First drilling of an oil well. First wells. Sources of water in the ancient world

General information about drilling oil and gas wells

1.1. BASIC TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

Rice. 1. Well design elements

A well is a cylindrical mine working, constructed without human access to it and having a diameter many times smaller than its length (Fig. 1).

The main elements of a borehole:

Wellhead (1) - intersection of the well path with the daylight surface

Bottomhole (2) - the bottom of the borehole, moving as a result of the impact of the rock cutting tool on the rock

Borehole walls (3) - side surfaces drilling wells

Well axis (6) - an imaginary line connecting the centers of the cross sections of the borehole

*Wellbore (5) is the subsurface space occupied by a borehole.

Casing strings (4) are strings of interconnected casing pipes. If the well walls are made of stable rocks, then casing strings are not lowered into the well

Wells are deepened, destroying the rock over the entire area of ​​the face (solid face, Fig. 2 a) or along its peripheral part (ring face, Fig. 2 b). In the latter case, a rock column remains in the center of the well - a core, which is periodically brought to the surface for direct study.

The diameter of the wells, as a rule, decreases from the mouth to the bottom in steps at certain intervals. Initial diameter oil and gas wells usually do not exceed 900 mm, and the final one is rarely less than 165 mm. Depths oil and gas wells vary within a few thousand meters.

According to the spatial location in the earth's crust, boreholes are subdivided (Fig. 3):

1. Vertical;

2. Inclined;

3. Rectilinearly curved;

4. Warped;

5. Rectilinearly curved (with a horizontal section);

Rice. 3. Spatial arrangement of wells

Complexly curved.

Oil and gas wells are drilled on land and at sea using drilling rigs. In the latter case, drilling rigs are mounted on racks, floating drilling platforms or ships (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Types of boreholes

AT oil and gas industries drill wells for the following purposes:

1. Operational- for oil production, gas and gas condensate.

2. Injection - for pumping water into productive horizons (less often than air, gas) in order to maintain reservoir pressure and extend the flow period of field development, increase production operational wells equipped with pumps and air lifts.

3. Exploration - to identify productive horizons, delineate, test and evaluate their commercial value.

4. Special - reference, parametric, evaluation, control - to study the geological structure of a little-known area, determine changes in the reservoir properties of productive formations, monitor reservoir pressure and the front of the movement of water-oil contact, the degree of development of individual sections of the reservoir, thermal impact on the reservoir, ensuring in-situ combustion , oil gasification, wastewater discharge into deep absorbing layers, etc.

5. Structural search - to clarify the position of promising oil-gas-bearing structures according to the upper marking (defining) horizons repeating their outlines, according to the drilling data of small, less expensive wells of small diameter.

Today oil and gas wells are capital expensive structures that have been serving for many decades. This is achieved by connecting the productive formation with the daylight surface in a sealed, strong and durable channel. However, the drilled wellbore does not yet represent such a channel, due to the instability of rocks, the presence of layers saturated with various fluids (water, oil, gas and their mixtures), which are under different pressure. Therefore, during the construction of a well, it is necessary to fix its trunk and separate (isolate) the layers containing various fluids.

Casing

Fig.5. Casing pipe in the well

The wellbore is fixed by lowering special pipes, called casing pipes, into it. A number of casing pipes connected in series with each other constitutes a casing string. Steel casing pipes are used to fasten wells (Fig. 5).

The layers saturated with various fluids are separated by impermeable rocks - "tires". When drilling a well, these impermeable separating covers are violated and the possibility of interlayer crossflows, spontaneous outflow of formation fluids to the surface, flooding of productive formations, pollution of water supply sources and atmosphere, corrosion of casing strings lowered into the well is created.

In the process of drilling a well in unstable rocks, intensive cavern formation, screes, collapses, etc. are possible. In some cases, further deepening of the wellbore becomes impossible without preliminary fixing of its walls.

To exclude such phenomena, the annular channel (annulus) between the well wall and the casing string lowered into it is filled with plugging (insulating) material (Fig. 6). These are compositions that include a binder, inert and active fillers, chemical reagents. They are prepared in the form of solutions (usually water) and pumped into the well with pumps. Of the binders, grouting Portland cements are most widely used. Therefore, the process of separation of layers is called cementing.

Thus, as a result of drilling a shaft, its subsequent fixing and separation of the layers, a stable underground structure of a certain design is created.

A well design is a set of data on the number and dimensions (diameter and length) of casing strings, wellbore diameters for each string, cementing intervals, as well as methods and intervals for connecting a well to a productive formation (Fig. 7).

Information about the diameters, wall thicknesses and steel grades of casing pipes by intervals, about the types of casing pipes, equipment casing bottoms are included in the concept of casing string design.

Casing strings of a certain purpose are lowered into the well: direction, conductor, intermediate strings, operational Column.

The direction is lowered into the well to prevent erosion and collapse of rocks around the wellhead when drilling under the surface conductor, as well as to connect the well to the drilling mud cleaning system. The annular space behind the direction is filled along the entire length with grouting mortar or concrete. The direction is lowered to a depth of several meters in stable rocks, to tens of meters in swamps and silty soils.

The conductor usually covers the upper part of the geological section, where there are unstable rocks, layers that absorb drilling solution or developing formation fluids that are brought to the surface, i. e. all those intervals that will complicate the process of further drilling and cause environmental pollution. The conductor must necessarily block all the layers saturated with fresh water.

Rice. 7. Scheme of well design

The conductor also serves to install a blowout preventer wellhead equipment and hanging subsequent casing strings. The conductor is lowered to a depth of several hundred meters. For reliable isolation of the layers, giving sufficient strength and stability, the conductor is cemented along the entire length.

Operational the string is lowered into the well to recover oil, gas or injection into the productive horizon of water or gas in order to maintain reservoir pressure. The height of the cement slurry rise above the top of the productive horizons, as well as the staged cementing device or the connection unit of the upper sections of the casing strings in oil and gas wells should be at least 150-300 m and 500 m, respectively.

Intermediate (technical) columns must be lowered if it is impossible to drill to the design depth without first separating the zones of complications (manifestations, collapses). The decision to run them is made after analyzing the ratio of pressures that occur during drilling in the "well-formation" system.

If the pressure in the well Pc is less than the reservoir pressure Ppl (pressure of fluids saturating the reservoir), then the fluids from the reservoir will flow into the well, a manifestation will occur. Depending on the intensity, manifestations are accompanied by self-discharge of liquid ( gas) at the wellhead (overflows), blowouts, open (uncontrolled) flowing. These phenomena complicate the process of well construction, create a threat of poisoning, fires, explosions.

When the pressure in the well rises to a certain value, called the absorption start pressure Ppl, the fluid from the well enters the formation. This process is called absorption. drilling solution. Ppl can be close to or equal to the formation pressure, and sometimes approaches the value of the vertical rock pressure, determined by the weight of the rocks located above.

Sometimes losses are accompanied by fluid flows from one reservoir to another, which leads to pollution of water supply sources and productive horizons. A decrease in the liquid level in the well due to absorption in one of the reservoirs causes a decrease in pressure in the other reservoir and the possibility of manifestations from it.

The pressure at which the opening of natural closed fractures or the formation of new ones occurs is called the hydraulic fracturing pressure Рgrp. This phenomenon is accompanied by a catastrophic absorption drilling solution.

It is characteristic that in many oil and gas bearing areas, the formation pressure Ppl is close to the hydrostatic pressure of the fresh water column Рg (hereinafter simply hydrostatic pressure) with a height Hj equal to the depth Hp at which the given formation occurs. This is explained by the fact that the fluid pressure in the formation is more often caused by the pressure of marginal waters, the feeding area of ​​which is connected with the day surface at considerable distances from the field.

Since the absolute values ​​of pressures depend on the depth H, it is more convenient to analyze their ratios using the values ​​of relative pressures, which are the ratios of the absolute values ​​of the corresponding pressures to the hydrostatic pressure Pr, i.e.:

Rpl * = Rpl / Rg;

Rgr * = Rgr / Rg;

Rpogl * = Rpogl / Rg;

Rgrp* = Rgrp / Rg.

Here Рpl is reservoir pressure; Рgr – hydrostatic pressure of the drilling fluid; Rpl is the absorption start pressure; Рfrp – hydraulic fracturing pressure.

Relative reservoir pressure Ppl* is often referred to as the anomaly factor Ka. When Рpl* is approximately equal to 1.0, the reservoir pressure is considered normal, if Рpl* is greater than 1.0, it is abnormally high (AHRP), and if Рpl* is less than 1.0, it is abnormally low (ALRP).

One of the conditions for a normal, uncomplicated drilling process is the ratio

a) Rpl *< Ргр* < Рпогл*(Ргрп*)

The drilling process is complicated if, for some reason, the relative pressures are in the ratio:

b) Рpl* > Рgr*< Рпогл*

or

c) Rpl*< Ргр* >Rpogl* (Rgrp*)

If relation b) is true, then only manifestations are observed; if c), then both manifestations and absorptions are observed.

Intermediate columns can be solid (they are lowered from the mouth to the bottom) and not solid (not reaching the mouth). The latter are called tails.

It is generally accepted that the well has a single-string design if no intermediate strings are lowered into it, although both the direction and the conductor are lowered. With one intermediate string, the well has a two-string design. When there are two or more technical columns, the well is considered to be multi-string.

The well design is set as follows: 426, 324, 219, 146 – casing string diameters in mm; 40, 450, 1600, 2700 – casing string running depths in m; 350, 1500 – cement slurry level behind the liner and operational column in m; 295, 190 - bit diameters in mm for drilling a well for 219 - and 146 -mm strings.

1.2. WELL DRILLING METHODS

Wells can be drilled by mechanical, thermal, electrical impulse and other methods (several dozen). However, only methods of mechanical drilling - percussion and rotational - find industrial application. The rest have not yet left the stage of experimental development.

1.2.1. PERCUSSION DRILLING

Impact drilling. Of all its varieties, shock-rope drilling has become the most widespread (Fig. 8).

Rice. 8. Scheme of percussion-rope drilling of wells

The drill string, which consists of a bit 1, a shock rod 2, a sliding rod-scissors 3 and a rope lock 4, is lowered into the well on a rope 5, which, by bending around the block 6, the draw roller 8 and the guide roller 10, is unwound from the drum 11 of the drilling rig . The speed of the descent of the drill string is regulated by the brake 12. Block 6 is installed on the top of the mast 18. Shock absorbers 7 are used to dampen the vibrations that occur during drilling.

The crank 14, with the help of the connecting rod 15, oscillates the balancing frame 9. When the frame is lowered, the pull roller 8 tightens the rope and raises the drilling tool above the bottom. When the frame is raised, the rope is lowered, the projectile falls, and when the chisel hits the rock, the latter is destroyed.

As the well deepens, the rope is lengthened by winding it off the drum 11. The cylindricality of the well is ensured by turning the bit as a result of the rope unwinding under load (during the lifting of the drill string) and twisting it when the load is removed (during the impact of the bit on the rock).

The efficiency of rock destruction during percussion drilling is directly proportional to the mass of the drill string, the height of its fall, the fall acceleration, the number of bit impacts per bottom hole per unit time and is inversely proportional to the square of the borehole diameter.

In the process of drilling out fractured and viscous rocks, bit jamming is possible. To release the bit in the drilling tool, a scissor rod is used, made in the form of two elongated rings connected to each other like chain links.

The drilling process will be the more effective, the less resistance to the drill bit is exerted by the cuttings accumulated at the bottom of the well, mixed with the reservoir fluid. In the absence or insufficient inflow of formation fluid into the well, water is periodically added from the wellhead. Uniform distribution of drilled rock particles in water is achieved by periodic walking (raising and lowering) drilling projectile. As the destroyed rock (sludge) accumulates at the bottom, it becomes necessary to clean the well. To do this, with the help of a drum, a drilling tool is lifted from the well and the bailer 13 is repeatedly lowered into it on a rope 17 unwound from the drum 16. There is a valve at the bottom of the bailer. When the bailer is immersed in the sludge liquid, the valve opens and the bailer is filled with this mixture; when the bailer is raised, the valve closes. The sludge liquid raised to the surface is poured into a collection container. To completely clean the well, you have to lower the bailer several times in a row.

After cleaning the bottomhole, a drilling tool is lowered into the well, and the drilling process continues.

With shock drilling the well is usually not filled with liquid. Therefore, in order to avoid the collapse of the rock from its walls, a casing string is run, consisting of metal casing pipes connected to each other by threading or welding. As the well deepens, the casing string is advanced to the bottom and periodically lengthened (increased) by one pipe.

The impact method has not been used for more than 50 years oil and gas industries of Russia. However, in exploration drilling in alluvial deposits, in engineering and geological surveys, drilling wells for water, etc. finds its application.

1.2.2. ROTARY WELL DRILLING

In rotary drilling, the destruction of the rock occurs as a result of the simultaneous impact on the bit of the load and torque. Under the action of the load, the bit penetrates into the rock, and under the influence of the torque, it breaks it.

There are two types of rotary drilling - rotary and downhole motors.

During rotary drilling (Fig. 9), the power from the engines 9 is transmitted through the winch 8 to the rotor 16 - a special rotary mechanism installed above the wellhead in the center of the derrick. Rotor rotates drilling a column and a bit screwed to it 1. The drill string consists of a kelly 15 and drill pipes 5 screwed to it with the help of a special sub 6.

Therefore, during rotary drilling, the bit is deepened into the rock when the rotating drill string moves along the axis of the well, and when drilling with downhole motor - non-rotating drilling columns. A characteristic feature of rotary drilling is flushing

At drilling with a downhole motor, bit 1 is screwed to the shaft, and the drill string is screwed to the motor body 2. When the engine is running, its shaft with the bit rotates, and the drill string perceives the reactive moment of rotation of the motor body, which is extinguished by a non-rotating rotor (a special plug is installed in the rotor).

The mud pump 20, driven by the engine 21, injects the drilling fluid through the manifold (high pressure pipeline) 19 into the riser - pipe 17, vertically installed in the right corner of the tower, then into the flexible drilling hose (sleeve) 14, swivel 10 and into drilling column. Having reached the bit, the flushing fluid passes through the holes in it and rises to the surface along the annular space between the borehole wall and the drill string. Here in the system of tanks 18 and cleaning mechanisms (not shown in the figure) drilling the solution is cleared of drill cuttings, then it enters the receiving tanks of 22 drilling pumps and is re-injected into the well.

Currently, three types of downhole motors are used - turbodrill, screw motor and electric drill (the latter is used extremely rarely).

When drilling with a turbodrill or screw motor, the hydraulic energy of the mud flow moving down the drill string is converted into mechanical energy on the downhole motor shaft to which the bit is connected.

When drilling with an electric drill, electrical energy is supplied through a cable, sections of which are mounted inside drilling column and is converted by the electric motor into mechanical energy on the shaft, which is directly transmitted to the bit.

As the well deepens drilling a string suspended from a chain hoist system consisting of a crown block (not shown in the figure), traveling block 12, hook 13 and traveling rope 11 is fed into the well. When the kelly 15 enters the rotor 16 to its full length, the winch is turned on, the drill string is raised to the length of the kelly and the drill string is hung with wedges on the rotor table. Then, the leading pipe 15 is unscrewed together with the swivel 10 and lowered into the pit (casing pipe pre-installed in a specially drilled inclined well) with a length equal to the length of the leading pipe. The well for the pit is drilled in advance in the right corner of the tower approximately halfway from the center to its foot. After that, the drill string is lengthened (built up), by screwing a two-pipe or three-pipe stand (two or three drill pipes screwed together) to it, it is removed from the wedges, lowered into the well by the length of the stand, suspended using wedges on the rotor table, lifted from pit kelly with a swivel, screw it to the drill string, release the drill string from wedges, bring the bit to the bottom and continue drilling.

To replace a worn bit, the entire drill string is lifted out of the well and then lowered again. Lowering and lifting operations are also carried out with the help of a chain hoist system. When the winch drum rotates, the traveling rope is wound onto the drum or unwound from it, which ensures the lifting or lowering of the traveling block and hook. To the latter, with the help of slings and an elevator, a drill string to be raised or lowered is suspended.

When lifting, the BC is unscrewed into candles and installed inside the tower with their lower ends on the candlesticks, and the upper ends are wound by special fingers on the balcony of the riding worker. The BC is lowered into the well in reverse order.

Thus, the process of working the bit at the bottom of the well is interrupted by the extension of the drill string and tripping operations (TR) to change the worn bit.

As a rule, the upper sections of the well section are easily eroded deposits. Therefore, before drilling a well, a shaft (pit) is built to stable rocks (3-30 m) and a pipe 7 or several screwed pipes (with a cut-out window in the upper part) is lowered into it, 1-2 m long more than the depth of the pit. The annular space is cemented or concreted. As a result, the wellhead is reliably strengthened.

A short metal chute is welded to the window in the pipe, through which, during drilling, the drilling fluid is sent to the system of tanks 18 and then, after passing through the cleaning mechanisms (not shown in the figure), it enters the receiving tank 22 of the mud pumps.

The pipe (pipe string) 7 installed in the pit is called the direction. Installation of the direction and a number of other works performed before the start drilling, are preparatory. After their implementation, an act of entry into exploitation drilling rig and start drilling the well.

Having drilled unstable, soft, fractured and cavernous rocks that complicate the process drilling(usually 400-800 m), cover these horizons with a conductor 4 and cement the annulus 3 to the mouth. With further deepening, horizons may also be encountered that are also subject to isolation, such horizons are overlapped by intermediate (technical) casing strings.

Having drilled a well to the design depth, it is lowered and cemented operational column (EC).

After that, all casing strings at the wellhead are tied to each other using a special equipment. Then, several tens (hundreds) of holes are punched against the productive formation in the EC and cement stone, through which, in the process of testing, development and subsequent oil exploitation (gas) will enter the well.

The essence of well development is to ensure that the pressure of the drilling fluid column in the well becomes less than the formation pressure. As a result of the created pressure drop, oil ( gas) from the reservoir will begin to flow into the well. After a complex of research works, the well is handed over to exploitation.

A passport is entered for each well, where its design, the location of the mouth, the bottom and the spatial position of the wellbore are accurately marked according to the data of inclinometric measurements of its deviations from the vertical (zenith angles) and azimuth (azimuth angles). The latest data is especially important in cluster drilling of directional wells in order to avoid the wellbore of a well being drilled to enter the wellbore of a previously drilled or already operating well. The actual deviation of the bottomhole from the design should not exceed the specified tolerances.

Drilling operations must be carried out in compliance with labor and environmental laws. Construction of a site for a drilling rig, routes for the movement of a drilling rig, access roads, power lines, communications, pipelines for water supply, collection oil and gas, earthen barns, treatment facilities, sludge dumping should be carried out only in a territory specially designated by the relevant organizations. After the completion of the construction of a well or a cluster of wells, all barns and trenches must be backfilled, the entire drilling site must be restored (reclamated) as much as possible for economic use.

1.3. A BRIEF HISTORY OF DRILLING OIL And GAS WELLS

The first wells in the history of mankind were drilled by the shock-rope method in 2000 BC for prey brines in China.

Until the middle of the 19th century oil was mined in small quantities, mainly from shallow wells near its natural outlets on the day surface. Since the second half of the 19th century, the demand for oil began to grow in connection with the widespread use of steam engines and the development of industry based on them, which required large quantities of lubricants and more powerful light sources than tallow candles.

Recent studies have established that the first well on oil was drilled by manual rotary method on the Apsheron Peninsula (Russia) in 1847 on the initiative of V.N. Semenov. In the US, the first well oil(25m) was drilled in Pennsylvania by Edwin Drake in 1959. This year is considered the beginning of the development oil producing US industry. The birth of the Russian oil industry is usually counted from 1964, when in the Kuban in the Kudako river valley A.N. Novosiltsev started drilling the first well on oil(depth 55 m) using mechanical shock-rope drilling.

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, diesel and gasoline internal combustion engines were invented. Their introduction into practice led to the rapid development of the world oil producing industry.

In 1901, in the United States, rotary rotary drilling was first used with bottomhole flushing by a circulating fluid flow. It should be noted that the removal of drilled rock by a circulating flow of water was invented in 1848 by the French engineer Fovelle and was the first to use this method when drilling an artesian well in the monastery of St. Dominica. In Russia, the first well was drilled by rotary method in 1902 to a depth of 345 m in the Grozny region.

One of the most difficult problems that arose in well drilling, especially with the rotary method, was the problem of sealing the annular space between the casing pipes and the borehole walls. The Russian engineer A.A. solved this problem. Bogushevsky, who developed and patented in 1906 a method for pumping cement slurry into the casing string with its subsequent displacement through the bottom (shoe) of the casing string into the annulus. This method of cementing quickly spread in domestic and foreign practice. drilling.

In 1923, a graduate of the Tomsk Technological Institute M.A. Kapelyushnikov in collaboration with S.M. Volokhom and N.A. Korneev invented a hydraulic downhole motor - a turbodrill, which determined a fundamentally new path for the development of technology and technology drilling oil and gas wells. In 1924, the world's first well was drilled in Azerbaijan using a single-stage turbodrill, called the Kapelyushnikov turbodrill.

A special place is occupied by turbodrills in the history of development drilling inclined wells. The first inclined well was drilled by the turbine method in 1941 in Azerbaijan. The improvement of such drilling has made it possible to accelerate the development of deposits located under the seabed or under highly rugged terrain (the swamps of Western Siberia). In these cases, several inclined wells are drilled from one small site, the construction of which requires significantly less cost than the construction of sites for each drilling site. drilling vertical wells. This method of well construction is called cluster drilling.

In 1937-40. A.P. Ostrovsky, N.G. Grigoryan, N.V. Alexandrov and others developed the design of a fundamentally new downhole motor - an electric drill.

In the United States in 1964, a single-thread hydraulic screw downhole motor was developed, and in 1966, a multi-thread screw motor was developed in Russia, which makes it possible to drill directional and horizontal wells for oil and gas.

In Western Siberia, the first well, which gave a powerful fountain of natural gas September 23, 1953 was drilled near the village. Berezovo in the north of the Tyumen region. Here, in the Berezovsky district, it was born in 1963. gas producing industry of Western Siberia. The first oil well in Western Siberia gushed out on June 21, 1960, at the Mulyminskaya area in the Konda river basin.

Drilling is a procedure for breaking rocks with special drilling equipment. Drilling, like many other technologies, has several directions.

The drilling process involves breaking rocks with the help of drilling equipment, resulting in a well.

These directions depend on the position of the rock formation:

• vertical;
• obliquely directed;
• horizontal.

The process of laying a directional cylindrical shaft in the ground is called drilling. Subsequently, this channel is called a well. In diameter, it should be less than the length. The wellhead (beginning) is located on the surface. Bottomhole and wellbore are called the bottom and walls of the well, respectively.

Preparing for the process

When drilling wells first:

The drilling process is impossible without special drilling equipment.

1. Drilling equipment is brought to the drilling site.
2. Then the drilling process begins. It consists in deepening the wellbore by flushing it and drilling.
3. In order to avoid the collapse of the walls of the wells, the separation of the layers is carried out - work to strengthen the layers of the earth. To do this, pipes are lowered into the drilled earth and laid, which are connected into columns. Then the entire space between the pipes and the ground is cemented (plugged).
4. The last stage of work is called well development. It includes the opening of the last layer, the installation of the bottomhole zone, as well as perforation and outflow stimulation.

In order to start drilling from the beginning, it is necessary to carry out preparatory work.

First, documents are drawn up that allow cutting down and clearing the forest, but for this you need to get the consent of the forestry. When preparing a site for drilling, the following work is carried out:

Before you start drilling wells, you need to clear the area from trees.

• division of zones into sections by coordinates;
• cutting down trees;
• layout;
• construction of a workers' camp;
• preparation of the basis for drilling;
• preparation and marking of the site;
• installation of foundations for tanks at the fuel and lubricants warehouse;
• storage sheathing, equipment preparation.

The next stage of work is the preparation of rigging equipment. For this:

• make installation of equipment;
• installation of lines;
• installation of substructures, bases and blocks;
• installation and lifting of the tower;
• commissioning works.

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Preliminary work

After the drilling machine is installed, a special commission arrives to check the equipment, machinery and quality of work.

When the drilling rig is ready, preparations for drilling begin. As soon as the drilling machine is installed and the construction of structures is completed, the drilling machine is checked by a special commission. The foreman of the drilling team, accepting the commission, together with it monitors the quality of work, checks the equipment and the implementation of labor protection.

For example, according to the method of execution, luminaires must be in an explosion-proof casing, emergency lighting for 12 V must be distributed throughout the mine. All comments made by the commission must be taken into account before drilling begins.

Before starting drilling, the equipment is equipped with the appropriate equipment: a square hole, drill pipes, a chisel, small-scale mechanization devices, casing pipes for a conductor, instrumentation, water, etc.

The drilling rig should have houses for housing, a gazebo, a canteen, a bathhouse for drying things, a laboratory for analyzing solutions, equipment for extinguishing fires, auxiliary and working tools, safety posters, first aid kits and medicines, a warehouse for drilling equipment, water.

After the drilling tower has been installed, a series of works on re-equipment of the traveling system begins, during which equipment is installed and small-scale mechanization is tested. Drilling technology begins with the installation of the mast. Its direction must be set exactly in the center of the axis of the tower.

After centering the tower, drilling under the direction is carried out. This is the lowering of the pipe to strengthen the wells and the filling of its upper end, which should coincide in direction with the gutter, cement. After the direction in the process of drilling wells has been established, the alignment between the axes of the rotor and the derrick is checked again.

In the center of the well, drilling is carried out under the hole for the square and in the process they are cased with a pipe. The drilling of the well hole is performed by a turbodrill, which is held by a hemp rope to prevent too fast rotation. At one end it is attached to the leg of the tower, and the other is held in the hands through a block.

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Completion

After the preparatory work, 2 days before the launch of the drilling rig, a conference is organized, where the entire administration participates (chief engineer, technologist, chief geologist, etc.). The conference discusses:

Scheme of the structure of geological rocks at the site of oil discovery: 1 - clay, 2 - water-saturated sandstones, 3 - oil deposit.

• well structure;
• the structure of the rocks in the place of the geological section;
• complications that may arise during the drilling process, etc.;
• then consider the normative map;
• work on trouble-free and high-speed wiring is discussed.

The drilling process can be started upon execution of the following documents:

• geological and technical order;
• permission to put the drilling rig into operation;
• regulatory map;
• shift log;
• magazine on drilling fluids;
• journal of labor protection;
• accounting for diesel engines.

The following types of mechanisms and materials can be used at the drilling rig:

• equipment cementing;
• posters with inscriptions about safety and labor protection;
• logging equipment;
• drinking water and technical;
• Helipad;
• cement mortars and drilling;
• chemical reagents;
• casing pipes and drilling pipes.

Well drilling is a method of cutting down rock in which a mine is formed. Such mines (wells) are tested for the presence of oil and gas. To do this, the wellbore is perforated to provoke the flow of oil or gas from the productive horizon. Then the drilling equipment and all towers are dismantled. A seal is installed on the well indicating the name and date of drilling. After that, the garbage is destroyed, all barns are buried, and the scrap metal is disposed of.

Usually, at the beginning, the maximum diameter of the wells does not exceed 900 mm. At the end, it rarely reaches 165 mm. The drilling process consists of several processes during which the construction of the wellbore takes place:

• the process of deepening the bottom of wells by coloring rocks with a drilling tool;
• removal of broken rock from a well shaft;
• wellbore fixing;
• carrying out geological and geophysical work on the study of the fault rock and the discovery of productive horizons;
• descent and cementing depth.

According to the depth of the well, there are the following types:

• shallow - 1500 m deep;
• medium - up to 4500 m deep;
• deep - 6000 m;
• ultra-deep - over 6000 m.

The drilling process is the breaking of rocks with drill bits. Broken parts of this rock are cleaned out by a stream of washing (liquid) solution. The depth of wells increases in the process of destruction of the bottomhole over the entire area.

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Arising complications

The collapse of the borehole walls can occur due to the unstable structure of the rock.

During the process of drilling a well, some complications may arise. It can be:

• collapses of the mine walls;
• absorption of washing liquid;
• accidents;
• inaccurate borehole drilling, etc.

Falls can occur due to the unstable structure of the rock. They can serve as a sign;

• high blood pressure;
• too high viscosity of the flushing fluid;
• too much debris when washing the mine.

The absorption of the flushing solution occurs due to the fact that the solution, poured into the mine, is completely sucked into the formation. This usually happens when the reservoirs have a porous structure or high permeability.

Drilling is a process in which a rotating projectile is brought to the bottom and then raised again. In this case, the wells are drilled to bedrock, cutting 0.5-1.5 m. After that, a pipe is lowered into the mouth to prevent erosion and to ensure that the flushing fluid, leaving the well, enters the gutter.

The rotational speed of the drill string and spindle depends on the physical properties of the rocks, the diameter and type of the drill bit. The rotation speed is controlled by the feed regulator, which creates the desired load on the crown. At the same time, it creates a certain pressure on the cutters of the projectile and the walls of the face.

Before you start drilling a well, you need to draw up its design drawing, which indicates:

• physical properties of rocks: their hardness, stability and water saturation;
• depth and inclination of the well;
• the final diameter of the well, which is affected by the hardness of the rocks;
• drilling methods.

Drawing up a well project begins with the choice of its depth, diameter at the end of drilling, drilling angles, and structure.

The depth of the mapping wells depends on the geological analysis followed by its mapping.

Homeland of Russian oil.

Before 1861 In 1994, oil production in the Kuban was limited by the "exclusive right of the troops to exploit oil wells." But everything changed in the second half of the nineteenth century. The first who invested his money in oil production was a retired colonel A. N. Novosiltsev.

Novosiltsev chooses Temryuk district as a place for the development of oil fields. Since 1864, together with the subjects of the United States of America Shandar and Green Clay, he began exploration work on the Taman Peninsula near the villages of Novotitarovskaya and Vyshestebliyevskaya, as well as in the valley of the Kudako and Psif rivers. These American engineers were Rockefeller's own men.

In the first case, two years of work did not give any result, and more than 200 thousand rubles were spent on them. The amount was not small even for those times, and in his letters to friends, Ardalion Nikolaevich complains that the Americans do not work well, drag out the process in every possible way, complain that the conditions in Russia are unsuitable.

It's the devil knows what, - the mining engineer M. M. Yushkin exclaimed woefully, - these Yankees only know how to deliberately slow down the exploration of deposits, hide the results of their geological surveys, distort the data of laboratory analyzes. God knows - this is nothing but a deliberate deception of Russian public opinion ...

Gilev, another Russian mining engineer, spoke about the same in his articles: the Americans were only interested in one thing - to convince the Russians of the futility of new geological surveys in the Kuban.

Novosiltsev terminates the contract with the Americans and invites Russian specialists to work, relying on the valley of the Psif, Kudako and Psebeps rivers.

February 3, 1866 year has been a wonderful day. Vladimir Peters, Novosiltsev’s representative, informed the commander of the Adagum regiment: “I inform you that on my last trip to the Kudako tract, after incredible efforts on February 3, a stone was broken, and with an unusual noise a stream of clean oil opened, giving without the help of a locomobile and workers’ allowances, by means of one pipe from 1500 to 2000 buckets every 24 hours. I bring this to your attention, for reporting to whom it should.

It was the first oil gusher in Russia. He attracted the attention of the domestic press, which described the "wonder of nature" in great detail. The newspaper "Russian invalid" (No. 59) published a note about this event. And through diplomatic channels, requests were received to set up an oil business in the Kuban.

Nowadays the well is no longer in operation, but in its place, in honor of those events, a stylized tower was built, in the middle of which a monument was erected.
Everything would be fine, if not complete inattention to such a historical place by both local authorities and our oil giants, who owe A. N. Novosiltsev the beginning of the development of the oil industry in Russia.
This place is not even included in the list of sights of the region, not to mention supporting the idea of ​​creating a memorial and historical complex.

The tower still looks relatively dignified, but the monument with "fiery" inscriptions on the plates is being destroyed and literally crumbles before our eyes.

Used information from the site:
http://kudako.ru/

There were many large fields in the Baku region with relatively easy to recover reserves, but the transportation of oil to markets was both difficult and expensive. The Nobel brothers and the Rothschild family played a key role in the development of the oil industry in Baku, which was then part of the Russian Empire. The industry developed rapidly, and at the turn of the century, Russia accounted for more than 30% of world oil production. Shell Transport and Trading, which later became part of Royal Dutch/Shell, began its business by transporting oil produced by the Rothschilds to Western Europe. In the second half of the nineteenth century, oil fields began to be found in other parts of the country.

In Russia, the first wells were drilled in the Kuban in 1864, and in 1866 one of them produced an oil gusher with a flow rate of more than 190 tons per day. At that time, oil production was carried out mainly by monopolies dependent on foreign capital. At the beginning of the 20th century, Russia ranked first in oil production. AT

1901-1913 the country produced approximately 11 million tons of oil. A strong decline occurred during the Civil War. By 1928, oil production was again brought to 11.6 million tons. In the first years of Soviet power, the main areas of oil production were Baku and the North Caucasus (Grozny, Maikop).

Oil production through wells began to be widely used from the 60s of the 19th century. Initially, along with open fountains and collection of oil in earthen pits dug near wells, oil was also extracted using cylindrical buckets with a valve in the bottom. Of the mechanized methods of operation, for the first time in 1865 in the United States, deep-pumping operation was introduced, which was used in 1874 in the oil fields in Georgia, and in 1876 in Baku.

In 1886 V.G. Shukhov proposed compressor oil production, which was tested in Baku in 1897.

A more advanced way of lifting oil from a well - gas lift - was proposed in 1914 by M.M. Tikhvinsky.

Oil was sought wherever it was once seen: on the Terek River in the North Caucasus, on the Ukhta River in the Pustoozersky district. On the instructions of Peter I, oil exploration was organized in the north - in the basin of the Pechora and Ukhta rivers. Most of all, oil sources stretched on Baku land. By 1730, oil fields had already been built in Baku, which at that time produced a lot of oil. Artillery Major I. Gerber, who served in the Caucasus, described the Baku oil fields and spoke about the use of the produced oil. “The scooper’s oil is from wells that have a half-day drive from Baki in a rocky place, from which some black wells and some white oil are knocked out: this oil is a carrier in many Persian provinces, where sellers use okoyu instead of candles and oil in lamps ... Near oil wells in Nearby there is a place where the earth burns incessantly ... they burn a lot of lime in this fire. Workers ... in their huts will dig a hole half a foot deep, put a reed in this hole, then keep a lit fire over the upper end of the reed, which is why the oil spirit of the igniter coming from the ground burns like a candle ... and with this they illuminate all their huts.

The precious liquid was the subject of a very lively trade with Persia, and was exported to Western Europe through Russian merchants. Oil was also used as a remedy. The first consumers were shepherds. They treated sheep and camels for scabies, lubricating the sore spots with oil collected in places where it naturally comes to the surface of the earth. Also used as a lubricant for rubbing objects.

In 1735, Dr. N. Lerkhe, in his report on a trip to the Absheron Peninsula, writes: “... in Balakhani there were 52 oil wells 20 fathoms deep, some of which hit hard and annually deliver 500 batmans of oil ...” (1 batman 8.5 kg).

Academician S.G. Gmelin studied methods of building oil wells in Baku, and for the first time expressed the idea of ​​the possibility of drilling for gas and using it as fuel. Describing the wells, he notes that the depth of the oil wells in Balakhany at that time reached 40-50 m, and the diameter or side of the square section of the well was 0.7-1.0 m.

In 1803, the Baku merchant Kasymbek built two oil wells in the sea at a distance of 18 and 30 m from the shore of Bibi-Heybat. The wells were protected from water by a frame made of tightly knocked together boards. Oil has been extracted from them for many years. In 1825, during a storm, the wells were broken and flooded.

By the time the Baku Khanate was annexed to Russia in 1806, there were about 120 wells in the Baku region, from which about 200,000 poods of oil were extracted annually.

In 1871, drilling of a well began in the Baku region. In Balakhany, on the site of A. Mirzoev, drilling of a well was completed by manual percussion using wooden rods with a depth of 64m. This well was the initial milestone in the development of the oil industry of the Absheron Peninsula.

During the test tartaning there was a release of gas and water. A sudden release of gases, an underground rumble, a column of sand and water that rose above the well were attributed to the action of evil spirits. By order of the drilling foreman, the well was quickly filled with stones and sand, and a cross was erected nearby. This year, the first productive oil well with a depth of 45 m begins to operate. Its flow rate was about 2,000 pounds per day (wells produced hundreds of times less oil than wells). wells.

For the first time in the world, in 1803, Baku resident Gadzhi Kasymbek Mansurbekov began offshore oil production in the Bibi-Heybat Bay from two wells 18 m and 30 m from the shore. The existence of the first marine industry ceased in 1825, when a strong storm in the Caspian destroyed the wells.

In 1834, Nikolay Voskoboynikov (1801-1860), director of the Baku oilfields, invented a special distillation apparatus for obtaining kerosene from white and black oil.

In 1837, in Balakhany, Nikolai Voskoboynikov's first oil refinery in Absheron and in the world began to operate (the first similar plant in the United States will be built in 1855 by Samuel Kayer). At this plant, for the first time in the world, oil distillation was used along with water vapor, and the oil was heated with natural gas.

In 1846 in Baku on Bibi-Heybat, at the suggestion of a member of the Main Directorate of the Transcaucasian Territory Vasily Semenov (1801-1863), the world's first well 21 m deep was drilled for oil exploration; that is, for the first time in the world drilling for oil was carried out with a positive result. The work was carried out under the leadership of the director of the Baku oil fields, the Corps of Mining Engineers, Major Alekseev.

In 1847, on July 8-14, in his documents, the governor of the Caucasus, Prince Mikhail Vorontsov (1782-1856), officially confirmed the completion of drilling of the world's first oil well on the shores of the Caspian Sea (Bibi-Heybat) with a positive result.

In 1848, a well was laid in the Baku village of Balakhani, which produced 110 poods of oil per day.

In 1849, industrialist M.G. Selimkhanov laid a well on the slope of Mount Bibi-Heybat, from which he extracted 17-18 thousand poods of oil per year.

In Russia, drilling of oil wells was officially prohibited until 1869 (the government listened to the conclusions of foreign experts proving the unsuitability and futility of drilling for oil production). For example; when in 1866 the Transcaucasian Trading Society applied to the government for permission to start drilling, it was refused.

In 1869, the farmer I.M. Mirzoev drilled his first well, 64 m deep, in Balakhany, but unsuccessfully. In 1871, almost at the same place, he drilled a second well 45 m deep, which turned out to be very productive: it produced an average of up to 2 thousand poods of oil per day.

In 1872, intensive construction of wells up to 45-50 m deep began, which led to an almost complete cessation of the construction of new wells in the Baku region.

With the abolition of the lease in the Baku region, intensified drilling of oil wells began. Their number increased rapidly: in 1872 there was one well, in 1873 - 17, in 1874 - 50, in 1875 - 65, and in 1876 - 101 wells. Powerful fountains appeared, showing the abundance of oil in Balakhany, Romany, Sabunchi, Zabrat, Bibi-Heybat.

The first wells were drilled by hand in a rotary way. Then they began to use percussion rod drilling with a steam drive. When drilling in hard rocks, a balance bar was used, to one end of which a drilling tool was attached. The other end of the balancer was connected to the drive pulley by means of a crank. The pulley was rotated by a steam engine. When drilling deep wells, sliding rods, or scissors, were used. Deep wells were fixed with casing pipes.

The descent and retrieval of the drilling tool and casing pipes, the chiselling of the rock, the descent and retrieval of the bailer to extract the drilled rock was provided by a drilling rig, the main shaft of which was rotated by a steam engine. From the main shaft, the chain drum received movement, with the help of which the drilling tool was raised and lowered. The balancer was driven by a connecting rod with a crank mounted on a slotted shaft.

The first rotary drilling rig with a drilling rig 15 m high appeared in Baku in 1902. Its machine tool consisted of a transmission shaft and three gears. To one gear, the movement was transmitted from the steam engine in a single gear, from the other two gears, the movement was transmitted to the winch drum and rotor. The slurry for the removal of drilled rock was supplied to the drill pipes by a steam pump.

Oil was extracted from boreholes using cylindrical buckets up to 6 m long. A valve was arranged in the bottom of the bucket, opening upwards. Such a bucket, intended for cleaning wells, was called a bailer, and the method of extracting oil with a bailer was called tart.

The first experiments on the use of deep pumps for oil production in Baku were made in 1876. But these pumps quickly became clogged with sand, and the oil owners returned to the usual bailer. In the 70s. 19th century V.G. Shukhov proposed a compressor method for extracting oil from wells, in which compressed air was used to lift oil (airlift). This method was tested in Baku in 1897. Another method for lifting oil from wells - gas lift - was proposed by M.M. Tikhvinsky in 1914. Of all the known methods of oil production, the main one remained tart. With its help, in 1913, 95% of all oil was produced.

With the increase in the number of boreholes in Baku, oil production increased. In 1872, 23 thousand tons were mined, in 1875 - 81 thousand tons, in 1885 - 1.9 million tons, and in 1901 - 11.6 million tons. The Baku region provided 95% of the total oil production in Russia.

The number of oil refineries in Baku also increased, even residential buildings began to be converted into factories. Oil was used as fuel in factories, using the most primitive method of combustion - on the hearth of the furnace. The city was covered in soot. The inhabitants suffocated in the smoke. As early as the beginning of 1873, the city administration forced the breeders to move their "factories" to the territory adjacent to the city, two versts from it. There, with feverish speed, the Black City arose, in which already in the spring of 1873. there were 80 factories. At the end of the 1870s. the number of small oil refineries in the Baku region has already reached 200. The technically advanced ones included the plants of the Baku Oil Society and the plant of I.M. Mirzoev. The plant of the Nobel brothers was also equipped with advanced technology.

In 1878, the firm "Bari, Sytenko and Co." was built according to the project of V.G. Shukhov the first oil pipeline from the Baku fields to the Black City. In 1879, the construction of the Baku fishing railway was completed. In 1907, kerosene began to be pumped through the world's first Baku-Batumi main pipeline.