Gross agricultural output includes products. Gross and marketable agricultural output. appointments, the effectiveness of their use
Gross output Agriculture represents the total amount of products produced in the industry for a certain period. It consists of gross crop production and gross livestock production.
Gross crop production includes gross crop yields including by-products, the cost of planting perennials, the cost of growing young perennials, and the increase in work in progress.
Gross livestock production consists of finished products not associated with the slaughter of animals (milk, wool, eggs), offspring, growth of grown young and adult cattle, as well as by-products.
Gross agricultural output is recorded in physical and value terms. In physical terms, it is determined by individual types of products. The cost of gross output is calculated in comparable or current prices (its commodity part - at selling prices, non-commodity - at cost).
The gross output of agriculture differs from the gross output of an agricultural enterprise. The composition of the latter, along with agricultural products, includes products of auxiliary industries and industrial productions, as well as income from work performed and services on the side.
The part of gross output intended for sale is called commodity products. The part of marketable products released outside the industry (enterprise) and paid for by the consumer or trading organization is called implemented aboutinduction. However, in practice and in the agricultural literature, these concepts are used as synonyms, since marketable products mean realized, represented by cash receipts. Marketable agricultural products are not defined in reporting and statistical materials.
An important indicator is marketability level, which is understood as the ratio of sold products to gross, expressed as a percentage.
Gross output in natural-material form is represented by means of production and consumer goods. The means of production include products that are used in agriculture itself for production purposes (seeds, feed, etc.), as well as products that are used as raw materials for industry. Consumables include that part of the gross output that goes directly into consumption, bypassing industrial processing.
Gross agricultural output consists of two types of value: consumed means of production (C) and newly created value ( V+ M). In general, in terms of value, gross agricultural output looks like this: C + V+ M.
The order of distribution of gross agricultural output at enterprises is shown in Figure 1.
Rice. 1. Distribution of gross output at agricultural enterprises
The main condition for reproduction (simple and extended) is the replacement of consumed means of production. To do this, a compensation fund is formed, which represents a part of the value of gross output created by past labor and transferred to the product produced. Another part of the value of gross output is gross income.
At the expense of gross income, a consumption fund (personal and public) and an accumulation fund are formed. Gross income is divided into two parts: the personal consumption fund (wages with deductions for social needs) and net income.
Net income is used to pay taxes to the budget, the formation of public consumption and accumulation funds.
Thus, as a result of the distribution of gross agricultural output, three reproduction funds are formed: a compensation fund, a consumption fund, and an accumulation fund.
Compensation fund represents a part of the value of gross output used for the renewal of objects and means of labor consumed in the production process. It is equal to the sum of material costs, taking into account depreciation.
consumption fund- part of the gross income, that is, the newly created value, going to wages and meeting the personal and social needs of the team. It consists of the wage fund and a portion of net income used for consumption.
Accumulation fund - part of net income intended for expanded reproduction.
The formation of reproduction funds in kind has specific features in agriculture. A significant part of the funds in terms of natural-material composition is formed from products own production. The spent seeds and fodder are reimbursed at the expense of a part of the harvested crop. The reproduction of seed and fodder funds (accumulation fund) is also carried out mainly at the expense of their own products. The replacement of culled livestock (reimbursement fund) and the expansion of livestock (accumulation fund) are carried out, as a rule, at the expense of young animals grown on the farm. Consumption of the population is to a large extent provided by the products produced in the economy in kind (consumption fund).
The national economic importance of livestock production
Livestock - provides valuable food - meat and milk, as well as raw hides. The role of the industry as the most important source of organic fertilizers is indispensable. In the structure of gross agricultural output (in current prices) livestock accounts for 48.4%, of which livestock 28.8%.
Meat is the most important food product, a source of protein. In the meat balance, the share of beef and veal accounts for 49%. Beef cattle breeding allows the productive use of labor and material resources throughout the year.
Milk has no analogues in chemical composition and nutritional properties, since it contains complete proteins, fat, milk sugar, as well as a variety of minerals, vitamins, and a large number of enzymes. It is easily digested and well absorbed by the body. In total, milk contains more than 200 different substances. On average, protein digestibility is 95%, fat and milk sugar - 98%. Milk is widely used in in kind(whole milk), and for the preparation of a variety of fermented milk products, cheeses and butter.
However, the level of dairy production is far from covering the needs of society. The actual consumption of milk and dairy products in 1998 was 221 kg per capita per year, with a scientifically substantiated dietary norm of 360 kg. Compared to 1991, the consumption of dairy products has decreased by 126 kg, or 36%.
Consumption of meat and meat products per capita for the same period decreased from 69 to 48 kg, or by 30.4%. At the same time, imports of meat products increased from 1521 to 1706 thousand tons, or 1.2 times. In 1998 our country produced 226 kg of milk and 32 kg of meat per capita.
There are the following areas of use of cattle: dairy, dairy and meat, meat and dairy and meat. Each of them corresponds to a certain structure of the herd, breed composition, the system of keeping, the nature of feeding animals.
In dairy farming, cattle are used to produce milk. In the structure of the herd, the share of cows reaches 65%. The dairy direction has been developed in suburban areas.
The dairy and meat direction combines the production of milk with the cultivation and fattening of livestock. At the same time, milk dominates in the structure of livestock products. The share of cows in the herd is 40-45%. Dairy and meat cattle breeding is the most common in our country.
The meat and dairy direction is characterized by the production of mainly beef and partly milk. In the structure of the herd, cows account for 35-40%.
Beef cattle breeding mainly involves the production of cattle meat. The share of cows in the herd is 35-40%.
Dairy breeds of cattle include black-and-white, Kholmogory, red-steppe; to meat and dairy - Simmental; to meat - Aberdeen-Angus, Kazakh white-headed, Kalmyk, etc.
In dairy and dairy-meat cattle breeding, stall, stall-pasture and stall-camp systems of keeping livestock are used, in meat-and-dairy and beef cattle breeding - stall and stall-pasture.
In Russia, cattle breeding is widespread. The largest number of cattle is in the Urals (18.1%), Central (13.1%), Volga (14%), West Siberian (13.1%), North Caucasian (11.8%), Central -Chernozemny (8%) economic regions. 66% of the total livestock is concentrated here and 77% of milk and 78% of meat are produced.
For 1991-1998 the number of cattle in farms of all categories decreased by 50%, including cows by 34.1%; milk production decreased by 35.8%, beef - by 42.5%; milk yield per cow decreased by 8.2%. A particularly sharp decline in the productivity of the industry is observed in agricultural enterprises. Here the livestock decreased by 56.4% and milk production decreased by 56.4%. At the same time, the number of livestock in personal subsidiary plots of the population increased by 10.5% and amounted to 10,425 thousand heads. An increase in the number of cattle and farms-up to 518 thousand heads. However, the growth in the number of livestock in personal subsidiary farms and farms did not compensate for its reduction in agricultural enterprises.
The main producers of dairy products are still agricultural enterprises. They contain 65.3% of the cattle population, including 55.3% of cows; they produce 50.2% of milk. 33% of livestock, including 42.9% of cows, are concentrated in personal subsidiary plots, and their share in the gross production is 48.2%. The role of farms in milk production is small (1.5%).
There are objective reasons hindering the development of cattle breeding in farms.
Dairy cattle breeding is the most complex branch of agricultural production that requires a systematic approach. It is distinguished by high labor intensity, which necessitates the introduction of complex mechanization of the main technological processes. Another constraining factor is the high capital intensity of the industry. For successful development dairy cattle breeding requires a high level of zootechnical work. Serious requirements are placed on the organization of full-fledged feeding, which predetermines the need to create a solid food base. The development of cattle breeding in farms is also constrained by the fact that the industry's products are perishable. Its untimely implementation leads to large losses.
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Product type |
implementation |
Gross production, q |
The cost of VP, thousand rubles. |
20…g in % to 20…g |
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Sunflower | ||||||||
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Potato | ||||||||
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Feed (at cost) | ||||||||
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Total crop production | ||||||||
Table 1.3
Indicators of land use efficiency and total costs in crop production
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Indicators |
economy |
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in % to 20 …. G |
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There are products per 100 hectares of comparable S, thousand rubles. | ||||
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Gross | ||||
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Commodity | ||||
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Arrived | ||||
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There are products per 100 hectares of agricultural crops. land, thousand rubles | ||||
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Gross | ||||
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Commodity | ||||
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Arrived | ||||
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Received profit for 100 rubles. total costs, rub. | ||||
Table data analysis:
Task 2. Determining the specialization of agricultural
production (1 hour)
Table 2.1
The structure of marketable products in _____________________________________
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Product type, industry |
Revenue, thousand rubles |
Average for 3 years |
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thousand roubles. |
in % of the total |
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Potato | |||||
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Total crop production | |||||
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Whole milk | |||||
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Meat in live weight | |||||
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including: cattle | |||||
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Processed products | |||||
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including: dairy | |||||
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Total livestock | |||||
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Total household chores | |||||
Conclusion about the specialization of the enterprise:
Determine the level of specialization by the formula:
K c - coefficient of specialization;
Y T - the share of marketable products,%;
T - type of commercial products;
i – ordinal number of the type of commercial products in the ranked series.
Specialization coefficient: up to 0.30 - low;
0.31-0.45 - medium;
0.46-0.60 and > - high.
Task 3. Availability and efficiency of use
production assets (2 hours)
Table 3.1
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Index |
in % by 20___ |
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The average annual cost of fixed production assets, thousand rubles. | ||||
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Average annual cost working capital, thousand roubles. | ||||
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Total means of production, thousand rubles | ||||
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The cost of working capital per 1000 rubles. basic, rub. | ||||
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Capital provision per 100 hectares of agricultural land, thousand rubles | ||||
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Number of employees, pers. | ||||
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Capital-labor ratio per 1 employee, thousand rubles |
Analysis of table 3.1., Substantiation of changes in indicators in dynamics:
Table 3.2
The structure of fixed production assets of agricultural
appointments, the effectiveness of their use
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Index | ||||
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cost, thousand rubles |
cost, thousand rubles | |||
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Buildings and constructions | ||||
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Cars and equipment | ||||
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Vehicles | ||||
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productive livestock | ||||
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perennial plantations | ||||
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Other funds | ||||
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Total fixed production assets s.-x. destination | ||||
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The value of gross agricultural output, thousand rubles in sales prices of the reporting year | ||||
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Return on assets for 100 rubles. funds, rub. | ||||
Read also:
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¨ Gross volume of products of normal life activity of animals (milk, wool, eggs, etc.) - in kind or in a form comparable in quality (milk of standard fat content, washed wool, weight of eggs);
¨ Gross meat production certain types livestock (weight of offspring, growth and weight gain of young and fattening cattle: a) in live weight; b) in terms of slaughter weight;
¨ The total volume of gross livestock production of all types of livestock in value terms (in current or comparable prices).
Animal productivity:
¨ Milk yield per cow at the beginning of the year (in kind, in terms of basic fat content, etc.);
¨ Milk yield per 1 average annual cow of a dairy herd;
¨ The average increase in live weight of 1 head of livestock: a) for the period of growing (stay) in this group; b) per average annual head per year;
¨ Average weight of one head.
Output of livestock products per unit of land area:
¨ Yield per 100 ha of agricultural land: milk, cattle fattening products; wool;
¨ Output of pork per 100 hectares of arable land;
¨ The output of gross livestock production in value terms per 100 hectares of agricultural-x. land - ?SiUiPi, where Si is the density of individual livestock species per 100 hectares of agricultural land. lands, Yi - productivity of 1 head of livestock of this species, Pi - price of 1 centner of production in current or comparable prices.
The level of zootechnical measures, the intensity of animal husbandry:
¨ Feed consumption per 1 head of livestock - total or by type of feed (concentrated, including compound feed, coarse, juicy, green, etc.);
¨ Feed costs for obtaining 1 centner of milk, 1 centner of weight gain, 1000 eggs, etc. - in kind and monetary value;
¨ Feed consumption per year per 100 kg of live weight of livestock in centner units;
¨ Provision of fixed assets of production per 100 hectares of agricultural land. land (total, including livestock facilities);
¨ The total amount of costs in animal husbandry per 100 hectares of agricultural land. land.
Intensification of agricultural production:
¨ Funding in agriculture - the cost of fixed assets for agricultural production per 100 hectares of agricultural land. land;
¨ capital-labor ratio of an employee in agriculture - the cost of fixed assets for agricultural production per 1 average annual worker employed in agricultural production;
¨ Capital-labor ratio - the cost of fixed assets for agricultural production per unit of labor costs (1 thousand man-hours);
¨ The average annual number of workers employed in agricultural production - per 1 farm, per 100 hectares of agricultural production. land;
¨ Production costs in agriculture (including crop production, animal husbandry) per 100 hectares of agricultural land. land.
Production specialization:
The ratio of industries and industries (structural indicators):
¨ at the cost of marketable products;
¨ at the cost of gross output;
¨ on production costs;
¨ for crops with.-x. cultures;
¨ number of livestock.
Production dimensions:
Based on 1 enterprise:
¨ the cost of gross output;
¨ the cost of marketable products;
¨ number of livestock;
¨ land area (agricultural land, arable land, crops of agricultural crops);
¨ number of average annual employees;
¨ cost of fixed assets of production.
results and economic efficiency production:
¨ The cost of gross output - per 100 hectares of land, 1 worker, per 100 rubles. fixed assets;
¨ The cost of marketable products - per 100 hectares of land, 1 worker, per 100 rubles. fixed assets, for 100 rubles. expenses for core activities;
¨ Cost of 1 centner of products (commercial);
¨ The mass of profit (loss) from the sale of products;
¨ Profitability.
Gross and marketable output are generalizing indicators of the enterprise.
Gross output is all agricultural products produced in a given period.
Gross agricultural output includes crop and livestock products. Crop production is the gross harvest of agricultural crops, divided into main and by-products. In addition to the gross harvest, the cost of planting perennials and their cultivation is included; also an increase in work in progress (plowing plowing, raising pure fallows - costs are incurred, but products are not received)
Gross livestock production includes finished products animal husbandry, not associated with the slaughter of animals - this is milk, wool, eggs, offspring of animals, their growth for the year - and by-products - this is manure and bird droppings.
Gross output is measured in physical and value terms:
In physical terms, it is measured by type of product, in kg, q, t, pcs.
In value terms, gross output is estimated: in comparable prices - these are uniform prices throughout the country, they reflect the public necessary costs on the production of products that have developed in the country as a whole; at current selling prices - while the products are valued at selling prices, the non-commodity part of the products is valued at cost.
The gross output of agricultural enterprises differs from the gross output of agriculture in that it includes the products of auxiliary industries and trades; products that have undergone industrial processing, and performed works and services for third parties.
Gross output includes marketable output, which is the part of gross output intended for sale. Marketable products released outside the enterprise and paid for by the consumer are called sold products. In practice, commodity and sold products are synonymous, their size is determined by the proceeds from the sale of products.
The level of marketability of products is calculated by the formula:
T y \u003d (T pr / V pr) * 100%, where
T pr - the number of marketable products;
In pr - the amount of gross output.
The marketability of products depends on their consumption for production purposes: seeds, feed and other needs. For grain, potatoes and milk, the level of marketability must be below 100%. In the natural-material form, gross output includes means of production and consumer goods. Means of production are products used for production purposes (seeds, feed), as well as raw materials for processing. Consumer goods go directly into consumption, bypassing industrial processing.
Commercial products are sold through various channels:
1.federal and regional funds to meet national needs;
2.through its own distribution network;
3.on the market;
4. sale to other enterprises and organizations;
5. employees of the enterprise on account of wages and for money;
6. through exchanges;
7.through barter exchange;
8. Catering.
The marketing service of the enterprise must monitor the market situation and determine the most profitable sales channels.
The distribution of gross output can be represented by the following scheme: 
By industry, gross agricultural output can be subdivided as follows:
Gross agricultural output
Crop products Livestock products
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Main Conjugate Secondary Main Conjugate Secondary
Depending on the destination, gross agricultural output is divided into two parts: non-marketable products- products that are consumed directly in agriculture, i.e. used for production purposes, for example, the production of fodder crops and animal feed, milk for feeding calves and piglets, seeds and planting material, etc.;
marketable products- products used for sale.
Gross agricultural output is taken into account both in physical and value terms.
In physical terms, gross output (in centners, tons, pieces, etc.) can be represented only a single or a group of homogeneous agricultural crops: cereals, vegetables, fodder and other types of crops in crop production and individual products: milk, meat, eggs, etc. in animal husbandry.
Gross output in physical terms is calculated:
Vplant., c. = S sowing., ha * Yield, c./ha
VPlive, c. = Absorption, head. * Prod., c (pcs.) / head.
In value terms, gross output is calculated in order to determine the total production volumes by industry, by the enterprise as a whole, by region, country, and also to calculate indicators of economic efficiency of production.
Marketable products- the entire volume of agricultural products sold through all sales channels: to federal and regional funds, to employees of the enterprise, to other enterprises, by barter, through the catering system, in its own trading network, on the market.
Marketable products are determined in the same way as gross in natural and value terms. For determining level of marketability for certain types of products use the size of gross and marketable output in physical terms, and to determine the level of marketability of the entire agricultural enterprise apply the cost indicators of gross and marketable output.
The degree of satisfaction of the needs of the population in food and consumer goods from agricultural raw materials depends on the final results production activities agricultural enterprises. Depending on the economic content and intended purpose of these results, the following types are distinguished: gross output, marketable output, sold products, net output and profit.
Gross agricultural output - this is the initial result of the interaction of factors of production, the material and cost basis of other final results, in natural form it is represented by all the primary products of crop production, animal husbandry and fish farming produced during the year, and in value terms it is estimated at comparable prices of the corresponding year.
Determining the volume of gross agricultural output in kind is necessary for:
Estimates of the size of natural funds in terms of their sufficiency to meet the needs of the population and the processing industry in certain types of raw materials;
Determination of the volume of transportation and storage of products, the need for vehicles and warehouses;
Justification of the needs of enterprises in their own agricultural products is used for production purposes (feed, seeds, etc.) for the subsequent cycle of reproduction;
Planning the volume of production and sales of products, conclusion of contracts, implementation of export-import operations;
Determination of natural indicators of the efficiency of production of certain types of products (labor intensity and unit cost of production, its energy and water intensity, etc.).
In value form, gross agricultural output is calculated in comparable prices (currently in 2005 prices) in order to determine:
The volume of its production as a whole by enterprises, individual regions and at the state level;
A number of cost economic indicators characterizing the level of annual, daily and hourly labor productivity, productivity (capital productivity) of the main and working capital, material consumption of production, its capital intensity, etc.;
Growth rates of gross production, labor productivity and other qualitative indicators in general for agriculture, its complex sectors (crop and livestock), for individual enterprises and to achieve comparability of these indicators in time and space.
When determining the value of gross agricultural output, it includes the value of the main, by-product and associated crop and livestock products, the increase in work in progress in these industries and the cost of growing young cultivated plantings per year (before they enter the fruiting period).
Table 7.1
DYNAMICS OF PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE of gross agricultural output in comparable prices 2010
The indicator of gross output per 1 ha of agricultural land in value terms characterizes the level of efficiency of land use, and therefore its growth indicates an improvement economic activity enterprises and vice versa. During the years of the economic crisis of the 90s, as can be seen from the data in Table. 7.1, the mentioned indicator decreased significantly, in particular in 2000. By 46.6%. In subsequent years, the volume of gross output began to grow, but in 2013 it did not reach the level of 1990. And it was less by 10.6%. This led to a decrease in the rest of the final results of economic activity - commodity, final and net products and profits.
Gross output by its individual types in physical terms per unit of land area also characterizes the achieved level of economic efficiency. The level of such production is influenced by a number of factors, and therefore it is important to know which of them led to an increase in these indicators, and which ones to a decrease. So, in order to determine the quantitative influence of factors on the volume of production of certain types of livestock products per 1 ha of the corresponding land, you can use the formula
where Pr1 and Pr0 are the annual productivity of animals (milk yield per cow, c; annual increase in live weight per average annual head of animals grown and fattened, etc.) in the reporting and base years, respectively; P1 and P0 - average annual
the number of animals in the reporting and base years, respectively (for the dairy herd - the number of animals at the beginning of the year); S 1 and S 0 - the area of a certain type of land in the reporting and base years.
The first partial index of the formula reflects the impact on the volume of livestock production per 1 ha of land of changes in the number of livestock, the second - the annual productivity of animals, the third - changes in the area of land use of the enterprise.
If any of the first two partial indices has a value greater than one, then this indicates its positive impact on the result under study, and if their value is less than one, a negative impact, that is, these factors led to a decrease in production. The nature of the action of the last factor is opposite to that indicated.
An important qualitative indicator, which to a certain extent characterizes the degree of development of agriculture in the country as a whole, is the organic structure of gross output, which shows the share of crop and livestock products in it.
Progressive trends in the development of this industry cause a gradual increase in the share of livestock products in total volume gross output. Compared to 1990, this indicator in the structure of gross agricultural output for all categories of farms in Ukraine has decreased significantly - from 48.5 to 30.4% in 2013, which is a reflection of negative trends in the development of the industry.
When formulating conclusions on individual agricultural enterprises, it is necessary to be quite careful in using the indicator of the share of livestock products in the structure of gross output, since its level significantly depends on their specialization. In large livestock complexes, this figure can reach 100%, while in crop-growing enterprises it is only 15% or less, and in some it even approaches zero.
A characteristic feature of the gross agricultural output as the initial end result production activity is that it includes a repeated account, and therefore, in terms of economic content, it represents the gross turnover of an agricultural enterprise. The size of the repeated account in gross output is directly proportional to the volume of own production (fodder, seeds, planting material, organic fertilizers) that is consumed for production purposes for the next production cycle.
Note that in 2013 the volume of gross agricultural output in our country was determined with incomplete consideration of world statistical practice. A somewhat different methodological basis for such a definition also leads to incomplete comparability of domestic indicators of gross output with similar indicators used in the system of national accounts of developed countries. market economy, as well as international organizations, for example, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - FAO.
Economic calculations in world practice are based on such indicators of gross output as harvested products, the total volume of production of gross agricultural output and gross production agricultural products.
Index total production volume in its content coincides with the indicator of gross agricultural output, which is calculated in current and comparable prices. At current prices, the total volume of agricultural production is considered as a component domestic product state and at the same time as an estimated result of the current activities of enterprises, which is important for each of them to know for the effective organization of production in market conditions.
In comparable prices, the total volume of agricultural production is determined in order to measure and evaluate changes in the physical volume of production, regardless of changes in its actual value at current prices. Due to these properties, this indicator is widely used, except for the previously indicated cases, to measure the volume of agricultural production per capita and per unit of land area.
Gross agricultural production calculated by subtracting from the total volume of production that part of it that was used for production consumption (seeds, feed, eggs for incubation, manure, straw for livestock litter, wax). As you can see, this figure is cleared from the re-count. At the same time, the volumes of intermediate production consumption are also estimated at current and comparable prices.
Agricultural enterprises, especially large ones, can produce many types of agricultural products that have different purposes and different economic efficiency. For example, in some enterprises of the Kagarlitsky district, up to 4-5 types of crop and 2-3 types of livestock products are produced for sale. Fewer types of products are produced in farms, but this does not remove the problem of our consideration.
In market conditions, each enterprise must make a “product - product” decision, determine a combination of types of products, that is, establish what types and in what volumes it will produce with the limited resources available and under the appropriate conjuncture prevailing in the agricultural market, for while obtaining the maximum economic effect.
This is a rather difficult economic problem to solve, since it requires taking into account a number of factors, including such as technological compatibility and the relationship of individual types of products. Depending on the degree of this compatibility and interconnection, all types of agricultural products are divided into those that complement each other, are non-competing or competing.
Complementary (complementary ) types of products - These are such types of products when an increase in the production of one of its types leads to an increase in the production of another type, all other things being equal. Such a technological relationship can be clearly seen between the expansion of sown areas, the increase in production legumes(peas, vetch, soybeans, etc.), perennial grasses and the level of yield and production of those crops for which they are predecessors. There is also a direct relationship between the volume of feed production and livestock production.
Non-competing (mutually complementary) types of products technologically compatible in the sense that the technological cycles of their production do not coincide or almost do not coincide in time. Therefore, a change in the volume of production (of course, up to certain limits) of one of the types of non-competing products does not lead to a change in the volume of production of another type.
Such types of products complement each other, because in addition to the mismatch in time of working periods, their production requires different kinds material resources(excluding land). For example, the production of most types of crop and livestock products is, to a certain extent, autonomous, non-competitive, just like, say, the production of winter wheat and sugar beets.
Competing products are such types of products between which there is technological incompatibility due to the coincidence in time of work cycles, as well as Feedback when a decrease in the production of one of them leads to an increase in the production of the other, and vice versa
In crop production, for example, the types of products of spring grain and fodder crops - barley, oats, spring wheat, vikosumishi, etc. - compete. The production of these types of products requires the same factors of production - machinery, fertilizers, pesticides and almost the same qualifications of the labor force. It is clear that it is possible to attract more resources for the production of one of these types of products only by reducing the volume of use of the same resources for the production of another type of competing product.
It is also important to know that non-competing products can become competitive if the production of one of them increases excessively, which will require a reallocation of resources, land and managerial time in its favor. Moreover, even complementary types of products can become competitive, when land is allocated for sowing one of the complementary crops in such a significant amount, this reduces the volume of production of another complementary crop (an increase in its yield due to better predecessors does not compensate for the decrease in production from a reduction in the sown area is allocated for sowing ).
The presence of the considered types of products requires the selection of such a combination of them, in which the maximum economic efficiency of production is achieved. Priority is given to those competitive products that are the most profitable.
