home › Disputes with neighbors › The main forms and system of international economic relations of the modern world economy. The system of modern international economic relations The system of international economic relations in modern conditions

The main forms and system of international economic relations of the modern world economy. The system of modern international economic relations The system of international economic relations in modern conditions

International economic relations(IEO)- economic relations between states, regional groupings, transnational corporations and other subjects of the world economy. They include monetary, financial, trade, production, labor and other relations. The leading form of international economic relations is monetary and financial relations. AT modern world especially relevant is the globalization and regionalization of international economic relations. The dominant role in establishing the world economic order belongs to transnational capital and international institutions, among which an important role belongs to the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). As a result of the international division of labor world poles of economic and technological development (North American, Western European and Asia-Pacific) have been formed. Among actual problems international economic relations, the problems of creating free economic zones, international transport corridors and the Internet economy are highlighted.

MEO forms

There are the following forms of MEO:

international specialization of production and scientific and technical work;
exchange of scientific and technical results;
international production cooperation;
information, monetary and financial and credit relations between countries;
the movement of capital and labor;
activities of international economic organizations, economic cooperation in solving global problems.

Since the MER is based on the international division of labor, the significance and correlation of the main forms and directions of the MER is determined by the deepening of the MRI and the transition to its higher types. In this regard, the following should be noted: General type MRI predetermines intersectoral international exchange, in particular, goods of extractive and manufacturing industries of individual countries. The private division of labor leads to the development and predominance of international trade finished products of various industries and industries, including intra-industry. Finally, a single type of MRI means specialization at individual stages of production (assemblies, parts, semi-finished products, etc.) and stages of the technological cycle (re-distribution), as well as within the framework of scientific, technical, design and technological developments and even the investment process. This creates prerequisites for accelerated growth in the capacity of the international market and sustainable expansion of international economic relations.

World economy

Generally world economy can be defined as a set of national economies and non-state structures united by international relations. World economy arose thanks to the international division of labor, which entailed both the division of production (that is, international specialization) and its unification - cooperation.

international trade

International trade is a system of international commodity-money relations, consisting of foreign trade of all countries of the world. International trade arose in the process of the birth of the world market in the XVI-XVIII centuries. Its development is one of the important factors in the development of the world economy of the New Age. The term international trade was first used in the 12th century by the Italian economist Antonio Margaretti, the author of the economic treatise “The Power of the Masses in Northern Italy”.

Monetary and credit international relations

Monetary and credit relations - financial relations between subjects of different countries, i.e. residents and non-residents, or relations between subjects of the law of one country, the subject of which is the transfer of ownership of currency values and other property rights associated with currency values.

Bretton Woods system

Bretton Woods system, Bretton Woods agreement Bretton Woods system) - international system organization of monetary relations and trade settlements, established as a result of the Bretton Woods Conference (from July 1 to July 22) Named on behalf of the Bretton Woods resort (Eng. Bretton Woods listen)) in New Hampshire, United States. The conference marked the beginning of organizations such as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The US dollar has become one of the types of world money, along with gold. It was a transitional stage from the gold exchange standard to Jamaican system, which establishes the balance of supply and demand for currencies through free trade in them.

GATT

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, GATT , GATT) is an international agreement concluded in the year to restore the economy after World War II, which for almost 50 years actually performed the functions of an international organization (now the World Trade Organization). The main purpose of GATT is to reduce barriers to international trade. This was achieved by lowering tariff barriers, quantitative restrictions (import quota) and trade subsidies through various additional agreements. GATT is an agreement, not an organization. Initially, GATT was supposed to be transformed into a full-fledged international organization, such as the World Bank or the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, the agreement was not ratified and remained only an agreement. The functions of the GATT were transferred to the World trade organization founded by the last round of GATT negotiations in the early 1990s. The history of GATT is roughly divided into three phases - the first, from 1947 to the Torquay Round (focused on which goods are subject to regulation and the freezing of existing tariffs); the second, from 1959 to 1979, included three rounds (tariff reductions) and the third, the Uruguay Round from 1986 to 1994 (expansion of the GATT to such new areas as intellectual property, services, capital, and agriculture; the birth of the WTO).

Notes

Links

Dergachev V. A. International economic relations. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2005. ISBN 5-238-00863-5
International economic relations. Ed. V. E. Rybalkina. - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2005.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what "International Economic Relations" is in other dictionaries:

Relations established between the countries of the world as a result of trade, labor migration, capital outflow, international credit, foreign exchange relations and scientific and technical cooperation. Synonyms: World economic relations See also: ... ... Financial vocabulary

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS- economic relations between individual countries and groups of countries. International economic relations are carried out both on a bilateral and multilateral basis and include: 1) foreign trade; 2) credit relations; 3)… … Encyclopedia of Russian and International Taxation

They include various participation of countries in the exchange of material and spiritual values. Trade is one of the forms of M. e. about. The growth rate of foreign trade turnover significantly outpaces the growth rate of production in general, and the share of ready-made ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia

Relations established between the countries of the world as a result of trade, labor migration, capital outflow, international credit, currency relations and scientific and technical cooperation Dictionary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001 ... Glossary of business terms

The traditional Russian economy was not oriented towards the external market. On the whole, historical Russia exported no more than 68% of its goods abroad. And even this insignificant export caused concern among Russian economists. Of course, the protest ... ... Russian history

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS- the system of economic relations between the countries of the world. The most important forms of international economic relations are: international trade, labor migration, capital export and international credit, international currency (settlement) ... ... Customs business. Dictionary

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS- INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS A special section of the ECONOMICS, which explores the economics. interdependence between countries, considering the movement of goods, services and payments, the policy of regulating this flow and its impact on the welfare of nations. In this… … Encyclopedia of Banking and Finance

International economic relations- represent a complex of trade, production, scientific and technical, financial ties between states, leading to the exchange of economic resources, joint economic activity. They include international trade, traffic ... ... Economy. Dictionary of social studies

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

The essence and foundations of international economic relations

International economic relations is a system of economic relations between the national economies of individual countries, which are implemented through the relevant business entities. MEO - a special form of activity based on the international division of labor, the international specialization of production, the internationalization of economic life. The deepening and development of the international division of labor, the specialization of production depend on natural (geographical, climatic, demographic, etc.), as well as acquired (technological, scientific, scientific and technical, etc.) factors. Their development is significantly influenced by social, national, ethnic, political, cultural and other factors.

What is the international division of labor? This is an organization of production in which enterprises of two or more countries specialize in the production of certain goods and services with their subsequent exchange. The following types of international division of labor can be distinguished:

- General type of international division of labor * It involves the exchange of goods of the extractive and manufacturing industries, products Agriculture etc;

- Partial division of labor, which implies the development of international trade in finished products of various industries and industries, including intra-industry (cars, computers, lathes, etc.);

- Single type of international division of labor, which reflects the specialization at individual stages of production (assemblies, parts, semi-finished products).

International specialization forms a certain system of social relations, a characteristic feature of which is the production interaction of the economies of individual countries, the formation of common production complexes. In particular, specialization in the production of individual assemblies and parts provides for an appropriate level of cooperation, which has received a fairly large development in the electronics industry, automotive industry, etc.

One of the specializations in production finished products is the production of complete equipment and machine systems, which provide full mechanization or automation of the production process or its individual link. At the same time, sets of equipment for the construction of factories or individual technological lines become the object of international specialization.

The formation and development of the international division of labor and the specialization of production went through several historical stages, during which the nature and forms evolved and transformed. By the end of the 60s, the structure of the world economy was formed, in which three main segments can be distinguished.

To the first include industrialized Western countries such as the USA, Germany, Great Britain, France, Canada,

Japan who produce and supply high-tech products, countries with powerful mineral resources with which they enter the foreign market.

Second group - these are, first of all, oil and gas producing countries of the Middle East, South Africa, and Latin America.

Third group countries specializes in the supply of agricultural products to the foreign market. For the most part, these are underdeveloped countries that were once in colonial dependence.

It should be noted that the proposed segmentation of the countries that supply specialized products to the world market is largely conditional. The fact is that most industrialized countries are suppliers to the world market not only of high-tech industrial, but also agricultural products (USA, Canada, Australia, Western European countries). And countries such as Austria, Canada, Sweden and others are major suppliers to the world market of coal, gold, silver, ferrous and non-ferrous ores, etc.

The socio-economic and political transformations that took place in the late 1980s and early 1990s went down in history, among other things, as an important stage in the development of the international division of labor. Its essence lies in the fact that the transition of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe to the principles of a market economy has eliminated political barriers to further development IEO and significantly expanded the possibilities of the international division of labor.

MEO is implemented through the following forms and areas:

International trade;

International specialization of production and scientific and technical work;

Exchange of scientific and technical results;

Information links;

Monetary and financial and credit relations between countries;

Movement (transfusion) of capital;

Labor force migration;

Activities of international economic organizations in solving global problems of economic cooperation.

Without changing the mechanism of supply and demand, IEOs expand its boundaries, increasing volumes and assortment. The system of market prices is acquiring new quantitative and qualitative characteristics, and competition is becoming tougher.

The main features of the MEO as a sphere of a developed market economy include:

First, both the national economy and the world economy and international economic relations are based on the international division of labor and exchange;

- Secondly, MEO participants economically mediated in a special form of the national economy, objectively implies commodity-money nature of relations;

- Thirdly, in the totality of world economic exchange relations in the IEO to a greater extent than in relation to national economies, there are laws of supply, demand and free pricing,

- Fourth, The global market is characterized by tougher competition compared to national markets. This is due to the large number of objects and entities in the international market for goods and services;

- Fifth, international trade, which is a set of interstate product flows, forms world commodity markets, where transactions for the sale of goods and services of a stable systematic nature are carried out;

- At sixth, exchange of goods and services, international movement of factors of production mediated by the movement of money, the settlement system, commodity and money loans, currency relations. In this way, the world arises and functions. financial market and the international monetary and financial system. Capital flow, foreign investment, long-term international, government loans give the world financial system its final form;

Seventh, international economic relations presuppose active interstate labor flows. It can be stated that today there is international labor market, The same applies to the system of patenting and licensing inventions, discoveries, copyright protection, which contributed to the formation of the global information market;

- Eighth, IEOs involve the formation of their own infrastructure, special institutions "They are represented by international economic, financial and credit organizations and institutions (International Chamber of Commerce, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, EBRD, etc.);

- Ninth, MEOs are subject to monopolization. This process is carried out through private structures and the formation of transnational corporations, as well as interstate unions, such as OPEC, the International Oil Cartel (IOC)

- Tenth, The IEO is not free from international, regional, state interference and regulation. They are carried out through agreements, regulations within the framework of interstate associations, and the like.

From the foregoing, we can conclude that the MEO is one of the areas of the market economy with its (market) characteristics. The main ones are:

Rich type of objects and subjects;

Determining influence of supply and demand;

Relationship with prices with the necessary flexibility and mobility;

Competition;

Freedom of enterprise.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru/

Introduction

1. Methodological aspects of the study of modern international relations

1.1 The concept of international economic relations and their main forms

1.2 International economic relations as the main form of cooperation between states

2. Current trends in the development of international relations and factors

2.1 The essence of the transition to a multipolar world order

2.2 Globalization of international relations

2.3 Democratization of international relations

2.4. Prospects and factors for the development of the IEO

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

In the world economy, two main trends in the development of international economic relations are currently being implemented. The first trend is to strengthen the integrity of the world economy, its globalization, all this is caused by the liberalization of trade, the development of economic ties between countries and the creation modern systems communications and information, global technical standards and rules.

The second trend makes economic convergence and interaction of the parties at the regional level, forms extensive regional integration structures that are developing in the direction of creating a relatively independent centers world economy. But one of the distinguishing features of the world economy is the enhanced development of international economic relations.

Thisworkis study of the foundations of international economic relations, as well as in the course work will be considered the main trends and forms of development of international economic relations. international economic globalization

In accordance with the goal of the course work, first you need to define international economic relations. International economic relations between states, regional groupings, transnational corporations and other subjects of the world economy.

International economic relations - how science studies non-economics foreign countries and features of their economic relations. International economic relations are not one specific direction, but the specificity of economic relations between states. If we consider the goals of international economic relations, then it is necessary to consider the goals pursued by countries entering into relations with each other.

The main goals pursued by countries when entering into economic relations:

The first and most important goal, when a state seeks to develop its economy by attracting funds from another state, such means may be: joint construction manufacturing enterprises, producing products that both parties involved in the project need.

Second goal. The underdeveloped states seek to establish relations with the more developed ones, which have all the means by which they can protect their new ally and partner. This is also an important goal, especially in such a volatile time when safety comes first.

The third goal can be the exchange of experience and the introduction of new technologies used in enterprises of another country.

The goals presented are the most important for states entering into economic relations with other countries.

1. Methodological aspects of the study of modern international relations

1.1 The concept of international economic relations and theirmainforms

International economic relations are an extensive complex of trade, industrial, scientific, technical, financial ties between states, leading to the exchange of economic resources, joint economic activity. Simply put, international economic relations is a system of economic relations between the countries of the world.

In the economic literature, in particular, in the science of the world economy, there is such a thing as a form of international economic relations. Form is a kind of manifestation, expression of international relations in some process, activity.

World economic relations originate in international trade; historically, this is the first form of international economic relations. It has gone from single foreign trade transactions to large-scale trade and economic cooperation, when supplies are carried out by international corporations within the framework of industrial cooperation.

The world market is a set of national markets that are interconnected and interact with each other through various forms of economic relations. The world market, on the basis of competition between its participants, ultimately determines the structure and volume of production and exports, the degree of development of the international division of labor.

Modern international trade is increasingly being transformed into long-term and sustainable relationships between suppliers and consumers. These relations are based on the development of international relations directly technological process production.

The organizational form of such international - regional and global - systems of industrial specialization and cooperation are transnational corporations (TNCs) of the leading industries. TNC intracompany trade accounts for 40% of US exports, and, according to some estimates, imports of goods from controlled enterprises of TNCs cover about half of US imports.

The trend towards establishing long-term stable technological ties in the field of international trade with suppliers - foreign firms or their own subsidiaries abroad is also due to the fact that competition on the world market is tougher than on the national one, its "technological" component is intensifying. Such criteria of international specialization as "manufacturability", quality, variety of products come to the fore.

Foreign trade exchange of goods is the most important component international economic relations. Foreign trade turnover characterize such indicators as the ratio of the value of exports to the value of gross domestic product, the volume of exports per capita. According to them, one can judge the degree of the country's involvement in world economic relations and the degree of "openness" of its economy. Studies have shown that open economies grow faster than closed economies. Although countries with rich resources and capacious domestic markets are somewhat less dependent on foreign trade. Kudrov V.M. "World Economy": Textbook. M.: Ed. "BEK", 2008-p.98-99

International scientific and technical relations are carried out partly on a commercial basis, and partly on a gratuitous basis. Usually, a country buys abroad and pays for licenses for the use of patented discoveries and inventions, scientific, technical and technological innovations (know-how), engineering services for the development and creation of infrastructure facilities, and training of its specialists abroad. At the same time, a number of countries and foreign firms provide their scientific and technical product and provide scientific and technical assistance on a free or partially paid basis as a charity. There are special charitable foundations that contribute to the dissemination of knowledge and scientific achievements throughout the world.

In recent years, the pace of technological development has accelerated, the level of specialization of developed projects and the degree of "interpenetration" of new technologies have increased. Therefore, new forms of international scientific and technical cooperation are emerging. Esenglin N. "External Economics", M.: 2010.-p.164

We see foreign economic relations most often in the form of import and export of goods, import and export. But in modern economy Among the exported and imported goods there is also such a specific commodity as capital. Under the influence of the internationalization of economic life and in the interests of making profit abroad, the importance and scale of the export of capital are increasing. The export of capital is the purposeful movement of funds from one country to another to put them in a profitable business.

The export of capital is carried out in the form of entrepreneurial (direct and portfolio investment) loan capital. The export of entrepreneurial capital is a long-term foreign investment in industrial, commercial and other enterprises.

Foreign investments serve as a source of monetary, and sometimes direct property investments in the development, expansion, development of new production of goods and services, improvement of technology, mining, and the use of natural resources.

Direct foreign investments are capital investments in foreign enterprises in the amount of at least 10%, providing the investor with control over them.

Foreign trade, import and export of capital do not exhaust all possible forms of economic ties between different countries. One form of economic cooperation is joint ventures owned by owners from different countries.

A joint venture is an international form of organization and implementation of specific economic activities based on the use of the combined capital of foreign and local founders from two or more countries. Joint ventures allow you to connect cash and other types of resources from different countries and carry out common production and economic activities in the territory of one of them or in each country.

In recent decades, a new form of foreign economic relations has become widespread in the form of the creation of free economic zones on the territory of the country. In general, they have been known in world practice for quite a long time.

A free economic zone is a limited area, a part of the country's territory, within which a preferential economic regime operates and foreign economic activity, enterprises are given greater freedom of economic action.

Governments of various countries, creating free economic zones, pursue a variety of goals. These include: revitalization of enterprises located on their territory; industrial modernization; saturation domestic market high quality goods; development of foreign economic relations; expanding exports and imports; attraction of foreign investments, development of new technologies; development of economically backward areas; advanced training of the labor force, etc.

For free economic zones, special facilitated customs and trade regimes are established, wide freedom of movement of capital, goods and specialists is provided, and a preferential taxation regime for enterprises is applied. "International economic relations; textbook; edited by Doctor of Economics, Professor E.F. Zhukov; M.: 2005.-S.216

One more MEO form is labor migration. This is displacement, resettlement of the able-bodied population caused by economic reasons. Depending on whether the country's borders are crossed, internal and external migration is distinguished. But the world economy does not consider internal migration, i.e. migration between regions of the country, from the village to the city. And external migration is being studied, when the borders of states are crossed by labor force. External migration affects the country's population, increasing or decreasing it by the value of the migration balance (the difference between the number of people who moved outside the country (emigrants) and the number of people who moved to this country from outside (immigrants)). Migration of the labor force has an impact on the economies of the countries from where and where the migration is directed. After all, it is the labor force that is engaged in the production of industrial products. Accordingly, labor productivity, product quality and other economic components of production will depend on it. http://en.wikipedia.org

Currency relations also belong to the forms of international economic relations.

The functioning of the world economy is impossible without an established system of monetary, that is, monetary, relations between countries. The development of international monetary relations is due to the internationalization of economic relations, the formation of the world economic system. International monetary relations are economic relations associated with the functioning of national currencies in the world market, the monetary service of commodity exchange and other economic relations between countries, the use of currency as a means of payment and credit. Currency relations, one way or another, accompany trade, the export of capital, scientific and technical exchange, labor migration, tourism, cultural ties, the provision of economic assistance, and lending.

At present, the monetary system can influence not only the international exchange of goods, but also the process of international reproduction, facilitating or accelerating it.

Currency relations are implemented through a certain mechanism that establishes the procedure for issuing and using international settlements and payments, the rules for establishing exchange proportions (rates) of currencies. "International economic relations", Avdokushin E.F., textbook.5th ed. M.: 2011.-p.194

There is such a term as the balance of payments. And the financial situation of the country on international market usually valued by its balance of payments. The balance of payments is an important indicator and a tool that allows one to foresee the degree of a country's possible participation in world trade, international economic relations, and to establish its solvency.

The balance of payments is a document, a table of correspondence between external income and expenses, which records all funds, foreign exchange earnings received by a given country from other states, as well as all funds paid by a country to other countries during a certain period.

Thus, the balance of payments can be characterized as a country's foreign economic or foreign exchange budget, calculated in accordance with its real incomes and expenditures due to foreign economic relations. "Political Economy and the History of Economic Doctrines", textbook. ed. Porshneva A.G., Denisova B.A.: GUU, 2013.-p.123-124

1.2 International economic relations as the main form of cooperation between states

From the very beginning of the existence of states, the greatest development was achieved by those that had ties with each other. Those who are not

connections were not maintained, as a rule, they were backward or their existence was short-lived. Therefore, the states sought to form joint organizations and trade relations, for their maximum possible development.

Through the development of international economic relations, the formation of the world economy took place. These processes were put before economics the problem of determining the effectiveness of international trade and international economic relations.

One can judge the effectiveness of international economic relations by examining their advantages on the example of the international division of labor.

The increase in labor productivity occurs in all countries participating in the international division of labor. The fact is that all countries organize mass production of products not only to meet national needs, but also for exchange for products that they consume, but do not produce themselves. As a result of this universal participation, a new productive force of labor arises, which is used in their own interests by all countries participating in the process of the international division of labor. "Sayasat POLICY" No. 6, "Transnationalization of activities corporate structures Commonwealth countries" // A. Myrzhykbaeva, 2010.-p.8-9

So general content economic benefit, as we have just established, is the increase in the productivity of social labor in all countries participating in the international division of labor. With regard to determining the quantitative scale of the economic benefits received by the country as a result of its participation in the international division of labor, this specific task of political economy should be considered in the section on determining the actual effectiveness of foreign economic relations.

In addition to the new productive force of international origin, the countries participating in the international division of labor also receive other economic benefits. The concentration of countries' efforts on the production of a certain increase in products, both for national consumption and for exchange for products produced by other countries, contributes to the organization of mass production in these countries. This type of production leads to an increase in labor productivity not only with best use means of labor and objects of labor, but also as a result professional development the workers themselves.

Thus, the participation of the country in the development of international economic relations contributes to the intensive development of the economy of this state.

In the economic literature there is a statement of mercantilists who believed "that the state should sell as much as possible on the foreign market and buy as little as possible, accumulating gold ... wealth." These ideas have been developed further. So, for example, the representative of the classical school A Smith noted that "if any foreign country can supply us with some commodity at a cheaper price than we ourselves can produce it, it is much better to buy it from her for some part of the product of our own industrial labor applied in an area in which we have some advantage.Smith's study of the international division of labor as the basis of export and import relations and determining the economic capabilities of states led to conclusions that later became known as the theory of absolute advantages. "Sayasat POLICY" No. 8, "Methodology for determining the effectiveness of international economic relations" //: K. Ainabek, 2011.-p.11-12

Thus, in determining the general criterion for evaluating the effectiveness foreign trade operations and international economic relations, it is not enough to focus only on superprofits or profits, which are presented as final results and express only the interest of the owner of the foreign economic process, but not of the whole country, and even more so of another state participating in these economic relations. In this connection, it is better to choose indicators that are defined as objective marginal values of embodied and living labor costs both within the country as a whole and goods exchanged between states, since many factors will be taken into account here.

2. Modern development trendsinternational relations and factors

2.1 The essence of the transition to a multipolar world order

The current stage of international relations is characterized by the rapidity of change, new forms of distribution of power. Gone is the confrontation between the two superpowers - the USSR and the USA. The old system of international relations, which was called bipolar - bipolar, collapsed. In the motley picture of breaking up old and building new international relations, one can still single out several visible development trends.

According to the module of polarity, three classes of systems of international relations can be distinguished. Unipolar, bipolar and multipolar.

A unipolar system is dominated by one center of power, one pole. It doesn't happen often. Consider Ancient Rome. And the beginning of the XXI century - the United States of America. The unipolar world is quite convenient. An attack on this very "pole" is ruled out almost by definition. Order, discipline, balance on the political surface often hides discord and discontent beneath that surface. The bipolar world is even more disturbing. After all, we are talking not just about two states, but about two opposing ideologies, two antagonistic social systems. Bazhanov E. The inevitability of a multipolar world // MEIMO. - 2004.p.34 The peaceful coexistence of the USSR and the USA theoretically did not exclude a war of extermination between them. The bipolar world is characterized by rigid bloc discipline, discipline of interests and ideologies. The main danger of rivalry between the two centers of power is a constant arms race. As for the multipolar world, the world community based on the interaction and balance of several centers of power is incomparably more complex and potentially more dangerous than a world that balances on one or two centers. It is no coincidence that both world wars arose as a result of a violation, a disruption of precisely the multidimensional balance that was designed to keep the great powers of those years from sudden movements. But there is another point of view on the multipolar world - it is both the initial facet and the main norm of the state of international relations, since it meets the formation and general civilizational processes of modernity, the interests of the entire world community.

Another argument that is cited to prove the unipolarity of the modern world is the supposedly unprecedented hegemonic aspirations of Washington. One after another, works began to appear justifying the US right to hegemony. They assert that Washington, as the initiator and leader of an objective and progressive process of globalization, is its guarantor. The burden of legislator, judge and sheriff falls on America. But we can observe that Washington has no chance of acquiring such a title. After all, there is no passive universal acceptance of American dictates. On the contrary, there is a growing disagreement with the hegemonic policy on the part of large and influential powers - Russia, China, India, and many Muslim and other developing countries. There were symptoms of a desire by the dissatisfied for a broad partnership to contain the United States. They can be noticed even in China, which for 20 years has been steadily pursuing a policy of non-alliances and flexible balancing between the great powers. Terrorism, anti-Americanism and the enormous costs of building a world empire are also significant obstacles to US hegemony. Funds for the export of democracy and military hegemony on a global scale become less. The development of multipolarity is also served by the realization of the United States that many of the problems of our interdependent world can only be resolved through close and equal partnership with other members of the world community.

Thus, there is a move towards multipolarity, which means a decrease in the share of the United States in the world economy and world politics, the gradual dissolution of the unipolar world in a different structure of international relations. The world's dependence on the US is shrinking. Although we continue to depend on the US, but also America depends on us due to globalization. It can be argued that over the course of a century, the transformation of the global structure of international relations has completed a full cycle. From multipolarity, which developed before the end of the 19th century, it passed through bipolarity, which promised to end in unipolarity, and returned to multipolarity at the beginning of the 21st century.

2.2 Globalization of international relations

The majority of scientists, analysts and experts involved in the development of the foreign policy of states, planning regional and global programs and strategies different orientation, agree that the most significant trend that will determine the development of the world community in the foreseeable future will be globalization. What does the term "globalization" mean? Exists a large number of interpretations of the essence of globalization, but the most common ones can be distinguished:

ü Globalization is a closer and broader interaction of states and international organizations in assessing the state and searching for solutions to escalating problems that affect the interests of not only individual states, but of all mankind, which constitute the essence of comprehensive security and most directly affect the viability of the biosphere.

ü Globalization is a process of gradual formation of a universal world environment of market activity due to the reduction and abolition of tariff and non-tariff foreign trade regulators by countries, the liberalization of the movement of factors of production and the development of economic transnational structures

ü Globalization - a set of modern phenomena, processes and structures, which can be expressed in interdependence, interpenetration and interdependence of the most diverse components of the modern world and the world community

l Globalization is the process of organizing into a single systemic whole a multitude of spaces that arise in different time, which constituted the sphere of international relations and occupy a "niche" from the supranational to the global levels of the modern world. Kosolapov N. Globalization: territorial and spatial aspect // MEIMO.-2005.-p.21-22

Based on these definitions of the essence of globalization, we can conclude that this is a rather complex, multifaceted and dynamic phenomenon that affects the political, economic, social, environmental, cultural aspects of the life of not only individual states, but also a particular person.

So globalization is to internationalize the economy, develop unified system world connection, change and weakening of the functions of the national state, revitalization of transnational non-state entities. On this basis, an increasingly interdependent and integral world is being formed; interactions in it have become systemic.

The next important factor, the influence of which will be almost universal in nature, is associated with a change in the very essence of security after cold war. To date, there are three models of security - collective, universal and cooperative. The main condition for collective security is the presence of a group of states united by a common goal and developed a set of military-political measures directed against a potential adversary or aggressor. The concept of universal security is designed to emphasize the multidimensional nature of international security, as well as the need to take into account the legitimate interests of not only a narrow group of leading states, but also all members of the world community.

Another new factor, the importance of which for the foreign policy of states and the normal functioning of the entire system of international relations will steadily increase, is based on the concept sustainable development adopted by the UN Conference. Terentiev N. World order at the beginning of the XXI century -2004.-p.33-35

Thus, globalization is not a charity, but, of course, a historical process. It is understood as the internationalization of life on our planet, moving forward, overcoming some contradictions and generating new ones, breaking the resistance of some social groups and replacing them with others.

2.3 Democratization of international relations

Many authors point to democratization as a trend in the development of the modern world. At the same time, the concept itself in political science is used mainly in two meanings. Under the democratization of the world, firstly, is understood the growth in the number of democratic states; secondly, the strengthening and development of democratic institutions and procedures in various countries.

In political science, the external environment, i.e., world development trends, is usually regarded as one of the structural variables of the democratization process: how much it contributes to this process. However, in the modern world, with an ever closer interweaving of external and domestic policy the international environment can act as both a structural and a procedural variable.

In this context, the process of democratic transformations at the end of the 20th century can be considered precisely as a trend in the political development of the world, in the implementation of which not endogenous factors (the level of socio-economic development, political processes in society) are becoming increasingly important, but exogenous in relation to a given state, i.e. international environment. It is she who encourages democratic reforms.

Democratization is observed in all countries, regardless of the type of political regime that prevails in them. With the end of the Cold War, even under the conditions of the most authoritarian regimes, the opportunities to hide, and even more so to legitimize violations by the state of the personal freedom of citizens, their natural and political rights, have significantly narrowed. Such a phenomenon as the progressive politicization of the masses, everywhere demanding access to information, participation in the adoption of decisions concerning them, improvement of their material well-being and quality of life, is gaining worldwide distribution. Achievements of the post-industrial revolution - satellite communications and cable TV, telefaxes and Email, the global Internet network, which makes it possible to almost instantly disseminate and obtain the necessary information on almost all interested modern man issues - have become signs of everyday life of people not only in the most economically developed countries, but are becoming more and more widespread throughout the world. The composition and variety of political factors is expanding sharply. As a result, the development and implementation of foreign policy guidelines cease to be the lot of a narrow group of people of a special state department, becoming the property of a combination of a wide variety of institutions, both governmental and non-political. In turn, this has profound implications for political relations from the point of view of their direct participants. Rakovsky S.N. International organizations at the beginning of the XXI century.-2010.-p.67

Thus, following democratic principles and traditions for an increasing number of participants is a kind of positive example. To remain outside the world "democratic club" in today's globalizing world means to be a kind of "outcast" - outside the system, outside the "modernity". This encourages more and more states to focus on democratic values.

2.4. Prospects and factors for the development of the IEO

The cessation of confrontation between the most influential elements of the world economy, it would seem, should lead to the establishment of a consensus between these powers in matters of maintaining the stability of the world system. However, the question arises as to who can now be considered "great powers." If we proceed from such a criterion of "greatness" or "power" of a state as the presence of a sufficient amount of certain resources, then a picture of a multipolar world emerges; If we proceed from another criterion - the ability to influence decision-making on the most important issues of global economic development - then we have a monopolar world dominated by the US, although the US is clearly not the first in many economic indicators. But in any case, the development of the world economy and the international economic relations will not continue without conflict. International economic relations are becoming more creative, including those aimed at solving global problems, but nevertheless having a competitive coloring, if only because conflict is a condition for the further development of any system. Bovin A. textbook "Leading trends in the development of international relations" 2013.-p.84-85

From the foregoing, a number of conclusions arise regarding the prospects of the IER and the factors influencing the process of their development.

*acceleration of scientific and technological progress, expressed in the spread of new technologies, including means of communication, transportation and weapons; the global computerization of economic activity, which takes place under the influence of scientific and technical progress, raises the question of how to conduct international business in a new way; global informatization greatly facilitates the possibility of obtaining commercial, general economic, special information.

*global changes in the field environment. The exhaustion of the ecological base necessary to support the ever-expanding production raises the question of sources of financing. Serious actions in relation to the environment will inevitably lead to a sharp strain on the functioning of the world economy. Solution Tools environmental issues can be found either at the expense of the countries of the Periphery, which will lead to even greater inequality between the Center and the Periphery, or the costs will be assumed by the Center, which will inevitably cause a decrease in the standard of living there.

*population growth and constant movement; The population moves because of the disastrous ecological, unsatisfactory economic and political situation. The massive migration pressure from the Periphery to the Center causes a repressive response, which in turn contradicts the requirements of the democratization of society, giving rise to similar economic and social problems.

*widening gap between poor and rich countries; Decolonization has, in most cases, fallen short of developing countries' hopes for economic prosperity. Continued discrimination in the IEO led to failed attempts by developing countries to establish a New International Economic Order (NIEO). Increased competition between the countries of the Center (EU - NAFTA - Japan / ASEAN) causes a decrease in the likelihood of capital being directed to less developed countries, aggravated by the need to invest in the economies of countries in transition in order to increase the predictability of their behavior in world commodity markets.

*growing economic interdependence countries of the world inevitably leads to the unification of the rules of law, cultural values, lifestyle, behavior, etc., which will collide with the position of various groups of the population interested in preserving their distinctive features, national and historical values and traditions. However, this does not remove the question of the hierarchy of the world economy, the multiplicity of subjects operating in it.

* strengthening the role of international economic organizations, taking place against the backdrop of a diminishing ability of states to maintain internal order and a political inability to provide their citizens with security and social Security. The internal and external actions of states are increasingly guided by an impressive and ever-expanding set of regulations formulated by international economic organizations. The authority of the latter is determined by the elimination of ideological motives in assessing the situation and making decisions, and by the ineffectiveness of military-political sanctions against violators of the world economic order. The crisis of the UN as a global political organization and the prosperity of its economic units.

*the growing role of non-state structural formations (non-governmental organizations, TNCs) in solving international issues, including economic ones, raises the question of changing the composition of the main participants in the international community: The world is moving towards a new socio-economic environment in which the international community will be composed of several different types actors whose role as autonomous members of this community cannot be ignored.

Conclusion

International economic relations are currently developing very intensively, as states stand in the way of the intensive development of their national economies.

According to economists' forecasts, the development of international economic relations will reach its highest level in the coming years.

The concept of the world of the 21st century will be the product of the joint creative activity of governments, political parties and social movements, the scientific community, cultural and religious figures. International relations in the era of globalization are changing their nature, structure and essence. The nature of international relations has changed historically - from the "balance of power" of the beginning and middle of the last century to the "balance of interests" at the end of the century, to the subsequent "community of interests", without which it seems impossible to imagine the future. The structure of international relations has been enriched with new subjects that challenge the authority and influence of the traditional ones - states and intergovernmental organizations. it individuals, ethnic groups, non-governmental organizations, TNCs, TNBs and MFIs. Accordingly, the essence of international relations has undergone significant influence. States that have sought to realize their interests to the maximum on the basis of the principle of sovereignty are now striving to enter the world economy and world politics.

Thus, the goal set during the study current trends international relations has been achieved. These trends are: the transition to a multipolar world order; globalization and the growth of global problems. All this testifies to the inconsistency of the development of modern relations and their more thorough study.

List of used literature

1. "Sayasat POLICY" No. 6, "Transnationalization of activities of corporate structures of the Commonwealth countries / / A. Myrzhykbaeva, 2010.-P.8-9

2. "Sayasat POLICY" No. 8, "Methodology for determining the effectiveness of international economic relations": K. Ainabek, 2011.-p.11-12

3. Bazhanov E. The inevitability of a multipolar world // MEIMO.- 2004.-p.34

4. Kosolapov N. Globalization: territorial and spatial aspect // MEIMO.-2005.-p.21-22

5. Kudrov V.M. "World Economy": Textbook. M.: Ed. "BEK", 2008-p.98-99

6. Esenglin N. "External Economics", M.: 2010.-p.164

7. "International economic relations; textbook; edited by Doctor of Economics, Professor E.F. Zhukov; M.: 2005.-p.216

8. "International economic relations", Avdokushin E.F., textbook. 5th ed. M.: 2011.-p.194

9. "Political Economy and the History of Economic Doctrines", textbook, ed. Porshneva A.G., Denisova B.A.: GUU, 2013.-p.123-124

10. Terentiev N. World order at the beginning of the XXI century -2004.-C 33-35

11. Rakovsky S.N. International organizations at the beginning of the XXI century.-2010.-p.67

12. Bovin A. Leading trends in the development of international relations 2013.-S.84-85

Hosted on Allbest.ru

...

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru/

Subjects of international economic relations

Analysis scientific literature makes it possible to conclude that international (interstate) relations are relations that go beyond the borders of states and arise between them. These relations are regulated by the norms of international law.

International economic relations arise and are established, first of all, between states, as political forms of the function of society, which express the political power of the economically dominant class or the entire people.

Those. International economic relations is a form of links between:

individual states.

States and international organizations.

between international organizations.

1. A large number of countries, international organizations that are subjects of the IER.

2. The complexity and nature of these relations is significantly influenced by the socio-political system of countries.

The most important forms of international economic relations include:

international trade in goods and services;

currency and credit relations.

the movement of capital and foreign investment;

labor migration;

exchange in the field of science and technology;

· cross-country cooperation of production;

Many of the goods and services we consume are produced abroad. Free import and export is beneficial to citizens of all countries. Trade enables each country to specialize in the production of what it excels at, and provides each individual with a richer choice of goods and services.

International trade is the exchange of goods and services between national economies. It originated in ancient times, but only in the XIX century. took the form of a world market, since almost all countries of the world are drawn into it.

International trade differs from domestic trade in that:

· economic resources (including labor, natural, material, financial) are unevenly distributed among different countries;

Each country uses its own currency;

international trade is more subject to political control.

In the structure of international trade, two main blocks should be distinguished:

1. Export (export) of goods means that they are sold on the foreign market.

2. When importing (importing) goods, the country acquires goods produced abroad.

Different countries participate in world trade to varying degrees. The main indicators characterizing the country's involvement in foreign economic relations are: the export quota, which shows the ratio of the value of exports to the value of the gross domestic product, and the volume of exports per capita of a given country.

The dynamics and structure of world trade depend on the location of the main factors of production between different countries, on the structure of world production. So, if in the XIX century. international exchange was dominated by raw materials, food and products light industry, then in modern conditions the share of industrial goods especially machinery and equipment. The exchange of components and spare parts is increasing, re-export is growing rapidly, for example, after the appropriate assembly and installation of units and machines. Currently, the scope of international exchange includes the achievements of scientific and technological revolution (trade in licenses and know-how). There is a rapid development of trade in technologically complex products. The objects of international trade now include also design work, leasing (long-term rental of equipment), consulting services.

International trade is beneficial to any country.

First, imports expand the choice of goods and services that are not produced in the country, but that consumers would like to purchase. International trade makes it possible to more fully meet the growing needs of a person as a consumer.

Secondly, foreign firms, offering national market goods similar to domestic ones, thereby increasing their supply, which leads to a decrease in their prices.

In addition to trade, one of the forms of international economic relations is credit and financial, expressed in the provision of loans and credits, in the export and import of capital. The USA, Great Britain, Germany, the Netherlands, Japan remain the main exporters of capital, with 80% going to developed countries.

Credit financial markets are a set of banks, organizations, stock exchanges through which the movement of world economic flows is carried out.

Features of global financial markets:

Scales.

No geographic boundaries.

Round-the-clock operations in the global financial markets.

Use of currencies of leading developed countries.

Access to the global financial market have 1-class banks and borrowers.

This market has a specific interest rate. As a result of competition, the following financial centers emerged: New York, London, Luxembourg, Frankfurt am Main, Singapore, Tokyo, and the Bahamas. international import export trade global

Financial centers are the centers of concentrated banks, credit and financial relations that carry out operations in the financial and credit markets.

Emergence of financial centers on the periphery: Singapore, Hong Kong, Panama, Bahamas. This is due to lower taxes, currency legislation without restrictions.

Offshore - these are the world's financial centers, in which banks carry out operations mainly with non-residents and in foreign currency for this state. Offshore banks are tax cover.

The world credit market is a sphere of market relations where the movement of money capital is carried out on the terms of repayment and payment of interest, and where the demand for loan capital is formed.

The world financial market is a part of the loan capital market, where the issue, purchase and sale of securities is carried out.

World loan capital can be divided into three parts:

World money market - operations are carried out here to provide a short-term loan for up to one year.

The world capital market - medium and long-term lending is carried out on it.

World financial market - issue and purchase and sale of securities is carried out.

Classical foreign loans - based on the principle of the unity of the place of borrowing and the unity of the currency.

At the end of the 50s. the euromarket has gradually formed - this is part of the loan capital market, on which banks carry out operations in the eurocurrency.

The international migration of capital or the export of capital is carried out in the following forms:

direct private investment;

government loans;

international loans financial institutions.

The main function of the export of capital is to ensure the functioning of the world commodity market through the organization of foreign branches and subsidiaries, a service department, a repair and consulting base.

Foreign investments are all types of investments foreign investors in objects of entrepreneurial and other activities in order to make a profit.

Direct investment is the acquisition of shares in foreign enterprise substantially owned or controlled by the investor. This is the most dynamic form of international economic relations. Such investments can be made in various forms ah - joint ventures, ownership of a controlling stake in the company in the recipient country; opening of a branch, wholly owned by a transnational corporation.

Portfolio investments - lending or acquisition of shares in a foreign enterprise that is not owned and controlled by the investor, investments in the state and municipal securities market. Various forms of international credit can be classified according to several main features that characterize certain aspects of credit relations:

· by sources (domestic, foreign and mixed lending);

by purpose (commercial, financial, intermediate loans);

· by types (commodity, currency);

· by the currency of the loan (in the currency of the debtor country, in the currency of a third country, in international accounting currency units);

by terms (short, medium and long term).

To create a favorable investment climate, reliable protection of property rights, a fairly liberal economy, a developed market infrastructure, and preferential taxation are necessary. To attract investments and technologies to the most depressed regions, territories with a preferential taxation regime are being created - free economic zones (FEZs).

External labor migration is the voluntary movement of people outside the country in order to carry out paid labor activity.

Man is the most vulnerable of all objects moving from country to country. Migrants (“guest workers”, “campesinos”) are at great risk, their arrival in a new country causes concern to others, even those who are themselves migrants. A lot of dangers lie in wait for them, but the average gain is very large. If this were not so, migrants would not decide to live in a foreign state permanently or temporarily.

There are at least three types of non-market impact of migration:

obtaining knowledge of significant economic value - modern technology, artistic talents, a large share of the effect of this knowledge extends to other people;

overcrowding (may cause costs such as crime, conflict, excessive noise);

social conflicts.

Many countries (especially the US) have a policy of selecting immigrants who are allowed into the country. The rules are being revised to encourage "brain gain" AND limit the influx of unskilled individuals most prone to unemployment and social conflict.

An important form of international economic relations is scientific and technical cooperation, expressed in the exchange of patents, licenses, joint research and development work.

International production cooperation, which consists in the specialization and international cooperation of enterprises, has received great development.

International economic cooperation is one of the main factors that influence today the level of the world process and the development of the economy of a particular country. There are 200 large and small independent states on the globe. Each of them pursues its own policy, creates its own economy, and at the same time enters into various international relations, in particular, economic ones.

In the process of international economic cooperation between states, between organizations and other participants, certain relations arise (strengthen or interrupted), which require an appropriate regulation.

The instrument is legal norms, the system of which constitutes the MEP - an independent branch of world law.

International economic law is the main regulatory regulator of relations that arise in the field of international economic cooperation.

The subjects of these relations can be international organizations - economic, etc.

These include at the macroeconomic level: individual countries and their subjects (including unrecognized states, for example, Abkhazia, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, etc.), international economic integration groups, large cities, TNCs, global corporations, etc.:

· at the microeconomic level: small and medium-sized enterprises, cooperatives, etc., as well as individuals (in particular, the so-called "shuttle traders" or "peddlers"), etc.;

· at the supranational level: international economic organizations and supranational institutions.

Transnational corporations (TNCs).

The modern world economy is characterized by a rapidly ongoing process of transnationalization. Transnational corporations (TNCs) are the main driving force in this process. They are business associations consisting of a parent company and foreign branches. The parent company controls the activities of the enterprises included in the association by owning shares (participation) in their capital. In foreign affiliates of TNCs, the share of the parent company - a resident of another country - usually accounts for more than 10% of the shares or their equivalent. At the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. there is an unprecedented scope of foreign economic activity (international economic transactions), in which TNCs are traders (merchants), investors, distributors modern technologies and facilitators of international trade migration. They largely determine the dynamics and structure, the level of competitiveness in the global market for goods and services, as well as the international movement of capital and the transfer of technology (knowledge).

TNCs play a leading role in the internationalization of production, which is becoming increasingly widespread in the process of expanding and deepening production ties between enterprises in different countries.

TNCs are international in terms of the scope of their activities and national in terms of capital and the nature of control. They expand their power through direct investment in their overseas affiliates and enterprises.

World diasporas, large trans-regional associations and strategic alliances of countries, world cities, communes, provinces, etc.

a special role in the system. MEOs begin to play anthropostructures, i.e. close-knit groups and associations that use network forms of organization of activities and cultural policy for active participation in world processes. The most notable among them are, in particular, the environmental organization Greenpeace and anti-globalization organizations. At the beginning of the 21st century, there are up to half a million such public organizations in the world.

International organizations are very numerous, any of them does not affect the economic and social life.

Organizations with a specific weight in economic relations:

Organizations that have their own powers or means: funds and therefore have the opportunity to influence both international and national, economic and financial development.

Organizations that are forums where governments can express their views, where a unity of approach is developed and appropriate policy recommendations are made in individual countries.

International organizations providing collection of information and publication of statistical data.

What unites these organizations: they all contribute to the development of communication and cooperation between countries.

International organizations fall into four categories:

I. World Organizations are organizations dedicated to dealing with world problems and established primarily immediately after the end of the Second World War.

II. Organizations created on the initiative of the West are organizations initiated by Western states and which unite developed countries with a market economy.

III. European organizations are organizations associated with European construction.

IV. Bodies for Regional or Bilateral Cooperation with Third World Countries and Eastern Europe are various departments for regional or bilateral cooperation.

World organizations are: organizations operating in the field of economics and monetary and financial relations fall within the sphere of influence of the UN. The activity of the UN itself in these areas is limited. In practice, it is completely replaced by UNCTAD (this is the UN conference on trade and development). Among the specialized organizations dependent on the UN, a very important role is played by the bodies created under the Bretton-Woods agreements and GATT, replacing the special UN agencies.

The UN is an international organization established on the basis of the voluntary union of efforts of sovereign states to maintain and strengthen peace and security, as well as to develop peaceful cooperation between states. The UN Charter was signed in 1945. The main bodies are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat, which is headed by the UN Secretary General.

GATT - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - is a multilateral international agreement on the mutual granting of tariff preferences, concluded in 1947 by twenty-three countries. The purpose of the creation of GATT: the gradual elimination of various forms of discrimination in trade, the reduction customs tariffs, the exchange of quantitative import restrictions.

Now GATT is an international organization operating on the basis of a multilateral intergovernmental agreement, which contains the principles and rules of international trade that are binding on member countries. Effective since January 1, 1948. The GATT has a large number of intergovernmental bodies, commissions and secretariats. In 1989, the number of full members of the GATT - 97 countries, another 28 countries are de facto participants in the GATT, 20 - as observers. supreme body GATT is a session, and the operational-executive body is the council of representatives.

Russia is not a member of the GATT, however, in connection with the entry into the IMF and the IBRD, closer contacts with the GATT are inevitable and necessary, since the activities of the GATT, the IMF and the IBRD are largely interconnected.

The IMF is an intergovernmental organization that regulates monetary and credit relations between countries, and also provides credit resources in cases of currency difficulties. 178 countries are members of the IMF.

Tasks of the IMF:

Control the rules of currency behavior of countries. These rules are fixed in the Charter.

Provision of loans to countries - members of the Fund in case of violation of the balance of payments, repayment of external debts, negative balance of payments to stabilize the national currency.

The IMF is organized according to the AO principle, i.e. The capital of the fund is made up of contributions from the participating countries. The amount of the contribution depends on the quota and is expressed in special monetary units - SDRs, special drawing rights and US dollars. The quota is determined from the economic level of the country. The size of the quota also determines the number of votes. Voting is carried out according to the principle of weighted voting.

IBRD (World Bank) is an intergovernmental organization that provides long-term loans for the purpose of economic stimulation of the development of the bank's member countries. The members of this bank are 176 countries of the world. The bank operates under the control of developed countries. The condition for membership in the bank is membership in the IMF.

Main branches of IBRD:

International Finance Corporation, IFC - is engaged in lending to private businesses in developing countries.

International Development Association, IDA - established to provide financial assistance and issues soft loans for 35-40 years.

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, MIGA - Provides guarantees for obtaining loans from private banks. The bank itself provides loans to the most profitable projects.

OECD is an organization for economic cooperation and development. Now its members are 24 developed countries of the world. Purpose: coordination of economic, monetary policy, research work, development economic forecasting development of OECD member countries. The Paris Club is an informal organization of industrialized creditor countries that deals with the regulation of external debts of developing countries. Bank for International Settlements, BIS - is the center of cooperation between the central banks of developed countries, i.e. coordinates the monetary policy of central banks.

The London Club is an informal organization of creditor countries that deal with the settlement of private external debts.

European Union, EU - includes 15 states of Western Europe. In the future, this union is expanding, the countries of Eastern (Poland) and Central Europe (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia) are joining.

Russia has concluded an agreement on cooperation and partnership with the EU.

Bibliography

international economic trade

1. Belokrylova O.S., Mikhalkina E.V., Bannikova A.V., Agapov E.P. Social science. Rostov n/a: Phoenix, 2006.

2. Kasyanov V.V. Social science. Rostov n/a: Phoenix, 2007.

3. Kokhanovsky V.P., Matyash G.P., Yakovlev V.P., Zharov L.V. Philosophy for secondary and special educational institutions. Rostov n/a, 2008.

4. Kravchenko A.I. Social science. Moscow: Russian Word, 2006.

5. Kurbatov V.I. Social science. Rostov n/a: Phoenix, 2007.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

The main forms and system of international economic relations of the modern world economy. The system of modern international economic relations The system of international economic relations in modern conditions

MEO forms

World economy

international trade

Monetary and credit international relations

Bretton Woods system

GATT

Notes

Links

See what "International Economic Relations" is in other dictionaries:

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar Documents

The essence and foundations of international economic relations

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar Documents

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar Documents