home › Acquisition of apartments › Theoretical foundations of the company's logistics activities. Introduction. logistics - science and practical activities in ef Logistics from a practical point of view

Theoretical foundations of the company's logistics activities. Introduction. logistics - science and practical activities in ef Logistics from a practical point of view

There are several approaches to the definition of the concept of logistics. Most of them associate this concept with the material flow and the flow of information.

In the domestic literature, the approach to logistics as a scientific and practical direction of management, which consists in the effective management of material and information flows in the spheres of production and circulation, is becoming more and more common.

In the terminological dictionary on logistics, published in Russia in 1995, the following definition of logistics is given:

"Logistics is the science of planning, controlling and managing transportation, warehousing and other tangible and intangible operations performed in the process of bringing raw materials and materials to manufacturing enterprise, intra-factory processing of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products, bringing finished products to the consumer in accordance with the interests and requirements of the latter, as well as the transfer, storage and processing of relevant information.

Summarizing all the above, we can propose the following concept of logistics.

Logistics is the science of organizing, planning, controlling and regulating the movement of material and information flows in space and time from their primary source to the final consumer.

Logistics involves the formation and maintenance of the functioning of material flows at individual stages of the movement of materials. There are three functions of logistics:

1. integrating - the formation of the process of commodity circulation as a single integral system;
2. organizing - ensuring interaction and coordination of stages and actions of participants in the movement of goods;
3. control - maintaining the parameters of the material-conducting system within the specified limits.

Logistics combines the stages of procurement, production and marketing into a single process. Through logistics, material flow management is carried out as the management of a single, integrated system, including the source of raw materials, a number of processing stages (manufacturing) and marketing of finished products. There is a transition from private, local tasks of subsystems to the global goals of a production organization.

The functions of logistical coordination (Figure 1.1) include: identifying and analyzing the needs for material resources of various phases and parts of production; analysis of the markets in which the enterprise operates, and forecasting the behavior of other sources of these markets; processing data relating to orders and customer needs (figure 1.1).

The listed functions of logistics are to coordinate supply and demand for goods. In this sense, marketing and logistics are closely interrelated, and the established formula - "marketing creates demand, and logistics realizes it" - has a weighty basis. To a certain extent, the formula is applicable to the coordination of the relationship between logistics and production.

Thus, logistics is engaged in the "docking" of two areas: the demand presented by the market and the proposal put forward by the company, based on the relevant information. The noted features affect the volume and flow of material and information flows in the logistics system, and also determine the nature of organizational and economic relations arising between the individual links of the material-conducting chain.

Figure 1.1 - Functional diagram of logistics

As part of the coordination functions of logistics, one more of its areas has emerged - operational planning, dictated by the desire to reduce stocks without reducing the efficiency of production and marketing activities firms. Its essence lies in the fact that, based on the forecast of demand, adjusted later when real orders are received, transportation schedules and, in general, the procedure for managing stocks of finished products are developed, which ultimately determines production planning, the development of programs for supplying it with raw materials and components.

The main goal of logistics is on time and in required quantity to deliver the manufactured products to the right place with minimal costs. The totality of logistics functions and goals determines the essence of logistics.

The subject of logistics as a science is the organizational and economic relations in the field of commodity circulation at the stages of purchase, production and marketing of products. Logistics like scientific discipline explores the general properties, laws and patterns of creating logistics systems. The content of logistics as a science is the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships and patterns inherent in the process of goods movement, in order to determine and put into practice effective organizational forms and methods of managing material and information flows.

Logistics has its own conceptual apparatus, which includes its inherent categories, concepts, terms.

The totality of resources of the same name, located all the way from a specific source of production to the moment of consumption, forms an elementary material flow. The set of elementary flows that are formed at the enterprise constitutes an integral (general) material flow that provides normal functioning enterprises. The flow diagram of material flows is shown in Figure 1.2.

Figure 1.2 - Scheme of the movement of material flows

Allocate external and internal, incoming and outgoing material flows.

An external material flow is a flow that flows in an environment external to this logistics system.

The internal material flow is the flow that flows into internal environment in relation to this logistics system.

The incoming material flow is an external flow included in this logistics system.

The outgoing material flow is the outgoing flow from this logistics system to the external environment.

Material flow management provides for the determination of the parameters of the trajectory of the movement of materials, which include: name material resources; the amount of material resources; starting point (supplier selection); endpoint (customer's choice); time (order lead time).

The information flow is a set of messages circulating within the logistics system, between it and the external environment, necessary for the management and control of logistics operations.

Allocate external and internal, input and output information flows. Their definitions are similar to those of material flow. The information flow is characterized by the source of occurrence, direction, frequency, volume, transmission speed, etc. Information flow control includes changing the direction of the flow and limiting its parameters.

A logistics chain is a linearly ordered set of physical and (or) legal entities, carrying out logistics operations for conducting an external material flow from one logistics system to another in the case of industrial consumption or to the final consumer in the case of personal non-productive consumption (Figure 1.3).

Main links supply chain are: material suppliers, warehouses, transport, distribution centers, producers of goods, consumers of products.

Figure 1.3 - Supply chain

The logistics system is an adaptive system with feedback that performs certain logistical functions. It, as a rule, consists of several subsystems and has developed connections with the external environment. There are macro- and micro-logistics systems.

The organizational mechanism for the implementation of the noted goals can be represented as a logistics system.

The logistics system is a set of forms, methods and rules for organizing and managing material flows.

As part of the logistics system, there are three levels of subsystems: elemental, functional, organizational (Figure 1.4).

Each of the marked subsystems solves its own problems.

Figure 1.4 - Composition of the logistics system

The means to achieve the main goal of logistics are the goals of the second level - the main goals that are determined by the nature of the enterprise's activities in the field of logistics (table 1.1).

An essential function of the logistics service is the delivery of raw materials and components to workshops, directly to workplaces and the movement of manufactured products to storage sites.

Table 1.1 - The main goals of logistics and areas of work for their implementation

Field of activity	The main goals of logistics	Areas of work for implementation of logistics goals

Purchase of materials	Making purchases at the lowest prices; improving the reliability of supplies; ensuring synchronization of the processes of supply and processing of materials	Formation of applications for materials; selection of suppliers; development of a schedule for the delivery of materials; design and organization of the functioning of units involved in the material and technical support production
Product manufacturing	Ensuring the continuity of the production process. Fulfillment of received orders in terms of assortment and quality; minimization of production costs; adaptation of production to changing demand; reduction in the level of stocks of finished products	Organization of transportation of materials in the production process. Organization of delivery of materials to workplaces; material flow management in production; material inventory management in production
Sales of finished products	Meeting consumer demand; supply of products according to orders and contracts; high degree of supply readiness	Establishment of direct relations with consumers of products, formation of a portfolio of orders; organization of delivery of products to consumers; organization of customer service; organization of storage of finished products; finished goods inventory management

The weak relationship between production and logistics in the implementation of this function leads to an increase in stocks in different areas, creating an additional burden on production.

Test

Course: Logistics.

On the topic: "Logistics as a science and a sphere of professional activity."

Fulfilled

Group student:

Perm 2010

Introduction

Logistics as a science.

The history of the development of the science of logistics.
Role, tasks and functions of logistics.

Logistics strategy of the company.

Interaction of logistics with other sciences and areas of practice

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

Logistics is the science of planning, controlling and managing transportation, warehousing and other tangible and intangible operations performed in the process of bringing raw materials and materials to industrial enterprises; internal processing of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products; bringing the finished product to the consumer in accordance with its requirements, as well as the transfer, processing and storage of relevant information.

Logistics (from Greek - the art of reasoning, after - the art of supplying the army and its movement, mathematical logistics).

At the same time, logistics is a multifaceted field of activity that solves the issues of practical management of material, information, and financial flows of any organization.

The global goal of logistics, as a field of activity, is to reduce the cycle, reduce stocks.

At the production stage - due to the synchronization of processes; by determining the need for material resources; what is needed? when? How many?; due to self-regulation (production is in accordance with the demand for a particular product).

The main task of logistics is the use of materials, energy, information, personnel and means of production. To provide the consumer with products at a given time of a given quality in a given place and for a certain price.

Logistics as a science

The history of the development of the science of logistics.

The history of logistics and the stages of its development as a scientific discipline and as a sphere of economic activity.

The term "logistics", known until recently only to a narrow circle of specialists, is now widely used. The main reason for this phenomenon is that the concept began to be used in the economy.

Historically, logistics has developed as a military discipline. Here, the term has been known since the 9th century AD (Byzantium), denoting, basically, a well-coordinated work of the rear to provide the troops with everything necessary, that is, work that is a significant component of military success. Priority importance was given to logistics issues in Napoleon's army. In Russia in the middle of the last century, logistics was understood as the art of managing the movement of troops both far and near the enemy, organizing their logistics support. The science and practice of managing material flows in the military field has continued and continues to develop. This is due to the high dependence of the effectiveness of combat operations on the coordinated, fast, accurate and economical supply of troops.

Logistics as a new scientific discipline in the economic application is developing methods for planning and managing material and information flows within the boundaries of an enterprise, industry, as well as between sectors of the economy in order to obtain the greatest economic effect. In this sense, the concept of "logistics" has been used since the 80s, and in Russia - since the 90s. And despite the deep historical roots, it is called "new" by many scientists and practitioners, since the economy is an area to which this term had nothing to do before. This is due to the development of a market economy as one of the ways to organize material production and public relations generally.

The introduction of logistics into the economy is due to objective reasons that require economic entities today to effectively interact at the junction of the spheres of production and circulation.

Prerequisites for the development of logistics

The need to use logistics is due to a number of reasons, among which we highlight two main ones.

The first reason is the development of competition caused by the transition from the seller's market to the buyer's market. Until the beginning of the 60s, in countries with developed market economies, manufacturers and consumers of products did not attach serious importance to the creation of special systems that would optimize the management of material flows. Distribution systems were generally not planned. Manufacturing, wholesale and retail worked without close coordination with each other. Released goods, one way or another, fell into final consumption. The system for managing the distribution processes was weak. There were no real links between the various interrelated functions of logistics. Such inattention to the sphere of material flow management was explained by the fact that the main potential for competitiveness was created during this period by expanding and improving production.

However, by the beginning of the 1960s, the reserves for increasing this potential directly in production were essentially exhausted. This necessitated the search for non-traditional ways to create competitive advantages. The reaction of economic entities was the development of marketing as the most flexible and sophisticated policy for the production and marketing of goods and services. But very soon it became obvious that one marketing is not able to solve all problems: you can achieve optimal results only by using marketing in conjunction with logistics.

Entrepreneurs began to pay more and more attention not to the product itself, but to the quality of its delivery. Improving distribution performance without requiring such additional capital investments as, for example, the development of a new product, nevertheless proved to be able to ensure the high competitiveness of the supplier by reducing costs and at the same time increasing the reliability of supply.

In addition, suppliers using logistics can guarantee the delivery of just the right amount of goods of the required quality and are of much greater value to the consumer than suppliers that do not provide such guarantees of reliability.

Thus, the competitiveness of entities using logistics is ensured by:

:: sharp reduction in the cost of goods;

:: increasing the reliability and quality of deliveries (guaranteed terms, absence of defects, the possibility of delivering in small lots, etc.).

The second reason explaining the need for the use of logistics in the economy is the energy crisis of the 70s.

The increase in the cost of energy carriers forced entrepreneurs to look for ways to increase the efficiency of transportation. Moreover, it is impossible to effectively solve this problem only by rationalizing the work of transport. It requires coordinated actions of all participants in the overall logistics process.

The possibility of using logistics in the economy is due to modern achievements in scientific and technological progress. As a result of scientific and technical progress, various means of labor are being created and are beginning to be widely used to work with material and information flows. It becomes possible to use equipment that meets specific conditions logistics processes. At the same time, the computerization of the management of logistics processes plays a key role in the development of logistics.

The creation and mass use of computer technology, the emergence of standards for the transmission of information ensured the powerful development of information systems both at the level of individual enterprises and covering large areas. It became possible to monitor all phases of product movement - from the primary source of raw materials through all intermediate production, storage and transport processes up to the end consumer.

Stages of development of logistics

In the modern economy, there are four stages in the development of logistics in its economic application.

The first stage (60s): Characterized by the use of a logistic approach in the management of material flows in the sphere of circulation. Gradually, the understanding is coming that the integration of streaming processes in production, storage and transportation can give a significant economic effect. In the 60s, the development of logistics in the United States is associated with the optimization of product distribution, calling this stage the physics of distribution - as a result, a special committee on "physical" distribution was created. At this time in the United States, the buyers and sales market changed, and a marketing philosophy was born. Supply chain service has become crucial in the market strategy.

The second stage (80s) is associated with the Japanese offensive in the field of production and trade, especially in the field of automation. The European and American response to Japan's economic "aggression" has been to improve the quality of technology in the preparation of orders. Hence the requirement for the integration of planning and management of production and distribution. The integration basis of logistics during this period expanded and began to cover the production process.

The third stage is currently underway. One of the main goals of logistics is being implemented - the delivery of goods "just in time" with the widespread use of electronics and production optimization. The totality of material-conducting subjects acquires a holistic character.

The fourth stage is the future logistics. Within its boundaries, when building a logistics system, an integrated approach will be manifested to the full extent, covering the potentials of production, supply, product preparation and consumption, that is, as a result, electronic integrated logistics will appear.

Logistics - science and practical activities for the efficiency

effective management of the totality of material,

financial, information, personnel and other resources

in the sphere of production and circulation.

The etymology of the word "logistics" in Russian is not the same

meaningful: the term "logistics" can have roots as an ancient

non-Greek (logos - mind; log - thinking; logismos -

calculation, meditation, plan; logo - think, reason;

logistea - art practical implementation calculations),

and French (loger - do wait). Last

interpretation is explained by the fact that the emergence and development

practical logistics associated with the military.

In ancient science, logistics was understood as a set of

ness of known at that time computational (in arithmetic)

and measuring (in geometry) algorithms. In ancient Athens

nah existed government agency logistics,

where checked financial reports Athenian officials

persons. “And if logisticians convict someone of theft, then su-

dhi find him guilty of theft, and the amount found

women's theft is paid tenfold.

If the logisticians determine that someone accepted the gifts,

and the judges find him guilty, they determine him to be

as long as bribery; paid for it tenfold

nominal size. If logisticians find someone guilty

in wrong actions, the judges determine his crime-

as an abuse, and the damage caused is compensated-

in its true value"

Since then, many definitions of the concept have emerged.

logistics. This is largely due to the fact that logistics

includes many directions, and emphasizing

mania on one of them significantly changes the meaning and content

definition itself.

American Society of Logistics Engineers

gave the following definition: logistics is an art

Aristotle. Athenian polity / Antique democracy in the testimonies of contemporaries. M.: Ladomir, 1996. S. 72.

Introduction

and the science of management, technology and technical activity,

which include planning, supply and

change of means of transportation for the implementation of the planned

operations to achieve the set goal. Frenchman-

Russian specialists interpret logistics as a set of

various kinds activities in order to obtain from the most

lower costs of the required amount of production

at the appointed time and place, where

There is a specific need for this product.

In German science, logistics means pro-

the process of planning, implementing and monitoring effective

and cost-effective movement and storage

materials, semi-finished products and finished products,

as well as related information on the supply of goods

from the place of production to the place of consumption

with the requirements of the clientele,

An interesting interpretation of the concept of logistics is given by D. Waters,

defining it as a function. He writes: "Logistics is

function responsible for the material flow going

from suppliers to the organization, passing through operations

within the organization and then out to the customers.

The specialists of the Institute of Logistics give their definition

and transport (Institute of Logistics and Transport) - leading

professional organization UK in this

sphere: “Logistics is a time-dependent location

resource management, or strategic management of the entire chain

supplies". Thus, despite the fact that logistics

ku is defined both in the narrow and in the broad sense of this

concepts, in foreign publications the emphasis is still

on the practical side logistics activities.

In the domestic economic literature, when determining

the concept of logistics focuses on scientific aspects

term. One of the most concise and capacious, in our opinion,

definitions says: “Logistics is a scientific discipline

on flow control in systems". Despite

for short, this definition yet is too

broad, since it does not specify which

currents, in what systems and for what purpose

management process,

We propose the following definition: logistics -

scientific and practical direction of activity on in-

integration of control of motion processes by a set

material, informational, financial, labor

and legal flows in economic systems.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Introduction

Logistics is a relatively young and rapidly developing science and business area in our country.

The interest that domestic scientists, university professors, scientific and technical workers, managers of industrial and transport enterprises, engineers and businessmen show in logistics is explained not only by a new and unusual-sounding term for the domestic economy, but also, most importantly, by those impressive results which are obtained through the application of the logistics approach in the economies of industrialized countries. Foreign experience shows that logistics plays a strategically important role in modern business. It is no coincidence that more and more professionals who have achieved success in this field are being promoted to senior positions in company management. From a business standpoint, logistics means effective management material and related (information, financial, service) flows to achieve corporate goals with the optimal cost of all resources. At present, in leading companies, the traditional functional areas of logistics (transportation, inventory management, purchases and orders, warehousing, cargo handling, packaging) have been integrated on the basis of a common information and computer platform, forming a strategic innovation system. The introduction of logistics management methods into business practice allows firms to significantly reduce all types of stocks of products in production, supply and marketing, and speed up turnover. working capital, reduce the cost of production and distribution costs, ensure the most complete satisfaction of consumers in the quality of goods and services.

In this control work the essence and tasks of logistics are considered. We will get acquainted with the concept of logistics as a science, its goals, the subject of its study, various types of logistics and its functions.

1. The concept and essence of logistics

Logistics comes from the Greek word logistike - the art of calculating, reasoning. The history of the emergence and development of logistics goes back to the distant past. The first logistics positions appeared in Athens. During the period of the Roman Empire, there were servants of logistics or logistics who were engaged in the distribution of products, the formation of stocks, and the exchange between provinces. In Byzantium in the 1st millennium AD. the tasks of logistics were arming the army, supplying it with military equipment.

The first scientific works on logistics appeared in France at the beginning of the 19th century, the author A. Jomini is a military specialist.

Logistics received especially rapid development during the 2nd World War, when it was used to solve strategic objectives and clear communication defense industry, supply bases and transport in order to timely provide the army with weapons and food. In the 60s, logistics gradually moves from the military to the civilian, and then to production. At the end of the 20th century, logistics science included purchasing, transport, production, information, and marketing logistics. Thus, logistics seeks to satisfy the needs of the consumer as much as possible with minimal costs for the manufacturer.

Logistics is the science of planning, controlling and managing transportation, warehousing and other tangible and intangible operations performed in the process of bringing raw materials and materials to a manufacturing enterprise, in-plant processing of raw materials and materials and p / f, bringing finished products to the consumer in accordance with interests and requirements of the latter, as well as the transfer of storage and processing of relevant information and relevant financial flows. Logistics is the science of managing the movement of goods.

You can look at the logistics object from different points of view: from the positions of a marketer, financier, planning and production management manager, scientist. This explains the variety of definitions of the concept of logistics. An analysis of foreign and domestic economic literature has shown that today logistics is understood as:

Theory of scheduling various flows in man-machine systems;

A new direction in the organization of the movement of goods;

A set of various activities in order to obtain the required amount of cargo in the right place at the right time with minimal cost;

Optimization of processes for the delivery of working capital and finished products and material flows production processes;

The process of planning costs for the movement and storage of goods from production to consumption;

Efficient movement of finished products from the place of production to the place of consumption;

New scientific direction associated with the development of rational methods for managing material and information flows;

Science of rational organization production and distribution.

It is convenient to divide the entire set of logistics definitions into two groups:

The first group defines logistics as a direction of economic activity, which consists in the management of material flows in the areas of production and circulation;

Another group of definitions considers logistics as an interdisciplinary scientific direction, directly related to the search for opportunities to improve the efficiency of material flows.

Logistics management is based on choosing the best solution from several possible ones.

Production and commercial logistics as a science is designed to develop methods for modeling logistics systems and finding optimal solutions for managing these systems.

Logistics should be considered as a system, the purpose of which is the delivery of goods and products to a given place, in the right quantity and assortment, prepared to the maximum extent possible for industrial or personal consumption at a given level of costs. Such a system contains functional areas between which there is a connection and interdependence. For example, if a technology is used in the main production that does not require the presence of significant intermediate stocks of materials and raw materials, then, in accordance with the logistics, it is planned to carry out deliveries at a strictly defined time at short intervals. To fulfill irregular orders in minimum terms, in the field of procurement, appropriate methods are used to purchase a variety of material resources in order to fulfill individual orders. In the logistics chain, i.e., the chain along which the commodity and information flows from the supplier to the consumer pass, the following main links are distinguished (Fig. 1):

Supply of materials, raw materials and semi-finished products;

Storage of products and raw materials;

Production of goods;

Distribution (including the dispatch of goods from the warehouse of finished products);

consumption of finished products.

Each link in the logistics chain includes its own elements, which together form the material basis of logistics. The material elements of logistics include: vehicles and facilities, warehousing, communications and management. The logistics system, of course, also includes personnel, i.e., those workers who perform all sequential operations.

Fig.1 Supply chain

The possibility of planning various operations and analyzing the levels of elements of the logistics system predetermined its division into macro- and micrologistics.

Macrologistics solves issues related to the analysis of the market of suppliers and consumers, the development of a general concept of distribution, the placement of warehouses at the service site, the choice of mode of transport and Vehicle, organization transport process, rational directions of material flows, points of supply of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products, with the choice of a transit or warehouse scheme for the delivery of goods.

Micrologistics solves local issues within the framework of individual links and elements of logistics. An example is intra-production logistics, when various logistics operations are planned within the enterprise, such as transport and storage, loading and unloading, it provides operations for planning, preparing, implementing and controlling the processes of movement of goods within industrial enterprises.

2. Subject, object and goals of logistics

The subject of the study of logistics is the optimization of MP, service flows and their accompanying financial (FP) and information flows (IP).

There are so-called "six rules of logistics", which describe the ultimate goal of logistics management:

1) cargo - the desired product;

2) quality - the required quality;

3) quantity - in the required quantity;

4) time - must be delivered at the right time;

5) place - to the right place;

6) costs - with minimal costs.

The tasks of logistics are very diverse and are determined by the above ultimate goal of logistics management. How the science of logistics sets and solves the following tasks:

Demand forecast and inventory planning based on it;

Determining the required capacity of production and transport;

Development of scientific principles for the distribution of finished products based on the optimal management of material flows;

Development scientific foundations management of transshipment processes and transport and storage operations at production points and at consumers;

Development of construction of various options for mathematical models of the functioning of logistics systems;

logistics chain operational industrial

Methods of joint planning, supply, production, warehousing, marketing and shipment of finished products, as well as a number of other tasks.

The main tasks of logistics are:

Rationalization of material flows of the enterprise;

Maximizing the utilization of production capacities by consumer orders;

Saving material resources at all stages of the material flow;

Optimization of costs for the production and sale of finished products.

The principles of logistics: synchronization, optimization and integration - serve as the main methodological approach to improving the organization and efficiency, the functioning of production systems.

The methodology of logistics allows for the systematic rationalization of complex production systems. It equips us with methods to improve the organization of production systems and allows us to effectively gain competitive advantages.

3.Tasks and functions of logistics

In accordance with modern tasks of logistics, the following types of functions are distinguished: operational and coordination.

The operational nature of the functions is associated with the direct management of the movement of material values in the field of supply, production and distribution and, in essence, differs little from the functions of traditional logistics.

Logistics coordination functions include:

Identification and analysis of the needs for material resources of various phases and parts of production;

Analysis of the markets in which the enterprise operates and forecasting the behavior of other sources of these markets;

Processing of data relating to orders and customer needs.

The listed functions of logistics are to coordinate supply and demand for goods.

Conceptually, one can distinguish following features logistics:

System function. Logistics is a system of effective technologies for ensuring the resource management process. In the "narrow sense" logistics forms a system for managing the movement of goods (the formation of economic relations, the organization of the movement of products through places of storage, the formation and regulation of stocks of products, the development and organization of storage facilities);

integrating function. Logistics ensures the synchronization of the processes of marketing, storage and delivery of products with a focus on the market of means of production and the provision of intermediary services to consumers. It ensures the coordination of the interests of logistics intermediaries in the logistics system;

regulatory function. Logistic management of material and related flows is aimed at saving all types of resources, reducing the cost of living and materialized labor in various sectors of the economy;

The resulting function. Logistics activities are aimed at supplying products in the required quantity, at the specified time and place, with a given quality (condition), at minimal cost. Logistics seeks to cover all stages of interaction "supply - production - distribution - consumption", i.e. it is an algorithm for converting resources into a supply of finished products in accordance with existing demand.

The complication of production and the aggravation of competition in the 80s - 90s of our century required a more accurate linkage of logistics with strategic goals firms, as well as enhancing the role of logistics in increasing the flexibility of firms, their ability to quickly respond to market signals. In this regard, the main task of logistics was to develop a carefully balanced and reasonable proposal that would help achieve the greatest efficiency of the company, increase its market share and gain advantages over competitors. As practice has shown, underestimation of the close connection between the concept of logistics and an active market strategy has often led and leads to the fact that the purchase of raw materials, semi-finished products and components in itself becomes an incentive to start the production of a particular product without proper demand for it. In the current market situation, such an approach to product release is fraught with commercial failure. Of course, the focus on minimizing costs remains in force, as noted above, but only if the optimal level of combination of costs and profitability of fixed and working capital involved in the market strategy is found.

One of the main tasks of logistics is also to create an integrated effective system regulation and control of material and information flows, providing high quality delivery of products. This task is most closely associated with the solution of such problems as:

Correspondence of material and information flows to each other;

Control over the material flow and transfer of data about it to a single center;

Definition of strategy and technology for the physical movement of goods;

Development of ways to manage the operations of the movement of goods;

Establishment of norms for standardization of semi-finished products and packaging;

Determining the volume of production, transportation and warehousing;

The discrepancy between the intended goals and the possibilities of procurement and production.

Fig.2 Functional diagram of logistics

The functions of logistical coordination include: identification and analysis of the needs for material resources of various phases and parts of production; analysis of the markets in which the enterprise operates, and forecasting the behavior of other sources of these markets; processing of data concerning orders and needs of the clientele (Fig. 2). The listed functions of logistics are to coordinate supply and demand for goods. In this sense, marketing and logistics are closely interrelated, and the established formula - "marketing creates demand, and logistics realizes it" - has a weighty basis. To a certain extent, the formula is applicable to the coordination of the relationship between logistics and production. Thus, logistics is engaged in the "docking" of two areas: the demand presented by the market and the proposal put forward by the company, based on the relevant information.

So, the introduction of a logistics system in enterprise management reduces work time, speeds up the supply of materials and product sales, and in general - increases productivity.

Object and subject of logistics

The object of logistics is complex dynamic industrial and commercial complex systems supply, marketing, including organizational and economic aspects of supply activities, transport and technical, operations, production and technological and commercial and marketing activities. Characteristic features such systems are:

Dispersal technical means and groups of people over a large area;

Mobility of a significant mass of technical means, including transport;

High capital intensity of technical means;

Dependence on the result of the work of a large number of related subsystems - consignors, consignees of resources.

These features affect the volume and flow information processes in logistics systems and subsystems. It is often far from easy to achieve a coincidence of the efforts of the interests of the teams of individual subsystems and the system as a whole. Logistics with its system-cybernetic approach to the studied material and information flow processes helps to find ways to solve this problem.

There are several models of alternative economies - their complete centralization or complete decentralization, in accordance with which the concepts of a totalitarian "socialist market" and "free market" are formed. Between these extremes, in reality, there are often intermediate options, the models of which should also be kept in mind when analyzing.

The need for economic centralism today is due to the following tasks:

General development of the economy as a whole;

Coordination of efforts to successfully achieve the goals of each participant involved in the overall production and commercial process.

Such centralism cannot be fully identified with the role of the formation of organizational and economic structures by the participants in logistics activities.

Economic centralization with a touch of integration in free market models has three pillars:

1) a unified financial-monetary and banking system;

2) the market system, including the financial and money market;

3) the system of reproductive turnover of social capital and product, consumer income and turnover of social capital.

These structures form three flow layers:

Material;

Reproduction-market;

Economic-financial and monetary.

Thus, the core of economic centralization is composed of economic forms: production, exchange, distribution, consumption. And these are stream processes that act as objects of logistics activities.

The subject of study in logistics is the optimization of material and related financial and information flow processes. At the same time, the sphere entrepreneurial activity is limited to the production and commercial cycle, which is also considered as a multi-layered closed process that forms the basis of logistics. The boundaries of the production and commercial logistics system are determined by the production and commercial cycle, including lending processes (part financial flow), procurement of logistics, their warehousing, transportation, storage, ^ intra-production organizational and technological distribution, warehousing and marketing of finished products, generating income and repaying a loan (the final part of the financial flow).

From the definition of the subject of logistics, it follows that its task is to develop methods for evaluating efficiency.

4. Goals and objectives of logistics

The purpose of logistics is the delivery of goods "just in time" with minimal labor and material resources. The basic condition of logistics to comply with this principle requires that raw materials, semi-finished products, goods and their components are first of all ready for assembly, order picking, their dispatch and delivery, when demand arises both within the boundaries of production and beyond. The supply of materials, raw materials, finished products "just in time" has a beneficial effect on the functioning of the entire economic system, allows you to significantly (sometimes 3-4 times) reduce stocks in the warehouses of industrial enterprises. Logistics fully works for the consumer. Therefore, it is believed that the implementation of marketing functions in the field of logistics is carried out through the "six rules": cargo, quality, time, cost, quantity and place. To meet these conditions, material flows are optimized, a set of measures is taken to rationalize containers and packaging, unify cargo units, including bundling and containerization of transportation, implement an efficient warehousing system, optimize the size of orders and stock levels, plan the most advantageous routes for moving goods at warehouse facilities of enterprises and beyond them on the main transport.

The construction and functioning of logistics systems are based on the following most significant conceptual provisions:

Implementation of the principle systems approach, which manifests itself primarily in the integration and clear interaction of all elements of logistics systems. This principle is reflected in the development and implementation of a single technological process of the production and transport system, in the transition from design certain types equipment for the creation of integrated production and storage and production and transport systems;

Individualization of requirements for technological and handling equipment and industrial products, i.e. rejection of universality in favor of a more complete compliance of equipment with specific conditions;

Humanization of technological processes, taking into account the creation modern conditions labor, exclusion of adverse effects on the environment;

Accounting for the totality of costs throughout the entire supply chain with its orientation to the market;

Service development for modern level, providing flexibility, reliability and high quality.

The logistics system usually operates in conditions of pronounced uncertainty external environment- for market conditions, transport operation, random processes are characteristic, therefore, in the conditions of their action, an indispensable property of the logistics system is the ability to adapt.

Conclusion

Logistics in Russia, as a science, began to develop relatively recently, but even now we can talk about its importance in the enterprise. The application of logistics to industrial enterprises leads to the following: - production is focused on the market;

Establish partnerships with suppliers;

Reduced equipment downtime;

Stocks are being optimized - one of the central problems of logistics (an analysis of the experience of a number of Western European firms shows that the use of logistics can reduce productive reserves by 50%);

The number of auxiliary workers is reduced;

Improved product quality;

Logistics, both today and in the future, will be a major competitive factor. Success in the competitive struggle between enterprises and networks of a single value chain, between countries and economic regions is determined primarily by the level of competence in logistics. Thus, studies conducted in enterprises prove a positive relationship between efficient logistics and business success.

The exceptional importance that logistics has today and will have in the future is due primarily to modern ideas about logistics, and secondly, to the current and future state of development of value systems and economic structures.
ten most prestigious and demanded specialties.

List of used literature

1. Bakarev P. F. Stages strategic management: company management. - M., 2009

2. Gadzhinsky A.M. Basics of logistics: Tutorial. - M.: ITC "Marketing", 2010.

3. Kotler F. Marketing according to Kotler: how to create, win and keep the market. - M.: Alpina Publisher, 2011.

4. Markova V.D., Kuznetsov S.A. Strategic management. - M.: FORUM, INFRA-M, 2008.

5. Sergeev V.I. Logistics in business: Textbook. - M.: INFRA-M, 2009

Hosted on Allbest.ru