E-government in various countries. Obstacles to the development of online services. E-government for sustainable development

What is "Electronic Government"? How was it formed? What served as the prerequisites for its development in world practice? And what of the international practice is applied in Uzbekistan?

STEP ONE. STORY

Development of information and communication technologies in modern world everywhere entails multilateral trends, including the transformation of the spheres of human activity and public institutions. In the context of the transformation of political institutions and government controlled Taking into account the requirements of the information age, national governments set themselves an urgent task today and in the future - to ensure the effective formation, functioning and development of the "Electronic Government" system.

The concept of "Electronic government" was first covered in the United States in 1991, but at present, international practice has already accumulated sufficient experience in the formation and development of this system. In most advanced countries of the world, comprehensive programs have been developed and are being implemented that provide for strategies for the information development of the country. Also, the world community pays special attention to this area and is doing a great job on effective international cooperation, research activities and implementation of global innovative projects. For example, since 2003, the United Nations Department of Public Administration and Development Management has been conducting studies every two years to assess the readiness and ability of national government structures to use ICT to provide citizens with public services, on the basis of which the rating of the countries of the world is compiled according to the level of development of e-government. The rating is formed on the basis of the e-government development index based on an assessment of the degree of coverage and quality of Internet services, the level of development of IT infrastructure and human capital. The 2016 study provided new evidence of the potential for the implementation of the 2030 Agenda and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals, adopted during the UN Sustainable Development Summit on September 25, 2015, and also showed a global trend towards the use of innovative resources and the introduction of ICT for service delivery , involving people in decision-making and promoting people-centred services that reflect their needs.

STEP TWO. ELECTRONIC GOVERNMENT TODAY

Currently, there is no single strategy or template for the formation and development of e-government, which could act as a tool for transformation, transforming political processes that challenge its traditional institutions and mechanisms. Analyzing the world experience in the formation and development of the "Electronic Government" system, it is customary to single out two main models of the political strategy for the formation of electronic government: "Western" and "Eastern". The Eastern model, which reflects the specifics of the formation and development of the "Electronic Government" system in Asian countries, is characterized by reforming the public administration system based on the principles of new public administration and ensuring openness and transparency in the activities of state bodies.

FROM greatest success this model is being implemented in the Republic of Korea, Singapore and Japan. While the Western model includes strategies for the formation of e-government in America and European countries. In most countries of Western, Central and Eastern Europe, special attention is paid to the introduction of ICT in administrative reform and service to citizens, and in the United States a large role is also given to the improvement of the political system.

The e-government of the Republic of Korea, ranked third in the UN e-government ranking in 2016 and ranked first in the same ranking in 2010, 2012 and 2014, has won global recognition. One of the reasons for Korea's leadership not only among Asian countries, but also at the global level is the creation of favorable conditions for the development of ICT, in particular, the provision of opportunities for the comprehensive improvement of applications that are available for download on a single integrated portal of the country. It is conventionally accepted to single out four stages in the development of e-government in Korea. The first stage was Government 1.0 - as the earliest stage of creating conditions for the introduction of e-government, aimed at introducing ICT in the public administration sector, digitizing work processes and building an e-government infrastructure. Next is the Government 2.0 stage, focused on citizens, interacting with them online and interactively, implemented in the period from 2001 to 2007. E-government implementation projects were implemented on the basis of the principles of traditionalism (Confucianism) and "rational bureaucracy".

For several years, up to 40% of the legal acts regulating public administration and service have been changed. At the third stage of the development of e-government, Government 3.0, in order to provide uninterrupted electronic services citizens were integrated information systems e-government and provided open access to the data necessary for interaction with the state. In 2013, work began on the implementation of the smart government strategy - e-government 4.0, through which, regardless of access channels, citizens can enjoy simple and free access to public services. Currently, more than 409 projects have been implemented, more than half of which were carried out by small and medium-sized enterprises, 300 thousand downloads of the source code of a single standardized e-government platform based on open architecture software (eGovFrame). Unified platform eGovFrame, which contributed to a significant reduction in the budget for the development of new and support operating systems e-government, has received further distribution in Bulgaria, Mexico, Mongolia, Vietnam.

The key factor that had a significant impact on the formation of e-government in Singapore is the creation in 1999 of the Information and Communication Development Agency, which was entrusted with broad powers to consult, control and monitor the country's e-government processes, as well as the distribution of budget expenditures in this regard. . The Agency also monitors and regulates the implementation of projects outlined in the e-Government Strategic Development Plan of the e-Government Strategy Development Committee, chaired by the Prime Minister. The creation of so-called "cities" (TOWN), which are projects in which several line ministries take part, has become a fundamental decision in the field of management. In subsequent years, Singapore focused on developing the provision of its own services by departments, such as filing tax returns, issuing permits. And three years later, in 2006, the creation of a single portal for the integration of disparate services of various government organizations. The official web portal of Singapore (www.gov.sg), uniting all spheres of life, has four interconnected sections: government, citizens, business and non-residents. For programs to improve the "Electronic Government" system, in particular, for further development the official web portal, the state annually allocates 0.5 billion dollars. Also, an indisputable advantage of Singaporean projects is the stimulation of the implementation of ICT projects on the basis of public-private partnership. A striking example is the $4 billion project to bring high-speed fiber optic Internet access lines to all households in Singapore. The state invested only 1 billion dollars, leaving the missing part for implementation to the consortium that won the tender.

The program for the formation and development of the "Electronic Government" system of Japan is based on the "317 Steps" program adopted in 2001, the main goal of which is to ensure world leadership in the field of ICT by 2055. Implementation of modern information networks, application information technologies in education, development ecommerce, the use of information technology in the administration and operation of social services and the security of information networks are the five priority areas in the implementation of this program. These reforms have become a key condition for the formation and implementation of Japan's state policy in the development and dissemination of ICT, including at such a high level of development of the country's e-government. The national program "Electronic Japan" (e-Japan) for the development of advanced information technologies, aimed at creating an infrastructure for high-speed data transmission networks in the country, expanding the use of the Internet, developing electronic commerce (e-commerce) and, as a result, giving impetus to the country's economy, contributes to the reduction of tariffs for all types of communication. Moreover, adopted by the “e-Japan Strategy” (e-Japan Strategy) in 2001, “e-Japan Strategy II” (e-Japan Strategy II) in 2003, “ New strategy reforms" (New IT Reform Strategy) in 2006, "Strategy of Japan 2015" (i-Japan Strategy 2015) in 2009 and "New ICT Strategy" in 2010 became the foundation for the formation of one of the most advanced e-government systems. Following the projects adopted by the Japanese government, the 2014 "Declaration of the most advanced IT nation in the world" became next step formation of a system that is sufficiently open, informationally transparent and accessible to residents of Japan. These reforms have created conditions for the integration of innovative projects that have become solutions to the administrative problems of society. Internet of things, Big Data, Basic resident register cards are just some of them. The information system for seismic diagnostics and forecasting "Nowcast" was highly appreciated by the UN in the study of the level of development of e-government of the countries of the world in 2016.

The United Kingdom, which is a representative of the Western model of the political strategy for the formation of e-government, took first place in the e-Participation Index, as well as in the ranking of countries in the world by the level of development of e-government prepared by the UN (as of 2016). strategic program Great Britain's "Modernization of State Power", adopted in 1999 and covering the country's five million civil servants, has become a key element in the implementation electronic system information age management. Based on this Strategy, the UK Online Government Portal (www.open.gov.uk) was created, a Direct Access project that allows government agencies to provide citizens at their convenience electronic access to all forms of documents, use an electronic digital signature to fill in the forms necessary to receive electronic public services. Establishment of the position of an electronic envoy (e-envoy), authorized to observe the constitutional rights of citizens to access information, was another step towards the comprehensive development of the country's "Electronic Government" system, ensuring the openness of public administration, reducing corruption and improving financial management. In addition, the ICT strategy approved by the government in 2011, which was designed to reduce costs and improve the efficiency of public ICT systems, has become a way to solve a number of problems in the country's ICT field by centralizing control over ICT, creating equal opportunities for software open source, creating a nationwide “app store”, encouraging regular reporting by ministers and senior government officials on the progress of ICT projects and programs.

Built on the principles of service provision of public services, quick satisfaction of citizens' needs through ICT and elimination of redundant functions of government authorities, the US e-government is considered one of the most effective systems.

A systematic approach to development was laid down in the 90s in the "E-Government Strategy" (E-Government Strategy), aimed at increasing the efficiency of the federal government. An important success factor was the embedding of positions related to the informatization of public administration and the quality of interactive government services, in common system assessments of the effectiveness of the functioning of government departments, which is reflected in the amount of funding from the State budget and special funds. The official government portal (www.First-Gov.gov) brings together federal, state, and local government websites, contains 27 million web pages, and provides over a thousand electronic forms and real-world services. Service sections are classified based on their scope, such as obtaining licenses, social security issues, obtaining passports, and others. Moreover, along with the improvement of administrative activities, much attention is paid to improving the functioning of the political system within the framework of ICT. An example of this is the Federal Corporate Information Technology Architecture of US government organizations, which involves the creation of uniform standards for government information systems, including data standards, standards for interdepartmental information exchange, metadata (and information retrieval) standards, and security standards.

The "Electronic Europe" program, based on the basic principles of the macroeconomic policy of the EU countries, is the approach of European countries in the field of information society formation. Standard reports on the implementation of projects within the framework of the e-government of the European Union countries are published on the official website (epractice.eu) and are based on a list of the main elements of the IT infrastructure, such as public service portals, network infrastructure and data centers, integration infrastructure and forwarding of electronic messages, infrastructure of identification and authorization and others. Agreed minimum legal framework for the development of e-government in the form of the Directives of the European Commission creates the conditions for the formation of the necessary foundation for the development of the e-government system. Accordingly, in all EU countries laws have been adopted covering both technical aspects and ethical and political issues of e-government, such as, for example, e-government. digital signatures, e-commerce, data protection, distribution of government orders, access to information and others. Special attention is given to national portals for the provision of electronic public services. Thus, in a number of European countries, on special issues or for certain categories citizens also have additional e-government portals. For example, in France - the Portal for civil servants, in the Netherlands - the Portal " feedback» with citizens (Citizenlink), the purpose of which is to stimulate the participation of citizens in public life and the life of the state by measuring the level of satisfaction of citizens with the activities of the state. Access to both national portals for the provision of electronic public services, and additional ones in a number of countries is available not only through the Internet and a computer, but, for example, as in the UK, it is possible using channels digital television, mobile phones. It is also worth noting the implementation of specialized solutions for managing all electronic forms used in the interaction of the state with individuals and legal entities that will make a significant contribution to the development of the electronic government of European countries by establishing electronic interaction and creating opportunities for electronic document management. Examples are eForms in the Netherlands or the Online Form Center in Germany.

STEP THREE. PERSPECTIVES

As world experience shows, as strategic objectives the formation and development of e-government, higher stages of the functioning of e-government, the relationship of e-government and the nature of administrative reforms, a greater focus on the needs of citizens as consumers of public electronic services, ensuring openness and transparency of the activities of government bodies are recognized.

Despite the similarities between the Eastern and Western models of the political strategy for the formation of e-government, each state, based on its economic, social and political interests, develops and continuously improves the mechanisms for implementing e-government. Concepts for the implementation of e-government go in the direction from the use of online services and the widespread use of ICT for the provision of public services to the transformation of political institutions, principles and mechanisms that provide for the modernization of the forms and sphere of influence of citizens on the process of making and implementing managerial decisions.

In the period from December 11 to 17, 2016, specialists from the e-Government Development Center were on a business trip to participate in the training program for experts in information and communication technologies - at the training course "Expert in ICT Policy", held in Seoul.

The course was attended by 20 experts (delegates) from 12 countries such as Bangladesh, Vietnam, Costa Rica, Iran, Kenya, Laos, Mongolia, Sudan, Tanzania, Ukraine, Uzbekistan and Vietnam.

The program was supported by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (MSIP) in cooperation with the National IT Industry Promotion Agency (NIPA) of the government South Korea from 12 to 17 April 2016

As part of this course, in the conference halls of the Intercontinental Seoul COEX hotel in Seoul, the program organizers conducted trainings in the following areas:

1. "Korea's ICT Policy - Success factors and challenges", which reflected the stages of adoption political decisions on the widespread introduction of ICT.

1. "Trends and Outlook of ICT Industry" ("Trend and Outlook of ICT Industry"), which reflected the macroeconomic environment for the development of ICT, changes in the ICT environment, which is expected in the future with the widespread introduction of ICT in the lives of citizens.

1. “Barriers in the development of e-government. best practice Korea”, which described the principles of e-government, IT initiatives in Korea, barriers that have arisen in the construction of e-government, an integrated government data center, MINWON (interactive services portal), KONEPS (electronic trading system).

1. “Cloud Computing Policy in Korea”, where the Korean legislation in the field of cloud computing, implemented projects for cloud computing were described.

1. "5G: The next generation service" ("5G: The next generation service"), which reflected the history of the development of 2G, 3G networks.
2. At the lecture

Kazakhstan. The idea of ​​creating e-government in Kazakhstan was voiced in the annual Message of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on March 19, 2004.

The e-government portal www.egov.kz is being developed by the national information technology operator of the Republic of Kazakhstan JSC "National Information Technologies", a subsidiary of JSC "National Infocommunication Holding "Zerde".

• On November 10, 2004, the Program for the Formation of the Electronic Government for 2005-2007 was approved. The implementation of the program involved the phased solution of the following tasks:
• 1. Information stage? publication and dissemination of information.
• 2. Interactive stage? provision of services through direct and reverse interaction between the state body and the citizen.
• 3. Transactional stage? interaction through the implementation of financial and legal transactions through the government portal.
• 4. Information society

In the period from 2007-2009, the e-government infrastructure was formed, the basic components were created: a web portal and an e-government gateway, an e-government payment gateway, an electronic interdepartmental document flow, an infrastructure public keys, a unified transport environment of state bodies, national registries of identification numbers, electronic public services have been implemented.

The information system "Electronic state procurements". From January 1, 2010? 100% transfer of public procurement by request price offers in electronic format, at www.goszakup.gov.kz. In 2009?2010 the introduction of projects "E-licensing" for business entities, "Unified notarial information system" e-notariat ", systems" Electronic akimat "

In 2010, the first transactional services appeared on the portal, suggesting the possibility of making online payments. So, first of all, online payment of taxes, state fees, duties and fines for traffic violations was implemented, in 2011 - payment for housing and communal services.

In 2011, the e-government portal offered Kazakhstan citizens the services of a registry office in a new electronic format, by automating the procedure for filing an application for conclusion / dissolution of marriage and registration of the birth of a child.

During 2013, a number of other socially important public services were launched on the e-government portal of the Republic of Kazakhstan, including the services of the registry office, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

In total, users of the e-government portal are offered 119 interactive and transactional services on the e-government portal. This number includes 77 public services, payment of 21 types of state fees, 16 types of state duties, 4 types of tax payments, as well as payment of fines for traffic violations.

According to the UN rating on global readiness for e-government in 2014, Kazakhstan occupies the 46th position. In the classification according to the indicator "electronic participation" (e-participation) of citizens in electronic government projects in 2014, Kazakhstan is in 18th place.

Russia. The e-government concept was approved on May 6, 2008 by the Government of Russia. According to this concept, "electronic government" will be created in two stages:

• · 2008? development and approval required documents
• · 2009?2010 years? practical implementation
• On September 10, 2009, Decree No. 721 “On Amendments to the Federal target program"Electronic Russia (2002-2010)".

AT new edition The programs practically reflect the activities, goals, performance indicators aimed at building the infrastructure of the electronic government of Russia and the implementation of the Concept of formation in Russian Federation e-government until 2010 (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 2008 No. 632-r)

According to the provisions of the Program, will the construction of the e-government infrastructure be built on a unified technological platform by combining its functional elements on a single telecommunications infrastructure? information systems of federal bodies executive power, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local authorities, as well as elements of public access infrastructure? access centers in public receptions, libraries and Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Post of Russia", departmental and regional call centers, websites of state bodies on the Internet, regional multifunctional centers for the provision of services. In addition to providing services for citizens and organizations, the main tasks of the e-government infrastructure include building information and analytical systems to improve the efficiency of public administration, monitor socio-economic development, manage the progress of the implementation of priority national tasks (code name GAS "Management"), that is, significant issues of improvement and administrative reform of public administration in Russia.

In St. Petersburg, Governor Valentina Matvienko and Oracle Corporation President Charles Phillips signed an agreement of intent in the field of information technology.

The "Electronic Government of the Russian Federation" is understood as a new form of organization of the activities of public authorities, providing at the expense of wide application information and communication technologies (ICT) a qualitatively new level of efficiency and convenience for citizens and organizations to receive public services and information on the results of the activities of state bodies.

As of September 2010, only one region started working with the e-government system ? This is the Republic of Tatarstan. According to press reports, work is underway to introduce systems in several more regions.

Dmitry Trutnev, expert of the TACIS Development of Internet Based Interactive Government to Business Services in Northwest Russia project: “We need the very fact of a movement to create anything within the framework of “electronic government”, but at the same time there is neither a tool to evaluate the effectiveness, nor a desire to do it not for a report, not for show, but precisely for the benefit of the population in the regions, there is no”

Petersburg business representatives: CEO"St. Petersburg Construction Corporation" Boris Surovtsev: “Everything depends on the system? how it will be organised. If there is control (and it is quite possible to organize) the time of work on this appeal, the answer? under these conditions, officials will have to work, they are a forced people "

In 2009, the President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev spoke about the pace of development of the information society in Russia:

We do not have any "electronic government", all this is a chimera.

Belarus. August 9, 2010? Decree of the Council of Ministers (No. 1174) ? adopt the Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in the Republic of Belarus for the period up to 2015 (it is envisaged to create an "Electronic Government" system). An interdepartmental working group is being created from representatives of government agencies to develop a draft state program for the implementation of the strategy.

Presidential Decree No. 60, Government Decree No. 645 established certain requirements for the content of websites of government agencies.

NIRUP "Institute of Applied software systems» (part of the structure of the Ministry of Communications and Informatization). Areas of work:

• Development or creation of large state information systems for state bodies: Ministry of Justice (Unified State Register legal entities and entrepreneurs), for the Ministry of Taxes and Duties, for the Fund social protection, for the Securities Department of the Ministry of Finance, etc.
• · National Automated Information System, OAIS (actually is the core of the e-government infrastructure)
• State registration of information resources and state registration of information systems (the institute is determined by the Ministry of Communications as their operator)

Also already operating: a single state portal of electronic services, a system is being introduced electronic auctions public procurement (public procurement in electronic format? the first step towards the start of the implementation of the agreement on public (municipal) procurement).

Directive No. 4 “On the development of entrepreneurial initiative and stimulation business activity in the Republic of Belarus" provides for the possibility of electronic state registration legal entities and individual entrepreneurs and the creation of a web portal for the Unified State Register of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs (USR). The project was put into commercial operation

USA. In the United States, is a special unit of the US presidential administration engaged in the development of e-government? Office of E-Government and Information Technology, which, in turn, is a division of the Management and Budget Department). The E-Government Department is headed by the Federal Director for Information Technology. The position of Federal Director of Information Technology was introduced by the e-Government Law of 2002, until 2009 this position was called "Administrator of e-Government and Information Technology" under the Office of Management and Budget.

At the moment, in almost all countries of the world there are programs of active "electronification" state apparatus, the so-called e-Country, which literally means "electronic country". One of the priority projects of these programs is the creation of e-Government, "electronic government".

The idea of ​​creating e-government arose in 1990. active work many developed countries are implementing it. The main principle of the reorganization of the state was its service orientation, which makes it possible to implement the principle formulated in Great Britain: "The government is not for itself, the government is for the people." "Electronic government in the world and in Russia" 12/15/2005. PC Magazine/Russian Edition.

For such an indicator as innovation in the field of e-government, Canada has been ahead of the rest for many years in a row (Back in 1994, the government of the country issued the document government bodies using information technology). Following her, in the list of leaders, Singapore and the USA "Electronic government: bring the official closer to the citizen?". Connect! World of Communication. 11.2004 (although the law on "electronic government" was signed by the US President only at the end of 2002). Since the beginning of 2000, the governments of Japan, Dubai and Qatar have begun to implement such a project. The UK has a program Electronic citizens, e-business, e-government. strategic concept public service in the Information Age”, on the basis of which the transition to the concept of “Information Age Government” is carried out. Sergo A.G. Internet and law. M. 2003. In Europe, according to the directive eEurope 2002 Action Plan, adopted in the EU in June 2000, by 2005 a program to create national electronic governments should be implemented.

The implementation of the concept of e-government implies extensive use by government agencies modern technologies. Electronic governments created abroad contain: online services for citizens and businesses on single portal, electronic document management in government structures, a common database for different government structures to prevent duplication of information and repeated costs. Some governments create a closed specialized information network for intragovernmental transactions (for example, Govnet is a secure network physically separated from the Internet), an extensive information and telecommunications infrastructure, cryptographic systems and other methods of protecting information, including personal data, digital signature, electronic key, smart cards, other means of authorizing access to information and operations with it. "Fundamentals of legal informatics". 11.4 "Electronic government" in Russia. Chubukova S.G. Elkin V.D.

a) initial appearance - an online presence of government agencies on the World Wide Web is deployed;

b) expanded presence - government sites are constantly increasing, and the information on them is becoming more and more dynamic;

− Build the capacity of the health sector.

In order to monitor the progress of the program or its results, it is important to define measurable indicators – indicators – already at the design stage. Indicators are developed by experts in relation to the objectives of the program and make the results of the program "measurable".

Projects for creating e-government are building an information society, which in turn is a consequence of the active development and implementation of information technologies in all spheres of life.

The information society can be defined as a highly developed information infrastructure and mass penetration into all spheres of public and private life of information and communication technologies.

The next indicator is the number of government services available online. This indicator is one of the main indicators for evaluating government informatization. At the same time, in addition to assessing the total share of state services provided to the population online, as a rule, the level of informatization of the basic set of services is also distinguished. this “basic set” is usually defined within the concept of “e-government” development. Thus, there are two indicators - the indicator of general informatization of services, and the indicator of informatization of the minimum required set of public sector services.

− using the Internet from home;

− use of online government services;

− level of complexity of online services;

− availability of information and communication technologies and resources for building e-government;

− preferences in terms of forms of access to e-government and existing access barriers.

Several new indicators have also been proposed to measure user attitudes towards new forms of service delivery:

a) Government to Citizens (G2C)

1) Perception of the benefits of "electronic government" by citizens;

2) Barriers to the use of "electronic government" by citizens;

3) The desire of citizens to use the services of "electronic government";

4) The attitude of citizens to alternative forms of receiving services.

b) Government - Business (G2B)

1) The effectiveness of "electronic government" from the business point of view;

Tracking the process of development of "electronic governments" and assessing their effectiveness are special tasks, since the object of study is dynamic, new and poorly understood. It should be noted that the research is aimed at studying the potential of "electronic governments", that is, what citizens and government structures themselves can get from the use of information and communication technologies in the provision and consumption of services.

For example, in a study conducted by the UN (Benchmarking E-government: A Global Perspective), the concept of an "e-government development index" (e-Government index) was introduced, and this index was determined for 169 UN member countries. The measurement was carried out according to three parameters : on the World Wide Web (Web presence), the development of telecommunications infrastructure (Telecommunications Infrastructure) and the development of human capital (Human Capital).The higher the level of government presence on the Internet, the more developed the telecommunications in the country, and the higher the human development index, the higher the development index "e-government" The "e-government" development index reflects a country's potential to use online government services, but not the actual use of these services.

In a well-known study by Accenture (eGovernment Leadership - Realizing the Vision), e-Government maturity was assessed in terms of Service Maturity and Customer Relationship Management. Accenture experts accessed government websites and, disguised as clients, assessed the e-government parameters mentioned above. Thus, in this case, the potential of "electronic governments" was also assessed - what clients can get, but not what exactly and in what volumes they actually receive.

Marketing company Taylor Nelson Sofres (TNS) asked about the practical use of online government services. In 2002, TNS studied the use of e-government by adults in 31 countries (Government online – an International Perspective). In contrast to the cases mentioned above, TNS approached e-Government customers directly. was used to collect information. In total, the sample was over 29,000. This study allowed people to really use the services of "e-government". The assessment of the potential (development level) of the "electronic governments" themselves was not carried out in this case.

It seems that for a correct assessment of the development of "electronic governments" in the world, a separate country, region or city, it is necessary to take into account both dimensions:

− Potential of "e-government" - the number of services available online; the degree of interactivity of these services; user orientation and .

Table 1.3 - Percentage of the population using the Internet per month (2000)

Malaysia
Slovakia
	No data
Country average

In order to show the level of Internet penetration in different countries, two parameters were chosen: home access and the percentage using the Internet would be once a month. The first indicator is given for the countries of the European Union, and for the 31st country around the world that participated in the study "TNS CONSULTANTS: Government online, International perspective 2002". of these two indicators, 2002 allows us to conclude that their values ​​are comparable

1.1.6.9.2 Frequency of Internet use.

According to: FLASH EB N°125 "Internet and the public at large" - Report 2002

1.1.6.9.3 Reasons for using the Internet

In pan-European studies, the following main services for private Internet users are distinguished (ranked by popularity):

Table 1.5 - Reasons for using the Internet in EU countries

According to: FLASH EB N°125 "Internet and the public at large" - Report 2002

The Internet is the most popular means of communication, 79% of respondents use email and use the Internet as information, and 74% read news on the Internet and participate in forums.

1.1.6.9.4 The level of development of "electronic government"

The level of use of "electronic government" by citizens:

Netherlands

New Zealand

Ireland

Germany

South Korea

Slovakia

Great Britain

Malaysia

Country average

According to: TNS CONSULTANTS: Government online, International perspective 2002

Assessment of the accessibility of "electronic government".

The Web-based Survey on Electronic Public services by CGE&Y is focused on the study of e-government services in the EU countries. Two aspects are measured: the availability () of e-government services and the provision of services online. This study is carried out twice a year on the basis of a standard list of e-government services for the EU countries, which allows the best way to track changes in the potential of e-government.

October 2002

According to: Web-based Survey on Electronic Public services. Results of third measurement October 2002

Value Added Taxes

Registration of new companies

Customs declarations

Environment sphere

Declarations for the police

Only 12% of government sites worldwide provide fully online services, up 4% from 2001. Of these, 7% offer one service, 2% offer two services, and only 3% offer three or more types of services. 88% of government sites do not provide any services at all.

Table 1.12 - Number of online services on government websites

Number of services
Three or more

The most common government site services were regular postings, followed by vacation bookings, job searches, passport ordering, and driver's license renewals.

Table 1.13 - Most common online services (2002)

Ordering publications
Holiday booking
Job search	6%Asia 41%15%4%2%

Adapted from: Global E-Government, 2002 by Darell M. West, Center for Public Policy, Brown University

One of the reasons why the development of online services is slowing down is the inability to use credit and electronic signatures in financial transactions. Only 1% of the government sites analyzed accepted a credit card and 0.2% accepted a digital one for financial transactions. Among the sites accepting digital signatures were the Singapore Government Portal and the government administration in Japan.