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The innovative activity of the enterprise is Innovative activity of the teacher in modern conditions. Need help with a topic

Innovative activity is an activity aimed at finding and implementing innovations in order to expand the range and improve product quality, improve technology and organize production.

Innovation activities include:

Identification of enterprise problems;

Implementation of the innovation process;

Organization of innovation activity.

The main prerequisite for the innovative activity of an enterprise is that everything that exists is aging. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically discard everything that is worn out, outdated, has become a brake on the path to progress, and also take into account mistakes, failures and miscalculations. To do this, enterprises periodically need to conduct certification of products, technologies and jobs, analyze the market and distribution channels. In other words, a kind of radiograph of all aspects of the enterprise's activities should be carried out. This is not just a diagnosis of the production and economic activities of the enterprise, its products, markets, etc. Based on it, managers should be the first to think about how to make their products (services) obsolete themselves, and not wait until competitors do it. And this, in turn, will encourage enterprises to innovate. Practice shows that nothing makes a leader focus on an innovative idea as much as the realization that the product being produced will become obsolete in the near future.

The main organizational principle for innovation is to create a team of the best workers released from the current job.

As experience shows, all attempts to turn an existing unit into a carrier of an innovative project end in failure. Moreover, this conclusion applies to both large and small businesses. The fact is that maintaining production in working condition is already a big task for the people involved in this. Therefore, they practically do not have time to create a new one. The existing subdivisions, in whatever area they operate, are basically only capable of expanding and modernizing production.

Entrepreneurial and innovative activities do not have to be carried out on a permanent basis, especially in small enterprises, where such a setting is often impossible. However, it is necessary to appoint an employee personally responsible for the success of innovations. He should be responsible for the timely identification and replacement of obsolete products, equipment, technologies, for a comprehensive analysis of production and economic activities (X-ray of the business), for the development of innovative measures. The employee responsible for innovation should be a person with sufficient authority in the enterprise.

It is necessary to protect the innovation unit from unbearable loads. Investments in the development of innovations should not be included in the regular return on investment analysis until new products (services) are established in the market. Otherwise, the business will be ruined.

Innovative activity can be carried out both within the framework of enterprises by subdivisions specially created for this purpose (the so-called internal ventures), and by independent venture (risk) firms.

Internal ventures are small units organized for the development and production of new types of high technology products and endowed with significant autonomy within enterprises. The selection and financing of proposals coming from employees of the enterprise or independent inventors are carried out by specialized services. If the project is approved, the author of the idea leads the internal venture. This division functions with minimal administrative and economic intervention from the management of the enterprise.

Within a specified period, an internal venture must develop an innovation and prepare a new product or product for mass production. As a rule, this is the production of a non-traditional product for a given company.

In the Russian Federation, internal ventures have been created at a number of large industrial enterprises, primarily in the military-industrial complex (MIC).

A venture capital firm is a small enterprise that specializes in the research and development of innovative ideas that involve significant risk. To develop a promising idea, venture capital of large firms interested in innovation is attracted. A large firm is usually reluctant to develop its own innovative idea with significant risk. The consequences of a possible failure for her are much harder than for a small firm. Therefore, the main direction of participation of a large firm in research of a probable nature related to the development of innovative ideas is the implementation of risky financing of small innovative firms specializing in such developments.

Small firms are characterized by ease of management, a wide scope for personal initiative, the possibility of pursuing a flexible scientific and technical policy, and the active involvement of inventors in their activities. This determines the high efficiency of venture firms. Many of them make a significant contribution to innovative progress, the development of new products, advanced technologies.

The effectiveness of small firms in the innovation process is evidenced by the following data: according to the estimates of the US National Science Foundation, for every dollar invested in R&D, firms with up to 100 people carried out four times more innovations than firms with 100-1000 employees, and 24 times more than companies employing more than 1,000 people. Their rate of innovation is a third higher than that of large ones, in addition, small firms need an average of 2.22 years to enter the market with their innovations, while large ones take 3.05 years.

The participation of large firms in risky financing in comparison with traditional forms of R&D is due not only to increased returns, but also to their direct economic interest. The fact is that independent small firms enjoy tax and other benefits, receive direct financial support under government programs to stimulate scientific and technological progress. As a result, venture capital financing is now actively developing in many countries. Venture forms are also getting some development in Russia.

Answer option 2

The organization of innovation activity is aimed at streamlining the processes of generating new ideas, searching for and developing technical solutions, creating innovations, as well as their implementation. The mechanism of organization is focused on the formation and reorganization of structures that carry out innovative processes. Such work can take place in various forms, the main of which are the creation, absorption, market innovation integration, spin-off.

CREATION- this is the formation of new enterprises, structural divisions or units designed to carry out innovative activities. The most significant elements of the new organizational forms are matrix structures, scientific and technical divisions, scientific and technical organizations operating on market principles, and internal ventures.

The processes of creating new innovative organizations are especially important for large enterprises. These enterprises have a complex system of innovation management, often focus on large projects, the implementation of which should almost immediately (or in a short period) provide high income. Largely for this reason, the number of innovations in these structures is not as great as in small enterprises. According to the authors, the effectiveness of innovation activity could be significantly improved if new innovative divisions and structural units were created to create new directions in the activities of large enterprises. These innovation units can be created on a permanent or temporary basis.

MATRIX STRUCTURES represent such organizational formations that are created temporarily - for the period of development and implementation of innovations, include specialists of various profiles, administratively subordinate to the heads of the relevant permanent units, but temporarily assigned to work in a temporary implementation structure to carry out work in a certain specialization.

Such temporary divisions allow you to bring together various specialists for the duration of the development and implementation of innovations. At the end of this process, the matrix association is disbanded and its members return to the units in which they work on a permanent basis. Such an organizational innovation mechanism allows, firstly, to ensure the completion of work in a short time, and secondly, to concentrate specialists of various profiles under a single management, and thirdly, to significantly reduce the cost of the development and implementation process (Fig. 7.1).

Scientific and technical divisions are created on a permanent basis, they do not have economic independence, and their activities are carried out at the expense of the company's budget as a whole. These divisions can either be decentralized and focused on specific production units, or centralized and report directly to the company's management.

Their peculiarity lies in the fact that they transfer their developments to production directly, without establishing internal market mechanisms.

Independent scientific and technical organizations, on the contrary, have their own budget, they sell their developments to the production divisions of the company. This increases responsibility for performance results, their compliance with the company's goals and market requirements.

Internal ventures, or the so-called intrapreneur structures are engaged, as a rule, in the direct introduction of innovations, focused on a new market niche.

These structures are quasi-independent, i.e. they have the attributes of independence, have their own settlement account (or sub-account), but are structural divisions of the company, use its production facilities, equipment, etc. Further, if the intrapreneurial structure successfully implements the innovation, it can be transformed into an independent company.

In some cases, a very effective organizational mechanism can be takeover by a large company small innovative firms whose activities are within the circle of interests of this company. This mechanism involves the implementation of large one-time costs, but leads to a significant reduction in the time to enter the market with a new product, and in addition, it allows you to get a synergistic effect from combining innovative achievements. Small innovative firms themselves may also be interested in absorption, since they do not always have sufficient funds for their activities.

A mechanism that complements the takeover is the establishment of close ties between a large company and small innovative firms, which are based on long-term contractual relationships and the totality of which the authors call MARKET innovation integration. In this case, innovative firms retain their independence, but fall into the sphere of market production relations of a large company.

The combination of absorption processes and market innovation integration gives reason to propose the use of the so-called fan organization of the innovation process (Fig. 7.2). Its meaning lies in the creation of an innovative environment for a manufacturing company, consisting of firms in respect of which a takeover (IFI) was made, as well as market-integrated firms (RIF).

Such an organization will be most effective for manufacturing companies with an aggressive innovation development strategy. It allows you to develop and commercialize high-level innovations, create technological gaps, innovations, in some cases inaccessible to competing companies at the moment.

ALLOCATION- an organizational mechanism that involves the creation of independent innovative companies that were previously part of integral production entities.

It is advisable to carry out such actions when a new line of activity is formed that is not related to the main specialization of the company, diverting its resources to itself.

Innovative activity can be organized at different levels of management - directly at the enterprise, within the framework of an association of enterprises, at the regional and state levels. At each level, their own ways and methods of organizing innovation activities are applied.

Innovation strategy at the micro level, i.e. at the level of an enterprise or organization (Fig. 19.1), is determined by the basic strategies for the development of an enterprise, the nature of the innovative tasks that arise in this case, and the presence of innovative potential in an enterprise.

The innovation strategy determines the type of innovation activity, its forms, as well as the specific methods of its organization. The organization of innovation activities is aimed at streamlining the processes of generating new ideas, searching for and developing technical solutions, creating innovations, their implementation in production and company management, and commercializing innovations.

Rice. 19.1.

Organization of innovation activity includes the formation and reorganization of structures that carry out innovative processes. Such work can take place in various forms, the main of which are the creation, absorption, allocation.

Creation - this is the formation of new enterprises, structural divisions or units designed to carry out innovative activities. These can be design and scientific and technical divisions and independent organizations created both inside and outside the parent organization.

In some cases, a very effective organizational mechanism can be absorption a large company of small innovative firms whose activities are included in the circle of interests of this company. This mechanism leads to a significant reduction in the time to enter the market with a new product, and in addition, it allows you to get a synergistic effect from combining innovative achievements. Small innovative firms themselves may also be interested in takeovers, since they do not always have sufficient funds to continue innovative activities.

A mechanism that complements the takeover is the establishment of close ties between a large company and small innovative firms based on long-term contractual relationships. This partnership creates an innovative environment for a manufacturing company.

Selection - an organizational mechanism that involves the creation of independent innovative companies that were previously part of integral entities. It is advisable to carry out such actions when a new line of activity is formed that is not related to the main specialization of the company, diverting its resources to itself. A dedicated structure can be created as a subsidiary of the parent company, as a separate small enterprise under the foundation of a large parent company, in order to then be transformed into an outsourcing company serving the innovation process of the customer firm.

The firm's innovation strategies can be divided into two groups: R&D strategies and innovation implementation and adaptation strategies. The first group of strategies includes the following:

1) licensing strategy. Unfinished or completed developments are acquired for the purpose of their further development and use;
2) parallel development strategy. This strategy involves the simultaneous acquisition of a technological license for the finished product and the implementation and development of their own developments;
3) a research leadership strategy aimed at achieving leading positions in the field of certain R&D.

The second group of strategies is related to the introduction of innovations. Among them:

1) product line support strategy. Its meaning is to improve the consumer properties of manufactured traditional goods that are not subject to severe obsolescence;
2) the strategy of product and process imitation, in which the enterprise borrows technology from outside;
3) the strategy of radical technological and product advance. This is a rather expensive and risky strategy, but in some cases it leads to success;
4) strategy of waiting for the leader. Adopted by large leading enterprises during periods of new products entering the market, the demand for which has not yet been determined. Initially, a small firm enters the market, and then, if successful, the leader seizes the initiative.

An important factor in the success of the innovative activity of an enterprise is the stimulation of the creative activity of its employees. How to achieve the participation of each specialist in the search for new technologies, products and management decisions? How to develop a creative attitude towards your work in everyone? How to awaken the motivation for change among employees of an entrepreneurial structure? The answers to these questions lie not only in management theory, but also in the practical activities of the company. In order for the author or authors of an idea to undertake its implementation with enthusiasm, they need support. That is why organizations need to develop special programs to support and encourage experiments and experimenters. Everyone who has expressed a new idea or developed this or that innovative project, under certain conditions, is guaranteed support from the management, which may relate to finances, and consultations, and supplies, and production areas, and the working hours of other employees, and equipment, and raw materials , and accessories.

The main source of change in every business structure is always people. Many specialists have the ability to generate new ideas and implement them. However, this ability is used for the benefit of the company only if the following conditions and prerequisites are realized:

- people are committed to the goals of their organization;
- employees have a coordinated vision of problem solving;
- each member of the team has a real opportunity to do something in practice, using their ability to innovate.

One of the elements of the innovation climate is the formation of a motivating vision among employees. Vision - This is a set of ideas of employees of an organization (enterprise) about what this organization (enterprise) should become in the future. Creating a vision is a more important task than forming traditional plans. In creating a vision, not only the mind is involved, but also emotions. In this regard, elements of the organization's culture are primarily involved in the formation of the vision.

Often, organizations use external sources of innovation, in particular by creating or participating in the creation of venture capital firms. Venture capital firms, as being subject to increased risk, force almost every employee with redoubled energy to generate new ideas and work on their implementation. The result of the activities of most venture capital firms is known: either they suffer a financial collapse, thereby "closing" an unpromising direction of search, or they succeed, and then, as a rule, a strong venture company is bought by a large firm that participated in its creation, and the founders of a venture firm in as a reward for risk, successful search and achieved results receive a very significant amount, equivalent to the value of their company. Thus, any large innovative firm can not only conduct research and development within its walls, helping in the development of a number of venture companies, it can expand the field of its research and experiments, and conduct them "foreign hands", acquiring as researchers and experimenters are a team of highly motivated enthusiasts.

Many firms successfully apply the motivation mechanism by creating internal risky projects within their structures. Internal ventures create additional motives for creative work, form a favorable innovation climate within themselves, a true passion for change, and contribute to changes in the entire company as a whole.

It is impossible to create an innovative climate at the enterprise by order, for example, by placing this responsibility administratively on any structural division of the enterprise.

The most effective factor in the formation of an innovative climate in an enterprise is the creation of autonomous groups (teams) to carry out activities and manage any work. Groups (teams) become the main "building" block of the company. The group can include representatives of all functional services, it is provided with the necessary resources.

The leaders of innovative organizations strive to develop the ability to innovate among management personnel, cultivating and encouraging the qualities of people that meet the following requirements:

openness, receptivity, readiness for new experience;
independence, non-conformism;
flexibility, willingness to abandon previous ideas and models;
tolerance for others and for other ideas and worldviews.

One of the effective forms of enhancing the innovative activity of employees are the so-called retreats.

Retreat - it is a form of employee training as part of regular staff meetings with a fixed agenda. Retreats are often held outside working hours, for example on Saturdays, and are accompanied by informal communication between employees, which contributes to the establishment of productive communications between team members. This form of improving the efficiency of the work of teams has become a kind of form of advanced training and training. It also allows you to unleash the innovative potential of employees, involve them in creativity, in the search for new, better approaches to their work. Retreats take the form of informal discussions, during which employees in a relaxed atmosphere put forward their own solutions to the problems of the development of a unit or company as a whole.

The functions of the state in the field of innovation management include the following:

the formation of state programs and the establishment of development priorities in the scientific and technical sphere;
financing of fundamental research that determines the future level of development of the country, the development of fundamental science;
the development of education, the creation of conditions for the fruitful integration of science, universities and business, the organization of the training of scientific and engineering personnel;
regulation of activities in special economic and technological innovation zones;
development of venture funds;
formation and development of a national innovation system that provides an innovation climate (Fig. 19.2).

The state develops a strategy and priorities for the development of science, engineering and technology. The state places orders for research, development and production of priority products for state needs, and also forms guidelines for national economic needs in certain types and groups of goods that are advisory in nature.

Rice. 19.2.

The essential role of state authorities is to ensure the conditions and the ability of enterprises to innovative development. The ability for innovative development is a property of a market economic system that allows you to generate innovations on your own basis that ensure the competitiveness of the system in interaction with external forces. For purposeful actions but to stimulate and regulate the innovative activity of enterprises, the state has the following levers and tools:

stimulating credit and financial, tax and depreciation policy;
a system of economic benefits for subjects of innovation and investors;
support for the production of new products.

The state can act directly as an economic entity (investor) in the implementation of socially significant innovative projects: modern technologies, products and services in the fields of transport, communications, energy, housing and communal services. At the same time, favorable interest and tax rates, the scale of credit resources are of fundamental importance for the implementation of the innovative strategy of enterprises.

The state creates conditions for positive changes in the innovation sphere. It provides support and incentives for investors investing in science-intensive, high-tech production by establishing tax incentives, state guarantees and subsidizing loans. One of the essential functions of the state in the innovation sphere is the improvement of the tax system in order to create favorable conditions for conducting innovation activities by all entities, regardless of ownership and types of financing. In modern economic conditions, this is, first of all, the clarification of the taxable base, the formation of a depreciation policy that stimulates investments in high-tech equipment.

The state creates conditions for the formation of joint organizations with foreign partners for the production of domestic products and their sale on the foreign market. Also, the state can contribute to the promotion of domestic innovations abroad, support exhibition and fair activities, information exchange in innovative areas, create forms of interaction with member countries of the EU, the CIS, and other states in the scientific and technical field.

When implementing the innovation policy, the state uses such tools as public-private partnership in the scientific and technical sphere, the Fund for Assistance to the Development of Small Forms of Enterprises in the Scientific and Technical Field, the Russian Fund for Technological Development (RFTD), the Development Bank (VEB), the Russian Venture Company, technoparks, science cities, special economic and technology-innovative zones. The innovation policy of the state is also aimed at increasing the level of protection of intellectual property. The implementation of innovation policy involves increasing the degree of implementation of laws, strengthening civil liberties and political rights of citizens. Among other activities of the state to increase the innovative nature of the country's economy are strengthening political stability, strengthening anti-corruption measures, and expanding freedom of the press. One of the most important objects of government activity in the innovation sphere is education. Improving the quality of both secondary and higher education, developing business education, increasing the intensity of staff training in public and private organizations - all these are important areas of the state's innovation policy.

Modern means of implementing innovative activity both at the state level and at the enterprise level are being transformed and modified under the influence of modern information and communication technologies, the capabilities of computers and the Internet. Recently, they have been replenished with a relatively new crowdsourcing technology based on the massive exchange of knowledge of many participants.

The term "crowdsourcing" is a neologism, it combines two English terms: crowd- crowd and source- source. crowdsourcing means the assignment of a task, usually carried out by the staff of an organization or an external contractor, to an unspecified, usually large group of people in the form of an open offer. This proposal is aimed at creating new knowledge. This can be either the creation of a new technology, a new product in the form of an operating system, or the creation of an encyclopedia ("Wikipedia"), or the processing of a large amount of data. In other words, crowdsourcing is a technology for using resources (usually intellectual) of a large number of people within a single project.

A striking example of the use of crowdsourcing in the development of innovative activity is the activity of the company "InnoCcntivc", which carries out the so-called open innovations. This company widely uses crowdsourcing for research in various fields - from engineering to management. "InnoCentive" proposes a number of problems for open discussion on the Internet, and also accepts the proposed solutions. In existence since 2002, this open innovation hub brings together a large number of research firms and organizations interested in attracting intellectual resources, as well as more than 125,000 researchers offering their solutions for specific companies. For the most interesting solutions, the company provides for rewards, but a significant part of the ideas comes to them free of charge. Anyone with Internet access can become a member of this community.

The results of using crowdsourcing by IBM are impressive. As part of a program called Innovation Jam, more than 150,000 people from 104 countries were involved in a virtual brainstorming session dedicated to new ideas in the field of transport, environmental protection, finance, commerce. IBM subsequently selected the most interesting ideas from the point of view of commercial use, of which 10 large-scale projects were formed with an initial investment of $100 million, which made it possible to obtain a significant commercial effect in the first year after their implementation. A similar procedure for concentrating innovative activity with the help of modern information technologies was applied to innovations in the non-profit sphere - in the preparation and holding of the UN Conference on Cities in 2006. It was carried out by IBM and was called Value Jam. As part of this procedure, it was possible to achieve mass participation in the development of new ideas regarding the organization of life in cities using the achievements of new technologies.

Thus, crowdsourcing has recently become a powerful means of innovation. Currently, companies can develop and manufacture their own products directly with the participation of consumers, attracting the intellectual resources of a large number of people. The use of crowdsourcing in domestic innovation can bring significant results in many areas.

conclusions

1. Innovation is an innovation in the field of engineering, technology, labor organization or management that improves efficiency.
2. Innovation management is aimed at studying the mechanisms for stimulating and effectively managing innovation processes at the macro and micro levels in order to ensure the development and strengthening of the competitive positions of organizations, countries and regions through the creation, development and commercialization of innovations in various sectors of the economy.
3. Innovative activity includes, in addition to the development and production of new products, a wide range of activities but the effective promotion of innovations to the market, the sale and acquisition of patents and licenses, knowledge management, etc.
4. The organization of innovative activity at the enterprise includes the formation of an innovative strategy, stimulation of creative activity, the activities of small creative groups, the use of knowledge management methods, the organization of internal and external ventures.
5. The functions of the state in the field of innovation management are: in the formation of state programs and the establishment of development priorities in the scientific and technical field; funding fundamental research that determines the future level of development of the country; in the development of fundamental science; in the development of education, the formation of conditions for the fruitful integration of science, universities and business, the organization of the training of scientific and engineering personnel; in the regulation of activities in special economic and technology-innovative zones; in the development of venture funds; in the formation and development of a national innovation system that provides an innovative climate.
6. Among the modern means of implementing innovative activity both at the state level and at the enterprise level, under the influence of modern information and communication technologies, the capabilities of computers and the Internet, a relatively new technology of crowdsourcing has emerged, based on the massive exchange of knowledge of many participants. Thanks to this technology, companies and authorities can develop and produce products or services directly with the participation of consumers, attracting the intellectual resources of a large number of people.

The innovative activity of an enterprise reflects its ability to perceive and use scientific, scientific and technical achievements in order to obtain fundamentally new products, new technologies, organizational, technical and socio-economic decisions of a production, financial, commercial, managerial or other nature.

The concept of "innovation" corresponds to the concept of "innovation", that is, the introduction of innovations. Innovations appear as a result of scientific research, discoveries, inventions in any field. Innovation is the result of introducing innovations in order to obtain economic, social, environmental and other types of effect. The creation and implementation of innovations in production requires the expenditure of various resources, respectively, capital investments. In the conditions of market relations, any investments are made with the expectation of obtaining an economic effect, profit. Innovations are associated with high-risk investments, therefore, an enterprise engaged in innovative activities expects high profits.

The innovative activity of the enterprise is based on the innovation policy, which, in turn, follows from the development strategy of the enterprise. Innovation policy- these are general principles and a set of managerial, technological, economic measures that ensure the development, creation, implementation of innovations to form competitive advantages, achieve the strategic goals of the enterprise.

The development of innovative activity occurs under the influence of a complex of factors, among which the most important are:

acceleration of scientific and technological progress;
budget financing of priority scientific research, which can become the basis of basic innovations;
creation and support of research and development organizations that provide a constant influx of innovations as a product of intellectual creativity;
state support for the development of innovation activity, stimulation of private investment in innovation, in the development of innovation infrastructure;
development of an entrepreneurial environment that generates the need for innovations, capable of accepting them on the basis of competition.

There are the following types of innovations:

according to the degree of radicality (novelty): basic innovation, related to the implementation of major inventions, on the basis of which new generations and directions for the development of technology are formed; improving innovation, related to the modernization of products, partial improvement;
by area of application: food and process. Product innovation associated with the creation and implementation of new technology, the production of new products; process innovation associated with new production methods or with the use of known technologies in a new application;
for the intended purpose: strategic innovation, the use of which provides competitive advantages, leadership positions in the market, high incomes; reactive (adaptive) innovations, implemented by the enterprise after the leader in order to prevent lagging behind in a competitive environment;
by area of use: technological, organizational and managerial, social.

The activities of the enterprise for the development, implementation, development of production and promotion of innovations include:

carrying out fundamental and applied research, development work, laboratory research, design, manufacture and testing of samples of new products, types of new equipment, new designs;
selection of the necessary types of raw materials, materials for the manufacture of new products;
development of technological processes for the manufacture of new products;
creation of information support for innovations;
improvement of organizational and managerial support for the production of innovations;
formation of staffing for the development and implementation of innovations;
licensing, patenting innovations;
marketing research, development of measures to promote new products to the market.

Any innovation begins with the birth of an idea and has several stages of existence, which together make up its life cycle. Life cycle of innovation is defined as the period of time from the birth of an idea to the removal from production of an innovative product created on its basis (Figure 6.5).

Figure 6.5 - Stages of the innovation life cycle

The life cycle of innovations can be divided into three phases: design phase, production development phase, operational phase.

The design phase includes fundamental, exploratory and applied research, development work.

The phase of development of production is the period of production of experimental batches of goods, improvement of technology, development of the regulations of the production process. This phase is associated with high costs, high production costs. At this time, marketing activities are very important in order for a fundamentally new product to be brought to the market and begin market life.

The operational phase is the period of the market life of an innovation. This period, in turn, is usually divided into four stages.

The first stage is the beginning of industrial production and the introduction of goods to the market. At this stage, the increase in production volumes, the active formation of demand for new products of the enterprise begins.

The second stage is the rise, the rapid increase in production volumes, the growth of income and profits. At this stage, the technological process and organization of production are debugged, the cost of production begins to decline.

The third stage is the stage of maturity and stabilization. During this period, production volumes and incomes reach their maximum values, production growth rates slow down, and then production volumes stabilize due to market saturation.

The fourth stage is the decline in production volumes, the cessation of production and the market period of the product's life.

Analysis of the life cycle of innovations is of great importance for planning the renewal of production, both technically and technologically. At the stage of maturity and stabilization of production volumes of some types of products, the process of introducing new products into production and bringing them to the market should begin. In order to ensure this, the innovation process must be continuous.

For the development of innovative activity, it is of great importance innovative potential of the enterprise. The assessment of the innovative potential of an enterprise is carried out on the basis of a set of indicators that can be combined into the following groups:

scientific and technical: the results of fundamental and applied research, the number of discoveries, inventions, the magnitude of the scientific backlog;
material and technical: the level of technical equipment with experimental equipment for experimental design work on the creation and implementation of innovations;
informational: the volume of the information flow serving innovations in the form of scientific, technical, design documentation, regulations, etc.;
personnel: the structure of personnel serving research and development work; the number of employees with academic degrees, honorary titles, diplomas; the share of those employed in innovations in the total number of employees;
organizational and managerial: the number of innovation management steps, the number of managed innovation projects and information flows;
innovative: science intensity of new products; the degree of novelty of products, works, technologies; intellectual product - the number of patents, licenses, know-how received as a result of innovation;
market: competitiveness of new products; volume of demand for new products; the number of orders for the implementation of research and development work;
economic: economic efficiency of innovations; research costs; the cost of an intellectual product;
financial: the amount of investment in research and development work, intangible assets; sources of financing of innovative activity.

Innovations provide an increase in the technical and organizational level of production, which, in turn, is manifested in an increase in the indicators of the intensity of the use of economic resources (labor, means of labor, objects of labor), an increase in production volumes, and an improvement in financial results.

The indicators characterizing the effectiveness of innovations are:

increase in production volume;
increase in the share of growth in production volumes due to the intensification of the use of labor, material, financial resources;
reduction of material consumption per unit of production;
reduction in unit cost of production;
increase in labor productivity;
growth of capital productivity;
acceleration of the turnover of working capital;
increase in profit from the sale of products;
increasing the profitability of production.

Along with the above indicators, indicators of the investment efficiency of innovations are distinguished (see Section 6.7). A feature of evaluating the effectiveness of investments in innovation is that investment costs begin with research and development work.

The beneficial effect of innovations cannot always be assessed using economic indicators. In the short term, the introduction of innovations often worsens the economic performance of enterprises and increases production costs. Conducting research and development work requires additional funding. The introduction of new equipment and technologies increases the risk of production activities, often reduces the financial stability of the enterprise due to the high share of borrowed funds in the composition of innovation financing sources. At the stage of mastering a new production, the utilization of production capacities decreases, the costs associated with retraining of personnel increase, and processes of layoffs may take place. However, in the long term, innovations provide commercial benefits, increase the competitiveness of the enterprise.

The concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 17, 2008 No. 1662-r, provides for a transition to an innovative type of development based on building up comparative advantages in science, education, and high technologies. The formation of an innovative economy means the transformation of knowledge, the creative potential of a person into a leading factor in the economic growth of the country's competitiveness. Innovative development involves growth based on:

activation of fundamental and applied research and development, a significant increase in their effectiveness;
improving the quality of human capital and the efficiency of its use;
diversification of the economy, in the structure of which the leading role is transferred to high-tech industries;
high innovative activity of organizations (enterprises) based on the development of new markets, updating the product range, mastering new technologies, creating new forms of business organization.

The innovative type of development requires the creation of the most favorable conditions for entrepreneurial initiative. The state creates the necessary conditions and incentives for the development of innovative activities of private business, but cannot replace business with its own activity. State entrepreneurship is concentrated mainly in sectors related to ensuring the security of the country, in the development of the infrastructure necessary for innovation.

In the business environment, the main actors interested in the transition to an innovative economy are organizations that develop new technologies that provide intellectual services, as well as enterprises that face intense global competition and need technological re-equipment, managerial and social innovations.

Innovative activity as the basis for the effective development of an enterprise

Kurta Elena Evgenievna ,

undergraduate Kerch State Marine Technological University.

Modern economic realities show that achieving the success and goals of an enterprise is possible only under the condition of purposeful innovation, the introduction of new technologies, the implementation of which will create an opportunity to improve the efficiency of enterprises and increase their competitiveness in the market. These circumstances actualize the need for the development of innovative activities, including the improvement and reorganization of activities, the renewal of production, the replacement of some structural elements with others, as well as the addition of existing technologies with new ones.

The main elements of innovation in enterprises are the means of production, organizational development, technological processes, human potential, as well as products and their quality.

Innovation activity is understood as activity aimed at the implementation of experimental developments, the implementation of which will produce a new or improved product, which will subsequently be in demand on the market. In addition, innovation activity involves the improvement or development of a new technological process, subject to its further application in the production activities of the enterprise.

Innovative activity is one of the forms of managerial activity of enterprise managers, taking into account both the influence of the external environment and changes in the Russian innovation market, occurring under the influence of general and specific factors.

The basic principles of organization and implementation of innovative activities are shown in Figure 1.

Rice. 1. Principles of organization of innovative activity.

The principle of target orientation provides for the need for continuous implementation of innovative activities.

The principle of consistency is understood as a clear organization of innovation activity, which provides for the allocation of clearly defined functions, their performers and the relationships between them.

Adaptability provides for a timely response of the organization to changes in the external environment and the adoption of managerial decisions aimed at leveling the negative impact on the process of introducing innovations.

Optimality is understood as the creation of a system of interaction between the powers of various executors and the definition of the responsibility of departments.

Economy is defined as the implementation of innovation activities in such a way as to achieve optimal efficiency of the innovation process, while special attention should be paid to shortening the innovation cycle while increasing the competitiveness of new products and responding in a timely manner to the changing needs of potential consumers.

Hierarchy provides for the implementation of effective interaction between the elements of innovation, between the vertical and horizontal levels of the system.

It should be taken into account that the introduction of new technologies leads to the need to apply adequate changes in the existing forms and methods of management organization, which leads to the further development of innovations in the field of managerial decision-making.

The innovative activity of an enterprise is influenced by general and specific factors.

The most influential common factor is the cyclical fluctuations of the economy. Specific factors include the commercial and political conditions for the implementation of specific products of innovative activity on the market, the state of the scientific and technical potential of the production sector.

The mechanism for the development of innovative activity is understood as a set of organizational and economic forms of implementation and stimulation of its implementation, the formation of innovative solutions, methods of their regulation.

The application of this mechanism is carried out at three levels - the federal, regional and micro levels (enterprise level).

At the macro level (federal), a state innovation strategy is being developed, which manifests itself in the creation of a favorable legislative innovation climate both for individual enterprises and organizations in a particular industry, and for the state as a whole.

At the regional level, similar issues are resolved, but taking into account the specifics of specific regions.

At the same time, both at the macro- and at the regional level, the main decisions should be aimed at improving the regulatory framework in the field of innovation; providing investors with certain benefits and privileges, training competent specialists in innovation activities.

If the innovative development of an enterprise becomes a priority, then for its implementation it is necessary to make changes in production and marketing activities, in the distribution of financial and investment resources and in marketing policy.

These changes should be based on two principles:

- the balance of interests of the consumer and the manufacturer must be observed, that is, the innovative product being introduced must meet both the requirements of the market and meet the needs of the development of the enterprise;

- the investment activity of the enterprise must be carried out continuously.

When introducing innovations, enterprises should take into account that this activity is inherently high risk, which must be identified in a timely manner, adequately assessed and developed effective management measures.

Due to the fact that in the innovation process there are several participants, there is a need for a clear distribution of functions and responsibilities between them, as well as determining the degree of responsibility between them for the decisions made. There is a need for a clear setting of tasks for each of the participants on the timing of the implementation and implementation of innovative solutions, the limits for spending money on the introduction of innovations.

All this necessitates a clear coordination and control of the implementation of innovative activities, and special attention should be paid to the development of legally competent contracts.

Thus, at present, innovations determine the orientation of the enterprise towards long-term development, and, consequently, the innovative and strategic activities of the enterprise are fully combined with the development of the market.

Under the condition of successful implementation of innovative activity in the process of enterprise functioning, new ideas, improved products, technological processes appear, more advanced forms of organization and management of enterprises and various sectors of the economy and its structural elements arise.

However, it should be borne in mind that the ways and scope of solving specific problems of innovative activity will be determined by the resource capabilities of the organization itself.

Literature

1. Alekhin S.P. Actual problems and prospects for the development of small industrial enterprises in the innovation economy. / Alekhin S.P., Tepanov A.A. and others - M .: Publishing house "Centrosoyuz", 2010, - S. 192.

2. Galetov I.D. Innovation and investment projects in modern Russia / Galetov I.D., Cherkasov M.N. / Economics and modern management: theory and practice. - 2014. - No. 34. - P. 186-191.

3. Logunova N.A. Innovative development of the enterprise - the vector of modern economic policy of the state / N.A. Logunova, N.A. Krasovskaya //Economy: problems, theories and practices. – 2010.–T. 256.–No. 2.–S.317-328.

4. Logunova N. A. Economics and organization of innovation activities: textbook. allowance / N A. Logunova, L. V. Aleksakhina, N. A. Krasovskaya. - K .: Condor-Publishing House, 2014. - 278 p.

5. Sharenkov S.B. Formation of process innovation projects by enterprises of the Russian Federation / Sharenkov S.B., Cherkasov M.N. / Economics and modern management: theory and practice. - 2014. - No. 34. - S. 201-205.

Innovative activity is an activity aimed at finding and implementing innovations in order to expand the range and improve product quality, improve technology and organize production.

Innovation activities include:

identification of enterprise problems;
implementation of the innovation process;
organization of innovation activity.

Where do innovative ideas come from? There are seven sources of such ideas. Let's list the internal sources; they arise within an enterprise or industry. These include:

unexpected event (for an enterprise or industry) - success, failure, external event;
incongruence - a discrepancy between reality (as it really is) and our ideas about it;
innovations based on process needs;
sudden changes in the structure of an industry or market.

The next three sources of innovation are external because they originate outside the enterprise or industry. It:

demographic changes;
changes in perceptions, moods and values;
new knowledge (both scientific and non-scientific).

An analysis of these situations when considering a particular type of change allows us to establish the nature of an innovative solution. In any case, you can always get answers to the following questions. What happens if we use the created change? Where will this lead the business? What needs to be done to turn change into a source of development?

However, of the seven sources of change, the third and seventh are the most important, as they are the most radical.

The change caused by the need of the process is much more important than the first two. An old proverb says, "Necessity is the mother of invention." In this case, the change is based on the needs of practice, life. (Replacement of manual typing in typography, keeping food fresh, etc.) At the same time, the implementation of this type of change implies the need to understand that:

it is not enough to feel the need, it is important to know and understand its essence, otherwise it is impossible to find its solution;
it is not always possible to satisfy the need, and in this case, only the solution of some part of it remains.

In any case, when solving a problem of this type, it is necessary to answer the following questions. Do we understand what and what changes the process needs? Is the required knowledge available or does it need to be acquired? Are our solutions consistent with the habits, traditions and target orientations of potential consumers?

The most significant changes, one might say radical ones, occur on the basis of "new knowledge". Innovations based on new knowledge (discoveries) are usually difficult to manage. This is due to a number of circumstances. First of all, there is usually a large gap between the emergence of new knowledge and its technological use, and secondly, it takes a long time before a new technology materializes in a new product, process or service.

In this regard, innovations based on new knowledge require:

careful analysis of all necessary factors;
a clear understanding of the goal pursued, i.e. a clear strategic orientation is needed;
organization of entrepreneurial management, since financial and managerial flexibility and market orientation are needed here.

An innovation based on new knowledge must "ripen" and be accepted by society. Only in this case it will bring success.

What are the fundamental principles of innovation? According to P. Drucker, it is necessary to draw a clear line between what should be done and what should not be done.

What do we have to do

Purposeful systematic innovation activity requires continuous analysis of the possibilities of the above sources of innovation.
Innovation must meet the needs, desires, habits of the people who will use it. The question to ask yourself is: "What does this innovation need to reflect in order for future consumers to want to use it?"
Innovation should be simple and have a clear purpose. The greatest praise for innovation is: "Look how simple it is! Why didn't I think of that before?"
To innovate more efficiently with little money and a small number of people, limited risk. Otherwise, there is almost always not enough time and money for the many refinements that the innovation needs.
An effective innovation should be aimed at leadership in a limited market, in its niche. Otherwise, it will create a situation where competitors will get ahead of you.

What Not to Do

Don't be smart. Innovations will be used by ordinary people, and when a large scale is reached, incompetent people will also use them. Anything that is too complex to construct or operate is almost certainly doomed to failure.
Don't scatter, don't try to do several things at once. Innovation requires concentration of energy. It is necessary that the people working on it understand each other well.
Innovate to meet the needs of the current time. If an innovation does not find immediate application, it will remain just an idea.

Innovation is a job that requires knowledge, ingenuity, talent. It is noted that innovators mostly work in only one area. For example, Edison focused only on electricity. Successful innovation requires hard, focused work. If you are not ready for it, neither knowledge nor talent will help.

To succeed, you need to use your strengths, people must be passionate about innovation seriously.

Finally, innovation means changes in the economy, industry, society, in the behavior of buyers, producers, workers. Therefore, it should always focus on the market, be guided by its needs.

In order for an enterprise to innovate, it must have a structure and attitude that would contribute to creating an atmosphere of entrepreneurship and the perception of the new as an opportunity. In doing so, a number of important points must be taken into account.

The main organizational principle for innovation is to create a team of the best workers released from the current job.

The profit from the implementation of an innovative project differs significantly from the profit received for the release of debugged products. For a long time, innovative undertakings may not produce any profit or growth, but only consume resources. Then the innovation must grow rapidly for a long time and return the funds invested in its development by at least 5-10 times, otherwise it can be considered as unsuccessful. Innovation starts small, but its results must be large-scale.

The enterprise should be managed in such a way that it creates an atmosphere of perception of the new not as a threat, but as an opportunity. Resistance to change is rooted in fear of the unknown. Each employee must realize that innovation is the best way to preserve and strengthen your enterprise. Moreover, it is necessary to understand that innovations are a guarantee of employment and well-being of each employee. The organization of innovation activity on the basis of these principles will allow the enterprise to move forward and succeed.

In the Russian Federation, internal ventures have been created at a number of large industrial enterprises, primarily in the military-industrial complex (MIC).

B. Gribov, V. Gryzinov

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