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The main differences between the project and the study. How is research activity different from project activity? According to the hypothesis

1. By definition

Project- this is "a set of actions specially organized by the teacher and independently performed by the children, culminating in the creation of a product consisting of an object of labor made in the design process, and its presentation in the framework of an oral or written presentation."

Project- it is literally "thrown forward", that is, a prototype, a prototype of an object, type of activity, and design turns into a process of creating a project.

Thus, the project creates something that does not yet exist, it always requires a different quality or shows the way to obtain it.

Study is understood primarily as a process of developing new knowledge, one of the types of human cognitive activity.

Fundamental difference research from design is that research does not creation of some pre-planned object, even its model or prototype. Study- this is the process of searching for the unknown, new knowledge, one of the types of cognitive activity.

Research is the search for truth or the unknown, and design is the solution of a specific, clearly perceived task.

2. By purpose

The purpose of the project activity- Implementation of the project intent.

Purpose of research activity- understanding the essence of the phenomenon, the truth, the discovery of new patterns, etc.

Both types of activity, depending on the goal, can be subsystems of each other. That is, in the case of the implementation of the project, research will be one of the means, and, in the case of a study, design can be one of the means.

3. By the presence of a hypothesis

Study implies the advancement of hypotheses and theories, their experimental and theoretical testing.

Projects may be without research (creative, social, informational).

There may not always be a hypothesis in the project, there is no research in the project, there is no hypothesis.

4. By stages of research
Main stages of project activity:

Determining the topic of the project, searching and analyzing the problem, setting the goal of the project, choosing the name of the project;

Discussing possible research options, comparing proposed strategies, choosing methods, collecting and studying information, determining the form of the product and product requirements, drawing up a work plan, assigning responsibilities;

Implementation of planned technological operations, making the necessary changes;

Preparing and defending a presentation;

Analysis of the results of the project, assessment of the quality of the project.

Research stages:
Formulation of the problem, substantiation of the relevance of the chosen topic.

Putting forward a hypothesis.
Setting the goal and specific objectives of the study.
Definition of the object and subject of research.
The choice of methods and methods of conducting research.
Description of the research process.
Discussion of the research results.
Formulation of conclusions and evaluation of the results.

5. By product

Project- this is a plan, a plan, creativity according to a plan.

Design can be represented as a sequential execution of a series of well-defined, algorithmic steps to obtain a result.

Project activity always involves drawing up a clear plan for ongoing research, requires a clear formulation and awareness of the problem under study, the development of real hypotheses, their verification in accordance with a clear plan, etc.

Study- the process of developing new knowledge, true creativity.

Research is a search for truth, the unknown, new knowledge. At the same time, the researcher does not always know what the discovery made during the research will bring him.

Research activities Initially, it should be free, not regulated by any external settings, it is more flexible, it has much more room for improvisation.

When organizing any activity, it is necessary to take into account the age characteristics of schoolchildren, to create conditions for their development.

The materials of the master class "Methodology for organizing project activities", Kugut I.A.

Project activities of schoolchildren

What is a learning project for the student and for the teacher

The project activity of schoolchildren is a cognitive, educational, research and creative activity, as a result of which a solution to the problem appears, which is presented in the form of a project.
For a student, a project is an opportunity to maximize their creative potential. This is an activity that allows you to express yourself individually or in a group, try your hand, apply your knowledge, benefit, show a publicly achieved result. This is an activity aimed at solving an interesting problem formulated by the students themselves. The result of this activity - the found way to solve the problem - is of a practical nature and significant for the discoverers themselves.
And for a teacher, an educational project is an integrative didactic tool for development, training and education, which allows you to develop and develop specific skills and design skills: problematization, goal setting, activity planning, reflection and introspection, presentation and self-presentation, as well as information search, practical application of academic knowledge, self-study, research and creative activities.

Design and research work at school is a new, innovative method that combines an educational and cognitive component, a game, scientific and creative one. The main difference between such activities for elementary school is that students, first of all, receive the first research skills, due to which specific qualities of a special way of thinking develop.

Organization of project activities

When organizing project activities in elementary school, the teacher must take into account the following aspects:

1. The project task must correspond to the age and level of development of the student.
2. The problems of future projects should be taken into account, which should be in the field of interests of students.
3. Conditions must be created for the successful implementation of projects (availability of materials, data, multimedia).
4. Before giving the students a project assignment, one should first prepare for the conduct of such activities.
5. Manage projects, help students and advise them.
6. Work out with schoolchildren the methods of project activities, while improving general educational skills.
7. When choosing a project topic, do not impose information, but interest them, motivating them to search independently.
8. Discuss with students the choice of sources of information: library, reference books, Internet, periodicals, etc.
9. In the process of preparing for project activities, it is advisable to organize joint excursions, walks, observations, experiments, actions for students.

Project types

Research projects. Schoolchildren conduct experiments, study any area, and then draw up the results in the form of wall newspapers, booklets or computer presentations. Such research projects have a positive effect on the student's professional self-determination, and can also become the basis for future term papers and theses during their student years.
Game projects. They are presented in the form of games and performances, where, playing the role of any heroes, students offer their own solution to the problems being studied.
information projects. Students collect and analyze information on any topic, presenting it in the form of a magazine, newspaper, almanac.
Creative projects. There is a lot of room for imagination here: the project can be performed in the form of an extracurricular activity, an environmental action, a video film and much more. Fantasy has no limits.

Choosing a topic and setting a project goal

The choice of project topics can be based on an in-depth study of any educational material in order to expand knowledge, interest children in studying the subject, and improve the learning process.
The project must have a clear, realistically achievable goal. In the most general sense, the goal of the project is always to solve the original problem, but in each specific case this solution has its own unique solution and implementation. This incarnation is a project product that is created by the author in the course of his work and also becomes a means of solving the problem of the project.

Project type	Objective of the project	Project product	Type of student activity	Formed competence
Practice Oriented	Solving practical problems of the project customer	Tutorials, layouts and models, instructions, memos, recommendations	Practical activities in a specific educational subject area	activity
research project	Proof or refutation of a hypothesis	The result of the study, designed in the form of presentations, wall newspapers, booklets	Activities related to experimentation, logical mental operations	Thinking
Information project	Collecting information about any object or phenomenon	Statistical data, results of public opinion polls, summarizing the statements of various authors on any issue, presented in the form of a magazine, newspaper, almanac, presentation	Activities related to the collection, verification, systematization of information from various sources; communication with people as sources of information	Informational
creative project	Attracting public interest to the project problem	Literary works, works of fine or decorative art, videos, promotions, extracurricular activities	Creative activities related to receiving feedback from the public	Communicative
Game or role-playing project	Providing the public with the experience of participating in solving the problem of the project	Event (game, competition, quiz, excursion, etc.)	Activities related to group communication	Communicative

Stages of work on the project

Stages of work on the project		Student activities	Teacher activity
Training	Definition of the theme and goals of the project, its initial position. Working group selection	Discuss the topic of the project with the teacher and get additional information if necessary	Introduces the meaning of the project approach and motivates students. Helps in defining the purpose of the project. Supervises student work.
Planning	a) Identification of the sources of the necessary information. b) Determine how information is collected and analyzed. c) Determining how the results will be presented (project form) d) Establishment of procedures and criteria for evaluating project results. e) Distribution of tasks (duties) between members of the working group	Form the tasks of the project. Develop an action plan. They choose and justify their criteria for the success of project activities.	Offers ideas, makes assumptions. Supervises student work.
Study	1. Collecting and clarifying information (main tools: interviews, surveys, observations, experiments, etc.) 2. Identification ("brainstorming") and discussion of alternatives that have arisen during the implementation of the project. 3. Choice of the optimal variant of the project progress. 4.Step-by-step implementation of the research tasks of the project	Perform project tasks step by step	Observes, advises, indirectly directs the activities of students
	Information analysis. Formulation of conclusions	Perform research and work on a project by analyzing information. Draw up a project	Observes, advises (at the request of students)
Presentation (defense) of the project and evaluation of its results	Preparation of a report on the progress of the project with an explanation of the results obtained (possible forms of the report: oral report, oral report with demonstration of materials, written report). Analysis of project implementation, results achieved (successes and failures) and the reasons for this	Represent the project, participate in its collective self-analysis and evaluation.	Listens, asks appropriate questions in the role of an ordinary participant. Directs the review process as needed. Assesses student effort, report quality, creativity, quality of use of sources, project continuation potential

Stage evaluation	Criteria for evaluation	Points
Job evaluation	Relevance and novelty of the proposed solutions, the complexity of the topic
	Scope of development and number of proposed solutions
	Practical value
	Level of autonomy of participants
	The quality of the design of notes, posters, etc.
	Evaluation by the project reviewer
Protection rating	Report quality
	The manifestation of the depth and breadth of ideas on the topic being presented
	The manifestation of the depth and breadth of ideas on a given subject
	Answers to teacher's questions
	Answers to teacher's questions

180 - 140 points - "excellent";
135 - 100 points - "good";
95 - 65 points - "satisfactory";
less than 65 points - "unsatisfactory".

General view and structure of the explanatory note of the project

Title page.
Table of contents (content).
Introduction.
Main chapters.
Conclusion.
Bibliography.
Application.

Structural elements of the explanatory note.

Title page

The title page is the first page of the explanatory note and is filled out according to certain rules.
The upper field indicates the full name of the educational institution. On average, the name of the project is given without the word "subject" and quotation marks. It should be as short and precise as possible - correspond to the main content of the project. If it is necessary to specify the title of the work, then you can give a subtitle, which should be as short as possible and not turn into a new title. Next, the surname, first name, school number and class of the designer (in the nominative case) are indicated. Then the surname and initials of the project leader.
The bottom field indicates the place and year of the work (without the word "year").

A table of contents is placed after the title page, which lists all the titles of the explanatory note and indicates the pages on which they are located. It is impossible to reduce them or give them in a different formulation, sequence and subordination. All blanks are written with a capital letter and without a dot at the end. The last word of each heading is connected by a dot to the corresponding page number in the right column of the table of contents.

Introduction to work

It substantiates the relevance of the chosen topic, the purpose and content of the tasks set, formulates the planned result and the main problems considered in the project, indicates interdisciplinary connections, informs who the project is intended for and what is its novelty. The introduction also gives a description of the main sources of information (official, scientific, literary, bibliographic). It is advisable to list the equipment and materials used in the course of the project.

Heads of the main body

The following is the formulation of the goal, and the specific tasks to be solved in accordance with it.

The first chapter of the project discusses the proposed methodology and technique for its implementation, provides a brief review of the literature and other materials on the topic.

In the next chapter (search) it is necessary to develop a bank of ideas and proposals for solving the problem considered in the project.

In the technological part of the project, it is necessary to develop a sequence for the implementation of the object. It may include a list of stages, a flow chart that describes the algorithm of operations, indicating tools, materials and processing methods.

Next, it is necessary to consider the economic and environmental assessment of the project. In the economic part, a complete calculation of the costs of manufacturing the designed product is presented. Further advertising of the project and marketing research. Particular attention should be paid to the environmental assessment of the project: the justification that the manufacture and operation of the designed product will not entail changes in the environment, disturbances in human life.

Conclusion

At the end of the project, the results are presented, their relationship with the general goal and specific tasks formulated in the Introduction is determined, and self-assessment by students of the work done by them is given.

Bibliography

After the Conclusion, a list of used literature is placed. All borrowings must necessarily have subscript references from where the cited materials are taken.

Applications

Auxiliary or additional materials that clutter up the main part of the work are placed in applications. The application contains tables, text, graphs, maps, drawings. Each application must start on a new sheet (page) with the word "Application" in the upper right corner and have a thematic heading. If there is more than one application in operation, they are numbered with Arabic numerals (without the number sign), for example: "Appendix 1", "Appendix 2", etc. The numbering of pages on which applications are given should be continuous and continue the general numbering of the main text. Through it, with applications, it is carried out through references that are used with the word "look" (see), enclosed together with the cipher in parentheses ..

The work on the research project takes place in several stages:

1. Selecting a topic.

2. Definition of the purpose, tasks, hypothesis, object and subject of research.

3. Selection and study of materials on the topic: literature, other sources.

4. Choice of research methods.

5. Development of a project plan and its implementation.

6. Writing a research project.

7. Making a research project.

8. Defense of the research project (presentation, report).

The first stage - choosing a topic

The choice of a topic for a research project must meet the following requirements:

1. The topic should correspond to the inclinations of the author.

2. The main texts must be accessible (that is, physically accessible to the author).

3. The main texts must be comprehensible (that is, intellectually feasible for the author).

The second stage is the definition of the goal, objectives, hypothesis, object and subject of research

At goal setting research questions need to be answered:

1. What is the expected result?

2. How do you see this result even before it is obtained?

Under tasks research is understood as what needs to be done in order for the goal to be achieved.

Hypothesis - a scientific assumption put forward to explain any phenomena.

The object, the subject of the project are also determined.

Object of study a process or phenomenon that generates a problem situation and is chosen for study is called. The main question in determining the object - What is being considered?

Subject of study determined by answering the following questions:

1. How to consider an object?

2. What kind of relationship does he have?

3. What aspects and functions are selected by the researcher to study the object.

The third stage is the selection and study of materials on the topic

When studying materials on a chosen topic, it is customary to divide all sources into primary sources and secondary sources.

When working with books, primary sources are considered to be the first edition or academic edition of the text.

The fourth stage - the choice of research methods

It is obligatory in the research project to indicate the research methods that serve as a tool for obtaining factual material, being a necessary condition for achieving the goal. There are the following research methods (you need to choose the appropriate ones for your work):

observation. (It is an active cognitive process, based primarily on the work of the human senses: sight, hearing, touch, smell).

Comparison. (Allows you to establish the similarity and difference between objects and phenomena of reality. As a result of the comparison, the common thing that is inherent in two or more objects is established.)

Measurement. (The procedure for determining the numerical value of a certain quantity by means of a unit of measurement. Gives accurate, quantified information about the surrounding reality.)

experiment or experience. (Involves interference with the natural conditions of the existence of objects and phenomena or the reproduction of certain aspects of objects and phenomena in specially created conditions).

Modeling. (Construction and study of models of real-life objects and phenomena and constructed objects. By the nature of the models, subject and sign modeling are distinguished. Subject modeling is called modeling, during which the study is carried out on a model that reproduces the geometric, physical, dynamic, or functional characteristics of the object - the original. When symbolic modeling models are diagrams, drawings, formulas, etc.).

Conversation, questioning, or survey. (Organized in order to identify the individual characteristics of the individual, her desires, positions).

Fifth stage - development of the project plan and its implementation

When working on a research project, it is necessary to outline a work plan.

A work plan will help clarify what needs to be done. Then comes its implementation: observations, experiments, experiments, conversations, polls, questionnaires, etc. are carried out. according to the chosen methods.

Stage six - writing a research project

When writing a research project, it should be borne in mind that its language and style are scientific.

Scientific style has its own characteristics:

Emphasized, strict logic, manifested in the fact that all sentences are arranged in a sequence corresponding to the cause-and-effect relationships of phenomena, and the conclusions follow from the facts stated in the text;

Accuracy, which is achieved by careful selection of words, using them in their direct meaning, wide use of terms;

Objectivity of presentation of facts, inadmissibility of subjectivism and emotionality. In terms of language, these properties are manifested in the fact that it is not customary to use emotional-evaluative vocabulary in scientific texts, and instead of the pronoun “I” and verbs in the 1st person singular, indefinite personal sentences are more often used (they believe that ......), impersonal (it is known that ......), definitely personal (consider the problem ...);

Clarity - the ability to write in an accessible and intelligible way;

Brevity - the ability to avoid unnecessary repetition, excessive detail and verbal garbage.

Design and research activities of schoolchildren: similarities and differences.

Petrova Larisa Nikolaevna

organizer of work with gifted children

Activity is the only way to knowledge .

Bernard Show

the sphere of education that allows the child to acquire knowledge, skills, competencies, personal meanings sufficient for his self-realization in the conditions of modern high-tech civilization at the personal, social, professional levels

Scientific and practical education

Project activity

Research

activity

Scientific and technical creativity -

a type of activity consisting in the theoretical solution and material embodiment of any technical problem in the form of technical projects, models, models and prototypes that have objective or subjective novelty; search and solution of problems in the field of technology based on the use of scientific achievements

the process of searching for the unknown, new knowledge is an activity aimed at obtaining by students new ideas about the objects and phenomena of the surrounding world using the scientific method.

Project activity –

activities aimed at creating a product. A project is literally "thrown forward", that is, a prototype, a prototype of an object, type of activity.

Thus, the project creates something that does not yet exist, it always requires a different quality or shows the way to obtain it.

A project is an idea, a plan, creativity according to a plan.

Activity goals

The purpose of the project activity- Implementation of the project intent.

Purpose of research activity- understanding the essence of the phenomenon, the truth, the discovery of new patterns, etc.

Fundamental difference project from research lies in the fact that work on a project is always aimed at resolving a specific personally significant or socially significant problem, study does not involve the creation of any pre-planned object.

Study- the search for truth or the unknown, and design- the solution of a specific, clearly perceived task.