The process of ordering formalization and standardization is called. Institutionalization and social institution. Functions and structure of social institutions
Social institutions (from Latin institutum - establishment, establishment) are historically established stable forms of organizing joint activities of people.
The term "social institution" is used in a wide variety of meanings. They talk about the institution of the family, the institution of education, health care, the institution of the state, etc. The first, most often used meaning of the term "social institution" is associated with the characteristics of any kind of ordering, formalism and standardization of social ties and relations. And the process of streamlining, formalization and standardization is called institutionalization. Andreev Yu.P. Category "social institution" // Philosophical sciences. - 2008. - No. 1.
There are the following types social institutions: economics, politics, religion, morality, art, family, science, education, etc.
Social institutions perform in society the functions of social management and social control as one of the elements of management.
Social control enables society and its systems to enforce normative conditions, the violation of which is detrimental to the social system. The main objects of such control are legal and moral norms, customs, administrative decisions, etc. The effect of social control is reduced, on the one hand, to the application of sanctions against behavior that violates social restrictions, on the other hand, to the approval of desirable behavior. The behavior of individuals is conditioned by their needs. These needs can be met different ways, and the choice of means to satisfy them depends on the value system adopted by a given social community or society as a whole. The adoption of a certain system of values contributes to the identity of the behavior of members of the community. Education and socialization are aimed at conveying to individuals the patterns of behavior and methods of activity established in a given community.
Social institutions govern the behavior of community members through a system of sanctions and rewards. AT social management and control institutions play a very important role. Their task is not only to coercion. In every society there are institutions that guarantee freedom in certain types of activity - freedom of creativity and innovation, freedom of speech, the right to receive a certain form and amount of income, housing and free medical care, etc. For example, writers and artists have guaranteed freedom creativity, search for new artistic forms; scientists and specialists are obliged to investigate new problems and search for new technical solutions, etc. Social institutions can be characterized in terms of both their external, formal ("material") structure, and internal, content.
Outwardly, a social institution looks, as noted above, as a set of persons, institutions, equipped with certain material resources and carrying out a specific social function. From the content side, it is a certain system of expediently oriented standards of behavior of certain individuals in specific situations. So, if justice as a social institution can outwardly be characterized as a set of persons, institutions and material means administering justice, then from a substantive point of view, it is a set of standardized patterns of behavior of eligible persons providing this social function. These standards of conduct are embodied in certain roles characteristic of the justice system (the role of a judge, prosecutor, lawyer, investigator, etc.).
The most important social institutions are political ones. With their help, political power is established and maintained. Economic institutions ensure the process of production and distribution of goods and services. The family is also one of the important social institutions. Its activities (relations between parents, parents and children, methods of education, etc.) are determined by a system of legal and other social norms. Along with these institutions, such socio-cultural institutions as the education system, health care, social security, cultural and educational institutions, etc., are also of significant importance. The institution of religion still plays a significant role in society.
Each social institution is characterized by:
the presence of the purpose of their activities;
a set of social positions and roles typical for a given institution;
specific functions to achieve this goal.
Let us consider in more detail these characteristic features of a social institution.
Topic 1. Society
Test 1. What is a society
Part 1
state
society
public
civilizational
Separated from nature, but closely connected with it, a part of the world, which includes ways of interacting people and forms of their unification, is called
civilization
tribe
Relationships between people that are established in the process of their joint practical and spiritual activities are called
economic
political
Which of the following positions not related to public relations?
interaction between two people
relationship between countries
relationship between citizens Russian Federation and district court
Christmas tree decoration
Which of the following statements refers to nature and not to society?
the center of this concept is a person
exists and develops according to its own, independent of the will of man, laws
based on a specific production method
includes ways people interact
Which of the namednot refers to the concept of "social institution"
Part 2
The totality of material and spiritual values, as well as the ways of their creation, application and transfer, created by mankind in the process of social development, is called .
Karl Marx wrote: "The concept of society makes sense, obviously, only if it is in one way or another opposed to a simple sum of people." What mandatory constituent part concepts of society thereby he emphasizes?
Answer: .
A set of interconnected elements, representing a certain holistic formation, is called .
Mark the features related to the concept of "social group". Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
stable group of people
performs specific social functions
is built on the basis of certain ideal norms and rules of behavior
does not have certain standards of behavior
Answer: .
Note the signs that are characteristic of all types of social norms. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
are general rules of conduct
has some degree of obligation.
their execution is ensured and protected by the state
aimed at streamlining social relations
Answer: .
Part 1
socialization
integration
adaptation
cooperation
civilization
formation
institutionalization
cooperation
The ability of a social system to include new parts, new social formations, phenomena and processes into a single whole is the ability to
exploitation
diversification
The process of adapting the body to environment called
integration
determinism
Elements of social and cultural heritage that are transmitted from generation to generation and preserved in certain societies, classes and social groups ah for a long time, called
tradition
The process of streamlining, formalization and standardization is called
consolidation
denomination
The main element of society is
state
social group
politic system
Part 2
Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, characterize the concept of "social norms".
Permission, morality, society, prohibition, traditions, law.
Find and indicate a term that refers to another concept.
Answer: .
Insert the missing concept: “Historically established forms of organization of joint activities, regulated by norms, traditions, customs and aimed at meeting the fundamental needs of society, are called .
Find in the list below the concepts that characterize the main types of human activity. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
the game
upbringing
thinking
Answer: .
Find in the list below the concepts related to the political institutions of society. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
a family
state
trade unions
Answer: .
Test 9. Science. Education
Part 1
practice
Which of the following concepts was given such a definition: “Observation, classification, description, experimental research and theoretical explanation natural phenomena»?
art
Which of the definitions not belongs to the definition of science
area of human activity that develops objective knowledge about the world
observation, classification, description, experimental research and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena
system of views, concepts and ideas about the world around
a form of social consciousness representing a historically established system of ordered knowledge, the truth of which is checked and constantly refined in the course of social practice.
The level of knowledge that deals primarily with the facts that form the basis of any science, as well as with the laws that are established as a result of generalizations and systematization of the results of observations, is called
theoretical knowledge
empirical knowledge
intellectual knowledge
experimental knowledge
in the X century.
in the 15th century
Experimental natural science arose
in the 17th century
in the 19th century
Empirical knowledge cannot be obtained through
observations
experiment
mathematical modeling
Part 2
Fill in the missing words: "Observations of a pure, devoid component simply does not exist. All observations, especially experimental ones, are made in the light of one or another » ( K. Popper)
Fill in the missing word: "Under I mean recognized by all scientific achievements, which throughout the whole time give the scientific community a model of setting and their solutions" ( T. Kuhn).
Establish a correspondence between scientific paradigms and their authors: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
BUT) geocentric model of the world
1) A. Einstein
B) Mechanics
2) C. Linnaeus
AT) plant classification
3) C. Darwin
G) evolutionary theory
4) I. Newton
D) theory of relativity
5) Claudia Ptolemy
Insert the phrase: “The development of science is a consistent transition from one paradigm to another through "(T. Kuhn).
What word is missing? “The strength of science is in its generalizations, in the fact that behind the random, chaotic, it finds and explores objective , without the knowledge of which a conscious, purposeful practical activity is impossible.
Test 10. Morality. Religion
Part 1
Are they true the following judgments about morality?
A. Morality, like law, is a social regulator.
B. Violation of moral standards is subject to state sanctions.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both statements are wrong
regulatory
law enforcement
Morality not performs a social function
value orientation
socializing
What type of worldview are the sources of the Bible, Talmud and Koran?
scientific outlook
religious outlook
ordinary world view
official doctrine
persuasion
conscience
The conscious need of a person to act in accordance with their value orientations is called
Choose the correct statement.
beliefs are inherent in a person with any type of worldview
beliefs are inherent only to a person with a scientific type of worldview
beliefs are inherent only to a person with an ordinary type of worldview
beliefs are inherent in a person only with a religious type of worldview
Part 2
Insert the missing word: " - practical philosophy, applied science. One studies not in order to know what virtue (morality) is, but in order to become virtuous (moral).”
Insert the missing word: “The spiritual and practical situation of self-determination of the individual in relation to any principles, decisions and actions is called moral ».
Establish a correspondence between concepts and their definitions: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
CONCEPTS
DEFINITIONS
BUT) axiology
1) the view that moral criteria are relative and depend on the circumstances, time, or people who apply them
B) eudemonism
2) doctrine of values
AT) nihilism
3) one of the directions in ethics that arose in ancient philosophy and is represented by the names of Democritus, Socrates and Aristotle. The main motive in human behavior is the pursuit of happiness.
G) relativism
4) negation of all positive ideals and of any command of morality in general
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
The ethical theory of Epicurus, where good is defined as that which brings people pleasure or deliverance from suffering, and evil as that which leads to suffering, is called .
Fill in the missing word: “Friedrich Nietzsche believed that - energetic, purposeful, aristocratic, but good and respectable only because of vital weakness.
Topic 1. Society
Test 1. What is a society
Part 1
№ tasks
Answer
Part 2
№ tasks
Answer
culture< или>culture
system< или>system
Test 2. Society as a complex dynamic system
Part 1
№ tasks
Answer
Part 2
№ tasks
Answer
social institutions
Test 9. Science. Education
Part 1
№ tasks
Answer
Part 2
№ tasks
Answer
Theoretical/ Theory
Paradigms
Test 10. Morality. Religion
Part 1
№ tasks
Answer
Part 2
№ tasks
Answer
Ethics / Ethics
Social institutions (from lat. institutum - establishment, institution) - these are historically established stable forms of organizing joint activities of people.
The term "social institution" is used in a wide variety of meanings. They talk about the institution of the family, the institution of education, health care, the institution of the state, etc. The first, most often used meaning of the term "social institution" is associated with the characteristic of any kind of ordering, formalization and standardization of social relations and relations. And the process of streamlining, formalization and standardization is called institutionalization.
The process of institutionalization includes a number of points. One of necessary conditions the emergence of social institutions serves the corresponding social need. Institutions are designed to organize the joint activities of people in order to meet certain social needs. Thus, the institution of the family satisfies the need for the reproduction of the human race and the upbringing of children, implements relations between the sexes, generations, etc.
Institute higher education provides training for the labor force, enables a person to develop his abilities in order to realize them in subsequent activities and ensure his existence, etc. The emergence of certain social needs, as well as the conditions for their satisfaction, are the first necessary moments of institutionalization. The social institution is formed on the basis of social connections, interaction and relations of specific persons, individuals, social groups and other communities. But he, like others social systems, should not be reduced to the sum of these individuals and their interactions. Social institutions are supra-individual in nature, have their own systemic quality.
Consequently, a social institution is an independent public entity that has its own logic of development. From this point of view, social institutions can be considered as organized social systems characterized by the stability of the structure, the integration of their elements and a certain variability of their functions.
First of all, it is a system of values, norms, ideals, as well as patterns of activity and behavior of people and other elements of the sociocultural process. This system guarantees similar behavior of people, coordinates and directs their certain aspirations, establishes ways to satisfy their needs, resolves conflicts that arise in the process of everyday life, provides a state of balance and stability within any social community and society as a whole.
The concept of a social institution, its elements, features. The process of institutionalization - the concept and types. Classification and features of the category "The concept of a social institution, its elements, signs. The process of institutionalization" 2015, 2017-2018.
Social institutions (from lat. tzShisht - establishment, institution) are historically established stable forms of organizing the joint activities of people. The term "social institution" is used in a wide variety of meanings. They talk about the institution of the family, the institution of education, health care, the institution of the state, etc. The first, most often used meaning of the term “social institution” is associated with the characteristics of any kind of ordering, formalization and standardization of social ties and relations. And the process of streamlining, formalization and standardization is called institutionalization.
The process of institutionalization includes a number of points. One of the necessary conditions for the emergence of social institutions is the corresponding social need. Institutions are designed to organize the joint activities of people in order to meet certain social needs. Thus, the institution of the family satisfies the need for the reproduction of the human race and the upbringing of children, implements relations between the sexes, generations, etc. The institution of higher education provides training for the workforce, enables a person to develop his abilities in order to realize them in subsequent activities and provide its existence, etc. The emergence of certain social needs, as well as the conditions for their satisfaction, are the first necessary moments of institutionalization. A social institution is formed on the basis of social ties, interactions and relationships of specific individuals, individuals, social groups and other communities. But it, like other social systems, cannot be reduced to the sum of these individuals and their interactions. Social institutions are supra-individual in nature, have their own systemic quality. Consequently, a social institution is an independent public entity that has its own logic of development. From this point of view, social institutions can be considered as organized social systems characterized by the stability of the structure, the integration of their elements and a certain variability of their functions.
What are these systems? What are their main elements? First of all, it is a system of values, norms, ideals, as well as patterns of activity and behavior of people and other elements of the sociocultural process. This system guarantees similar behavior of people, coordinates and directs their certain aspirations, establishes ways to satisfy their needs, resolves conflicts that arise in the process of everyday life, provides a state of balance and stability within a particular social community and society as a whole. In itself, the presence of these socio-cultural elements does not yet ensure the functioning of a social institution. In order for it to work, it is necessary that they become the property inner world personalities, were internalized by them in the process of socialization, embodied in the form social roles and statuses. The internalization by individuals of all sociocultural elements, the formation on their basis of a system of personality needs, value orientations and expectations is the second most important element of institutionalization. The third most important element of institutionalization is the organizational design of a social institution. Outwardly, a social institution is a collection of persons, institutions, equipped with certain material resources and performing a certain social function. Thus, an institution of higher education consists of a certain set of persons: teachers, service personnel, officials who operate within institutions such as universities, the ministry or the State Committee for high school etc., who have certain material assets (buildings, finances, etc.) for their activities.
So, each social institution is characterized by the presence of the goal of its activity, specific functions that ensure the achievement of such a goal, a set of social positions and roles typical for this institution. Based on all of the above, we can give the following definition of a social institution. Social institutions are organized associations of people performing certain socially significant functions, ensuring the joint achievement of goals based on the social roles performed by members, set by social values, norms and patterns of behavior.
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More on the topic The concept of "social institution". Institutionalization of public life:
- The concepts of society and system, social ties, social interaction, social relations. System analysis of social life
The first, most commonly used meaning of the term "social institution" is associated with the characteristics of any kind of ordering, formalization and standardization of social ties and relations. And the process of streamlining, formalization and standardization is called institutionalization. The process of institutionalization, that is, the formation of a social institution, consists of several successive stages:
the emergence of a need, the satisfaction of which requires joint organized actions;
formation of common goals;
The emergence of social norms and rules in the course of natural social interaction carried out by trial and error;
the emergence of procedures related to norms and rules;
institutionalization of norms and rules, procedures, that is, their adoption, practical use;
Establishment of a system of sanctions to maintain norms and rules, differentiation of their application in individual cases;
· creation of a system of statuses and roles covering all members of the institute without exception;
· Thus, the end of the process of institutionalization can be considered the creation in accordance with the norms and rules of a clear status-role structure, socially approved by the majority of participants in this social process.
The process of institutionalization thus involves a number of points.
One of the necessary conditions for the emergence of social institutions is the corresponding social need. Institutions are designed to organize the joint activities of people in order to meet certain social needs. Thus, the institution of the family satisfies the need for the reproduction of the human race and the upbringing of children, implements relations between the sexes, generations, etc. The institution of higher education provides training for the workforce, enables a person to develop his abilities in order to realize them in subsequent activities and ensure his own existence, etc. The emergence of certain social needs, as well as the conditions for their satisfaction, are the first necessary moments of institutionalization.
A social institution is formed on the basis of social ties, interactions and relationships of specific individuals, social groups and communities. But it, like other social systems, cannot be reduced to the sum of these individuals and their interactions. Social institutions are supra-individual in nature, have their own systemic quality. Consequently, a social institution is an independent public entity that has its own logic of development. From this point of view, social institutions can be considered as organized social systems characterized by the stability of the structure, the integration of their elements and a certain variability of their functions.
First of all, we are talking about a system of values, norms, ideals, as well as patterns of activity and behavior of people and other elements of the sociocultural process. This system guarantees similar behavior of people, coordinates and directs their certain aspirations, establishes ways to satisfy their needs, resolves conflicts that arise in the process of everyday life, provides a state of balance and stability within a particular social community and society as a whole.
In itself, the presence of these socio-cultural elements does not yet ensure the functioning of a social institution. In order for it to work, it is necessary that they become the property of the inner world of the individual, be internalized by them in the process of socialization, embodied in the form of social roles and statuses. The internalization by individuals of all sociocultural elements, the formation on their basis of a system of personality needs, value orientations and expectations is the second most important element of institutionalization.
The third most important element of institutionalization is the organizational design of a social institution. Outwardly, a social institution is a set of organizations, institutions, individuals equipped with certain material resources and performing a certain social function. Thus, the institution of higher education is put into action by the social corps of teachers, service personnel, officials who operate within the framework of institutions such as universities, the ministry or the State Committee for Higher Education, etc., who for their activities have certain material values (buildings, finance, etc.).
Thus, social institutions are social mechanisms, stable value-normative complexes that regulate various spheres. social life(marriage, family, property, religion), which are not very susceptible to changes in the personal characteristics of people. But they are set in motion by people who carry out their activities, "play" by their rules. Thus, the concept of "the institution of a monogamous family" does not mean a separate family, but a set of norms that is realized in countless families of a certain kind.
Institutionalization, as shown by P. Berger and T. Lukman, is preceded by the process of habitualization, or "accustoming" of everyday actions, leading to the formation of patterns of activity that are later perceived as natural and normal for a given occupation or solving problems typical in these situations. Action patterns, in turn, serve as the basis for the formation of social institutions, which are described in the form of objective social facts and are perceived by the observer as a “social reality” (or social structure). These trends are accompanied by signification procedures (the process of creating, using signs and fixing meanings and meanings in them) and form a system of social meanings, which, forming into semantic connections, are fixed in natural language. Signification serves the purposes of legitimation (recognition as legitimate, socially recognized, legal) social order, that is, the justification and substantiation of habitual ways of overcoming the chaos of destructive forces that threaten to undermine the stable idealizations of everyday life.
The emergence and existence of social institutions is associated with the formation in each individual of a special set of sociocultural dispositions (habitus), practical schemes of action that have become for the individual his internal “natural” need. Thanks to habitus, individuals are included in the activities of social institutions. Therefore, social institutions are not just mechanisms, but "a kind of" factory of meanings "that set not only patterns of human interactions, but also ways of comprehending, understanding social reality and the people themselves."
