What are the forms of ownership of enterprises. Type of ownership. Basic forms of ownership. Features of the evolution of forms of ownership

The basis in the system of socio-economic relations is the form of ownership, which influences the ideology, economy, social policy, and so on.

The simplest concept of property is a form of appropriation by a person (or a group of persons) of certain material goods with the ability to use and dispose of them, sell them, donate, exchange, etc.

In order for property not to lose its practical meaning, at least two subjects are required in order to have someone to enter into relations with for possession.

What are the forms of ownership

There are different forms, it all depends on who is the owner. The main of the established forms:

• state, which is divided into municipal and federal;
• private, it can be individual or collective;
• property of religious and public organizations that have the right to use their property only for certain purposes, within the limits prescribed by the constituent documents of a particular religious or public organization.

Federal property includes:

• Natural resources;
• unique objects of nature;
• funds of the state treasury;
• cultural and historical objects;
• separate agricultural, industrial enterprises;
• separate objects of education, scientific institutions.

Municipal property includes structures, land plots, residential and non-residential funds, utility networks, structures located on the territory of the municipality and owned by local governments.

Main types of ownership

In modern market and economic relations, after the procedure for the denationalization of property and the privatization of most enterprises, private property becomes the defining type - the type of ownership of the results of production, its means, in which the interests of the owner come first, followed by the interests of the team.

Private property may include: individual right of possession, group property (joint stock company, partnership).

Other types of accessories:

• collective- when property is redeemed by a group of employees or transferred to it free of charge;
• cooperative- a voluntary association of citizens, using jointly owned funds, renting the property of state-owned enterprises;
• civil- created on the labor income of citizens participating in social production,
• joint-stock company– ownership of property acquired with proceeds from the sale of shares;
• individual labor- when the worker and the owner are combined in one person, it differs from the personal economy by meeting the needs of the public by attracting the market.

There are mixed forms, when within one form or another there are features of several types of ownership.

What is ownership

This concept implies the legal right of a person, at his own discretion, according to personal interests, without transgressing the law, to dispose of a thing, to influence it.

The owner has the right to demand the elimination of an unlawful action in relation to the thing of those persons who are not its owners. A thing can be the result of labor, a means of production.

The owner in relation to his property is guided by three powers:

• he has the right to own property;
• the right to enjoy their possession;
• the right to dispose (determine the legal side) of the property.

The right to possess a thing or property makes it possible to dispose of it at one's own discretion, but at the same time, the owner is obliged by law to:

• maintain their property (ensuring proper condition, timely repairs, payment of taxes);
• liability in case of damage, wear and tear, loss of property, compensation for damage caused by property.

If all three powers are concentrated in the subject of ownership, the owner's responsibility for it comes automatically.

What is property

Traditionally, this means that the means of production (thing) belongs to a certain owner. Such relations are not only economic, but also legal relations that may arise in matters of ownership, disposal, use of property.

Private (individual) property

It includes the property of an individual (person) or a legal entity (firm, enterprise). Quantitatively, private property is not limited; on a legal basis, an individual or legal entity can be the owner, for example, of an entire metallurgical plant, dozens of houses or buildings.

Only property that is withdrawn from state circulation (historical or cultural monuments, nuclear weapons, etc.) cannot be acquired into private ownership.

A citizen may own:

• items purchased to meet his personal needs- plots of land, residential buildings, apartments, cars, garages, various types of household appliances, and much more;
• transport, buildings or premises, serving for the organization of entrepreneurship, production;
• bonds, stocks, securities, cash;
• intellectual property items(literary works, musical works, images, etc.).

The source of financing of personal ownership is the individual income received by him from participation in public or private production.

Intellectual property

This definition refers to the results (products) of the creative activity of a person (persons) in the field of science, literature, production, art, which are intangible.

The World Intellectual Property Organization has established its types:

• trademarks, logos, service marks;
• useful models;
• breeding of animal breeds, plant varieties;
• inventions in various fields of human activity;
• scientific discoveries;
• the results of the performing activities of artists, television programs, sound recordings, radio broadcasts;
• literary works, scientific discoveries and works, works of art.

Intellectual property can be embodied in material objects, becoming a kind of commodity. But it can bring profit to its owners only if it is provided with special legal protection of the state (patents for invention, trademarks, trade names, etc.).

land property

Types of land ownership existing in Russia:

• State federal;
• State subjects of the federation (krai, autonomous republic, region);
• Municipal (or city);
• Private.

The owners of land plots can be individuals or legal entities, they have the right to use different forms of land ownership:

• land ownership when its owners have the legal right to sell, mortgage a plot or part of it, exchange, donate, transfer by inheritance;
• lifetime inheritance when the rights of the owner are exercised, but the land cannot be sold, leased, mortgaged, it can only be inherited;
• perpetual use when the rights of the owner of the plot, who has it for life use, are exercised, but cannot be inherited;
• rent, which is realized only by the owners of the land.

Land owners are required to pay land tax, which is calculated at a legally fixed base rate.

state property

State property - property that belongs to the Russian Federation, as well as its subjects. It is heterogeneous, as it includes:

• state budget funds, state banks, diamond fund, gold reserve, currency fund;
• historical, cultural values ​​of national importance, artistic values;
• territory, natural land and water resources;
• highways of federal use, organizations for their maintenance;
• defense facilities;
• municipal treasury.

State property is assigned to municipal institutions, enterprises on the basis of ownership, use, disposal.

Entrepreneurship

This is a kind of activity that can be carried out in areas close and understandable to the owner. Business areas:

• consumer;
• industrial;
• service;
• informational;
• scientific, others.

Entrepreneurship- a business that provides services to the population, produces goods in demand, allows the development of a market economy, being its small and medium forms.

In order for entrepreneurship to exist successfully, the state must recognize private property, support and encourage small and medium-sized businesses, so that the funds from these structures regularly replenish the treasury.

For an entrepreneur, it is important not only the ability to establish the production of goods or the provision of services, he is required to understand whether there is a demand for these goods or services, therefore entrepreneurial activity is always associated with a certain degree of risk.

Every citizen has the right to own, dispose of and use his personal property.

The Constitution of Russia, the Civil Code recognizes any form of ownership, and guarantees the protection of rights to it.

Russian Legislation provides for the protection of the owner's rights in case of encroachment on them.

The Russian economy, in terms of ownership, is formed as a mixed one, that is, a certain part or sector of the national economy is owned and controlled by organizations established by the government or local, municipal authorities. The other is by private citizens (individually or collectively).

According to the forms of ownership, all enterprises are divided into private, state and mixed.

Private an enterprise is an enterprise with one owner, based on the private property of the owner and manager of capital. Private firms can also include those firms in which the state has a share of the capital (but not the predominant one).

State enterprise - in which the capital and management are wholly owned by the state. According to the recommendation of the Economic Cooperation Organization (OECD), state enterprises should be considered enterprises in which state bodies own the majority of the capital (over 50%), and / or those that are controlled by them (through state officials working in the enterprise.

mixed- where public and private capital and management are combined or predominate.

Classification of enterprises by organizational and legal forms.

Within the framework of private ownership, in accordance with Russian legislation, enterprises can take a wide variety of organizational and legal forms (see also the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Part I).

Private sector includes:

1. Business partnerships in the form:

General partnership;

Limited partnerships (limited partnerships).

2. Business companies in the form of:

joint-stock companies;

Limited liability companies;

Companies with additional liability;

Subsidiaries and dependent companies;

3. Production cooperatives.

4. Individual entrepreneurship.

Private sector enterprises (economic partnerships and companies, production cooperatives) are commercial enterprises.

Their authorized capital is divided into shares (contributions) between the founders. Contributions can be money, securities, various property and non-property rights.

Business partnerships and companies can be considered as business association, which helps them:

Strengthen the financial base;

Bring together the potentials of individual entrepreneurs.

General partnership

Complete recognized partnership, whose participants (general partners), in accordance with the agreement concluded with them, are engaged in entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the company and are liable for its obligations with their property.

Each participant in a general partnership conducts business on behalf of the partnership. Each new transaction requires the consent of all participants. Profits and losses are distributed in proportion to the shares of participants in the authorized capital.

The participants in a general partnership are solidary(mutual) liability with their property for the obligations of the partnership.

partnership in faith(limited partnership) is a partnership in which, along with participants who carry out entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for the obligations of the partnership with their property (general partners), there are one or more participants - contributors (limited partners), who bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the partnership within the limits of the amounts they have contributed, and do not take part in the implementation of entrepreneurial activities.

Management is carried out by full partners.

Contributor has the right to:

- receive a part of the profit due to its share in the authorized capital;

- transfer your share of the authorized capital or part of it to another investor or a third party.

Limited Liability Company a company founded by one or more persons is recognized, authorized capital which is divided whether it is necessary, sizes determined by constituent documents; members of a limited liability company are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of loss associated with the activities of the society, within the value of their contributions(Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Chapter 4).

The activities of the LLC are regulated Articles of Association and Memorandum of Association.

The supreme body is the general meeting of its participants.

LLC has the right to be transformed into a joint-stock company or a production cooperative. A company can be liquidated only by the unanimous decision of its participants.

A participant in a company has the right to sell or otherwise assign his share in the authorized capital of the company or part of it to one or more participants in this company.

The withdrawal of a member of the company does not require the consent of its other members.

Company with additional liability a company founded by one or more persons is recognized, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares of the sizes determined by the constituent documents; the participants in such a company jointly and severally bear subsidiary liability for its obligations with their property in the same multiple for all to the value of deposits(Article 95 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

In case of bankruptcy of one of the participants, his liability for the obligations of the company is distributed among the other participants in proportion to their contributions.

For all other parameters of the company's activities, the rules on a limited liability company are applied.

joint stock company a company is recognized, the authorized capital of which is divided into a certain number of shares; participants of a joint-stock company (shareholders) are not liable for its obligations and bear risk of loss associated with the activities of the company within the value of their shares(Article 96 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

Public corporation conducts an open subscription to the shares it issues and sells them freely.

This company is obliged to annually publish for general information the annual report, balance sheet, profit and loss account.

Participants of an open joint stock company may alienate their shares without agreement other shareholders.

Closed Joint Stock Company- a company in which shares are distributed only among its founders or a predetermined circle of persons.

Such companies are not entitled to conduct an open subscription for the shares they issue or otherwise offer them for purchase to an unlimited number of persons.

A joint-stock company can be created by one person or consist of one person if one shareholder acquires all the shares of the company.

A share is a security which testifies to the introduction of a certain share in the capital of a joint-stock company and, by virtue of this, entitles its owner to receive a share of the profit of a joint-stock company in the form dividends, as well as the right to vote at the general meeting of shareholders.

The dividend fluctuates mainly depending on the amount of profit of JSC.

supreme body management - general meeting shareholders. Competence (competency) of the general meeting:

Changing the Charter of the company;

Change in the size of the authorized capital;

Election of the Audit Commission;

Formation of the executive bodies of the company and early termination of their powers;

Approval of annual reports, balance sheets, profit and loss and distribution of its profit and loss;

Decision on reorganization or liquidation of the company;

Solving other issues.

If the number of shareholders is more than 50 people, then a Board of Directors(Supervisory Board). Its competence is determined by the charter of the joint-stock company.

Executive agency of a joint-stock company may be collegiate (board, directorate) and/or sole (director, general director). He carries out the current management of the company's activities and is accountable to the Board of Directors (Supervisory Board) and the general meeting of shareholders.

JSC is obliged to engage a professional auditor annually to check and confirm the correctness of the annual financial statements.

JSC may be liquidated or reorganized voluntarily by decision of the general meeting of shareholders.

A production cooperative (artel) is recognized as voluntary association of citizens on the basis of membership for joint production or economic activities based on their personal labor and other participation and association of property shares by its members (participants) (Article 107 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

Production cooperatives are created to joint production, processing, marketing of industrial, agricultural and other products, trade, provision of services.

Members of a production cooperative bear the obligations of the cooperative subsidiary a responsibility.

Profit cooperative is distributed among its members according to their labor participation.

supreme body management is the general meeting of its members. If there are more than 50 members of the cooperative, then a Supervisory Board may be created. Executive bodies are: the board and (or) its chairman. They provide day-to-day management and are accountable Supervisory Board.

A production cooperative may be liquidated or transformed into a business partnership or company by unanimous decision of its members.

simple partnership

Individual entrepreneurs and / or commercial organizations can combine their contributions and act together to make a profit or achieve another goal that does not contradict the law, without forming a legal entity. Such an association is a simple partnership.

Individual enterprise. An individual enterprise is an enterprise that has a single owner who has the exclusive right to own and dispose of both its property and appropriate the results of economic activity, as well as bear full responsibility with all its property for any losses that the enterprise suffers.

Sole proprietorships tend to be characteristic of small businesses. At the same time, it can be an enterprise in which the owner simultaneously acts as an employee, when labor and capital are personified in the same person. This also includes family firms and small enterprises, when one of the family members acts on behalf of the family as a legal entity responsible for its economic activities.

A sole proprietorship may be based on the ownership of one person and the employment of labor.

State and municipal enterprises. Among the enterprises based on public property, it is necessary to name state and municipal unitary enterprises. The former function on the basis of state ownership, the property belongs to such an enterprise on the basis of economic management or operational management. Unitary enterprises are liable for their obligations with all their property and are not liable for the obligations of the owner of his property. Enterprises of local importance are municipal property and also operate on the basis of economic management or operational management.

According to the legal status (organizational and legal forms) in Russia, the following types of enterprises are distinguished in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation: 1) business partnerships and companies; 2) production cooperatives; 3) state and municipal unitary enterprises; 4) non-profit organizations (including consumer cooperatives, public and religious organizations/associations, foundations, etc.); 5) individual entrepreneurs.

According to the forms of ownership, the property of an enterprise can be private, state, municipal, and also be owned by public associations (organizations).

Household partnerships can be established in the form of a general partnership and in the form of a limited partnership. A partnership is considered to be complete, the participants of which, in accordance with the agreement concluded between them, are engaged in entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for its obligations with their property. A limited partnership (limited partnership) is a partnership in which, along with the participants who carry out entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for the obligations of the partnership with their property, there are one or more participants-contributors (limited partners) who bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the partnership , within the limits of the amounts of contributions made by them, and do not take part in the implementation of entrepreneurial activities by the partnership.

Limited Liability Company a company founded by one or more persons is recognized, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares of the sizes determined by the constituent documents. The participants of this company are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company, within the limits of their contributions.

Company with additional liability a company founded by one or more persons is considered, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares of the sizes determined by the constituent documents. The participants in such a company jointly and severally bear subsidiary liability for its obligations with their property in the same for all one-time amount to the value of their contributions, determined by the constituent documents of the company. In case of bankruptcy of one of the participants, his liability for the obligations of the company is distributed among the other participants in proportion to their contributions, unless a different procedure for the distribution of responsibility is provided for by the constituent documents of the company.

joint stock company a company is recognized, the authorized capital of which is divided into a certain number of shares. Members of a joint-stock company (shareholders) are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company within the value of their shares. Joint-stock companies, in turn, are divided into open, whose participants can alienate their shares without the consent of other shareholders, and closed, whose shares are distributed only among its founders or other predetermined circle of persons.

Production cooperatives (artels) is a voluntary association of citizens on the basis of membership for joint production or other economic activities based on their personal labor and other participation and the association of its members (participants) of property shares.

unitary enterprise a commercial organization is recognized that is not endowed with the right of ownership of the property assigned to it by the owner. The property of a unitary enterprise is indivisible and cannot be distributed among contributions (shares, shares), including among employees of the enterprise. In the form of unitary enterprises, only state and municipal enterprises. The property of a state or municipal enterprise is, respectively, in state or municipal ownership and belongs to such an enterprise on the basis of the right of economic management or operational management.

Non-profit organizations, unlike commercial ones, do not pursue profit making as the main goal of their activities and do not distribute the profit received among the participants of this organization.

In the economies of developed countries, large, medium and small enterprises simultaneously operate, as well as activities based on personal and family work.

Division of labor, cooperation, specialization.

Concentration, centralization and diversification of production.

The division and socialization of labor are expressed directly in production processes in the form of differentiation and concentration of operations for the manufacture of products, and at the level of social production as a whole, in sectoral differentiation and concentration of production.

Concentration is the main form of social organization of production and is a process of concentration of production in all larger enterprises.

The concentration of production has four forms: consolidation of enterprises, specialization, cooperation and combination.

Consolidation of enterprises is the concentration of production at large enterprises, determined by the scientific and technological progress of the tools of labor (an increase in the productivity of unit capacities of machines, units, apparatus, improvement of control technology, etc.) and an increase in output.

Specialization - the concentration (concentration) of homogeneous production, which by its type is mass or large-scale.

Cooperation - direct production links between enterprises (associations) participating in the joint production of certain products.

Combination - a combination of different industries, which are successive stages of processing raw materials, complex processing of raw materials or the use of production waste in one enterprise (combine).

Specialization and cooperation of production

specialization, on the one hand, is a consequence of the social division of labor, and on the other hand, the result of the concentration of homogeneous production. Consequently, specialization is a dialectical unity of two opposite processes: differentiation and concentration.

Specialization of production in industry is carried out in five main forms: subject, detail, technological, auxiliary and intersectoral production.

Subject specialization means the concentration of production of certain types of end-use products. The subject of such specialization may be a machine-tool or automobile plant.

Detailed specialization - the concentration of production of certain parts and assemblies, blanks and semi-finished products. In certain industries, it can have specific varieties, for example, in mechanical engineering - by detail, aggregate, and nodal. An example of a detailed specialization is a ball bearing factory, a car piston factory, etc.

The transformation of individual phases of production or operations into independent production - technological specialization (or staged), for example, a foundry, centrolites that produce blanks for machine-building plants.

It is necessary to single out the specialization of auxiliary industries and the specialization of intersectoral industries. An example of specialization of auxiliary industries is repair plants (firms), and an example of specialization of intersectoral industries is enterprises for the production of general machine-building products (crankshafts, gearboxes, gears, etc.).

Opening and closing of enterprises, reorganization and bankruptcy.

State registration of legal entities is an act of the registering body, carried out by entering into the state register information on the creation, reorganization and liquidation of legal entities, as well as other information about legal entities

Information on the creation, reorganization and liquidation of legal entities is entered into the state register on the basis of documents submitted by the applicant during the state registration of legal entities and amendments to the state register.

The founders (participants) of a legal entity or the body that made the decision to liquidate the legal entity are obliged to notify in writing the registration authority at the location of the legal entity being liquidated within three days, attaching the decision to liquidate the legal entity.

Reorganization - a system of measures to improve the financial situation of enterprises, carried out in order to prevent their bankruptcy or increase competitiveness

Insolvency (bankruptcy) - the inability of the debtor (citizen or organization) recognized by the arbitration court to fully satisfy the requirements of creditors for monetary obligations and (or) fulfill the obligation to pay mandatory state payments. This term has a special legal meaning, as it entails a complex of specific legal consequences: an insolvency procedure (competitive process), which has as its primary goal the most equal and fair satisfaction of the interests of creditors of an insolvent debtor. The law provides for the application of the insolvency procedure for both legal entities and individuals.

Property is the core of any society. It arose at the dawn of human development, expressed in the appropriation of property personally and collectively.

There can be no talk of a society if there is no form of ownership in it. During the transition to a market economy, Russia faced a number of objective difficulties. One of the main reasons is the problem of ownership. To do this, it is necessary to distinguish and understand the forms, types and types of property, which will be discussed in the article.

The concept of ownership

The concept of ownership are relations of distribution and appropriation. They lie in the fact that a person or a group of persons (subject of ownership) has the right to dispose of property (object of ownership) for certain purposes.

Subjects there must be at least two. Forms and types of ownership, from the point of view of law, depend on the subject of ownership.

The property of a person or household is called personal or private property. When it comes to a group of persons, such property can be collective, cooperative, joint-stock, public or state. Legislatively, 16 types of property are approved in the Russian Federation.

Property objects- this is movable and immovable property, securities, products of labor, money, etc. Conditionally can be classified as follows:

• Material:
  • inanimate — objects, resources, fossils;
  • living - animals, rarely - people (in the slave system).
• Intangible property includes intellectual property, as well as water, air and outer space.

Classification of forms of ownership

There are 2 types of property: private and collective. Based on these two types, different forms of ownership arise.

In the Russian Federation, there are the following forms of ownership:

• private;
• public;
• mixed forms of ownership.

Each of the forms is also classified into small forms, depending on a number of objective reasons.

In a market system, the main type of property is private, which is subdivided into the following forms.

Single- characterized by the fact that an individual or legal entity implements the possession, use and disposal of property. Often they are a farm or family farm, that is, producers of goods.

An individual can be represented in the form of ownership of a particular person who uses hired labor.

Affiliate- this form involves the unification in a specific form of property, or the unification of the capital of a number of individuals or legal entities. The main goal is to conduct general business activities. In this case, we mean enterprises founded with the help of share contributions of the founders. Share contributions are: land, money, material values, innovative ideas, etc.

Corporate- is based on the work of capital, which is formed by selling shares. Each owner of shares is the owner of the capital of a joint-stock company.

Forms of public ownership

Within the framework of public property, there are: collective, state and public property.

Collective- is formed by its distribution among the employees of the collective, workers at a single enterprise. In other words, it is a closed joint stock company.

State- the property of all members of society. The peculiarity lies in the fact that the state is engaged in the implementation of relations of appropriation through relations of ownership. The state in this case is called upon to personify the socio-economic interests of all citizens and strata of the population, including social and professional groups of society.

nationwide- this type of property implies the belonging of the entire public domain simultaneously to everyone and to everyone individually. According to Art. 9 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, in the Russian Federation both private, state, and municipal and other forms of ownership are recognized and protected equally.

The concept of mixed form

This type of property is characterized by the penetration of some forms and relations of property into others and, as a result, the internal content becomes more complicated.

A vivid example of this is that structures of private entrepreneurial activity and a cooperative nature are being created within state enterprises.

Today, the economy, for the effective operation of various projects, comes to the unification of different forms of ownership, each of which retains its own special content. Thus, combined forms are created. These include joint ventures, holdings, concerns, financial and industrial groups, etc. Everyone has equal rights to manage, distribute profits and dispose of property.

So, according to Art. 35 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, every citizen has the right to own property, dispose of it at his own discretion, both individually and jointly with other persons.

It is worth noting that forms of ownership can be transferred from one to another. This is implemented in the following ways:

• Nationalization. For example, land, transport or industry (private property) becomes the property of the state;
• Privatization. There is a transfer of state possessions to private ones. For example, legal entities or individuals acquire various objects, shares of joint-stock companies, etc. from the state. Objects of national heritage and cultural values ​​are not subject to privatization;
• Denationalization. The state in this case returns the property to the former owners;
• Reprivatization. State property is returned to private ownership. It is carried out through the purchase of enterprises, land, shares.

The modern economy and its formation has necessitated the transformation of property relations.

According to the form of ownership, enterprises are divided into:

· private, which can exist either as completely independent, independent firms, or in the form of associations and their constituent parts. Private firms can also include those firms in which the state has a share of the capital (but not the predominant one);

· state, which are understood as purely state (including municipal), where capital and management are wholly owned by the state, and mixed, where the state owns most of the capital or plays a decisive role in management.

By capacity of production potential companies are divided into three groups small, medium and large. The classification is based on the following features: the number of personnel, the value of output, the value of the means of production.

Various standards are used to group enterprises by capacity. In the Russian Federation, small enterprises are distinguished by number: in industry up to 100 people, in agriculture up to 60 people, in retail trade up to 30 people, in other enterprises up to 50 people.

Classification of enterprises by industry, subdivides them into:

§ industrial,

§ agricultural,

§ trading,

§ transport,

§ banking,

§ insurance, etc.

By legal status (organizational and legal forms) in Russia distinguish, first of all:

§ business partnerships and companies;

§ production cooperatives;

§ state and municipal unitary enterprises;

§ individual entrepreneurs;

§ non-profit enterprises.

According to the production structure of the enterprise are divided into:

Highly specialized (produce a limited range of products of mass or large-scale production, for example, steel);

· diversified (manufacture products of a wide range or for various purposes),

Combined (industries in which one type of product or raw material is converted into another type. For example, raw materials - yarn - fabric),

diversified.

On the basis of the dominant factor companies are divided into:

labor intensive,

capital intensive,

material intensive,

science-intensive.

By ownership of capital and, accordingly, by control over the enterprise, there are:

National (an enterprise whose capital belongs to the entrepreneurs of its country. Nationality is also determined by the location and registration of the main company.)

foreign (an enterprise whose capital belongs to foreign entrepreneurs who fully or partially ensure their control.)

Joint (mixed) enterprises. (Enterprises whose capital is owned by entrepreneurs from two or more countries.)

This is a spatial form of organization of the production process, which includes the composition and size of the production units of the enterprise, the forms of their interconnection, the ratio of units in terms of capacity (equipment throughput), the number of employees, as well as the location of units on the territory of the enterprise.

Production structure of the enterprise reflects the nature of the division of labor between individual departments, as well as their cooperative links in a single production process to create products. It has a significant impact on the efficiency and competitiveness of the enterprise. The composition, size of production units, the degree of their proportionality, the rationality of location on the territory of the enterprise, the stability of production relations affect the rhythm of production and the uniformity of output, determine production costs and, consequently, the level of net income of the enterprise.

Therefore, an effective production structure of an enterprise must meet the following requirements:

simplicity of the production structure (sufficient and limited composition of production units);

absence of duplicating production links;

Ensuring the directness of the production process based on the rational placement of units on the factory territory;

Proportionality of the capacity of workshops, sections, throughput of equipment;

· stable forms of specialization and cooperation of shops and sections;

· adaptability, flexibility of the production structure, that is, its ability to promptly restructure the entire organization of production processes in accordance with changing market conditions.

There are two types of production structures:

1. Comprehensive production structure(multi-stage). With it, the enterprise has all stages of the production process: procurement, processing and releasing.

2. Specialized(1-2-stage) production structure in which one or two stages are missing. The production process for the missing stages is provided in the form of cooperative deliveries from other enterprises.