§5. industrial cooperation and industrial cooperation. Industrial cooperation as part of the types of foreign economic activity, its significance Industrial cooperation is based on

Public division labor causes special production links between enterprises of various industries National economy- cooperation. Depending on a number of factors, one can different kinds cooperation:

Short-term (temporary) cooperation takes place when its participants work together on some large-scale project, after completion of which the cooperation ends. Long-term (permanent) cooperation involves long-term cooperation on a contractual basis.

Regional cooperation is carried out between enterprises of the same region. Interregional cooperation covers the connections of enterprises in different regions, and international cooperation - enterprises of various states.

Sectoral cooperation implies ties within one industry, and intersectoral cooperation - ties between enterprises of different industries.

Horizontal cooperation occurs when enterprises of the same economic stage cooperate, for example, several retailers or wholesalers. Vertical cooperation unites enterprises of various economic levels, for example, a manufacturer - a wholesaler - a retailer.

Production cooperation is a form of communication between enterprises for the joint production of one product, main feature, which consists in the fact that when cooperating enterprises - subcontractors, participating jointly in the manufacture of one product, supply its individual components, parts or semi-finished products to the parent enterprise, which carries out the final assembly of the entire product.

The specific features of cooperative deliveries are that they can connect not any enterprises, but only those that, as a result of their specialization and the availability of free production capacities, are direct participants in a single production process for the manufacture of complex products, the final assembly of which is carried out by one of the cooperating enterprises. An important feature is that the subject of cooperative deliveries in industrial cooperation cannot be

raw materials, materials, fuel, and can only be semi-finished products.

Two types of production cooperation are usually distinguished: cooperation based on free production capacities; cooperation based on a certain specialization of enterprises.

Cooperation based on the use of free production capacities assumes that any enterprise with free production capacities, even if it is not directly technologically dependent on another enterprise, can supply the latter with semi-finished products and components in cooperation.

Cooperation based on the specialization of enterprises is economic ties between enterprises, which, due to their specialization, are in close production dependence on each other. This type of cooperation is subdivided into substantive, detailed and technological cooperation.

The tasks of industrial cooperation are diverse, the most important are the following:

The most complete use of the achievements of science and technology and on the basis of this acceleration scientific and technological progress;

Deepening specialization, increasing serialization and mass production, as well as the development of unification and standardization;

Purchasing cooperation is an association of consumers or resellers for joint purchase goods.

Production and marketing cooperation is usually seen as the result of a merger of production and marketing cooperation. Cooperation in this case, manufactured products are the result of joint development and cooperation. In the future, joint marketing of the manufactured products will be organized.

A variety of production and marketing cooperation is trade as part of consortiums. The consortium is a temporary union of independent firms, the purpose of which may be various types of their coordinated entrepreneurial activity, most often for the joint struggle for obtaining orders and their joint implementation.

Compensatory operations are widespread in foreign economic activity. The construction of enterprises with the attraction of foreign capital suggests that foreign partners may provide financial or commodity loans. Upon completion of construction, in order to repay the loan, these partners can be supplied with products manufactured at the constructed enterprise.

A feature of cooperation agreements is the organization of the production of an object new technology together with a partner. Production and cooperation relations allow wider use of the benefits of progress, lower production costs and increase efficiency production processes, establish long-term production and technical relations with leading industrial enterprises industry to produce competitive products.

The objects of industrial cooperation can be technological processes, engineering products, automated systems management, etc. At the same time, there are three types of cooperation: substantive (production of finished machines of one industry - intra-industry and production of machines from different industries - inter-sectoral), sweeping (production of parts, components, assemblies), technological (performing individual technological processes).

In case of detailed cooperation, each partner carries out the final assembly at their enterprises, receiving the necessary components from the cooperating partner; or one of the cooperators organizes the assembly of the final product, receiving components and parts through cooperation and reimbursing the partner's costs with deliveries of the final product. Cooperation can also develop on the basis of the exchange of production programs within the framework of the full range, when certain types of products are manufactured by one or another partner, followed by the exchange of these products between partners.

Legal basis industrial cooperation is an announcement (or contract) on the development of a new type of product, its cooperative production and agreed marketing, usually concluded for a 5-year period, and contracts for the sale of cooperative units and parts, as well as cooperative products.

4. Scientific and technical cooperation - accumulation financial resources different companies operating in the same business area or having an interest in a particular area, including public funds allocated for scientific and technical research and development of new products. It is also considered as a form of trade, in particular patents and licenses, and acts as an independent object business deal when the license agreement is accompanied by agreements on the supply of equipment necessary for the organization of production under the license, parts and components, components manufactured under the license, etc. (the supply of equipment is provided for in more than 15% of license agreements), as well as as a supplement to the transaction for the sale of machinery and equipment, when the trade in patents, and most often in licenses and know-how, makes it easier for the buyer to use the purchased equipment, increasing for him the degree comfort when making a deal.

An important factor for characterizing the "buyer-seller" relationship in the industrial market is the market structure of sellers and buyers, that is, their number and market share, which determines the possibilities of alternative buyers and sellers.

Thus, most European markets are highly structured systems, which means that a significant market share is distributed between big companies who actually control the entire market. The market is constantly evolving and over time becomes an increasingly structured system - the weak die and the strong strengthen their positions.

Figures of industrial markets in the competition use not always legal methods of collecting information - they are engaged in industrial espionage. Dr. Wade proposes a classification of sources of information:

This form foreign economic relations develops as a form of cooperation on

the basis of the further process of specialization and cooperation of production. It is used both within the state and on the scale of the world economy, as well as at the level of enterprises.

In world practice, there are many types of cooperation, including: production, marketing, production and marketing, compensation transactions and others.

Industrial cooperation is one of the forms of foreign economic relations and is characterized by the fact that units and parts of cooperative products are manufactured according to instructions and technical requirements customers, and foreign trade contracts for the production and supply of such products are contractual in nature. The signing of contracts may be preceded by the conclusion of agreements that define the conditions for long-term cooperation. These agreements may provide for the conditions for the development of structures, machinery and equipment, the production and supply of cooperative units and parts according to technical documentation customers or according to the transferred samples. Suppliers can manufacture cooperative products from the materials of customers or their own, while the quality of the materials used, as well as the timing and quality of the execution of the contract, are the responsibility of the suppliers.

The initiators of the implementation of intra- and inter-sectoral production cooperation can be industrial organizations.

Marketing cooperation is a cooperation of economically independent producers investing in joint activities for the marketing of their products. These manufacturers conduct joint advertising campaigns, prepare common technical and commercial proposals, use joint distribution networks, create joint sales organizations. The development of marketing cooperation is interconnected with the deepening of the process of specialization and concentration of production. Firms specializing in the production of a narrow range of products seek joint marketing with companies that produce related types of products. This allows you to increase the competitiveness of goods and satisfy customer needs. Marketing cooperation is widely used among manufacturers specializing in the production of engines of certain capacities or modifications, according to the number of revolutions, manufacturers of agricultural machines, pumps, complex tools, etc.

Production and sales cooperation is widely used in robotics, machine tool building, automobile and aircraft building, car building and other industries. This type of cooperation is also a form of both trade and cooperation and is carried out on the basis of agreements concluded by foreign trade and industrial partners. These agreements may provide for mutual obligations of the parties for the joint production and marketing of cooperative products, preparation commercial offers, joint bidding, mutual use of commercial offers, joint bidding, mutual use of partners' sales premises. The agreements may provide for the right to independently sell products and conditions for dividing markets, agreeing prices and other conditions for working on the market.

Trading as part of consortiums is a type of production and marketing

cooperations are temporary unions of economically separate companies, that is, cartel-type associations. They are created to improve the technical and commercial competitiveness of the products of companies involved in the competition for orders for the supply of large quantities of goods and the fulfillment of contract work for the construction of industrial and other facilities.

Cosortiums receive such orders as a result of direct negotiations with customers or through international bidding.

Suppliers are brought together in consortiums industrial equipment and krilling companies, many of which are recognized international monopolies. Several large consortiums, each of which includes several companies, participate in bidding for large lots of industrial equipment. Participation in tenders helps to increase the competitiveness of products. Due to industrial cooperation and division of the production process between participants with best conditions for the production of a single piece of equipment, this type of trade helps to reduce overall production costs and improve specifications. The agreements concluded by the members of the consortium provide for conditions for the mutual agreement of prices, lending, settlements, guarantees and obligations in order to increase the competitiveness of the consortium at the auction.

Bundling of import purchases is another kind of international production and marketing cooperation. This type of cooperation provides for the supply by the customer for polymentation of facilities under construction abroad, Vehicle, equipment. For example, imported equipment can be equipped with domestic engines, instruments, parts and assemblies.

Cooperation in the development of designs or technological schemes helps to increase the technical level of products and their competitiveness.

Compensatory operations are one of the areas of international cooperative cooperation. At the same time, foreign suppliers can provide customers with financial loans to pay for the supplied machinery, equipment, etc., or supply these products and services on the terms of commodity loans.

Agreements on compensation operations provide for the obligations of foreign partners to buy products manufactured at enterprises built with their assistance in order to repay financial and commodity loans.

This type of cooperation was widely used in the former socialist countries; currently used by developing and underdeveloped countries to accelerate STP. The world practice of concluding and executing compensation agreements has shown that it is most expedient to place orders for design, supply of equipment and provision of services through international tenders. Bidding contributes to increased competition in the market and a reduction in export prices by 20 - 25% compared to the price level agreed as a result of direct negotiations, makes it possible to obtain technical and commercial advantages for customers.

International division of labor is the material basis for the development of modern production and cooperation relations between national business structures different countries in the field of production. Cooperation - attributive a sign of the division of labor, specialization of production and labor; it is based on specialization business-structures and is most concentrated in country specialization. Cooperation appears in form agreed and/or joint production and economic activities carried out companies and enterprises in purposes creating a common final product certain parameters or achieving a unified beneficial effect. Aggregate work of associates workers multiplies positive production result, cooperation raises it to a power.

System characteristics international classification of cooperation relations builds on selection species and forms of international cooperation. The types of international cooperation include: investment, scientific and technical (innovative), technological, industrial, scientific and industrial, trade, service cooperation and industrial cooperation. Forms of international cooperation are: direct connections between cooperators, intercompany cooperation, transnational cooperation, joint venture in various forms and types, including consortia.

Industrial cooperation, taken in its international aspect, appears to be the most mature type technological division of labor, simultaneously being a new universal form organization of production. This is conditioned and materially prepared by the deployment of the highest, progressive forms specializations production - subject, detail, node (aggregate), technological specialization. Industrial cooperation sparks greater engagement industrial assets in process creation new product based on the application high technologies; it conditions production of competitive products.

41. Logistics as a process of planning, organizing, controlling and managing the movement of flows.

AT modern world logistics is the science of flow control, the purpose of which is to optimize their movement. At the same time, under flow is understood as a set of objects perceived as a single whole and existing for a certain period of time. In turn, flows are material (they are the main object of management in logistics) and intangible. Most often, control actions are aimed at optimizing commodity, transport, information, personnel, migration and financial flows. The main parameters characterizing the flow are: start and end points, trajectory and path length, speed, intensity and time of movement, intermediate points.

Logistics in international business (international logistics) is the planning, organization, control and management of the movement of flows (material, financial, informational, etc.) crossing national borders, from the point of their origin to the end consumer in space and time. Differences in the use of logistics at the national and international levels are based on differences in the organization of the respective logistics systems. The use of logistics at the national level is limited primarily by the borders of the state, which do not intersect formed logistics chains. Logistics systems here operate in accordance with national legislation.

The main participants in the international logistics process are the supplier of the exporter, the exporter of goods and (or) services, the intermediary company (for example, the carrier of goods), the importer of goods and (or) services; end consumer of goods and (or) services. Moreover, the end consumer and importer can be the same person, the exporter and the exporter's supplier can also be the same person, but intermediaries can additionally participate at any stage of the logistics chain from the point of origin of goods and (or) services to the end consumer.

The role of the exporter's supplier is to supply goods and/or services to the exporter. The number of suppliers of the exporter can be any, depending on the range of goods and (or) services and the policy pursued by the exporter in relation to its suppliers. The exporter of goods and (or) services receives goods from his supplier (or suppliers) and delivers them to the importer. At this stage, the exporter can involve intermediaries in the same way as at the stage of supplying goods and (or) services to the importer. The role of intermediaries can be carriers of goods and other companies providing various services. The role of the carrier of goods is to deliver goods from one point to another in accordance with the terms of the contract of carriage.

Transported products are insured by a specialized Insurance Company. The importer, in accordance with the terms of the international agreement, receives the supplied goods and (or) services and makes payment to the exporter, the obligations for organizing insurance and transporting the supplied goods may lie with both the importer and the exporter, depending on the agreement. The final consumer of goods and (or) services may be an importer or any legal or individual that do not have access to the world market of this type of goods and (or) services. In the latter case, any number of intermediary organizations can work between the importer and the end user. The choice of the final version of the foreign trade logistics chain remains with the logistics manager.

From the variety of tasks facing logistics in international business, we highlight the main ones:

Optimization of the pricing process for purchased, manufactured and supplied goods and services;

Selection of the optimal quantity of purchased goods and services;

Ensuring the optimal level of product and service quality;

Determining the level of demand for a given product or service in a particular domestic and (or) foreign market;

Choice between delivery with intermediate warehousing or without intermediate warehousing;

Determining the optimal level of logistics service;

Selection of the most advanced technologies for the production of products and services;

Organization of work of foreign branches of the company;

Companies that apply the principles of international logistics go through several stages in their development.

For stage 1 lack of communication of the company with the world market is characteristic. National Company contacts with an intermediary who conducts all necessary foreign trade operations. At the same time, the profit of the domestic company is reduced and there is no possibility of implementing logistics activities on the international level.

On the stage 2 the company has international operations, but uses the services of intermediaries in export markets. The company increases profits through the implementation of logistics in international business, but is not sufficiently receptive to the peculiarities of the market where the products are exported.

Stage 3 characterized independent work exporting company in the market of the country where the products are supplied. However, the forms and methods of work that are typical for the parent company are used here, without taking into account national characteristics.

On the stage 4 a company in a foreign market employs local managers and even uses local methods of organizing work, but performance is evaluated in accordance with the criteria of the parent company.

For last stage - stage 5- it is typical to create regional headquarters in a certain geographical area to organize activities based on international logistics using the mutual exchange of knowledge and pursuing an independent economic policy.

173 Industrial cooperation 173 Proportional taxation 173 Prospectus 173 Simple monopoly 174 Simple clause in a sales contract 174 Protectionism 174 Promissory note protest 174 Minutes 174 Interest 174 Interest rate 174 Interest papers 174 Interest period 174 Interest risk 174 Marketing management process 174 Direct tax 174 Profit 174 Item 174

The most rapidly developing form of W.T., which involves cooperation in the joint construction of large industrial facilities, requires significant capital investments in fixed assets, etc. Such transactions are often part of agreements on industrial cooperation. The exporting firm receives as compensation the products that are produced on the basis of the sold equipment and technologies. Therefore, the time lag between mutual deliveries is quite large, which implies the need to provide long-term loans. The total value of products supplied as compensation during the entire period of the contract equals or even exceeds the value of the original export

This form of V.T. involves both the exchange of goods and services, and the provision of opportunities to invest in exchange for various kinds of services and benefits. Most often, the area for concluding this type of transaction is the trade in expensive equipment, the supply of components and parts under agreements on industrial cooperation. The most important feature of this form of countertrade is the desire to use the capabilities of the largest marketing or intermediary companies to sell various goods of importing countries on world markets.

In accordance with the existence under socialism of two forms of public ownership of the means of production, state enterprises and cooperative enterprises (industrial cooperation, consumer cooperation and collective farms) are distinguished. These enterprises are of the same type in terms of socio-economic nature, although they have some differences. Thus, products produced by state enterprises are the property of the whole people, and those produced by a cooperative enterprise are the property of the collective of this enterprise.

Industrial cooperation - see Industrial cooperation.

Industrial cooperation is a modern universal form of organizing coordinated and (or) joint production with the participation of foreign partners of two or more countries - based on the distribution of production programs, the unity of commercial conditions for cooperation, protection foreign investment and etc.

Industrial cooperation is a new progressive direction. The enterprises of the CMEA countries have already concluded approximately 2,000 cooperation agreements with capitalist firms.

The development of investment cooperation and industrial cooperation contributes to the filling and diversification of mutual trade. In Russia Swedish companies they invest mainly in enterprises of the forestry, pulp and paper, electrical and chemical industries.

V promotion of mutually beneficial trade and industrial cooperation between small and medium enterprises of foreign countries, Moscow and other regions Russian Federation  

Outsourcing is the result of building an effective company development strategy based on industrial cooperation and long-term mutually beneficial partnership. This is the philosophy and methodology of modern international business, naturally arising from the general trends of its development.

Considering the position of the state in relation to the footwear market, one cannot fail to note the problem of protecting the domestic manufacturer by increasing customs duties, including for sports shoes. On May 15, 1996, the Russian Government increased the customs tariff for shoes. Moreover, a preferential regime was introduced for the import of blanks for the production of shoes, which also had some negative consequences. Thus, the government took the path of least resistance, although the experience of the world community shows that the restructuring of the industry, the attraction of investments, including foreign ones, and industrial cooperation with experienced partners are much more promising. In addition, such an import regulation measure as an increase in the customs tariff for finished shoes will most affect the buyer, as the retail price of the goods will increase.

A document issued by the state to a private person (company) and ensuring recognition of his rights to the exclusive use of the invention for a specified period. The owner of a property may grant another person (company) the rights to use the invention, receiving a material reward for this. This is usually done by granting (selling) a license and concluding a license agreement. Issues relating to the issuance of patents, the protection and exercise of the rights of patent owners are regulated by national legislation. Besides, great importance have international treaties, the main of which are the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property of 1883 and the Patent Cooperation Treaty of 1970 (See "Paris Convention" [P 9]).

Japanese industry is strong in mass production of products in large organizations, where the cooperation of workers is important, as well as in science-intensive industries where high qualifications are required. I am fortunate that global markets are seeing growing demand for technology-intensive products such as steel and household appliances. The high growth rate was supported by the redistribution of labor resources. Back in 1950, 48% of all workers were employed in the extractive industries, and already in 1978 this share fell to 11%. The manufacturing industry, which now employs 35% of the workforce, has undergone structural changes. Before the war, the industry was textile, at present it is metallurgy, mechanical engineering and the chemical industry. These three sectors account for 50% of the employed in the manufacturing industry.

Another area where collaborative developments are producing good results is in thinking robots. It becomes possible to divide the tasks between the project participants, the development of visual and tactile sensors and computer control of the robot, on the one hand, and the creation of mechanical technology for the engine and transmission links of the robot, on the other. Here there is a similarity with the development of aircraft, which involves separate work on the creation of the engine, fuselage, control systems, etc., and which is often carried out on the basis of international cooperation. In the development of industrial robots, there are already many examples of joint activities of Japanese and American companies.

Previously, the problems of industrial cooperation between Japan and industrialized countries were considered. But there is also the important task of developing this type of cooperation with newly industrialized and developing countries.

In accordance with the established specialization and intra-production cooperation, the plan for the production of products in kind, established by the production association, is brought to the production units, independent enterprises that are part of the association. At the same time, the plan for the production of industrial products in physical terms to production units and independent enterprises subordinate to the production association also includes finished products and semi-finished products of their manufacture, intended for delivery within the association to other production units and independent enterprises that are part of the association.

INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION is a modern universal form of organizing coordinated and / or joint production with the participation of foreigners. partners of two or more countries, based on the distribution of production programs, the unity of commercial terms of cooperation, mutual guarantee of risks, protection of foreign investment and prom. secrets. PROPORTIONATE TAXATION - a system of taxation, in which shtTogovye rates are set as a single percentage of the taxpayer's income, regardless of its size. PROSPECT - accepted in the world advertising practice type of print advertising, which is a colorful publication

TRANSACTIONS "OFFER" (offer transaction) - one of the forms of countertrade, which involves both the exchange of goods and services, and the provision of an opportunity to invest in exchange for various kinds of services and benefits. Most often, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bconclusion S. "o", becomes expensive trade military equipment, supply of components and parts under agreements on industrial cooperation.

Production (industrial) cooperation is a form of long-term and stable relations between economic entities involved in the joint production of products based on the specialization of their production. International cooperation can be implemented in practice both through an agreement, that is, without creating any organizational structure, or through the creation of international economic associations. An example of international cooperation through a contract is the implementation of tolling operations in our country. Tallinn is a service for processing imported raw materials imported into the customs territory of Russia for further processing by Russian enterprises into finished products exported outside the Russian Federation. Tolling falls under the customs regime of processing in the customs territory and is subject to taxation in the manner established by the letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 25, 1997 No. 11-1-8 / 113 On some issues of taxation for internal and external tolling. One of the first tolling firms in the Russian Federation was Trans-SIS, backed by the transnational corporation Trans-World Metallo. A consortium (from the Latin convogpit - complicity, partnership) means a temporary voluntary association to solve specific problems. Having completed the task assigned to it, the consortium ceases its activities. The consortium is not a legal entity.

Statistics do not take into account many types of engineering and consulting services, training of foreign specialists, measures to implement license agreements and their evolution into industrial cooperation. Inaccuracies are also inevitable in the calculations that arise when comparing the volume of production or the gross national product with indicators of foreign trade statistics, since the former are calculated according to the value added in the processing process without taking into account the previously expended labor embodied in intermediate products, while foreign trade statistics are based on the full value of goods.

New effective forms of foreign economic relations include industrial cooperation and cooperation on a license basis. So, together with Finnish companies in the USSR, the production of drugs household chemicals Ternol, Extropesol with a generic trademark . Together with the firms Montedison (Italy) and Salzgitter (Germany), it is envisaged to build in the USSR and third countries production facilities for polycarbonate and formic acid according to Soviet technology.

In accordance with the specific features of the industry, the composition of cost items is supplemented and, in some cases, reduced. So, for example, in some industry instructions, additional items such as Purchased products and semi-finished products are provided. This item is of great importance in the costs of machine-building enterprises, which, in the course of industrial intra-industrial cooperation, purchase products from other enterprises, process them or complete the manufactured products with them. The share of these costs in the cost of production of a machine-building enterprise is very large and, therefore, it is important to single out these costs as a separate item. At enterprises where the share of process fuel is large, the costs are allocated costing statistics

The feasibility study specifies the location of the enterprise, building and structure planned for design and construction, taking into account the schemes and projects of the district planning, justifies its production capacity (capacity, productivity, etc.), product range, provision of raw materials, semi-finished products and chemicals, labor, fuel, electricity and water, transport links, requirements for related sectors of the national economy and industry, cooperation with other manufacturing enterprises and the possibility of creating industrial hubs, the main technical, planning and construction solutions, a construction site, as well as the cost of building or reconstructing an enterprise, buildings and structures are determined .

An example of complex, general economic, framework bilateral agreements is the so-called long-term agreements on trade, economic, industrial, scientific and technical cooperation, which determine its specific areas and forms of construction and reconstruction of industrial facilities, production and supply of equipment and other goods, purchase and sale of patents and licenses, exchange of scientific and technical information, joint research, secondment of specialists to provide technical services and training, industrial cooperation, joint venture, etc. To facilitate and oversee the implementation of the agreements, mixed commissions are usually set up from representatives of the parties with the status of paraorganizations (see 132).

But for many chemical enterprises, with the specialization of shops for technological attribute characteristic is the sequential processing of semi-finished products from one workshop in another. This applies to many enterprises in the main chemical industry (nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers, acids, salts, etc.,) enterprises of organic synthesis, for the production of plastics and products from them, chemical fibers, rubber products, paint and varnish materials, which are complexes of interconnected workshops with close (hard) ties (close cooperation).

The third group consists of already mastered industrial technologies, as well as those new technologies that are beginning to be widely included in production. These include the production of ferrous metals, automobiles, video recorders, personal computers. Here, cooperation in product development is possible, as well as purely production cooperation. As discussed in Chapter I, in industrialized countries all types of these technologies (ultra-large-scale integrated circuits, fiber optic communications, thinking robots, amorphous materials, highly functional polymers, etc.) are

For example, enterprises of the nitrogen industry have shops for the production of ammonia and its processing (in the shop for nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, etc.). The enterprises of the aniline industry are characterized by complex cooperation between workshops and the presence a large number semi-finished products, called semi-finished products at these factories. , improved technology and