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The system of bodies providing social security. The social security system and its structure. Main types of social security

Social security: what is it?

Definition 1

Social security acts as a system provided for by the legislative authorities, which is necessary for organizing material support and subsequent services for citizens who have reached a certain age (old age), as well as in case of their illness, partial or complete loss, to implement labor activity, in case of loss of a breadwinner. Also, families in which there are children, but there is no way to ensure their full existence (large families, orphans) fit into the scope of social security.

Social security law is a separate branch of Russian law. It is a whole set of norms, as well as legal statuses and institutions that regulate relations for material support at the expense of funds stored in state targeted non-budgetary funds for social purposes. In other words, social security is one of the most common targeted forms of distribution of wealth. The main goal is to satisfy the most vital personal needs:

Physical - support for physical health, assistance in the provision of health services;
Social - free education, services in various budgetary organizations;
Intellectual - ensuring the availability of education at every stage of human development and learning.

These needs are inherent in almost everyone - the elderly, people with disabilities, children, dependents and internally displaced persons, the unemployed. But it is worth noting that every person has the right to receive assistance and be provided for in order to restore health and for the subsequent correct reproduction of the labor force at the expense of special funds. Social security is an expression of work within the framework of the social policy of the state at this stage of its development and activity.

Thus, social security is a form of expression of the properties and actions of the social policy of the state. It is aimed at material support for specific categories of citizens (the elderly, the disabled, orphans, dependents, families with many children) from the state budget, as well as specially allocated off-budget state funds. This happens in the event of the occurrence of such events in a person’s life that can undermine his social position and harm his life as a whole. The main characteristic of social security is its targeting, because before giving consent to applications submitted to the social security authorities, it is necessary to carry out checks on this issue and determine the reality of the situation of the person who applied for help.

Organization of social security in modern Russia

Social security of citizens is carried out in accordance with the measures provided for under the legislation, as well as within the framework of the social policy of our country. Today in Russia it is necessary to include all types of pension payments and benefits, allowances, compensation payments to the social security system. This also includes the following elements of social security:

Social services for citizens most in need of it;
Medical assistance to categories of citizens, financing of expensive medicines or operations from the state budget, or funds of non-budgetary organizations;
Sanatorium-and-spa treatment for citizens who are in great need of it for medical reasons (sluggish chronic diseases, postoperative rehabilitation);
Benefits for certain categories of citizens (payment of subsidies and benefits to citizens who are most in need of it).

Social security may take different forms. At the same time, forms as a whole mean organizational and legal ways of implementing social security in modern conditions. Quite specific features of the forms of social security include such as the system of bodies that carry out direct social security; a way of accumulating funds that are used to provide social security to special categories of citizens in need. Thirdly, it is impossible not to note the circle of subjects that receive assistance and are provided at the expense of funds allocated by a certain financial source. In addition, here the researchers take into account the types of security provided at the expense of a specific source for a specific range of social security objects.

Forms are constantly changing, as both the social security system and the course of policy in this regard are subject to change. Therefore, today, when it comes to centralized forms of social security, they should be divided into such as:

Compulsory social insurance of citizens and special categories of the population;
Social security at the expense of budgetary funds - in this case, it is provided only to special categories of citizens who officially confirm their difficult financial and social situation;
A mixed form of social security, which is accepted for certain social subjects. This refers to financing and related funds, social assistance in organizing medical care, assistance in obtaining additional services or financial security (benefits, subsidies, pension payments and additional payments to them).

At present, several funds operate in Russia as independent credit and financial systems. These include the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation, the State Employment Fund of the Russian Federation, as well as some compulsory health insurance funds.

Remark 1

Insurance premiums act as the main income for these funds. A person can apply to them and, in accordance with the legislative system, receive the necessary assistance, having previously documented their social status.

The maintenance of the elderly and the disabled under the primitive communal system was carried out, most likely, by virtue of custom. In a slave-owning society, there were no forms of providing for slaves in old age or in case of disability, but for veterans of military service, pensions were already introduced in Ancient Greece; in ancient Rome, service was rewarded by the provision of land.

The feudal period is characterized by the dominance of subsistence farming, the basis of which is the family, which is responsible for the material provision of the elderly and the disabled. During this period, state pensions begin to be distributed to major dignitaries, bishops, prefects and other persons who have services to the monarch. Thus, the pension at that time had the character of a reward, and not a provision for the disabled.

As the initial chronicle testifies, with the adoption of Christianity in Russia in 988, Prince Vladimir ordered: "Every beggar and wretched person should come to the prince's court, take food, drink and money from the treasury." He also took care of the creation of almshouses, hospices.

From this period, hospitals, hospitals, almshouses, orphanages, homes for illegitimate babies, pharmacies, workhouses, and strait houses began to be created in Russia. Under Catherine II, the first home for the disabled was established in Russia.

Russian legislation in the XIX century. divided the poor into four categories:

1. those who cannot earn their living by their labor;
2. those who, due to orphanhood and temporary illnesses, fell into need, but can work;
3. those who can work, but are begging through sloth and bad behavior;
4. those who, by chance, fell into extreme need.

Obviously. Such a "classification" of the needy was necessary to determine the nature of social support and the application of other measures to combat begging.

At the end of the XIX century. in the development of the social security system, a fundamentally new stage begins - the social security of employees begins to be carried out on a legal basis, fixed by the state. As a way of organizing it, state social insurance of employees is being introduced. The first laws on compulsory state insurance were adopted in Germany during the reign of Bismarck. Following Germany, such laws are adopted in other European countries.

In the development of social security, one more important stage should be singled out, when, along with state and industrial social insurance of employees in countries with a market economy, national social security systems begin to form, covering the entire population and guaranteeing social assistance regardless of the payment of insurance premiums.

It was with the adoption of laws on compulsory social insurance of workers that state social security systems appeared. The state nature of these systems is expressed in the fact that the legislative and legal ways of implementing social security, which are subsequently supplemented by new ones; but one thing remains unchanged: the state itself makes them binding.

The state system of social security, as already mentioned, is a multifaceted phenomenon. This is not only a complex of socio-economic measures that guarantee social support to citizens, but also a complex legal entity that unites groups of norms that belong to various branches of law according to the types of regulated social relations.

Formation of the pension system. The first stage of the implementation of pension reform in Russia is associated with the application of the Law of November 20, 1990 "On State Pensions in the Russian Federation". In connection with this law, the Pension Fund of Russia was created as an independent off-budget credit and financial system. In connection with the adoption of this law, privileged and detrimental pension systems were liquidated. The law fixed an equal legal assessment of all types of labor activity and payment for it for pension provision; consolidated the mechanism for preserving the real assessment of the pension by protecting it from inflation, thus preventing a decrease in the standard of living of pensioners. In its original version, the law fixed a fundamental provision, by virtue of which the minimum amount of pensions cannot be lower than the subsistence level.

The unified pension system in Russia did not last long. At the beginning of 1993, an intensive process of decodification of pension legislation began. Its beginning was the adoption on February 12, 1993 of another pension law - the Law of the Russian Federation "On pensions for persons who have served in the military, served in internal affairs bodies and their families." The persons provided for in this law were given the right to choose to receive a pension under one of the pension laws. The 1993 law established a level of pension coverage that guarantees the receipt of a pension in the amount of up to 85% of the monetary allowance of a soldier and without limiting the amount of pensions to a fixed maximum limit.

Formation of systems of other monetary payments to citizens in the order of their social security. In this case, we are talking about a system of benefits and compensations. Initially, maternity benefits were regulated by the Law of April 4, 1992 "On additional measures for the protection of motherhood and childhood", the norms of which were then incorporated into the Federal Law of May 19, 1995 "On state benefits to citizens with children", in connection with which the law of April 4, 1992 was declared invalid.

For the first time in our country, unemployment benefits are established. It is introduced in Russia by one of the first laws - dated April 19, 1991 "On Employment in the RSFSR". The Law of March 12, 1992 "On ritual allowance" for the first time in Russia introduces a ritual allowance, which is assigned to any person who has undertaken the funeral of the deceased. Subsequently, the norms of this law are incorporated into the Federal Law of January 12, 1996 "On Burial and Funeral Business", which introduced free ritual services to the entire population, and if such services were not provided, then persons who took over the funeral of the deceased are paid social benefits for burial. A number of other new benefits have been introduced: lump-sum benefits are provided for persons who have suffered in connection with their participation in the fight against terrorism; for medical workers who contracted HIV infection while performing their duties; in the event of a post-vaccination complication in citizens; for orphans left without parental care.

Formation of a social service system. Along with the pension system of benefits, the system of social services was reformed as a necessary element of the state social security system. In the Soviet period, the provision of social security to citizens not in cash, but in the form of "in-kind security" was regulated mainly by acts of ministries and departments. Russia legislates this subsystem. Social services can also conditionally include medical care and treatment.

At present, the provision of medical care and treatment to citizens is regulated by the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of the Health of Citizens” adopted on July 22, 1993 by the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation.

The system of social services for the elderly, the disabled, and families with children also receives legislative consolidation. The federal laws of August 2, 1995 "On social services for the elderly and disabled", of November 24, 1995 "On the social protection of disabled people", of December 10, 1995 "On the basics of social services for the population in the Russian Federation" provides for social services at home the elderly and the disabled who need constant assistance.

A system of social support is being formed in the form of social services provided to families with children, children deprived of parental care and guardianship; children in difficult life situations. To protect their rights, laws were adopted on July 24, 1989 "On the basic guarantees of the rights of the child in the Russian Federation", on December 21, 1996 "On additional guarantees for the social protection of orphans and children left without parental care."

A general description of the modern Russian social security system would be incomplete without taking into account social benefits. The main law that regulates the provision of benefits under the social security system is the Federal Law “On Veterans”, adopted in 1994 and set out in a new version of the Federal Law of January 2, 2000. The list of benefits has become quite wide and varied. However, the real situation with the guarantee of those rights that are enshrined in law is such that these rights are often declared. Many types of social services remain in short supply because they are not provided with appropriate public funding.

Social protection of the population- this is one of the most important directions of the social policy of the state, which consists in establishing and maintaining the socially necessary material and social position of all members of society.

Sometimes social protection is interpreted more narrowly: as providing a certain level of income for those segments of the population who, for whatever reason, cannot provide for their own existence: the unemployed, the disabled, the sick, orphans, the elderly, single mothers, families with many children. Basic principles of social protection:

humanity;
targeting;
complexity;
ensuring the rights and freedoms of the individual.

The system of social protection of the population and its structure

Social security system is a set of legislative acts, measures, as well as organizations that ensure the implementation of social protection measures for the population, support for socially vulnerable segments of the population.

It includes:

1. Social Security originated in Russia in the 1920s. and meant the creation of a state system of material support and services for the elderly and disabled citizens, as well as families with children at the expense of the so-called public consumption funds. This category is essentially identical to the category of social protection, but the latter applies to a market economy.

In addition to pensions (for old age, disability, etc.), social security included benefits for temporary disability and childbirth, for caring for a child under the age of one, assistance to families in the maintenance and upbringing of children (free or on preferential terms, nurseries, kindergartens, boarding schools , pioneer camps, etc.), family allowances, maintenance of the disabled in special organizations (nursing homes, etc.), free or concessional prosthetic care, provision of vehicles for the disabled, vocational training for the disabled, and various benefits for the families of the disabled. During the transition to the market, the social security system largely ceased to fulfill its functions, but some of its elements entered the modern system of social protection of the population.

2. - the provision of social benefits and services to citizens without taking into account the labor contribution and means test based on the principle of distributing these benefits according to the needs of the available public resources. In our country, social guarantees include:

guaranteed free medical care;
general accessibility and free education;
the minimum wage;
the minimum amount of pensions, scholarships;
social pensions (disabled since childhood; children with disabilities; disabled people without work experience; children who have lost one or both parents; persons over 65 (men) and 60 (women) years who do not have work experience);
allowances at the birth of a child, for the period of caring for a child until he reaches the age of 1.5 years, up to 16 years;
ritual allowance for burial and some others.

Since January 1, 2002, the amount of benefits related to the birth of a child has been increased. Thus, the amount of a one-time allowance for the birth of a child increased from 1.5 thousand rubles to 4.5 thousand rubles and in 2006 - up to 8000 rubles, the monthly allowance for the period of parental leave until the child reaches the age of one and a half years from 200 up to 500 rubles, and in 2006 - up to 700 rubles. This allowance provided 25% of the living wage for an able-bodied person. The amount of the monthly allowance for a child under 16 years of age has not been revised and amounts to 70 rubles. Its ratio with the subsistence minimum for a child was 3.0% in 2004. In Moscow and some other regions, this allowance in 2006 increased to 150 rubles.

A variety of social guarantees are social benefits. They represent a system of public guarantees provided to certain groups of the population (disabled people, war veterans, labor veterans, etc.). In 2005, benefits in kind were replaced by monetary compensations for these categories of the population. Since January 1, 2005, the preferential category of citizens has the right to use the social package and the right to receive monthly cash payments. The cost of the social package is set at 450 rubles. It includes travel in suburban transport, free drug provision, sanatorium treatment and travel to the place of sanatorium treatment. The law provides that from January 2006 beneficiaries will be able to choose between a social package and receiving the appropriate amount of money.

From January 1, 2006, monthly cash payments in accordance with the law were established in the following amounts: invalids of the Great Patriotic War - 2000 rubles; participants of the Second World War - 1500 rubles; combat veterans and a number of other categories of beneficiaries - 1,100 rubles.

Persons who worked during the Second World War at air defense facilities, the construction of fortifications, naval bases, airfields and other military facilities, family members of those who died or died war invalids, participants in the Great Patriotic War and combat veterans, will receive 600 rubles a month.

Disabled persons with a third degree of restriction of labor activity are paid 1,400 rubles a month; second degree - 1000 rubles; first degree - 800 rubles; disabled children will be paid 1000 rubles. Disabled people who do not have a degree of restriction on labor activity, with the exception of disabled children, receive 500 rubles a month.

Social insurance— protection of the economically active population from social risks on the basis of collective solidarity in compensation for damage. The main social risks associated with the loss of ability to work, work and, accordingly, income, are illness, old age, unemployment, motherhood, accident, work injury, occupational disease, death of the breadwinner. The social insurance system is financed from special extra-budgetary funds formed at the expense of contributions from employers and employees, as well as state subsidies. There are two forms of social insurance - compulsory (supported by the state of its funds) and voluntary (in the absence of state assistance). Citizens are supported primarily through cash payments (pensions and benefits for sickness, old age, unemployment, loss of a breadwinner, etc.), as well as through financing of health services, vocational training, etc. related to the restoration of working capacity.

Social support(assistance) is provided to socially vulnerable groups of the population who, for one reason or another, are unable to secure an income for themselves. Assistance is provided through both cash and in-kind payments (free meals, clothing) and is funded by general tax revenues. Means testing is usually required to receive social assistance. Assistance is provided to those people whose incomes are below the minimum living standards, and is an essential element of the anti-poverty policy, ensuring a minimum guaranteed income, as a realization of the right to life.

Social support is not limited to material assistance. It also includes measures in the form of assistance and services provided to individuals or groups of the population by social services to overcome life's difficulties, maintain social status, and adapt in society.

The activities of social services for social support, the provision of social, medical, pedagogical, legal services and material assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations has formed into a separate branch of the social sphere - social services.

The system of social service institutions in Russia is developing at a very rapid pace. During the period 1998-2004, the total number of social service institutions increased by one third. At the same time, the number of institutions for the elderly and the disabled increased by more than 1.5 times compared with 1985, and by 18% compared with 1998. Number of centers for social assistance to families and children in 1998-2004 increased by 2 times, social rehabilitation centers - by 2.5 times. There are 25 rehabilitation centers for young people with disabilities, 17 geriatric centers. New types of social service institutions have appeared: crisis centers for women, so far the only crisis center for men, crisis departments for girls.

Work aimed at helping, supporting and protecting people, and, above all, socially weak sections of society, is called social work.

The object of social work are people in need of outside help: the elderly, pensioners, the disabled, the seriously ill, children; people who got into
I wish for a life situation: the unemployed, drug addicts, teenagers who have fallen into bad company, single-parent families, convicts and those who have served their sentences, refugees and migrants, etc.

Subjects of social work- those organizations and people who carry out this work. This is the state as a whole, carrying out social policy through state bodies of social protection. These are public organizations: the Russian Association of Social Services, the Association of Social Educators and Social Workers, etc. These are charitable organizations and charity societies such as the Red Cross and Red Crescent.

The main subject of social work are people engaged in it professionally or on a voluntary basis. There are about half a million professional social workers (that is, people with the appropriate education and diploma) all over the world (in Russia there are several tens of thousands). The main part of social work is performed by non-professionals, either as a result of circumstances or because of convictions and a sense of duty.

Society is interested in increasing effectiveness of social work. However, it is difficult to define and measure it. Efficiency is understood as the ratio of the results of activities and the costs necessary to achieve this result. Efficiency in the social sphere is a complex category that consists of the goals, results, costs and conditions of social activity. The result is the final result of any activity in relation to its purpose. It can be positive or negative. In social work, the result is the satisfaction of the needs of its objects, clients of social services, and on this basis the general improvement of the social situation in society. The criteria for the effectiveness of social work at the macro level can be indicators of the financial situation of the family (person), life expectancy, the level and structure of morbidity, homelessness, drug addiction, crime, etc.

The problem of the limits of social assistance to citizens is closely related to the criterion of effectiveness. As in the implementation of the income policy, it is necessary to take into account the possible negative consequences of massive social support: the appearance of dependency, passivity, unwillingness to make decisions and solve one's own problems. There may be negative developments in the social sphere (for example, active support for single mothers may result in a decrease in the marriage rate and, ultimately, the birth rate).

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INTRODUCTION

Social security is a form of expression of the social policy of the state, aimed at providing material support to a certain category of citizens from the state budget and special extra-budgetary funds in the event of the occurrence of events recognized by the state as socially significant (at this stage of its development) in order to equalize the social position of citizens in comparison with other members of society.

The need for social security appeared simultaneously with the emergence of human society. In any society, regardless of its economic and political structure, there are always people who, due to natural reasons beyond their control, cannot acquire the source of their livelihood by their own efforts. These people are primarily children and the elderly. In addition, every person who has lost the ability to work temporarily or permanently due to a health disorder can join the ranks of the disabled.

As society develops and social ties become more complex, the number of reasons for a person's need for social assistance are added to those that are due to the nature of the economic relations prevailing in society, which give rise to unemployment, inflation, and poverty. Social security as a certain form of life support for people has specific organizational and legal forms, types and functions.

The purpose of the course work is to consider the organizational and legal forms, types and functions of social security.

The goal determined the solution of the following tasks:

1) Formulate the concept and consider the functions of social security.

2) To characterize the organizational and legal forms of social security at the present stage.

3) Consider the types of social security.

1. CONCEPT AND PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL SECURITY IN RUSSIA

1.1 Signs of social security

To date, there is no specific concept of social security in the legislation. Therefore, to begin with, we will define the signs of social security.

Following the main trends in the development of social security systems in various countries, the essential features of social security at the present stage include:

First, the state character of the organizational and legal methods of distribution of the total social product established in society through the social security system;

Secondly, the legislative consolidation of the list of social risks recognized by the state as grounds for providing certain types of social security;

Thirdly, fixing in the rules of law or in agreements sanctioned by the state, the circle of persons to be secured;

Fourthly, the regulation by the state of the social standard of security, below which it cannot be, by legislatively fixing the types of security, its level and conditions of provision.

1.2 The concept of social security

Having singled out the signs of social security, it would seem that it is not difficult at all to give its definition.

However, a clear definition of this phenomenon has not yet been developed.

Thus, we can give the following general concept of social security as a phenomenon in the life of any society and state.

Social security is one of the ways to distribute part of the gross domestic product by providing citizens with material benefits in order to equalize their personal income in cases of social risks occurring at the expense of targeted financial sources in the amount and on conditions strictly regulated by society, the state, to maintain their full social status.

Therefore, state social insurance is a compulsory social security system for an employee.

The provision addressed to a person by society, the state in those cases when, due to circumstances beyond his control, he needs support, guarantees a certain social comfort, restores the status of a full-fledged member of society.

The essence of social insurance lies in the distribution of the social risk of loss or reduction of earnings due to circumstances beyond the control of the employee to employers and the employees themselves, who forcibly deduct insurance payments to targeted social insurance funds. At the same time, the classical systems of state social insurance guarantee the insured the provision of material benefits (pensions, benefits, other services) on the principle of comparing them with the amounts paid to insurance funds.

Recently, such a term as social protection of the population has become increasingly popular both at the international level and within the country.

In our country, this term has become widespread in connection with the renaming of the system of social security bodies into the system of bodies of social protection of the population (1992). The Concept of social protection of pensioners, disabled people, families with children and other groups of the population in need of social support, developed by the Ministry of Social Protection of Russia with the participation of other interested ministries, gives the following concept of social protection: “Social protection is a set of additional measures for material assistance to the least protected groups of the population (for the elderly, the disabled, low-income families with children, students, people without means of subsistence), as well as to prevent the collapse of the social protection system, to maintain the level of social services. This set of measures is carried out both at the expense of the federal and local budgets, and at the expense of specially created funds for social support of the population.”

However, even after eight years, it is premature to talk about the development of the social security system of Russia into a system of social protection of the population, since the state constantly demonstrates its economic failure to the population.

As already mentioned, there is currently no legislatively formalized system of social protection of the population in Russia. Social security functions as a separate, internally organized systemic entity with a complex structure. The phenomenon of such a complex system formation lies in the fact that each of the elements of the system, in turn, represents a relatively separate system consisting of elements of a lower level, which also form a system with its own internal organization. Consequently, at the present stage, social security as a systemic education of a higher order consists of two elements - the state and non-state system of social security.

The state system of social security is legislatively fixed and functions within a certain legal framework through the implementation by the subjects of the relevant legal relations of their rights and obligations. Thus, this system is, first of all, a legal entity that has a multi-level character. At the highest level, it consists of legislatively fixed systems: a) social security financing; b) management; c) material support and social services for the population.

There is also an intra-industry level in the legal system of social security.

Thus, in financial law, subsystems for financing social security expenditures can be distinguished through: centralized off-budget credit and financial systems (Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation, State Employment Fund of the Russian Federation, compulsory medical insurance funds); at the expense of the federal budget; at the expense of the budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation; at the expense of local budgets and funds of organizations; at the expense of funds of social support of the population.

In the system of material security and social services for citizens, enshrined in the norms of social security law, the following subsystems are relatively independent: pensions; providing citizens with benefits and compensations, medical care and treatment, social services, benefits.

The significance of social security in the life of society is determined by what functions it performs, what basic problems of society it allows to solve.

1.3 Social security functions

1) The economic function of social security. Its essence lies in the fact that the state uses social security as one of the ways to distribute a part of the gross domestic product, thereby exerting a certain impact on the equalization of personal incomes of citizens by providing material benefits (pensions, benefits, compensations, social services, etc.) instead of lost earnings or along with it in the event of the occurrence of social risks specified in the laws. The implementation of the economic function is concretely embodied in the redistribution of the gross domestic product through the accumulation of financial resources in targeted sources (in extra-budgetary social insurance funds, in the federal budget, in the budgets of the constituent entities of the Federation, social support funds for the population).

2) The production function of social security. Social security is connected with social production, affects it. It is expressed in the fact that the right to many types of social security is conditioned by labor activity, and the level of security often depends on its nature and the amount of remuneration for work. As the principles of social insurance are increasingly put into practice, this influence will increase, as the stimulating value of social security to increase labor productivity and professional skills of workers will increase. Social security also contributes to the timely withdrawal from social production of the aging labor force and persons who have lost the ability to work.

3) The social (social rehabilitation) function of social security contributes to maintaining the social status of citizens in the event of various social risks (illness, disability, old age, death of the breadwinner, unemployment, poverty) by providing various types of material support, social services, benefits in order to maintain a decent standard of living and, prevention of impoverishment.

With the help of the social function, the rehabilitation direction of social security is also carried out, the purpose of which is to restore (in whole or in part) the full-fledged life of a person, allowing him to study, work, communicate with other people, serve himself independently, etc.

4) The political function allows the state to implement the main directions of social policy by means specific to social security. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 7) enshrines the provision that Russia is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person. In the Russian Federation, labor and health of people are protected, state support is provided for the family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, the disabled and the elderly, a system of social services is being developed, state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection are being established. The state of social peace in society depends on how effectively social security performs its political function. Social tension in society at the present stage indicates that the state of the Russian social security system does not meet the needs of the population.

5) The demographic function is realized through the impact of the social security system on many demographic processes - on life expectancy, population reproduction, stimulation of the birth rate, etc. . The absence of an effective system of social assistance to families with children will certainly lead to a significant decline in the birth rate in the country, and so on.

6) the spiritual and ideological function of social security, in which he singles out: ideological, moral and socio-psychological subfunctions.

2. ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL FORMS, TYPES OF SOCIAL SECURITY AT THE PRESENT STAGE

2.1 Organizational and legal forms of social security

The main organizational and legal form of social security is state social insurance. Its essence lies in the division of the social risk of loss of earnings, a decrease in income below the subsistence level, the need for medical care and other social services between the state and the workers themselves, who are subject to compulsory social insurance.

Monetary resources of federal off-budget funds are state property and cannot be spent on any other purposes, except for those for which they were created to finance. In accordance with Art. 13 BC state non-budgetary fund is a fund of funds formed outside the federal budget and the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and intended to implement the constitutional rights of citizens to pensions, social insurance, social security in case of unemployment, health protection and medical care.

In connection with the introduction of part two of the Tax Code and the establishment of a single social tax (contribution), the procedure for transferring payments to state social non-budgetary funds has changed.

These funds include:

RF Social Insurance Fund;

Pension Fund of the Russian Federation;

Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund.

Another organizational and legal form of social security is the direct appropriation (pensions of civil servants, military personnel, social services for the elderly, etc.) from the federal budget.

Non-state social security. In addition, recently, along with centralized forms, non-state social security has also become widespread.

1. Municipal social service. The Moscow Government is implementing a social policy aimed at improving the lives of Muscovites of all social strata and categories. The actions of the Moscow Government are aimed primarily at protecting the elderly, the disabled, families with children and other low-income categories of the population. Thus, according to the Decree of the Government of Moscow dated January 16, 2001 No. 31-PP, a comprehensive program of social protection measures for Moscow residents for 2001 was approved, according to which it was envisaged:

monthly compensation payments to former disabled servicemen, parents of servicemen who died in peacetime;

increase in the size of subsidies to needy students;

allowances for pensions in excess of the social norm, and other payments.

2. Non-state pension funds. They operate on the basis of Federal Law No. 75-FZ of 07.05.1998 “On Non-State Pension Funds”. This is a special organizational and legal form of a non-profit social security organization, the exclusive activity of which is the non-state pension provision of fund participants on the basis of relevant agreements between the population and depositors in favor of the fund participants.

The activities of the fund for non-state pension provision of the population include the accumulation of pension contributions, the placement of pension reserves, the accounting of the fund's pension obligations and the payment of non-state pensions to fund participants.

3. Charitable activities of citizens and legal entities. Legal regulation of charitable activities is carried out on the basis of the Federal Law of 11.08.1995 No. 135-F3 "On Charitable Activities and Charitable Organizations", the Law of the City of Moscow of 05.07.1995 No. 11--46 "On Charitable Activities".

Charitable activity is a voluntary activity of citizens and legal entities for the disinterested (gratuitous or on preferential terms) transfer of property to citizens or legal entities, including funds, disinterested performance of work, provision of services, provision of other assistance for the purpose of social support and protection of citizens , including the improvement of the financial situation of the poor, the social rehabilitation of the unemployed, the disabled and other persons who, due to their physical or intellectual characteristics, as well as other circumstances, are not able to independently exercise their rights and legitimate interests.

4. Benefits and compensations provided to employees by enterprises, institutions, organizations at the expense of profit. An example of such social security is the provision of additional days of rest for certain categories of workers.

2.2 Types of social security

The types of social security in the Russian Federation include:

labor and social pensions;

insurance benefits (for unemployment, temporary disability, pregnancy and childbirth, citizens with children, etc.);

social services for the elderly and disabled;

provision of free medical care under compulsory medical insurance programs; and etc.

This is a way of providing material assistance or a way in which the state assists a citizen in meeting a particular need.

It is customary to talk about such types of social security as pensions, various types of benefits, benefits, social services and in-kind security.

Pensions are the most significant type of provision both in terms of the number of funds provided and in terms of the amount of funds spent.

The literal translation of the word "pension" is payment. This is one of the forms of cash payments, which is carried out by the state through specially designed bodies and is made from a certain pension fund. The subject of this type of provision is a person recognized as disabled due to reaching a certain age, recognized as disabled by medical criteria (disability), or due to the performance of any social functions (care for a disabled person of the 1st group, a child with disabilities, the elderly etc.).

Important features of the pension are its connection with the pensioner's former work activity and with the amount of wages previously received, its mandatory nature. The purpose of the pension is the material provision of citizens, providing them with the only or basic means of subsistence. There is a point of view that a pension is a deferred remuneration for work.

Thus, a pension is a state payment made from a pension fund in order to provide material support for disabled citizens in connection with their past labor and other socially useful activities in amounts, as a rule, commensurate with the amount of past earnings.

This type of social security is not monolithic, it is subject to differentiation, which is based on regulatory legal acts - the law "On pensions for military personnel", "On state pensions in the RSFSR", etc. Pensions are sometimes accompanied by another type of provision - social services, i.e. provision at the expense of society for free of a number of services. The goal is to provide additional assistance to those in need in the form of household actions. Social services, as a type of social security, include services for sanatorium treatment, maintenance in boarding schools, labor rehabilitation and employment of the disabled, some health services, education services, and maintenance of children in preschool and out-of-school institutions.

The next type of social security, which is widespread, are benefits - this is a number of types of social security that differ in purposes, sources of payments, and subjects.

The first type of this group is the so-called labor benefits, which are paid to persons who are in labor relations with an enterprise (state, municipal, cooperative, etc.) and who have temporarily lost their wages due to disability. They are paid at the expense of social insurance funds. The presence of labor relations between the subject of the provision of benefits and the insured, in the role of which the enterprise or other similar object acts, is mandatory. The purpose of labor benefits is the full or partial compensation of lost earnings, with which their amount is commensurate, i.e. during the period of incapacity for work, a person, without performing any actions in favor of the enterprise, receives money from him.

Employment benefits include, for example, maternity benefits.

The second group is social benefits. They differ from the first group in that they are not related to labor activity. These allowances are characterized by the absence of socially useful activity of the recipient or its presence in amounts that do not give the right to other types of support. The goal is to provide funds that would be a source of livelihood or material support. They are paid in fixed amounts established by law. For persons exempted from work duties (disabled people of the 1st group, disabled people of the 1st and 2nd groups), these benefits are equated to the minimum labor pension. For other persons, their size is such as to ensure the satisfaction of only an insignificant circle of vital needs. Social benefits are an expression of society's concern for people who, for one reason or another, are left without a livelihood. Their establishment should be regarded as a manifestation of the humanism of society. The source of payment of these benefits is the state budget. Thus, social benefits are monthly cash payments from special state funds in cases established by law to disabled persons who do not work and are not entitled to labor pensions and other types of cash security (except for family benefits).

These include social pensions. The classification of social benefits as pensions in the legislation is caused by the established global legal practice.

The third group is family benefits. The subjects of their receipt are families. The main social purpose of family benefits is the provision of state material assistance to families incurring additional expenses in connection with the upbringing and maintenance of minor children and in some other cases. They are paid as additional assistance, regardless of other family income from the state budget, in amounts determined on the basis of the amount of the minimum wage established by the current legislation.

These include pensions for disabled children, allowances for the care of young children, single mothers, for children of low-income families, on the occasion of the birth of a child, for burial, etc.

The next type of security is the provision of benefits that alleviate the financial situation of certain categories of persons as a result of the fact that society takes on part of the necessary cash expenditures. This type of security is widely used. This includes partial payment for medicines and utilities, payment of a partial cost of vouchers for children to relax in sanatoriums and camps, keeping children in preschool institutions, etc.

Another type of security is in-kind security, that is, the transfer to certain categories of citizens of the ownership or use of material values. We are talking about the free provision of prosthetic and orthopedic products, means of transportation, medicines for certain groups of disabled people, the provision of housing at the expense of the state housing stock.

The distribution of these types of social protection should be in broad compliance with the regulatory legal acts adopted both at the level of the Russian Federation and at the level of subjects of the federation.

3. PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL SECURITY IN MODERN RUSSIA AND THE WAYS TO SOLUTION THEM

social security russia charitable

The use of shock methods of market transformations revealed the most acute problems not only in the economy, but also in the social sphere, the living conditions of the entire population. This caused an objective need for a greater social orientation of reforms, the definition of social priorities, the social "price" of the transition to a market economy and the clarification of the very concept of its social orientation. Social orientation involves the choice of public priorities, targeted stimulation of certain areas and areas of activity, the implementation of environmental programs.

One of the most complex philosophical and moral issues is the question of the combination of the market and social justice. In addition to the obvious connection between social development and the achievement of social justice, it is equally important when analyzing social issues to proceed from the real state of the country's modern economy, which continues to deteriorate. The decline in production and investment activity has not been overcome, structural adjustments are not taking place, and the purchasing power of enterprises and the population is declining. Retail turnover, including services, is more than twice the output of consumer goods, which indicates an unprecedented overestimation of distribution costs and does not contribute to the formation of a competitive pricing mechanism. The latter not only complicates the implementation of large-scale programs for the reconstruction of the national economy, but directly affects social development, the state of affairs in commodity-producing sectors, and the standard of living of the employed and non-working population.

Even taking into account the inflationary increased retail turnover, the total volume of final consumption of consumer goods and services of the population is 38-40% of GNP. This testifies to the underconsumption of goods and services, which means the impossibility of a normal reproduction of the labor force. Under-consumption in no way means that free resources are directed to the investment sphere. On the contrary, the discrepancy between savings potential and real savings remains extremely high.

From the point of view of the social consequences of the indicated phenomena, it is especially important to understand that if the underinvestment of the economy is reflected primarily in the structure of activity, employment, etc.;

That underconsumption affects life expectancy and the health of the population. There is also concern that, on average, in Russia, the growth of cash income due to an increase in wages in sectors of the economy occurs at a slower pace than due to other sources. In many regions, the problem of non-payments and wage arrears remains acute. The increase in the average wage of workers is much less than the official increase in the minimum wage. The standard of living of various groups of the population did not change in accordance with labor contribution, but depending on the degree of approach to the upper rungs in the hierarchy of power. There is a substitution in the public consciousness of the system of values: conscientious, creative work becomes less and less preferable: it is not stimulated accordingly, but more and more prestigious - property, wealth, regardless of how they are acquired. On the other hand, conscientious and honest work becomes in the mass consciousness something unnecessary, superfluous; and the paradoxical nature of the current situation is also manifested in the fact that one's own potential (knowledge, abilities, skills and experience) at the place of the main job is not used enough. The problems of social development are directly related not only to the decline in the standard of living of workers and the stratification of the population according to income, but also to employment problems. Employment is not only a problem of labor relations or social development of business entities, it is, first of all, a complex problem, the solution of which depends on the general economic situation, the budgetary and credit policy of the state, in which employment is the determining factor. Thus, the analysis of modern problems of social development shows that in order to solve it, it is necessary to form an integral socio-economic policy, both at the regional level and across the state as a whole; providing financial and credit assistance to the regions. This is one of the most important tasks of the federal government, which has not yet been fulfilled.

Correcting the situation requires a number of measures.

First, federal social policy should be formed on the basis of socio-economic expediency, and not political ambitions. The problems of federalism should not become the center of the intertwining of politics and economics. Today, when distributing federal taxes and subsidies, some regions bear the brunt of providing for the federation's budget, while others have become the main "consumers" of this budget.

Secondly, a successful solution of the social problems facing society is possible only with a clear delineation of management activities, both in terms of objects of influence and in terms of "problems", without which, in principle, it is impossible to determine the limits of management.

Thirdly, the task of managing social development is to specify the general targets, taking into account the existing system of public administration, local self-government, as well as socio-economic conditions and restrictions of a different nature.

Currently, in the context of economic, structural, social (partly psychological) environmental crisis, these tasks can be grouped as follows:

An active policy to improve the standard of living, social support for the population, create conditions for the realization of its opportunities to independently ensure their well-being.

Effective measures in the labor market to optimize the structure of employment and reduce unemployment.

Formation of a mechanism for social protection of socially disadvantaged and socially vulnerable categories of the population, social security for the disabled population.

Development of an effective system for protecting the civil rights of the individual and ensuring security.

Institutional transformations in the social infrastructure and the socio-cultural sphere in order to expand the opportunities for the population to receive relevant services, improve the quality of service, ensure accessibility for each minimum set of free education, health services, etc.

CONCLUSION

Based on the studied materials, we can talk about the versatility of the approach to the very concept of social security. Lawyers and jurists believe that the purpose of social security is to protect the right to life. Politicians often use welfare as a political slogan. Economists understand social security as a redistribution of income.

Taking into account these trends, the concept of social security can be defined as follows: Social security in the narrow sense means that the state, which has the goal of social policy to ensure a minimum standard of living for society, guarantees each individual from the main dangers that threaten the loss of livelihood - such as disease , industrial accident, old age, unemployment, poverty; in a broad sense, social security means a system that, through the state and public organizations, provides resources for living and services to those in need, in order for a person to live like a human being, and through the redistribution of income strives for social equality and full equilibrium development.

The most important function of the social security system is, of course, to ensure an acceptable standard of living for the population. The structure of such a system is as follows: the disabled are provided with social assistance; able-bodied persons are provided with the possibility of social insurance; those in need of social support are provided with support by social services.

The second most important function can be called the function of income redistribution. A typical example of income redistribution in social security is social assistance, which can be said to carry out "vertical income redistribution". Another structural direction that performs the function of "vertical redistribution" is social services. The functions of "horizontal distribution" are performed by social insurance.

The third main function of social security is the function of economic stabilization.

Since the social security system, by skillful regulation of the proportions of social contributions and taxes, can achieve economic stabilization, thereby preventing such social dangers as inflation and financial problems of the state.

The social security system of each country has its own characteristics in connection with specific socio-economic conditions. The right to social security is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and is a complex of interrelated organizational and legislative measures.

Basically, in the Russian Federation, social protection of disabled and low-income groups of the population is carried out in two main areas - social security and social assistance.

Under the forms of social security are understood the organizational and legal ways of its implementation. It is customary to refer to the specific features of the forms of social security: 1) the method of accumulation of funds in financial sources, at the expense of which social security is provided; 2) the range of subjects provided at the expense of a certain financial source; 3) types of security at the expense of this source of a specific circle of subjects; 4) the system of bodies providing social security.

Forms of social security are constantly transforming. The significance of the organizational and legal methods of implementing social security lies in the fact that they allow the state and society to most rationally distribute the total gross product through the social security system, basing such distribution on the principles of social justice.

The forms of social security used in Russia at the present stage can be classified according to the degree of their centralization into centralized, regional, as well as local, local.

Centralized forms, in turn, are divided into: compulsory social insurance; social security at the expense of budgetary funds; a mixed form of social security applied to certain special subjects.

Since the renewing Russia is a full member of the world community and accepts the already existing international system of views and actions in solving social problems, such a social security system should be based on a conceptual basis corresponding to the UN goal of creating a "society for all people". Such an approach considers social problems and life difficulties not as negative phenomena, but as factors that, if they are fairly and rationally solved, contribute to sustainable social development.

The implementation of this concept in Russia will require very significant efforts, since an analysis of the demographic situation indicates the presence and deepening of many individual and group problems, which, in addition to their complexity, are also of a long-term nature.

As a result, the role of social security bodies is growing, which, having a clear idea of the state's capabilities and resources to address social issues, can and should proactively act as spokesmen for the interests and aspirations of the population, and timely inform the authorities about the existing and predicted needs of citizens, as well as make suggestions to meet them.

The improvement of social assistance and the system of serving those in need, the development and expansion of self-help are not only not mutually exclusive, but from a psychological and moral-ethical point of view and from a position of self-affirmation, it is more effective and progressive than simple dependence on the social security system.

In addition, social services are obliged to assist in the acquisition of skills, build their life cycle in a new way, taking into account the changing resource base and socio-economic conditions. The best conditions for the functioning of the new system are the expansion of local self-government, as well as social activities under local and municipal social programs.

LIST OF USED SOURCES

1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation. Adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993. M.: Legal literature, 1993. 62 p.

2. Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Compulsory Social Insurance" dated July 16, 1999 (as amended in 2002)

3. Federal Law "On Compulsory Pension Insurance in the Russian Federation" dated December 15, 2001 (as amended on December 31, 2002)

4. Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation" dated December 10, 1995 (as amended on January 10, 2003)

5. Topical issues of the development of compulsory social insurance in the Russian Federation and its legislative support / Analytical Bulletin of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. -2004. -No. 5

6. Buyanova M.O., Kondratieva Z.A., Kobzeva S.I. Social Security Law: Textbook. M., 2002.

7. Valeev R.F. Social security law: Educational and methodical complex. M., 2002.

8. Zakharov M.L., Tuchkova E.G. Social Security Law of the Russian Federation: Textbook. M., 2002.

9. Machulskaya E.E. Social Security Law: Textbook M., 2001.

10. Catalog of software products with technological characteristics. Reviews of changes in legislation. Search for regional ICs. http://www.consultant.ru/

11. News of the legislation of the Russian Federation, analytical materials, legal consultations, infographics, etc. Legislation (full texts of documents) with comments: laws, codes, resolutions, orders. http://www.garant.ru/

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General characteristics of the profession

Immediately it is worth highlighting the basis on which the entire subject and the educational process are built. This, of course, is a right: laws, regulations and various documents containing them. Next comes the litigation and its attendant disciplines.

Basic knowledge in jurisprudence is fully consistent with other legal disciplines. They will give you nothing more, nothing less. So what's the difference? And here the second part of the name of the specialty makes itself felt. A social welfare organization is a work with people who have problems in complying with civil norms.
Slope Details

According to the constitution, the Russian Federation is a social state. This means that social programs have the highest priority in the country's policy, and the law should be directed to their improvement and strengthening. Citizens, as the main value of such a state, are what it exists for.

In fact, a huge number of holes appear in social programs, caused by a variety of, but undoubtedly familiar reasons. And the people who fall into these holes suddenly find themselves pulled out of the system. Or, even worse, put in the position of guilty without any reason. If the inconvenience of the former can be completely resolved by inquiries to the necessary places and re-registration of papers, then in the case of the latter, it often comes to court. And this is far from the worst thing that happens!

A lawyer from this direction must have the qualities of a philosopher, psychologist, economist, political scientist and financier. And they try to teach all this. If possible.

Application in practice

It is already clear how wide the application of the knowledge gained after training can be. Yes, they are limited to the legal industry, but in the legal industry they are practically not limited by anything. So, what choice is given to the graduate upon completion of training? You can realize yourself in:

labor law;
civil law;
insurance business;
social security law.

labor law

How can labor law be defined? This is the emergence, maintenance and termination of labor activity. In more detail, this is everything that happens from the moment an employee comes for an interview until he is fired (or he quits himself). What can happen in this interval? Yes, whatever! Employment law is a fairly popular area in large cities, where people change jobs most often, sometimes even several times a year. How can we avoid incidents here? And a lawyer can just solve them. For a fee.

To work in this area, you will need to complete a number of courses, get a license, but this is the easiest part. The main thing is that you will have the qualification of a lawyer upon completion of training.

Civil law

These are property and personal non-property relations of the parties. As far as the vague wording, the range of activities is so wide. Simply put, it is any thing whose belonging to someone raises questions. A leader in the legal services market for several years, but at the same time one of the most difficult aspects of law. You will need perseverance, a good memory and a melancholy character. If this is not about you, then read on, everything is ahead!

Insurance business

There is probably not much to explain here. The insurance business, which has seriously developed in recent decades, is aimed at society and is clearly social in nature. Just what you need. Moreover, you will be welcome from both sides: both insurance companies interested in minimizing payments, and people interested in ensuring the opposite.

Social security law, constitutional law

These two subjects are taught separately. But in life they are very interconnected things. You will know the most about them, because they are your profile.
Working with people and working with laws. Possession of ethical standards. The ability to correctly analyze the situation and explain it to people. Ability to develop and review legal acts. All this is the law and the organization of social security.
Results

Work in this specialty requires analytical skills, attentiveness and good memory, the ability to quickly find the necessary information. After all, considering each specific situation, a lawyer needs not only to express his opinion on it, but to give an extremely accurate and correct explanation with references to all applicable laws and acts relating to it. In addition, it is desirable to have communication skills and emotional stability.

It is necessary to possess and develop in oneself such qualities as humanity and goodwill, tact, endurance and self-control, observation, initiative and responsibility, erudition. In a word, everything that people value so much in others. It is the social nature of the profession that is the key to it.

This profession requires quite a lot from a person, therefore, in the absence of the necessary qualities in it, it may seem very difficult. But if they are available, it will provide an opportunity to develop in several directions at once. Communication, accurate data and sober analysis, when properly combined, make for a very interesting lifestyle.

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