: the reforms of 1861-1917 - the period of public charity. In the post-reform period, public charity and charity underwent serious changes: qualitatively new principles of organization and activity of charity societies and institutions appeared. Distinctive features of charitable activities are decentralization, “openness” and public charity, a focus on prevention in social activities, the emergence and dissemination of original forms and methods of working with a wide contingent of the population, as well as an increase in the number of private charity. Despite the numerous shortcomings of the Russian charity system (the most important of which are the dispersal of funds and efforts, the lack of a unified program), this time was a heyday in the history of domestic social assistance.

The post-revolutionary and Soviet period is characterized by the development, mainly, of the social security system, which took shape in general by the end of the 1920s. In modern conditions, a model of social work is being formed that reflects the features of social processes in modern Russia and uses the experience and traditions of organizing social activities in the field of charity and social security.

1.3 The current state of the Russian family: causes of trouble

The family, as a fundamental institution in the structure of society, is especially sensitive to all kinds of reformatory changes on a national scale, since their results are directly reflected in its standard of living, stability and educational capacity.

Considering the family as an institution for raising children, today we can distinguish a number of features in the implementation of this function. The observed changes in the quality of education in the last decade are primarily associated with the new socio-economic conditions of Russian society.

UDC 159.9.072 BBK 88

SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL WORK WITH THE POOR

E. F. Ibragimova, A. S. Avdeenko, E. V. Soboleva Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education of the YuUGMUM of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Chelyabinsk, Russia e-mail: [email protected], ibragimova [email protected], [email protected]

annotation

The problems of social adaptation of low-income families in difficult circumstances acquire the greatest relevance in the current Russian world. Their study is especially necessary in the circumstances of the transition period, the incompleteness and scale of the actions taking place in Russian society. Social adaptation of low-income families is one of the main conditions for the effective formation of society.

Keywords Keywords: family, low-income family, crisis situation, low-income families.

Relevance. Socio-psychological work with low-income families is central to the social policy of the state and the municipality. The family is the basic unit of society and the system of human functioning. At present, the number of low-income families is increasing every year, this is due to the crisis situation in the country, an increase in the number of layoffs and layoffs, a decrease in wages, and an increase in the crime situation in society.

According to a study conducted by Academician Timashevskaya N.M. in 2013, in Russia, about 40-60% of poor families are families with 1-2 children and two parents of working age. Such families traditionally belong to the middle-income strata of the population, today they are the so-called "new poor", 10% of the poorest families are single-parent and large families. And the number of such families is increasing every year.

All these listed difficulties exacerbate the situation, undermining institutions such as family and marriage, which give a person and, above all, a child, a sense of stability. Therefore, a scientific analysis of the current situation of the family is currently being carried out. Sociologists such as Ovcharova R.V., Shakurova M.V., Timashevskaya N.M., Rights F. developed a whole range of measures to solve the problems of low-income families.

In our time, the negative impact on the well-being of families is exerted to a greater extent by the lack of work, high prices for

housing and public services,

an insignificant level of wages that does not correspond to the cost of existence. Poor families do not actually have the ability to finance expensive medical care and education, tourism and recreation opportunities, and numerous other material, social and spiritual benefits. In these circumstances, the possibility of effective socialization of children, the realization of their possible prospects, their internal and mental formation becomes impossible. The problem of poverty in the family is gaining a stable character.

It is the unsatisfactory socio-financial situation of a significant part of families that provokes social tension, has a negative impact on all processes in the world, and hinders the successful formation of the state.

The problems of social adaptation of low-income families in difficult circumstances acquire the greatest relevance in the current Russian world. Their study is especially necessary in the circumstances of the transition period, the incompleteness and scale of the actions taking place in Russian society. Public

adaptation of low-income families is one of the main conditions for the effective formation of society. The formation of an effective policy of the country, addressed to the aid of this movement, is combined with the need for detailed research.

adaptation strategies of various socio-demographic companies of residents and the conditions for their development in the course of changes in the domestic community, taking into account regional specifics. Due to the dynamism of public actions in the transforming Russian world, the study of this problem will demonstrate special attention for scientists and particular importance for the community.

In the current circumstances, not only socially sensitive families have become poor, but also families that were primarily considered favorable. The poor categories, that is, those in need of assistance from the country, include disabled people of groups I and II, elderly residents (80 years and older), people of retirement age, large families, single-parent families, families with a disabled child, student families, families of the unemployed, families with a small child, individuals who find themselves in extreme conditions (forced migrants; people affected by natural disasters; refugees, the homeless) and deviant families (alcoholics, drug addicts, delinquents).

The state financial and social strategy plays a decisive role in helping poor categories of residents. If previously the settlement of the level of living of residents was carried out in a concentrated manner, then at present this issue is being solved by the latest methods. The main ones are indexing and reimbursement. Indexing is a system of automatic profit adjustment. As a rule, indexing is performed by 2 methods: by increasing profits in a specific share over a certain time, or by correcting profits according to the edge of increasing the degree of value in a pre-negotiated share. Payments according to indexation are carried out mainly from the result of money from the government and regional budgets. Without exception, all types of foreign exchange incomes of people are indexed, and directly wages, security, benefits, and other types of social payments, with the exception of one-time ones.

In addition to indexation, there is a Federal Decree "On State Social Assistance", which defines the legal and coordinating basic principles

offers of nationwide social support to low-income families or low-income residents living alone

On the basis of theoretical material on the issue of socio-psychological problems of children from single-parent families, we developed the methodology "Unfinished thesis ...", the purpose of which is to identify the problems of a low-income family. Parents from families registered with the Department of Social Protection of the Population as low-income families took part in the survey. Basically, these are middle-aged people (30-45 years old) with a secondary special

education.

Analyzing the responses received from citizens, we managed to find out that the average cash income per person was approximately 700 rubles, when the cost of living in the Chelyabinsk region for 2017 was 8523 rubles. The income of families in percentage terms is as follows: 56% of families live paycheck to paycheck, the remaining 44% do not have enough money to paycheck, something again confirms the acute material insecurity of this category of families.

To the question "Does your family have additional income other than salary?", almost 70% of respondents answered "No". Therefore, many families that are on the verge or below the poverty line and cannot independently adapt to the new socio-economic conditions turn to the social protection authorities for help. Most families (70%) receive assistance from the administration and schools in organizing leisure and recreation for children. Many of the parents have a positive attitude towards the issue of employment of their children during the holidays, noting the fact that the children themselves are acutely worried about the lack of funds and willingly agree to work.

According to the survey, the reasons for the growth in the number of low-income families lie in low wages, high food prices, high tariffs for paying for apartments and utilities, etc. The respondents also identified the main areas for improving their well-being, which are in the following aspects:

a) salary increase;

b) free education and health care;

(violence, delinquency), both physical and psychological.

A special form of socio-pedagogical activity aimed at low-income families is the education of parental feelings and responsibilities.

Socio-psychological work

focuses on typical stressful patterns in a low-income family:

1) relationships in the family;

2) relationship with the child: large and small intervals between the birth of a child, their number, maternal love for children, maternal expectations from children;

3) structural stress: lack of housing, unemployment, social isolation, the danger of maternal power over children; stress caused by the child after the dissolution of the marriage; unyielding child, often naughty.

The following must be entered into the field of vision: The social place of the father and mother: age, formation, gender, social-financial and social-national status; the lack of skills for the father and mother to manage and resolve in relation to their own child;

The experience of socialization: the presence in the experience of the father with the mother of a strict attitude towards himself, his abandonment, hostile

interactions;

Psychological status of father and mother: individual character traits, weak self-control, mental

disorders, substance abuse and drunkenness.

Bibliography

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2. Avdeenko A.S. Features of the manifestation of human vitality in difficult life circumstances // Clinical and biological trends in modern psychiatry: materials of the international scientific-practical conference. - Chelyabinsk: Council of young scientists and specialists of the Chelyabinsk region, 12-13.05.2016 T. 4 No. 2 (13). -FROM. 29-31.

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I.S. Dmitrieva, I.I. Soboleva, E.V. Soboleva // Bulletin of the Council of Young Scientists and Specialists of the Chelyabinsk Region. - 2017. - Vol. 2. - No. 1 (16). - S. 55-57.

5. Dolgova V.I. Future special psychologist: preparation for the final certification: textbook. manual for students of higher pedagogical educational institutions / V.I. Dolgova, L.V. Ivanova, E.G. Kapitanets and others - Chelyabinsk, 2008. - 100 p.

6. Dolgova, V.I. Diagnostic and analytical activity of a special psychologist: traditions and innovations: Textbook for students of higher pedagogical educational institutions / V.I. Dolgova, E.G. Kapitanets, O.A. Shumakov. - Chelyabinsk, 2008. - 115 p.

providing jobs; improvement of living conditions. low-income family violated psychological climate, it is characterized by great isolation and isolation from the outside world. The decrease in the educational opportunities of the family occurs as a result of a combination of a number of unfavorable circumstances, such as long-term influence conflict situations on children, a tense psychological situation, due to the incorrect attitude of family members to the characteristics of life

low-income families, the inability to choose a pedagogically appropriate style of education, the emergence of situations of emotional "hunger" or excessive, sacrificial parental love, as well as often the immoral behavior of the parent, his low cultural, educational and professional levels, material and domestic difficulties, poor communication with the educational institution .

The main areas of socio-psychological work with low-income families should be:

1) support of parents in raising children;

2) assistance in determining their physical, psychological and social needs;

3) social and therapeutic assistance to families in difficult situations;

4) legal assistance and advice in order to prevent all forms of exploitation

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8. Soboleva E.V. Modern approaches in teaching students of medical universities / E.V. Soboleva, O.V. Peshikov, M.V. Peshikova and others // Bulletin of the Council of Young Scientists and Specialists of the Chelyabinsk Region. - 2017. - Vol. 1. - No. 1 (16). - S. 34-36.

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SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL WORK WITH MALT-SURFACE FAMILIES

IBRAGIMOVA E.F., AVDEENKOA.S., SOBOLEVA E.V. FSBEI HE SUSMUMOH Russia, Chelyabinsk, Russia e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

The problems of social adaptation of low-income families in difficult circumstances are becoming the most relevant in the current Russian world. Their investigation is especially necessary in the circumstances of the transition period, the incompleteness and scale of the actions taking place in the Russian society. Public adaptation of low-income families is one of the main reasons for the effective formation of society.

Keywords: family, low-income family, crisis situation, poor families.

INTRODUCTION

Social work with low-income and large families is a complex, multifaceted concept. Social work is an activity, the purpose of which is to optimize the implementation of the subjective role of people in all spheres of society in the process of life support and active existence of the individual, family, social and other groups and strata in society. This activity is professional and is aimed at helping, supporting, protecting all people, especially the so-called weak strata and groups (large families, low-income families, etc.). It is clear that such activity has taken place from the very beginning of the emergence of human society, taking different forms at different stages of its development. Historically, social work has grown out of philanthropic (charitable) activities, which were carried out by various religious, public, and later entrepreneurial organizations. Philanthropy was originally aimed at helping the poor, sick, homeless, orphans and other socially disadvantaged categories of the population.

It is important to note that today social work with low-income and large families as a kind of activity is aimed at implementing measures of social support for these social groups. In this broad sense, social work concerns every person, the entire population.

Relevance of the research topic. Improving the well-being of low-income and large families is one of the goals of any society striving for progress. A state that cares about its citizens must create favorable conditions for a long, safe, healthy and prosperous life for people, ensuring economic growth and social stability in society.

Currently, the negative impact on the well-being of families

have a high level of unemployment, high tariffs for housing and communal services, low wages that do not correspond to the cost of living. Low-income and large families have virtually no opportunity to pay for expensive education and health services, household services and many other material, social and spiritual benefits. Under these conditions, the qualitative socialization of children, the realization of their potential, their spiritual and intellectual development becomes impossible. The problem of poverty in the family is becoming stable. Thus, poverty is one of the most urgent and acute problems of modern Russia.

Purpose and main objectives of the study. The purpose of the work is to analyze social work with low-income and large families, to determine ways to improve. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1. Consider low-income and large families as centers of social tension.

2. Analyze the problems of low-income and large families and the technology of social prevention.

3. Consider the forms and methods of social protection for low-income and large families.

The object of the study is the problem of social work with low-income and large families.

The subject of study is social work with low-income and large families.

In preparing the work, the legislative and regulatory documents that determine the institutional framework for social guarantees of the state were considered.

Work structure. In accordance with the purpose and objectives of the study, the work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources used.

1 HISTORICAL FACTS AND THE PRESENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL WORK WITH POOR AND LARGE FAMILIES

1.1 The essence of social work with low-income and large families

The modern understanding of the foundations of social development proceeds from the fact that the social policy of the state should be aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person. In this regard, the protection of labor and health of people, the establishment of a guaranteed minimum wage, the provision of state support for the family, motherhood and childhood, the disabled and the elderly, the development of social services, the establishment of state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection are important.

Social work with low-income and large families is a universal social institution: its bearers provide assistance to all individuals regardless of social status, nationality, religion, race, gender, age and other circumstances.

The only criterion in this matter is the need for help and the inability to cope with life's difficulties on one's own.

Social work is a professional activity aimed at assisting people, social groups in overcoming personal and social difficulties through support, protection, correction and rehabilitation.

As an activity to assist low-income and large families in solving their problems, social work belongs to the number of humane professions. Like medicine, which aims to rid people of diseases, or pedagogy, aimed at the formation of the human personality, it is a practical expression of the principle of humanism, according to which the highest value in society is a person. Humanity is a moral quality that characterizes the attitude of social workers towards their clients.

Like all social institutions, the institution of social protection and social work ultimately performs the most important task for the state and society - the task of stabilizing and preserving society, maintaining and harmonizing existing social relations and providing conditions for its comprehensive development - i.e. in fact, it is one of the essential factors in ensuring the stability and security of the state.

The socio-political and socio-economic crisis phenomena in Russia have caused serious social losses that have affected most families. Low-income and large families found themselves in the most difficult situation. Large families in most territories of the Russian Federation are recorded in the presence of three or more children (in a number of subjects of the Federation - five or more). Large families, which once constituted the majority in Russia (in the 20th century in the European part of the country there were an average of 8-9 births per family), now steadily occupy an insignificant share (5.3%) of the total number of families. The share of the poor among families with many children is especially high. If among all families with children it is about 50%, then among families with three children it is much higher - about 85%, and among families with four children or more - it exceeds 90%. Moreover, a significant part of families with many children does not have even half of the subsistence minimum per family member. Meanwhile, about 20% of children in the country are brought up in large families.

Attention to low-income and large families, especially in rural areas, in modern science is explained by the fact that in the conditions of a deepening socio-economic crisis and spiritual and psychological shock, among other traumatized categories, they occupy one of the first places.

1.2 The history of the development of social work with low-income and large families

Social work as a social phenomenon has been characteristic of human society since its inception: in various periods of its development, society helps its members to survive in various forms. This model of assistance is determined by the level of development of society, its culture in a specific historical period. The very first forms of social assistance to low-income and large families are alms. With the advent of the state, the process of providing assistance is enriched with system properties (legislative basis for assistance, regulation of the process, etc.).

In the second half of the XIX century. Active participation in the processes of providing assistance is beginning to play not only the state, the church, but also various public organizations, primarily charitable, educational societies, feminist organizations.

The state system of assistance and support focused mainly on the treatment of social ills, such as poverty, homelessness, disability. In a number of countries, state organizations are emerging that purposefully carry out state policy in the field of social security and support.

The development of social work in Russia has its own logic and features, which are expressed in the conceptual apparatus of the history of Russian social assistance (charity and charity are the main, specific concepts of domestic experience) both in content and in forms. This specificity was formed in the conditions of the civilizational originality of Russia (features of the way of life, mentality, cultural traditions, folk pedagogy, etc.).

Identification of the main stages of pre-revolutionary activities for charity and charity is connected with the nature of the participation of various forces in it: the church, the state, and the public.

So, the first stage: X - the middle of the XVIII centuries. - marked by the active charitable activities of the church and the gradual formation of the state system of charity. By the second half of the 18th century, a stable state policy was being formed in Russia aimed at helping the disadvantaged and the needy. Effective forms and methods of helping those in need appear: orphans, illegitimate children, widows, the elderly, the disabled, the disabled, the crippled, the mentally ill, imprisoned victims of fire, etc. There are two types of charity: “closed” - in institutions specially created for this (hospitals, shelters , almshouses, etc.), “open” - outside institutions, carried out in the form of pensions, benefits, provision of land, profession. Church and private charity exists along with state charity and sometimes plays a leading role.

The second stage: the middle of the 18th – the middle of the 19th centuries. – functioning of state-public charity. Of particular importance in this direction is the activity of Catherine II to strengthen the legislative and organizational base of charity (opening orders for public charity); development of a system of closed charity under the leadership of I.I. Betsky, and the emergence of public charity (the creation of public charitable societies such as the Free Economic Society, the Imperial Humanitarian Society, etc.).

The third stage: the reforms of 1861-1917 - the period of public charity. In the post-reform period, public charity and charity underwent serious changes: qualitatively new principles of organization and activity of charity societies and institutions appeared. Distinctive features of charitable activities are decentralization, “openness” and public charity, a focus on prevention in social activities, the emergence and dissemination of original forms and methods of working with a wide contingent of the population, as well as an increase in the number of private charity. Despite the numerous shortcomings of the Russian charity system (the most important of which are the dispersal of funds and efforts, the lack of a unified program), this time was a heyday in the history of domestic social assistance.

The post-revolutionary and Soviet period is characterized by the development, mainly, of the social security system, which took shape in general by the end of the 1920s. In modern conditions, a model of social work is being formed that reflects the features of social processes in modern Russia and uses the experience and traditions of organizing social activities in the field of charity and social security.

1.3 The current state of the Russian family: causes of trouble

The family, as a fundamental institution in the structure of society, is especially sensitive to all kinds of reformatory changes on a national scale, since their results are directly reflected in its standard of living, stability and educational capacity.

Considering the family as an institution for raising children, today we can distinguish a number of features in the implementation of this function. The observed changes in the quality of education in the last decade are primarily associated with the new socio-economic conditions of Russian society.

So, as a result of economic reforms in the country, the family found itself in an atypical pedagogical and educational situation that has no historical analogies. It is known that the parents of schoolchildren make up the age group of 30-49-year-old representatives of society, who by the indicated age achieve a certain stability of their social and professional status, gain confidence in the future. The restructuring of economic relations in Russia has thrown these families beyond the subsistence level, destroyed their stereotype of self-perception, and instilled in them uncertainty and low self-esteem.

The drama of the situation is deepened by the fact that the material and psychological difficulties experienced by the family have led to the emergence of completely new educational problems. Insecure parents cease to be an authority and role model for their children. Children do not turn to such parents for advice and help, considering them losers, incapable of surviving in new conditions. Sociological studies conducted in schools in Moscow and the Moscow region confirm this trend. Since the mother is traditionally the priority in the upbringing of children in the family, we will see how her authority changes depending on the sphere of employment.

It is known that employment in the sphere of budgetary institutions with their low wages is considered the most unprestigious today. The most desirable is work in non-state, commercial structures. As it turned out, when a mother is employed in the public sector, 68% of schoolchildren consult with her. The competence of a mother working in an enterprise with a mixed form of ownership is estimated somewhat higher: 71% of children turn to her for help. Finally, 76% of schoolchildren consult with mothers working in commercial, non-state structures.

Russia's transition to market rails led to the emergence of real unemployment in the country, which most painfully affected the most able-bodied age group of the population considered here. According to the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, out of seven statistically identified age groups of the employed population aged 15 to 60, the unemployed aged 30-49 account for 62%.

As mentioned above, these people who have children of school age, including adolescents, who most of all need the high educational authority of their parents. Needless to say, an unemployed parent cannot be such an authority for a child.

In connection with the acute financial problems of the family, the views of parents on child labor have changed dramatically in the last decade. Fifteen years ago, the family categorically rejected the idea of ​​including children in the educational process of labor employment in order to earn pocket money. An educational position was popular: “You only study well, and earning money is the business of parents.”

Market relations and the associated sharp decline in the material well-being of most Russian families have changed these fundamental foundations of the educational process. In such conditions, the labor employment of children approved by parents becomes a mass phenomenon. Parents now not only allow, but also welcome the involvement of children in making money.

Currently, unemployed young people aged 16-29 make up more than 32% of all those registered at the labor exchange. There is reason to believe that unemployment in our country has a tendency to further rejuvenation and will acquire an increasingly youthful character and a feminine face. It is no coincidence that high school students put forward one of the main requirements for future profession unemployment guarantee.

2 SOCIAL SUPPORT FOR LOW-INCOME AND LARGE FAMILIES

2.1 Psychological characteristics of people from low-income and dysfunctional families

In matters of social work, the family rarely makes contact with representatives of the state and society, except in cases justified by law, or if the proposed assistance is of a material nature (allowances, payments, etc.).

When deciding the issue of their own employment, today parents often proceed from the possibility of using the received professional training. They strive to keep their usual place of work even with low pay. The inertial motive of behavior is triggered, the fear of change and risk in an unpredictable situation of market relations. The social and psychological detachment of such families turns into an apathetic attitude to life, family passivity, self-destruction of the personality of family members, which often leads to a loss of faith in self-change.

In many cases of work in families at risk, experiencing financial difficulties, specialists and public organizations that come to the family to provide assistance play the role of a “worker”. This consists in the fact that family members shift care for each other, for children, to specialists from outside, since they cannot live without outside control, taking a passive position and giving specialists the right to find a way out of the difficult situation of their family. This leads to dependency, the desire to blame society for their troubles, while masking the real state of affairs in the family and their own doing nothing.

Many families who have had a bad experience of improving their difficult situation are afraid to put themselves at risk again. Instead, they prefer to be in a state of rage and rejection of the world around them. The state of crisis eventually becomes the norm for them, they cease to show their own initiative. Families learn to defend themselves in their own way when faced with difficulties. The paradox lies in the fact that excitement, rage bring them a certain comfort as proof that nothing can be done and therefore their state is natural.

Thus, in general, one can single out such features of people from low-income families as

¾ lack of initiative, passivity;

¾ shifting responsibility to others;

¾ inability to set goals to achieve them;

¾ fear of risk;

¾ the desire to blame others for their troubles.

A social worker, based on the principle of maximizing the minimum (the desire to maximize the minimum resources of social assistance), should not only help the family survive difficulties by attracting funds from philanthropists or observing the fair distribution of state assistance, but also teach the family self-help mutual assistance, which give a greater effect than the most generous donations. It must be remembered that morally it is always better to earn one's own income than to be socially dependent.

2.2 Features of social protection of low-income and

large families

The system of social protection of low-income and large families in rural areas, as a special social institution, is in the process of its development. The term "social protection" has various meanings. In the new economic conditions, he replaced the term "social security" used in the Soviet economy, where he characterized the specific organizational and legal form of social protection carried out directly by the state.

In modern conditions, it was necessary to develop other organizational and legal forms of social support for the most vulnerable categories of the population. The term "social protection" was introduced, which has long been used in world practice.

Social protection as a social institution, which is a set of legal norms designed to solve certain social and economic problems, in the international context usually deals with categories of citizens established by law who, due to disability, lack of work, or for other reasons, do not have sufficient means to meet their vital needs and the needs of disabled family members. Within the framework of social protection systems, such citizens are provided with compensatory assistance in cash and in kind, as well as in the form of various types of services, in the event of adverse events established by law. In addition, social protection systems implement preventive measures aimed at preventing adverse events. Social protection is carried out in various organizational and legal forms, including such as the individual responsibility of employers, insurance, social insurance, targeted social assistance, state social security, etc. The use of certain organizational and legal forms of social protection can have various social and economic consequences which must be taken into account in the management of this industry.

At the same time, social protection, being by its functional nature a fairly integral system, which is an independent social institution, has specific features associated with the technologies of the services it provides. The technology for granting pensions differs significantly from the technology for providing medical care, social rehabilitation technologies, or technologies for providing unemployed citizens.

In order to understand the state of development of the institution of social protection in Russia and develop a national policy regarding the ways of its further development in our country, it seems necessary, first of all, to note that, although such an institution exists in Russia and plays an extremely important role in the life of Russian citizens, its development to a certain extent, it is carried out spontaneously, without a proper idea of ​​what tasks and how it should solve and what should be its organizational structure, from the point of view of both the organization of the system of legal norms and the administrative structure of this institution, designed to develop and implement in practice legal norms of this institution.

In addition, it should be noted that, despite the actual existence of the social protection system in Russia and its rather rapid development, it has not yet been accepted by public consciousness in our country.

as an independent social institution. In this regard, the scope of its activities is significantly narrowed. In practice, the functions of public authorities that have the words “social protection” in their names, such as the former Ministry of Social Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation or ministries, committees or departments of social protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, do not include many functions that, by definition, should be within their area of ​​competence.

The lack of a general idea about the nature of the institution of social protection and its content naturally leads to confusion and free interpretation of various categories, terms and concepts that serve to reveal the meaning of this institution.

In the Soviet period, due to the weak theoretical study of social protection as a social institution, the term "social security" was used in a broad sense to define the entire set of socio-economic relations in the country related to issues of social protection, and in this sense it defined the entire institution of social security. protection, called "social security law". At the same time, the term "social security" in the narrow sense was used to define the system of relations in the field of social protection associated with the provision of certain types of security at the expense of the state budget.

In a country that has embarked on the path of developing a market economy, the term "social security", reflecting the specifics of the organization of social protection in a centrally planned economic system, cannot be used to define either the entire set of socio-economic relations in the field of social protection, or its administrative structures with new functions.

Therefore, the term "social security" has been largely superseded from the practical sphere by the new term "social protection".

The term "social protection" to the greatest extent corresponds to the essence of this social institution, although the term "social security" continues to exist as a "social security right".

Social protection is also provided for families with low per capita incomes that do not provide the socially necessary subsistence level, which usually results in a lack of means of subsistence or funds to pay for vital goods and services (means of rehabilitation, payment for housing, treatment).

Social protection can be carried out in cash in the form of pensions and benefits, in kind, as well as by providing various kinds of services to persons who are the object of social protection. It can be both compensatory and preventive.

One of the state-legal forms of social protection is directly the state provision of disabled persons. The main features of direct state support are the financing of expenses from the state budget and the establishment of categories of persons provided for and the level of their provision in accordance with the priorities determined by state authorities.

Direct state provision in countries with market economies has a rather limited scope of application.

Another organizational and legal form of social protection is social insurance, which is widely used in the vast majority of countries with a market economy in relation to many types of social protection. It is based on the concept of social risks and the requirement for their mandatory and voluntary insurance.

Financing of social insurance payments is carried out at the expense of insurance premiums of working citizens and their employers, paid, as a rule, in equal shares. The state sometimes also participates in the financing of social insurance systems.

In countries with market economies, such an organizational and legal form of social protection as social assistance is also actively used.

It is targeted and is provided to individuals after checking their need, if they do not have other sources of livelihood.

Other organizational and legal forms of social protection can be provided funds - mandatory (compulsory) accumulation of funds in case certain circumstances arise. The foundations aim to ensure that each worker is individually responsible for their future well-being. They are savings bank type institutions. You can use these deposits in case of temporary disability, on condition of termination of work, in case of unemployment.

A characteristic feature of private forms of social protection is that they are not created without fail due to the adoption of relevant legislation, but due to the private initiative of individual subjects of relations in this environment, who assume obligations to implement social protection of a limited circle of persons representing for them a certain interest. Private forms can be used in such types of social protection as temporary disability, medical care, pensions and others.

Thus, social protection in any state is a complex system of socio-economic relations designed to provide comprehensive assistance to disabled or partially able-bodied persons, as well as families whose able-bodied members' incomes do not provide a socially necessary standard of living for the family.

Effective social protection presupposes the implementation of a policy that adequately responds to the social well-being of people, capable of capturing the growth of social discontent and social tension, and preventing possible conflicts and radical forms of protest.

2.3 State system of social assistance for low-income and large families

The state system of social assistance is devoted to problems that are of fundamental importance for the formation of a scientific understanding of social assistance.

The Russian model of the social state differs from those existing in foreign countries in many respects due to the huge difference in the conditions for the formation of social statehood. The country does not yet have a stable economy necessary for the successful implementation of a large-scale social policy. Therefore, in modern conditions, the idea of ​​a welfare state can be considered only as a program setting for long-term development. It serves as a guideline for the practical activities of the government, which in recent years has managed to stop the negative trends in the economy.

The revival of Russia is possible only by building a social state based on law, in which the ideas of equality and justice triumph. It should synthesize the best results of international experience, but be based on the highest achievements of Russian culture and traditions.

As emphasized by M.V. Baglai, the welfare state "should fight not against wealth, but against poverty."

In accordance with Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the main goal of economic

policy of the welfare state is to improve the welfare of the population. Therefore, production should create sources for investment in the social sphere, which, in turn, will stimulate the expansion of economic activity. And an indicator of the balance between the economic and social activities of the state will be the increase in all types of social payments to a level that provides all members of society with a decent life.

According to O.P. Berebina, “the institution of a “decent life” is a set of norms that guarantee material security at the level of the standards of a modern developed society, access to cultural values ​​... the rights of personal and family security for both those who work and those who cannot work” .

Achieving this goal of socio-economic policy is impossible in the absence of a developed system of social protection of the population, one of the most important elements of which is state social assistance.

To determine the place of state social assistance in the social security system, it is necessary to turn to the theory of social risk. As you know, in real life, social risk has a variety of specific manifestations. Specific social risks serve as the basis for building the state social security system, creating financial mechanisms and organizational structures for the realization by everyone of the right to social security on the conditions established by law.

Article 3 of the Federal Law of July 16, 1999 “On the Fundamentals of Compulsory Social Insurance” contains the first legitimate definition of “social insurance risk”, and Article 7 specifies its types. But if the legislator fixes the concept of "social insurance risk", then we can make an assumption about the existence of "non-insurance" social risk. Obviously, those listed in Article 7 of the Federal Law of July 16, 1999 No.

risks threaten not only persons subject to compulsory social insurance, i.e. working under an employment contract or self-employed.

Military personnel, employees of the internal affairs bodies, security services, tax police and other categories of employees are also subject to them. They receive pensions, benefits and medical services from the federal budget, and not from off-budget social insurance funds. Based on this, the author joins the opinion of E.E. Machulskaya that when defining these risks as "insurance" the emphasis is on the financial mechanism of protection against them, which is not the only possible one. In all economically developed countries of the world, the sources of financing payments and services in the event of social risks are not only insurance premiums, but also the state treasury. Therefore, the expediency of dividing social risks into insurance and non-insurance seems doubtful.

The only type of "non-insurance" social risk, measures to protect against which are always covered by budgetary funds, is the social risk of poverty. It is he who is the object of protection for the state system of social assistance. At present, it is being formed into a legally formalized and internally organized systemic education within the framework of a more complex multi-level social security system.

The study of social assistance will be incomplete without its analysis as a form of exercise by the poor of the constitutional right to social security. The right to social assistance is organically linked with the right to life and the right to social security, but it occupies a completely independent place among socio-economic human rights. This conclusion is based on the content of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966, Revised European

social charter of 1996 and other international legal acts. Thus, Article 11 of the Covenant proclaims the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for him and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions.

The revised European Social Charter of 1996 is one of the few international treaties that makes a clear distinction between the right to social security (art. 12) and the right to social assistance (art. 13). In addition, Article 30 of the Charter enshrines the right to protection from poverty and social exclusion.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation does not mention the human right to social assistance. Therefore, in the scientific literature, it has so far been studied only within the framework of the right to social security. But in the future, the influence of international acts on the Russian legal system, as well as the development of domestic legislation, will inevitably lead to the recognition of the right to social assistance as an independent socio-economic human right.

To live, a person must satisfy the physiological, social and spiritual needs at least in a minimal amount. And for this you need to have the means of subsistence. The welfare state guarantees their provision by recognizing the right of each member of society to social assistance, regardless of any additional conditions. Based on this, the following definition can be proposed. The right to social assistance is an internationally recognized and state-guaranteed opportunity for a person to have a means of subsistence in the amount of the established subsistence level, regardless of engaging in any professional activity and participating in the financing of payments and services.

The Federal Law of July 17, 1999 "On State Social Assistance" laid the legal basis for completing the formation of the state system of social assistance. As already noted, it is created in order to protect the population from the social risk of poverty and has all the features of an independent organizational and legal form of social security. First, it applies to special subjects - low-income families and low-income citizens living alone. Secondly, budgets of various levels serve as sources of financing. Thirdly, special types of payments and services are provided. Fourthly, social assistance is assigned by the decision of the social protection authority at the place of residence or registration of the poor person, as a rule, after a means test.

The state system of social assistance is a set of ways to materially protect the population from the social risk of poverty by providing social payments or services at the expense of budgets of various levels.

2.4 Analysis of the results of social work with low-income and large families

The definition of general principles and approaches to state policy in relation to low-income and large families in rural areas does not mean unified system measures to be established in each region. Russia (like the USSR) is a country of two demographic types of reproduction. The traditional large families in the regions, with a predominance of the rural lifestyle, translates the problem of low-income large families into the category of general priorities for the socio-economic development of these territories, employment, and the development of the agricultural sector of the economy. In regions with a predominance of small families as an established type of reproduction, families with many children should become a priority group for the social protection system. It is necessary to simultaneously implement two directions of state policy in relation to low-income and large families in rural areas: the policy of stimulating greater activity on the part of the family in self-sufficiency, and the policy of social support for children in these families. If the second direction of policy already has its own history and legislative framework, the first has not yet received proper development either at the federal, or at the regional and local levels. It should be noted that the expansion and improvement of social support for low-income and large families in rural areas is essential. The available data allow us to conclude that families with many children represent the poorest category of the rural population, so the goal of the policy in relation to such families is a set of measures that increase the availability of state social support programs for them. Given the fact that large families are characterized by unbalanced nutrition, it makes