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Ecological situation in the world presentation. Presentation on the topic of global environmental problems of mankind. The essence of the environmental problem

Presentation on the topic: Global environmental problems of mankind Concepts of modern natural science Svirin Danila group No. 90 Teacher Mareecheva E. E 2013

Contents Destruction of thousands of species of plants and animals; To a large extent, the destruction of the forest cover; The available stock of minerals is rapidly declining; Depletion of the oceans; Air pollution and global warming; Partial breach the ozone layer, which protects against destructive cosmic radiation for all living things; Pollution of the surface and disfigurement of natural landscapes: it is impossible to find a single square meter of the surface on Earth, where there would be no elements artificially created by man.

Animal destruction and flora. According to ecologists, about 100 species of animals and plants die every year. About 50 thousand animal species are on the verge of extinction. The Red Book, published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, which includes endangered species of only mammals and birds, is two voluminous volumes.

Destruction of forest cover In France, for example, where forests originally covered about 80% of the territory, by the end of the 20th century. their area was reduced to 14%; in the USA, where forests at the beginning of the 17th century. almost 400 million hectares were covered, by 1920 this forest cover had been destroyed by 2/3. “Forests preceded man, W. Tarril: “The destruction of the forest was the main crime of man against nature and, perhaps, against himself. . . » .

Depletion of mineral reserves and the results of this activity More than 100 billion tons of various mineral raw materials and fuel are annually extracted from the bowels of the Earth. The result is ravines, soils are oxidized, the water began to acquire different shades.

Depletion of the world's oceans At present, humanity faces a global task - to urgently eliminate the damage caused to the ocean, restore the disturbed balance and create guarantees for its preservation in the future. An unviable ocean will have a detrimental effect on the life support of the entire Earth, on the fate of mankind.

Global warming is the process of a gradual increase in the average annual temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and the World Ocean in the 20th and 21st centuries.

Surface pollution and disfigurement of natural landscapes The problem of municipal solid waste as a source of anthropogenic soil pollution has become extremely urgent today. With municipal solid waste, it enters the soil a large number of organic matter, microorganisms, geohelminth eggs.

Ozone hole - a local drop in the concentration of ozone in the ozone layer of the Earth. Marine life most affected by ultraviolet radiation includes protozoa (eg algae), corals, crustaceans, as well as fish larvae and eggs. Thus, the impact on marine ecosystems occurs from the bottom to the top of the food chain.

Conclusions: Among the most important ways to solve environmental problems, most researchers highlight the introduction of environmentally friendly, low-waste and waste-free technologies, the construction of treatment facilities, the rational distribution of production and the use of natural resources. Each person must be aware that humanity is on the verge of death, and whether we survive or not is the merit of each of us.

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Ecology is a global problem of our time

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Ecology is the science of the interactions of living organisms and their communities with each other and with the environment. The term was first proposed by the German biologist Ernst Haeckel in 1866 in his book General Morphology of Organisms.

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pollution environment
Environmental pollution

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Atmosphere
atmospheric air
one of the most important components of the environment

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atmospheric pollutants
1. thermal power plants and heating plants that burn fossil fuels. 2. vehicles. 3. black and non-ferrous metallurgy. 4. mechanical engineering. 5. mining and processing of mineral raw materials.
The main sources of air pollution are:

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Main air pollutants
carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) as well as oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, lead, mercury, aluminum and other metals
A particular problem is the increase in emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere.

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If in the middle of the XX century. worldwide, CO2 emissions were about 6 billion tons, then at the end of the century it exceeded 25 billion tons.
You know that emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere threaten humanity with the so-called greenhouse effect and global warming. And the growing emission of chlorofluorocarbons (freons) has already led to the formation of huge "ozone holes" and the partial destruction of the "ozone barrier"

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The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986 indicates that cases of radioactive contamination of the atmosphere also cannot be completely ruled out.

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acid rain
Sulfur dioxide is the main source of so-called acid rain, which is especially widespread in Europe and North America. Acid precipitation reduces crop yields, destroys forests and other vegetation, destroys life in river reservoirs, destroys buildings, and adversely affects human health.

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Reduced oxygen supply
Year by year, the process of reducing oxygen reserves due to its consumption in transport and industry is increasing. For example, modern a car for 1 thousand km of run it burns the annual norm of oxygen of one person. For an hour of flight, a modern airliner requires an hourly oxygen rate of approximately 180,000 people.

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Hydrosphere
Water, like air, is a vital source for all known organisms.

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Russia is one of the countries most provided with water. However, the state of its reservoirs cannot be called satisfactory. Anthropogenic activity leads to pollution of both surface and underground water sources.

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The main sources of pollution of the hydrosphere are
discharged wastewater burial of radioactive waste in containers and tanks, which after a certain period of time lose their tightness accidents and disasters occurring on land and in water spaces, and others.

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Sources drinking water annually and increasingly exposed to xenobiotic contamination different nature, so the supply of the population drinking water from surface sources poses an increasing danger. About 50% of Russians are forced to use drinking water that does not meet sanitary and hygienic requirements for a number of indicators. The water quality of 75% of water bodies in Russia does not meet regulatory requirements.

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Burial problem
An acute problem is the disposal of radioactive waste in the waters of the oceans. It has been established that sea water can corrode containers, and over time, their contents will inevitably begin to spread in the water.

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From the soil, these substances as a result of various migration processes can enter the human body.
Emissions industrial enterprises and objects of agricultural production, dispersing over considerable distances and getting into the soil, create new combinations of chemical elements.

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The soil
The soil is the Habitat of numerous lower animals and.
Microorganisms, its pollution undermines the lower levels of the trophic chain

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Major Soil Contaminants
Exhaust gases from motor vehicles Emissions from industrial enterprises, thermal power plants come from the atmosphere together with coarse and medium-dispersed dust particles in case of leakage of oil or products of its processing
The main danger of soil pollution is associated with global atmospheric pollution.

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Soil pollution causes a sharp reduction in the planet's forests, which play a large role in maintaining the balance in nature. As a result - shallowing of rivers and lakes, destructive floods, mudflows, soil erosion, as well as climate change.

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Ways to solve environmental problems

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First way
A set of environmental measures involves the creation of various types of treatment facilities, the use of low-sulphur fuel, the destruction and processing of waste, the construction of chimneys 200-300 m or more high, land reclamation, etc. However, even the most modern facilities do not provide complete purification.

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Second way
development and application of a fundamentally new environmental ("clean") production technology, in the transition to low-waste and waste-free production processes. Thus, the transition from direct-flow (river-enterprise-river) water supply to circulating, and even more so to "dry" technology, can first ensure a partial, and then a complete cessation of discharge Wastewater into rivers and reservoirs.

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third way
deeply thought out, most rational placement of the so-called "dirty" industries that have a negative impact on the environment. Among the "dirty" industries, first of all, are the chemical and petrochemical, metallurgical, pulp and paper industries, thermal power engineering, and the production of building materials. When locating such enterprises, geographical expertise is especially necessary.

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Fourth way
reuse of raw materials. In developed countries, the reserves of secondary raw materials are equal to the explored geological ones. The centers for the procurement of recyclable materials are the old industrial regions of Foreign Europe, the USA, Japan, and the European part of Russia.

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Environmental protection, or applied ecology, is a set of measures designed to limit the negative impact of human activity on nature. Measures can be: Limitation of emissions into the atmosphere and hydrosphere in order to improve the overall environmental situation. Creation of reserves, national parks in order to preserve natural complexes. Restriction of fishing, hunting in order to preserve certain species. Limitation of unauthorized waste disposal. The use of ecological logistics methods for the total cleaning of the territory of the region from unauthorized garbage.

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Each of us citizens of the 21st century must always remember the conclusion reached at the Rio 92 Conference: "Planet Earth is in danger like never before."

The environmental problem is one of the global problems of our time.
The work was completed by: Pupil of the 10th "M" class of the Secondary school number 9 of Ulyanovsk Sharafutdinova Gulnara

Plan: 1. What is ecology 2. Types of environmental problems (local, regional, global) 3. Acid rain 4. Global warming 5. Ozone holes 5. Water pollution 7. Deforestation 8. Desertification 9. Ways to solve environmental problems

Ecology is a word made up of two Greek words: "oikos" - home, homeland and "logos" - meaning. It is believed that ecology is predominantly a biological science, but it is not only nature, but also the habitat, thanks to which a person lives in nature. Ecology considers the problems of the relationship between man and the environment.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
LOCAL
REGIONAL
GLOBAL
These problems require for their solution different means of solution and different scientific developments.

local environmental problem- a plant that dumps its industrial effluents into the river without treatment, which are harmful to human health. This is a violation of the law. The nature conservation authorities or even the public should fine such a plant through the courts and, under threat of closure, force it to build a treatment plant. It does not require special science.
Local problems - environmental crisis situations in small areas or in individual settlements, their solution is possible at the local or regional levels

An example of regional environmental problems is the Kuzbass, a basin almost closed in the mountains, filled with gases from coke ovens and fumes from a metallurgical giant, which no one thought about capturing during construction.
Or the high radioactivity of soils in areas adjacent to Chernobyl.
To solve such problems, scientific research is already needed. In the first case, the development rational methods absorption of smoke and gas aerosols, in the second - elucidation of the impact on the health of the population of long-term exposure to low doses of radiation and the development of methods for soil decontamination.
Regional problems are problems that cover the territories of large regions, and their impact affects a significant part of the population.

Acid rain. Near the copper smelters, the air contains a high concentration of sulfur dioxide, which causes the destruction of chlorophyll, the underdevelopment of pollen, and the drying of needles. Dissolving in droplets of atmospheric moisture, sulfur and nitrogen dioxide turn into the corresponding acids and fall to the ground along with rain. The soil acquires an acidic reaction, the amount of mineral salts in it decreases. Getting on the leaves, acid precipitation destroys the protective wax film, which leads to the development of plant diseases.

The effects of acid rain

The sharp warming of the climate that began in the second half of the 20th century is a reliable fact. We feel it in milder than before winters. The average temperature of the surface layer of air compared to 1956-1957, when the First International Geophysical Year was held, increased by 0.7 'What is the reason for this phenomenon? Some scientists believe that this is the result of burning a huge mass of organic fuel and releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which is a greenhouse gas, that is, it makes it difficult to transfer heat from the Earth's surface. The forecast for the future (2030 - 2050) assumes a possible increase in temperature by 1.5 - 4.5C. These are the conclusions of the International Conference of Climatologists in Austria

An increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere creates the so-called greenhouse effect. These gases transmit sunlight, but partially delay the reflected thermal radiation from the Earth's surface. Over the past 100 years, the relative concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by 20%, and methane - by 100%, which led to an increase in temperature on average on the planet by 0.5 °C

OZONE HOLES
The ecological problem of the ozone layer is no less complex in scientific terms. As you know, life on Earth appeared only after the protective ozone layer of the planet was formed, covering it from cruel ultraviolet radiation. For many centuries, nothing foreshadowed trouble. The problem of the ozone layer arose in 1982, when a probe launched from a British station in Antarctica detected a sharp decrease in ozone at an altitude of 25 to 30 kilometers. Since then, an ozone "hole" of varying shapes and sizes has been recorded over Antarctica all the time. According to the latest data, it is equal to 23 million square kilometers, that is, an area equal to the whole of North America.

In 1987, it was first discovered that over Antarctica, over an area equal in area to the United States, the ozone layer had almost completely disappeared. In subsequent years, the thinning of the ozone layer was regularly observed over the Arctic and some parts of the land.

Humans have been polluting water since time immemorial. For many millennia, everyone has become accustomed to water pollution, but still there is something blasphemous and unnatural in the fact that a person dumps all impurities and dirt into those sources from where he takes water for drinking. Paradoxically, but harmful emissions into the atmosphere eventually end up in water, and the territories of urban solid waste and garbage dumps after each rain and after snowmelt contribute to the pollution of surface and groundwater.
WATER

Clean water is also becoming scarce, and water scarcity can affect faster than the consequences of the "greenhouse effect": 1.2 billion people live without clean drinking water, 2.3 billion without treatment facilities to use polluted water. Water can also become the subject of internecine conflicts, as the 200 largest rivers in the world flow through the territory of two or more countries. The water of the Niger, for example, is used by 10 countries, the Nile - by 9, and the Amazon - by 7 countries.

Death and deforestation
A particularly great environmental threat is the depletion of forests - the "lungs of the planet" and the main source of the planet's biological diversity. Approximately 200 thousand square kilometers are cut down or burned there every year, which means that 100 thousand (!) Species of plants and animals disappear.

desertification
Under the influence of living organisms, water and air on the surface layers of the lithosphere, the most important ecosystem, thin and fragile, is gradually formed - the soil, which is called the "skin of the Earth." It is the keeper of fertility and life. A handful of good soil contains millions of microorganisms that maintain fertility. It takes a century to form a layer of soil 1 centimeter thick

Geologists estimate that before people began to engage in agricultural activities, graze livestock and plow land, rivers annually carried about 9 billion tons of soil into the oceans. Now this amount is estimated at about 25 billion tons. Soil erosion - a purely local phenomenon - has now become universal. In the US, for example, about 44% of cultivated land is subject to erosion. Unique rich chernozems with 14–16% humus content (an organic matter that determines soil fertility) disappeared in Russia, which were called the citadel of Russian agriculture. In Russia, the areas of the most fertile lands with a humus content of 10–13% have decreased by almost 5 times. A particularly difficult situation arises when not only the soil layer is demolished, but also the parent rock on which it develops. Then the threshold of irreversible destruction sets in, an anthropogenic (that is, man-made) desert arises.

According to UN experts, the current loss of productive land will lead to the fact that by the end of the century the world may lose almost 1/3 of its arable land. Such a loss, at a time of unprecedented population growth and increased food demand, could be truly disastrous.

Ways to solve environmental problems: Legal. It includes the creation of environmental laws. International agreements are also of no small importance. Economic. Elimination of the consequences of man-caused impact on nature requires serious financial investments Technological. In this area, there is a place where inventors and innovators disagree. The use of new technologies in the mining, metallurgical and transport industries will minimize environmental pollution. The main task is to create environmentally friendly organizational energy sources. It consists in uniform distribution transport along streams to prevent its long accumulation in one place Architectural. It is advisable to plant large and small settlements, to divide their territory into zones with the help of plantations. Of no small importance is the planting of plantations around enterprises and along roads.

Environmental pollution, depletion of natural resources and disruption of ecological ties in ecosystems have become global issues. And if humanity continues to follow the current path of development, then its death, according to the leading ecologists of the world, is inevitable in two or three generations.

Resources: https://ru.wikipedia.org http://environmentalengineering.ru/problem.html http://www.grandars.ru/shkola/geografiya/globalnye-ekologicheskie-problemy.html

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Everything is interconnected with everything - says the first ecological law. This means that one cannot take a step without hitting, and sometimes without violating, something from the environment. Each step of a person on an ordinary lawn is dozens of destroyed microorganisms, frightened off insects, changing migration routes, and perhaps even reducing their natural productivity. Before the appearance of man and his active relationship to nature, the living world was dominated by mutual harmonious dependence and connectedness, we can say that there was ecological harmony.

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Environmental problems, which are expressed in the violation of the balance of conditions and influences in the human ecological environment, have arisen as a result of the exploitative attitude of man to nature, the rapid growth of technology, the scope of industrialization and population growth. The development of natural resources is so great that the question arose about their use in the future. Pollution of the natural environment is expressed in increasing smog, dead lakes, water that cannot be drunk, deadly radiation and extinction of biological species. Human impact on terrestrial ecosystems, which in their totality, interconnection and interdependence form the ecosystem of the Earth as a planet, causes changes in integrated system human environment. And the negative consequence of this impact is expressed as a threat to environmental conditions for the integral existence of people, a threat to health through air, water and food, which are contaminated with substances produced by man.

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Violation of the natural environment depends both on the number and concentration of the population, and on the volume of production and consumption. AT modern society all these factors acted in such a way that the human environment turned out to be highly polluted. Humans over the past century have allowed too much of the production and distribution of waste, by-products and chemicals. Pollution greatly harms life on our planet, humanity itself. We pollute the air and water, we live in such noise and dust that no living creature will endure.

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS LOCAL REGIONAL GLOBAL These problems require for their solution different means of solution and different scientific developments.

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An example of a local environmental problem is a plant that dumps its industrial waste into the river without treatment, which is harmful to human health. This is a violation of the law. The nature conservation authorities or even the public should fine such a plant through the courts and, under threat of closure, force it to build a treatment plant. It does not require special science.

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An example of regional environmental problems is the Kuzbass, a basin almost closed in the mountains, filled with gases from coke ovens and fumes from a metallurgical giant, which no one thought about capturing during construction. Or the high radioactivity of soils in areas adjacent to Chernobyl. To solve such problems, scientific research is already needed. In the first case, the development of rational methods for the absorption of smoke and gas aerosols, in the second, the elucidation of the effect on the health of the population of prolonged exposure to low doses of radiation and the development of methods for soil decontamination.

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As before, in the infinite Universe, in orbit around the Sun, the small planet Earth revolves non-stop, with each new turn, as it were, proving the inviolability of its existence. The face of the planet is constantly reflected by satellites that send cosmic information to the Earth. But this face is irreversibly changing. Anthropogenic impact on nature has reached such proportions that global problems have arisen.

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OZONE HOLES The environmental problem of the ozone layer is no less scientifically complex. As you know, life on Earth appeared only after the protective ozone layer of the planet was formed, covering it from cruel ultraviolet radiation. For many centuries, nothing foreshadowed trouble. The problem of the ozone layer arose in 1982, when a probe launched from a British station in Antarctica detected a sharp decrease in ozone at an altitude of 25 to 30 kilometers. Since then, an ozone "hole" of varying shapes and sizes has been recorded over Antarctica all the time. According to the latest data, it is equal to 23 million square kilometers, that is, an area equal to the whole of North America.

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“It is quite possible that by the year 2100 the protective ozone cover will disappear, ultraviolet rays will dry up the Earth, animals and plants will die. Man will seek salvation under giant domes of artificial glass, and feed on the food of astronauts.” According to experts, the changed situation will affect the plant and animal world Chakalov German

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Deforestation and deforestation A particularly great environmental threat is the depletion of forests - the "lungs of the planet" and the main source of the planet's biological diversity. Approximately 200 thousand square kilometers are cut down or burned there every year, which means that 100 thousand (!) Species of plants and animals disappear.

MOU secondary school №73 Ulyanovsk

Borsch by Elena Alexandrovna

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Back in the 40s. Academician Vernadsky wrote that economic activity people began to have no less strong impact on the geographical environment than the geological processes occurring in nature itself.

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