Table mode of transport value advantages disadvantages. Advantages and disadvantages of different modes of transport. The disadvantages of maritime transport are
Transportation of goods today can be carried out by air and sea, rivers and land. Each type of transport has its pros and cons, and its choice depends on the quality of the cargo and the timing of its delivery. Also, the price of freight transportation has a great influence on the choice of transport.
If cargo needs to be transported to another continent, then sea transport is used. Maritime transportation develops and strengthens economic ties between countries. Modern sea vessels have a large capacity and are able to carry very heavy loads. One ship can simultaneously deliver many cargoes with different physical and chemical characteristics (liquid, bulk, bulky, equipment, various fuels, etc.). One of the advantages of this type of transportation is its low cost compared to the distance. The disadvantages include a strong dependence on weather conditions and slow delivery. In addition, during sea transportation it is impossible to do without the involvement of other modes of transport (train or car). Also, the cargo must be carefully packed and properly placed on the ship.
If necessary fast delivery cargo to the most inaccessible areas of the world use the air mode of transport. Air freight is a safe mode of transportation, ideal for express delivery of urgent, valuable or perishable goods. If we talk about the negative aspects, then air transport is highly dependent on weather conditions, and also has a rather high cost.
Transportation by rail is a regular and inexpensive transportation of large volumes of goods. Rail transport can be all year round with a high degree of cargo security. However, this type of transportation also has its drawbacks. One of them is a large number of overload and low speed movement. The latter is explained by the fact that freight trains must pass passenger trains, as a result of which they have frequent and long stops. Also, in some places there are no direct flights by rail, so transportation goes into the category of multimodal.
If the cargo needs to be transported over a short distance, then in this case it is best suited automobile transport, which has good maneuverability, and is able to deliver cargo to its destination in a short period of time. Modern cars have different carrying capacity, allowing you to transport different types of cargo. At the same time, for packaging road transport there are no such stringent requirements as with other types of transportation. Most modern cars are equipped with a navigation system and a walkie-talkie. Thus, the freight dispatcher is constantly in touch with the driver and controls the transportation process. The negative aspects of cargo transportation by road are quite high price, speed of unloading in case of theft of goods.
Transport as a type of economic activity is divided into public and non-public transport.
Public transport satisfies the needs of all sectors of the economy and the population in the transportation of goods and passengers, moving various types of products between producers and consumers, providing public transport services to the population. Transportation of public transport includes transportation on a commercial basis for a fee of passengers (including citizens enjoying the right to free travel on public transport) or goods.
Transportation carried out by a commercial organization is recognized as transportation by public transport if it follows from the law, other legal facts or a permit (license) issued to this organization that this organization is obliged to transport goods, passengers and luggage at the request of any citizen or legal entity.
Non-public transport (departmental), as a rule, transports goods and passengers of its enterprise, association (association, concern, etc.)
There are many classifications of public transport, but we should focus on more important ones for the industry under study.
Public transport is divided into the following types:
1. Railway transport- a type of transport, the transportation of goods and passengers on which is carried out on rail tracks.
It is the leading one in the transport system of Russia, it is the main and most efficient mode of transport for the transportation of mass types of goods over medium and long distances with a high concentration of cargo flows, as well as for the transportation of passengers over medium distances and in suburban traffic.
Provides economical transportation of large loads, while offering a number of additional services, thanks to which it has a near monopoly position in the transport market. And only the rapid development of road transport in the 70-90s. 20th century led to a reduction in its relative share in the total transport income and total freight turnover.
Leading value railway transport due to the following factors:
1) technical and economic advantage over most other modes of transport;
2) the coincidence of the direction and capacity of the main transport and economic inter-district and interstate (within the borders of the CIS) relations of Russia with the configuration, throughput and carrying capacity of railway lines (unlike river and maritime transport).
3) geographical features of our country: length railways in Russia (87 thousand km.) is less than in the USA and Canada, but the work performed by them is greater than in other countries of the world.
The main task of Russian railways- to ensure reliable transport links between the European part of the country and its eastern regions.
Advantages of rail transport:
1) rail transport is the most economical mode of transport, in contrast to air and road transport;
2) has a relatively low cost of transportation (yielding in terms of the cost of transportation only to pipeline and sea transport);
3) it practically does not depend on climatic conditions, weather, time of year and day (the construction of railways takes place in almost any territory, it has the ability to rhythmically carry out transportation at all times of the year, unlike river transport). Modern technology makes it possible to build railways in any area, but the construction and operation of roads in the mountains is much more expensive than on the plains. About 70% of railways in the country have lifts from 6 to 10%.
4) High maneuverability in the use of rolling stock (the possibility of adjusting the car park, changing the direction of cargo flows, etc.);
The efficiency of rail transport becomes even more evident when considering its advantages such as:
5) high carrying capacity (mass character);
6) relatively high speed mobile car traffic;
7) the possibility of effective organization of loading and unloading operations;
8) the regularity of transportation.
Among the existing indicators, the following most accurately characterize the level of mobility of railway transport:
1) meeting the needs of the national economy in transportation for a certain period of time,
2) compliance with the terms of delivery of goods, the average demurrage of a wagon under one cargo operation;
3) sectional and technical speed, sectional speed coefficient;
4) observance of the schedule and schedule of movement, implementation of the plan for passenger transportation.
Disadvantages of rail transport:
1) congestion of the most important transport lines, because of this, the average speed on the railways is constantly decreasing;
2) a limited number of carriers;
3) the construction of railways requires large capital investments and depends on topographic, climatic and environmental conditions;
4) in railway transport, there is a high share of expenses that do not depend much on the size of traffic (repair of buildings and other devices, maintenance of administrative and technical personnel), it accounts for about half of the total operating costs;
5) the production activity of railway transport has an impact on environment all climatic zones of our country, but in comparison with road transport, the adverse impact on the environment is much less. This is primarily due to the fact that railways are the most economical mode of transport in terms of energy consumption per unit of work.
6) railway transport is a major consumer of metal (130-200 tons of metal is required per 1 km of the main line, not counting the rolling stock)
2. Automobile transport(buses, including fixed-route taxis).
The main reasons for the active use of vehicles in logistics systems ah became its inherent flexibility of delivery and high speed of long-distance transportation. Motor transport is distinguished from railways by relatively small investments in terminal equipment (loading and unloading facilities) and the use of public roads. However, in motor transport the value variable costs(drivers' wages, fuel, tires and repairs) per 1 km of track is large, while fixed costs (overheads, depreciation of vehicles) are small. Therefore, unlike rail transport, it is best for transporting small consignments of goods over short distances. This determines the areas of use of vehicles - processing industry, trade, etc.
Despite certain problems in the road transport industry (increased costs for the replacement and maintenance of equipment, for the remuneration of drivers, loaders and repairmen), in the foreseeable future, it is road transport that will retain a central position in meeting the transport needs of logistics.
The main inter-district routes run parallel to the railways, which is natural, since all types of transport in the UTS of the Russian Federation perform common task- carry out transport and economic relations. Public transport carries out a large volume of passenger traffic (90% of passenger traffic by all main transport).
Advantages of road transport:
1) high ability to establish transport links throughout the country, ensuring the necessary frequency of movement and placement of roads in all its zones;
2) high speed of movement;
3) the rationality of transportation over any distance;
4) high cross-country ability and great maneuverability;
5) the possibility of round-the-clock passenger service in any direction;
6) relatively high operational, technical and economic qualities, greater comfort and ease of travel;
7) small initial costs for the development of new routes;
8) delivery of passengers and their luggage from the place of departure to the place of destination (the so-called "door-to-door").
Disadvantages of road transport:
1) road transport is a relatively expensive type of land transport;
2) has a lower labor productivity compared to other modes of transport;
3) the cost of transportation is much higher than in rail and water transport;
4) motor transport is the main source of air pollution. The number of cars is certainly growing, especially in large cities, and at the same time, the gross emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere is growing.
Road transport cannot compete, for example, with rail transport in mass inter-district transportation, primarily because of:
5) high specific energy intensity of transport;
6) absence modern network highways of a high technical level.
An intermediate position in terms of the level of service between the transportation of passengers by routed modes of urban transport and taxis is occupied by fixed-route taxis. Traditional forms of passenger service by mass types of surface urban public transport do not fully satisfy the increased needs of the population.
Transportation of passengers by fixed-route taxis in cities is organized in directions that are not served by other types of passenger transport, or in parallel along previously considered and approved routes in buses of small or special small capacity. Passenger flows in such directions are usually insignificant for mass modes of transport, but stable over time and stable across the territory. Fixed-route taxis are also used in cities to replace fixed-route buses during periods of on-duty traffic.
A feature of block taxi transportation is that it is not an independent, but an auxiliary form of service, designed, on the one hand, to unload mass passenger transport, and on the other hand, to improve the quality of transport services.
Advantages of route taxi transportation:
1) a rational combination of the amenities inherent in a taxi with the environmental friendliness of transportation in a bus service;
2) simultaneous service of the necessary group of people makes the trip more comfortable, allows you to partially take into account the individual requirements of passengers;
3) partially compensates for the unprofitability of city buses;
4) reduce trips by cars of individual owners;
5) covers by routes all the main areas of the city;
6) boarding and disembarking on demand;
7) inter-route maneuvering of rolling stock during working hours.
All listed species transportation have their own differences, but along with this they also have similarities, they have a common technological basis in the form of specific technological schemes.
Consider the main advantages and disadvantages of various modes of transport.
Road transport is involved in the transportation of goods over a relatively short distance (within 200-300 km), the main advantage of this type of transport is good maneuverability, which allows you to deliver the goods "from door to door".
This type of transport makes it possible to ensure the regularity of delivery, as well as to carry out deliveries in small batches. There are less stringent requirements for packaging.
It should also be noted the speed of delivery of goods and passengers, in terms of its speed characteristics it is second only to air transport.
The main disadvantages are:
1) high cost of transportation;
2) the likelihood of theft of cargo and theft of the vehicle itself;
3) light load capacity;
4) poor condition of roads and their insignificant length;
5) expensive maintenance, high cost of material and technical base;
6) motor transport is environmentally unfavorable, which reduces the possibility of its use.
But, despite these shortcomings, road transport actively provides freight transportation for all services of the national economy.
Road transport performs the majority of passenger movements over short distances, in suburban traffic, as well as in intercity transportation at a distance of up to 500 km.
Rail transport is well suited for the transport of various consignments in any weather. The organization of transportation by this type of transport is regular and carried out over long distances.
The key advantage is the relatively low cost and availability of discounts.
Also, a positive aspect is the possibility of laying railway lines in almost any territory of the country and the high carrying and throughput capacity of railways.
Railway transport is characterized by relatively high economic indicators and a fairly advanced transportation technology.
For an objective assessment, it is necessary to list the shortcomings, these include: a limited number of carriers, the impossibility of delivery in the absence of railways.
The use of rail transport is beneficial in the transportation of goods ( coal, mineral fertilizers, metals, etc.) over long and medium distances, between enterprises that have railways. In some cases, the use of rail transport is beneficial even with a small freight turnover.
Maritime transport plays an important role in the development and strengthening of economic ties With foreign countries, it is the largest carrier in international traffic.
Compared with other types of transport, maritime transport has a number of positive differences in providing mass intercontinental transportation.
Sea routes do not require additional costs, so this transport does not need additional capital investments.
This transport is characterized by: low cost of transportation, unlimited capacity.
The disadvantages of maritime transport include:
1) dependence on natural and navigational conditions;
2) the need to build a complex port economy;
3) low speed and strict packaging requirements.
Maritime transport is associated with overseas transportation and delivery of goods for import and export to countries with trade ties.
Inland water transport is characterized by low freight rates and is an important link in the overall transport system in areas where there are rivers.
River transport is distinguished by a large carrying capacity, low cost of transportation, and low capital investments.
The disadvantages are the limitation of the use of rolling stock associated with the seasonality of work, the lengthening of the routes of cargo, the low speed of transportation. River transport is efficient in areas where there are no other modes of transport.
Air Transport. The main advantage is speed. Also air Transport distinguishes the possibility of reaching remote areas, high safety of goods.
Air transport is mainly passenger traffic, cargo transportation carried out by it, in comparison with the volume of transportation carried out by other modes of transport, have a small weight.
Air transport is engaged in the delivery of goods to industrial centers and the delivery of vegetables, fruits and other perishable products to the northern regions, as well as mail and other valuable cargo.
The high cost of transportation is the main disadvantage of this type of transport. The disadvantages include dependence on weather conditions.
Pipeline transport. Pipelines are divided into oil pipelines, product pipelines and gas pipelines. This type of transport provides low cost with high bandwidth and a high degree of cargo safety. The disadvantage of pipeline transport is the small amount of goods to be transported. Pipeline transport is engaged in the pumping of oil and gas from fields, the movement of oil distillation products.
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Currently, the following modes of transport are used for the transportation of goods, depending on the type of natural environment in which the movement process is carried out: land (road, rail), water (sea, river), air (air transport), pipeline (depending on the location of the pipes may refer to any of the modes of transport listed).
The types of transport mechanisms used are divided into vehicles, which move along with the cargo, and transport devices that do not themselves move in space, but provide spatial movement of the cargo.
There are many classifications of modes of transport depending on the selected classification criterion. The most common are the following classifications.
Depending on the environment in which the transportation process is carried out, the following types of transport are distinguished:
* water is a transport designed to move in the aquatic environment.
In turn, water transport is divided into:
Surface and underwater;
Sea and river;
* ground - this is a vehicle designed to move on the earth's surface.
This type of transport is subdivided depending on the vehicles used into:
Automotive;
Railway;
Pipeline;
* air - this is a transport designed to move in the air (above the ground, but in the earth's atmosphere);
* space is a vehicle designed to move in space (above the earth, but outside the earth's atmosphere).
Depending on the range of consumers transport services transport is divided into:
* trunk, or general use - this is a transport that serves any market participants (the circle of consumers is not limited in any way);
* departmental (industrial, non-public) is a transport that serves the transportation of goods only for some part of the market participants or even only an individual market participant.
Depending on the time of use, transport is:
* year-round (all-weather) - this is a transport that provides transportation of goods to market participants all year round;
* seasonal (off-season) - this is a transport that operates only a few months a year, as long as they allow natural conditions. For example, in our country, water transport often does not function in the winter season, as rivers and seas freeze.
Depending on the composition of the transported goods, transport is divided into:
* universal - this is a transport designed to transport potentially any type of cargo;
* special - this is a vehicle designed to carry only a certain type of cargo. Of these types of transport, this group mainly includes pipeline transport. However, in each type of transport there is always one or another specialization of vehicles according to the types of transported products. Transport specialization is an important way to reduce transport costs.
Depending on the form of ownership, transport can be:
* state - this is a transport that belongs to the state;
* private - this is a transport that belongs to private individuals (organizations or the public).
Depending on which transportation is served, transport differs:
* national (internal) - this is a transport that serves the transportation of goods within a given country;
* international (external) is a transport that serves the transportation of goods between countries.
A market participant, as a rule, needs to move his cargo safe and sound to the required place for a certain distance and for some time. He can usually do this by using different types transport, and therefore he is always faced with the task of choosing one or another mode of transport by which he can deliver his cargo. This task is decided taking into account the various characteristics that the movement of cargo has by one or another mode of transport, and the criterion, ultimately, is to minimize transportation costs and (or) maximize profits this participant market.
Each type of transport (in this context - cargo) has a number of comparative advantages (relative advantages) and comparative disadvantages (relatively negative traits) at once.
The comparative market essence of a mode of transport is best shown by the unity of its main advantage and the main disadvantage for transport:
* automobile - maneuverability against cost;
* railway - scale versus non-maneuverability;
* water - cheapness against duration;
* air (air) - speed versus cost;
* pipeline - the scale and cheapness against cargo limitations.
Each mode of transport is ultimately used by market participants when its merits in a particular shipment outweigh its relative disadvantages to a greater extent than is the case with other modes of transport.
Since the transportation of goods can usually be carried out by a variety of modes of transport, the market participant always has a choice as to which mode of transport and under what conditions he can carry out the process of transporting goods.
The main feature of road transport is maneuverability. This type of transport has an undeniable advantage - it allows you to deliver the goods directly to the warehouse of the buyer of the product. All other modes of transport can do this only on the condition that the consignee has a point of delivery specially equipped for a particular mode of transport, for example, his own sea port, railway junction, airport. Since in most cases a market participant does not have such delivery points, he has to use road transport to deliver the goods from the point of unloading by rail, water, air transport to his own receiving warehouse.
Features of railway transport: this species transport is also a land mode of transport, and therefore, like motor vehicles, it is able to provide the necessary all-weather transportation and the safety of goods more than water or air transport, to the extent that it depends on the very medium of cargo transportation. Unlike road transport, rail transport is designed to transport large consignments of goods (ore, coal, metal, etc.) over long distances. Hence the main distinguishing feature rail transport is a scale.
Technically, such a scale is ensured, first of all, by the fact that the vehicles used in railway transport (cars, etc.) allow transporting large loads (in terms of weight, size). High carrying capacity is the most important technical advantage of rail transport compared to road transport.
It is obvious that rail transport plays a large role precisely in countries with large territories, such as our country, where long distances generally exist. In small states, this type of transport usually takes a secondary place and is much inferior in use to road transport. However, in international transportation, its role is growing significantly.
The possibility of delivering large consignments over long distances means that the cost of transporting them by rail is significantly lower than by road. Therefore, the scale of rail transportation gives rise to the main market feature of this transport - relative cheapness.
By virtue of their technical features rail transport does not have the same maneuverability as road transport, i.e. it cannot deliver the goods directly to its consumer.
Unlike road transport, rail transport is capital-intensive - all costs for the construction of railway tracks and stations in the form of depreciation are directly reflected in transport tariffs. However, the scale of transportation allows these tariffs to be set at a much lower level than in road transport.
Features of water (river, sea) transport: for a large country, especially such as Russia, water transport is usually identified with river transport and is mainly an internal mode of transport, and sea transport is called water transport serving transportation by sea. In our country, maritime transport is both an internal type of water transport and an external one, serving international shipping cargo. For comparison, in many European countries, the only type of water transport is river transport, which simultaneously serves both domestic and international transport of goods in such countries. The main market distinguishing feature of water transport is its cheapness. Water transport is the cheapest mode of transport compared to land or air modes of transport.
The use of water transport is potentially possible if the consignor and consignee can be interconnected by water transport, i.e. if there is a river or sea routes connecting them. If both market participants are located on the same land area, the process of moving between them by water transport is usually impossible at all. Or only part of the distance, the cargo moves by water, and the other part - by other modes of transport;
Air transport has two main interrelated features that significantly distinguish it from other modes of transport:
* speed is the main advantage of air transport. With the help of aviation, cargo can be delivered in the shortest time to almost anywhere in the world;
* off-road - aviation (air) transport practically does not need any roads on the surface of the earth. The need for "roads" he has only in the form of the existence of airfields. If the off-road nature of water transport stems from the fact that its “roads” have already been created by nature itself, then the off-road nature of air transport stems from the fact that it does not need any roads at all - neither natural nor artificial, that is, created by the labor of man himself.
Despite the fact that air traffic does not need roads specially built for it, as is the case in land (road and rail) transport, the high speed of movement in the air is still achieved due to the huge consumption of energy (fuel) per unit of cargo , which leads to a sharp rise in the cost of the process of transporting a unit of cargo per unit of distance. As a result, air transport is the most expensive type of freight transport.
Features of pipeline transport: this type of transport is a specific type, which is based on the fact that the cargo itself is directly moved, and not its transport carrier. The corresponding physical process, usually created by pressure, moves the load in a special way, but this transport mechanism itself does not move spatially, but remains in the same place. Typically, this kind of transport devices include, for example, belt conveyors, which are widely used in production processes or in warehouse activities where the product moves over very limited distances. However, there is one type of transport as a transport device, which is used not only inside some production processes, but also for the purpose of delivering goods to the consumer over long distances. This is a pipeline. Pipeline transport is a device for moving certain types of goods (liquids, gases, etc.), consisting of pipes through which these goods move under pressure created by the corresponding equipment (pumps, etc.). We can say that pipeline transport is a transport device that is designed to move goods over very long distances, that is, to deliver goods from their place of production (extraction) to their places of consumption.
The market essence of pipeline transport in a brief form can be displayed by the following contrast of traits: cheapness and scale in exchange for the highest degree of cargo specialization.
Logistics: lecture notes Mishina Larisa Aleksandrovna
4. Advantages and disadvantages certain types transport
All of the listed types of transportation have their differences, but along with this they also have similarities, they have a common technological basis in the form of specific technological schemes.
Consider the main advantages and disadvantages of various modes of transport.
Road transport is involved in the transportation of goods over a relatively short distance (within 200-300 km), the main advantage of this type of transport is good maneuverability, which allows you to deliver the goods "from door to door".
This type of transport makes it possible to ensure the regularity of delivery, as well as to carry out deliveries in small batches. There are less stringent requirements for packaging.
It should also be noted the speed of delivery of goods and passengers, in terms of its speed characteristics it is second only to air transport.
The main disadvantages are:
1) high cost of transportation;
2) the likelihood of theft of cargo and theft of the vehicle itself;
3) light load capacity;
4) poor condition of roads and their insignificant length;
5) expensive maintenance, high cost of material and technical base;
6) motor transport is environmentally unfavorable, which reduces the possibility of its use.
But, despite the listed shortcomings, road transport actively provides freight transportation for all services of the national economy.
Road transport performs most of the passenger movements over short distances, in suburban traffic, as well as in intercity transportation at a distance of up to 500 km.
Rail transport is well suited for the transport of various consignments in any weather. The organization of transportation by this type of transport is regular and carried out over long distances.
The key advantage is the relatively low cost and availability of discounts.
Also, a positive aspect is the possibility of laying railway lines in almost any territory of the country and the high carrying and throughput capacity of railways.
Railway transport is characterized by relatively high economic indicators and a fairly advanced transportation technology.
For an objective assessment, it is necessary to list the shortcomings, these include: a limited number of carriers, the impossibility of delivery in the absence of railways.
The use of rail transport is beneficial in the transportation of goods (coal, mineral fertilizers, metals, etc.) over long and medium distances, between enterprises that have railroad tracks. In some cases, the use of rail transport is beneficial even with a small freight turnover.
Maritime transport plays an important role in the development and strengthening of economic ties with foreign countries, it is the largest carrier in international transportation.
Compared with other types of transport, maritime transport has a number of positive differences in providing mass intercontinental transportation.
Sea routes do not require additional costs, so this transport does not need additional capital investments.
This transport is characterized by: low cost of transportation, unlimited capacity.
The disadvantages of maritime transport include:
1) dependence on natural and navigational conditions;
2) the need to build a complex port economy;
3) low speed and strict packaging requirements.
Maritime transport is associated with overseas transportation and delivery of goods for import and export to countries with trade ties.
Inland water transport is characterized by low freight rates and is an important link in the overall transport system in areas where there are rivers.
River transport is distinguished by a large carrying capacity, low cost of transportation, and low capital investments.
The disadvantages are the limitation of the use of rolling stock associated with the seasonality of work, the lengthening of the routes of cargo, the low speed of transportation. River transport is efficient in areas where there are no other modes of transport.
Air Transport. The main advantage is speed. Also, air transport is distinguished by the possibility of reaching remote areas, high safety of cargo.
Air transport is mainly engaged in passenger transportation, cargo transportation carried out by it, in comparison with the volume of transportation carried out by other modes of transport, has a small weight.
Air transport is engaged in the delivery of goods to industrial centers and the delivery of vegetables, fruits and other perishable products to the northern regions, as well as mail and other valuable cargo.
The high cost of transportation is the main disadvantage of this type of transport. The disadvantages include dependence on weather conditions.
Pipeline transport. Pipelines are divided into oil pipelines, product pipelines and gas pipelines. This type of transport provides low cost with high throughput and a high degree of cargo safety. The disadvantage of pipeline transport is the small amount of goods to be transported. Pipeline transport is engaged in the pumping of oil and gas from fields, the movement of oil distillation products.
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