Property relations were characterized by the dominance of the communal property. Society as a complex dynamic system. Public relations. Civilizations and formations

The most important elements of society are social institutions - stable aggregates of people, groups, institutions whose activities are aimed at performing certain social functions and are based on certain norms and standards of behavior.

The fundamental institutions of society include the family, school, industry, church and state. This is due to the presence of five types of essential vital needs, the satisfaction of which is aimed at human activity:

1) in the reproduction of the genus (family);

2) safe and social order(state);

3) in the means of subsistence (production);

4) in obtaining knowledge, socialization of the younger generation, training (school);

5) in solving spiritual problems, searching for the meaning of life (religion).

Each of these institutions brings together large masses of people to meet a particular need and achieve a specific goal of a personal, group or public nature. The emergence of social institutions led to the consolidation specific types interactions, made them permanent and obligatory for all members of a given society.

Characteristic features of social institutions are:

1) an association of all persons engaged in a certain type of activity and ensuring in the process of this activity the satisfaction of a certain need that is significant for society;

2) consolidation by the system of social norms regulating the corresponding types of behavior;

3) the presence of institutions equipped with certain material resources necessary for any type of activity;

4) a clear delineation of the functions of each interaction subject, the consistency of their actions, a high level of regulation and control;

5) integration into the socio-political, legal, value structure of society.

In addition to the main social institutions, there are non-basic ones. So, if the main political institution is the state, then the non-basic ones are individual government bodies and officials.

The social institution makes connections between people not random and not chaotic, but permanent, reliable and stable.

In this way , the most important institutions of society are social institutions.

Traditional, industrial and post-industrial societies.

in the western scientific literature in the 1960s the division of all societies became widespread to traditional and industrial(while capitalism and socialism were seen as two varieties of industrial society).

Traditional(agrarian) society represented the pre-industrial stage of civilizational development. All societies of antiquity and the Middle Ages were traditional. Their economy was dominated by agriculture. subsistence farming and primitive crafts. Extensive technology and hand tools predominated, initially providing economic progress. In his production activities man strives to adapt to environment obeyed the rhythms of nature. Property relations were characterized by the dominance of communal, corporate, conditional, state forms of ownership. Private property was neither sacred nor inviolable. The distribution of material wealth, the product produced depended on the place of a person in the social hierarchy.

Features of a traditional society:

The basis of the economy Agriculture. The main wealth is land.

The majority of the population lives in rural areas.

Class division of society. Estate closure.

· The great role and influence of the church.

· The number of educated people is limited.

· Slow pace of development.

Traditional societies have survived to this day mainly in the countries of the so-called "third world" (Asia, Africa) (therefore, the concept of "non-Western civilizations" is often synonymous with traditional society). From a Eurocentric point of view, traditional societies are backward, primitive, closed, unfree social organisms, to which Western sociology opposes industrial and post-industrial civilizations.

As a result of modernization, understood as a complex, contradictory, complex process of transition from a traditional society to an industrial one, the foundations of a new civilization were laid in the countries of Western Europe. They call her industrial, technogenic, scientific and technical or economic. It exists for 200-250 years.

Features of an industrial society:

The basis of the economy industrial production. The main wealth is plants, factories, mines, railways.

The majority of the population lives in cities. urbanization processes.

· The role of the church is sharply reduced. Scientific views on the world.

· The rule of law is being created. The person is protected from arbitrariness and lawlessness.

・Receding into the past class division. The position of a person in society is determined not by wealth and origin, but by his business qualities. High mobility.

· A large number of literate people

· Change happens quickly. Scientific and technological revolution.

It is a society of mass production and mass consumption.

Thus, pre-industrial civilization opposes industrial society in all directions. The majority of modern industrialized countries (including Russia) are classified as industrial societies.

Some modern countries approaching the stage post-industrial society. Toffler, Bell, Brzezinski)

Features of a post-industrial society:

Most of the people are employed in the service sector.

· The role of small-scale production is growing.

· Processes of globalization.

Thus, traditional and industrial societies are stages in the development of society.

Civilizations and formations.

The most developed approaches in Russian historical and philosophical science to explaining the essence and features of the historical process are formational and civilizational.

The first of them belongs to the Marxist school of social science. Its key concept is the category of "socio-economic formation".

Under formation a historically defined type of society was understood, considered in the organic interconnection of all its aspects and spheres, arising on the basis of a certain mode of production of material goods. In the structure of each formation, an economic basis and a superstructure were distinguished. Basis(otherwise it was called relations of production) - a set of social relations that develop between people in the process of production, distribution and consumption of material goods (the main among them are the ownership of the means of production). superstructure is understood as a set of political, legal, ideological, religious, cultural and other views, institutions and relations not covered by the basis. Despite relative independence, the type of superstructure was determined by the nature of the basis. He also represented the basis of the formation, determining the formation affiliation of a particular society. Relations of production(economic basis of society) and productive forces were mode of production, often understood as a synonym for socio-economic formation. The concept of productive forces included people as producers of material goods with their knowledge, skills and labor experience, and means of production: tools, objects and means of labor. The productive forces develop faster than the relations of production. At a certain stage, a conflict arises between the productive forces and production relations, which is resolved in the course of the social revolution, the destruction of the old basis and the transition to a new stage of social development, to a new socio-economic formation. The old relations of production are being replaced by new ones, which open up scope for the development of the productive forces.

Thus, Marxism understands the historical process as a regular, objectively determined, natural-historical change of socio-economic formations.

Under socio-economic formation refers to a specific stage in the development of a mode of production with its corresponding superstructure. According to this concept, all societies in their development alternately go through five socio-economic formations: primitive, slave-owning, feudal, capitalist and communist, the first phase of which is socialism.

The formational approach is based on several postulates:

1) the idea of ​​history as a natural, internally conditioned, progressive progressive process.

2) the decisive role of material production in the development of society, the idea of economic factors as basic for other social relations

3) the need for compliance with industrial relations productive forces;

4) the inevitability of the transition from one socio-economic formation to another.

At the present stage of development of social science, formational theory is in crisis. Comes to the fore civilizational an approach.

concept "civilization" one of the most complex in modern science: many of its definitions have been proposed. In a broad sense, civilization is understood as a level, a stage in the development of society, material and spiritual culture, following barbarism, savagery. This concept is also used to designate a set of unique manifestations of social orders inherent in a certain historical community. In this sense, civilization is characterized as a qualitative specificity (originality of material, spiritual, social life) a particular group of countries, peoples at a certain stage of development. The well-known Russian historian M. A. Barg defined civilization in this way; "... This is the way in which a given society resolves its material, socio-political and spiritual-ethical problems." Different civilizations are fundamentally different from each other, since they are based not on similar production techniques and technologies (like societies of the same formation), but on incompatible systems of social and spiritual values. Any civilization is characterized not so much by a production basis as by a way of life specific to it, a system of values, vision and ways of interconnection with the surrounding world.

Traditional(agrarian) society represented the pre-industrial stage of civilizational development. All societies of antiquity and the Middle Ages were traditional.

Them the economy was characterized

v dominance of agricultural subsistence farming and primitive handicrafts.

v Extensive technology and hand tools predominated, initially providing economic progress.

v In his production activity, a person sought to adapt to the environment as much as possible, obeyed the rhythms of nature.

v Property relations were characterized by the dominance of communal, corporate, conditional, state forms of ownership. Private property was neither sacred nor inviolable.

v The distribution of material wealth, the product produced depended on the position of a person in the social hierarchy.

v The social structure of a traditional society is corporate, stable and immovable.

v social mobility was virtually absent: a person was born and died, remaining in the same social group.

v The main social units were the community and the family.

v Human behavior in society was regulated by corporate norms and principles, customs, beliefs, unwritten laws.

v The public consciousness was dominated by providentialism: social reality, human life were perceived as the implementation of divine providence.

The spiritual world of a person of a traditional society, his system of value orientations, way of thinking - special and noticeably different from modern ones. Individuality, independence were not encouraged: social group dictated to the individual the norms of behavior. One can even speak of a “group man” who did not analyze his position in the world, and in general rarely subjected phenomena to analysis. surrounding reality. Rather, he moralizes, evaluates life situations from the standpoint of his social group.

v The number of educated people was extremely limited (“literacy for the few”) oral information prevailed over written information.

In the political sphere of traditional society:

1. dominated by the church and the army.
2. The person is completely alienated from politics.
3. Power seems to him of greater value than law and law.
4. In general, this society is extremely conservative, stable, immune to innovations and impulses from outside, being a "self-sustaining self-regulating immutability." Changes in it occur spontaneously, slowly, without the conscious intervention of people. The spiritual sphere of human existence is a priority over the economic one.

Traditional societies have survived to this day mainly in the countries of the so-called "third world" (Asia, Africa) (therefore, the concept of "non-Western civilizations" is often synonymous with "traditional society".

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