Application of modern management methods in transport logistics. Methods of transport logistics. For the study of logistics processes

Ministry of Science and Education of Ukraine

Kharkiv National Automobile and Road University

Department of AKIT

Course work

on the topic: Transport logistics management model

Kharkiv 2010

Introduction

The constant development of world trade entails a radical transformation of the structure of transport markets, including our country. The development of transportation in accordance with world standards and the latest technologies has increased the interest of specialists in the development of forwarding services. And Ukraine's transition to market relations has shown that transport companies are directly dependent on the competitiveness of their activities. Strengthening and toughening of competition has led to the fact that the level of service provided is now given the closest attention. This becomes fundamentally important, because companies are forced to meet the requirements of the client and provide services at an ever higher quality level in order to retain existing customers and attract new ones in the current difficult conditions on modern market. In connection with today's economic conditions In modern literature, quality problems are given increasing attention. Many foreign and domestic authors have always allocated a significant place to the issues of speed and quality of cargo delivery in their studies. One can especially highlight the works of such classics as A. Feigenbaum, E. Deming, K. Ishikawa, S. Shiro, J. Harrington. It is their research and development, as well as their practical application to the creation of a philosophy of general management, that helped many of the now developed countries (USA, Japan, etc.) become leaders in the world economy.

But the practical and theoretical problems of increasing the efficiency of activities transport companies, improving the quality of service and the complexity of the services provided have not yet been considered enough. Implementation automated system management of speed and quality in the activities of transport companies will optimize the process of product distribution from the manufacturer to the end consumer.

This determines the relevance of this work, the purpose of which is the formation of new approaches to the management and organization of the process of cargo delivery.

1. Logistics and its tasks

Logistics is a part of economic science and a field of activity, the subject of which is the organization of a rational process of promoting goods from manufacturers to end consumers, the functioning of the sphere of circulation of products, goods, services, inventory management, and the creation of an infrastructure for the movement of goods.

A broader definition of logistics interprets it as the science of planning, managing and controlling the movement of material, information and financial resources in various systems. In fact, the scope of logistics is so specific and new that at the moment specialists in this profession are very much needed in the labor market.

Depending on the specifics of the company's activities, various logistics systems are used. Logistic system - a set of actions of participants supply chain(manufacturing enterprises, transport, trade organizations, shops, etc.), built in such a way that the main tasks of logistics are performed.

Logistics systems are very diverse in terms of the scope of the enterprise's activities (and in terms of the understanding of modern Ukrainian management). For some, logistics is just the ability to work with databases, for some it is supply or warehouse activities. But according to its purpose (and its main purpose is to reduce costs, subject to the fulfillment of planned targets, and therefore increase the efficiency of production activities), logistics systems should cover almost all (except for accounting, personnel, etc.) activities.

Companies can develop their own logistics divisions, or they can involve transport and logistics organizations to resolve issues of supply, warehousing and supply. Depending on the level of involvement of independent companies to solve business problems in logistics, there are different levels: 1PL - from English. "first-party logistics" - an approach in which the organization solves logistics issues on its own; 3PL from English. "third-party logistics" - an approach in which the full range of logistics services from delivery and address storage to order management and tracking the movement of goods is transferred to the side of the transport and logistics organization. The functions of such a 3PL provider include the organization and management of transportation, accounting and inventory management, preparation of import-export and freight documentation, warehousing, cargo handling, and delivery to the end user.

The task of logistics management in practice comes down to managing several components that make up the so-called "logistics mix":

Warehouse facilities (individual warehouse buildings, distribution centers, warehouses combined with the store);

Stocks (volume of stocks for each item, location of the stock);

Transportation (modes of transport, terms, types of containers, availability of drivers, etc.);

Completion and packaging (simplicity and ease in terms of logistics services while maintaining the impact on purchasing activity);

Communication (the possibility of obtaining both final and intermediate information in the process of goods movement).

Logistics is divided into types: procurement, transport, warehouse, production, information logistics and others.

2. Transport logistics

Transport is a branch of material production that transports people and goods. In structure social production transport belongs to the sphere of production of material services.

It is noted that a significant part of logistics operations on the way of material flow from the primary source of raw materials to final consumption is carried out using various vehicles. The cost of these operations is up to 50% of the total cost of logistics.

By purpose, there are two main groups of transport:

Public transport - industry National economy, which satisfies the needs of all sectors of the economy and the population in the transportation of goods and passengers. Public transport serves the sphere of circulation and the population. It is often called the main line (the main line is the main, the main line in some system, in this case, in the communication system). The concept of public transport covers rail transport, water transport (sea and river), road, air Transport and pipeline transport);

Non-public transport - internal production transport, as well as vehicles of all types belonging to non-transport organizations.

The organization of the movement of goods by non-public transport is the subject of study production logistics. The problem of choosing distribution channels is solved in the field of distribution logistics.

So, there are the following main modes of transport:

railway;

marine;

internal water (river);

automobile;

air;

pipeline.

Each of the modes of transport has specific features in terms of logistics management, advantages and disadvantages that determine the possibility of its use in the logistics system. Different types of transport make up the transport complex. The transport complex of Ukraine is formed by legal and individuals- entrepreneurs engaged in transportation and forwarding activities on all modes of transport, design, construction, repair and maintenance of railways, roads and structures on them, pipelines, work related to the maintenance of navigable hydraulic structures, water and air communications, carrying out scientific research and training of personnel included in the system of a transport enterprise that manufactures vehicles, as well as organizations performing other work related to the transport process.

Table 1 shows the comparative logistical characteristics of various modes of transport.

Table 1. Characteristics of modes of transport

transport	Advantages	Flaws
Railway	high carrying capacity and throughput. Independence from climatic conditions, time of year and day. High regularity of transportation. Relatively low rates; significant discounts for transit shipments. High speed delivery of goods over long distances.	Limited number of carriers. Large capital investments in the production and technical base. High material consumption and energy intensity of transportation. Low availability to end points of sale (consumption). Not enough preservation
Nautical	Possibility of intercontinental transportation. Low cost of transportation to long distance. High carrying and carrying capacity. Low capital intensity of transportation.	Limited transportation. Low speed delivery (large cargo transit time). Dependence on geographic, navigational and weather conditions. The need to create a complex port infrastructure.
Interior	High carrying capacity on deep-sea rivers and reservoirs. Low cost of transportation. Low capital intensity.	Limited transportation. Low delivery speed. Dependence on uneven depths of rivers and reservoirs, navigational conditions. Seasonality. Insufficient reliability of transportation and safety of cargo.
Automotive	High availability. Possibility of door-to-door cargo delivery High maneuverability, flexibility, dynamism. High delivery speed. Possibility of using various routes and delivery schemes. High security of cargo. Possibility of sending cargo in small batches. Ample opportunities to choose the most suitable carrier.	Low performance. Dependence on weather and road conditions. relatively high cost of transportation over long distances. Insufficient environmental cleanliness.
Air	The highest speed of cargo delivery. High reliability. The highest safety of cargo. The shortest transportation routes.	High cost of transportation, the highest rates among other modes of transport. High capital intensity, material and energy intensity of transportation. Weather dependent. Insufficient geographical accessibility.
Pipeline	Low cost. High performance (bandwidth). High security of cargo. Low capital intensity.	Limited types of cargo (gas, oil products, emulsions of raw materials). Insufficient availability of small volumes of transported goods.

So, first of all, the logistics manager must decide whether to create his own fleet of vehicles or use hired transport (public or private). When choosing an alternative, they usually proceed from a certain system of criteria, which include:

The cost of creating and operating your own fleet of vehicles;

The cost of paying for the services of transport, forwarding companies and other logistics intermediaries in transportation;

transportation speed;

Quality of transportation (reliability of delivery, safety of cargo, etc.).

In most cases, manufacturing firms resort to the services of specialized transport companies.

Improving Efficiency road transport cargo is associated with the technical improvement of the rolling stock of road transport and handling facilities, the introduction progressive technology improvement of the organization of cargo transportation. Technical improvements make it possible to increase the speed of rolling stock, reduce downtime during loading and unloading operations, increase the volume of a consignment of transported cargo, etc. The objective of the technology is to reduce the duration and complexity of cargo transportation by reducing the number of operations and stages of the transportation process.

The technology of the process of cargo transportation is understood as a way for people to implement a specific transportation process by dividing it into a system of successive interrelated stages and operations that are performed more or less unambiguously and are aimed at achieving high transportation efficiency. The task of technology is to clear the process of cargo transportation from unnecessary operations, to make it more purposeful. The essence of the technology of cargo transportation is revealed through two basic concepts - stage and operation. A stage is a set of operations through which a particular process is carried out. An operation is a homogeneous, logically indivisible part of the transportation process, aimed at achieving a specific goal, performed by one or more performers.

The technology of any process of cargo transportation is characterized by three features: the division of the transportation process, coordination and phasing, unambiguity of actions. The purpose of dividing the process of cargo transportation into stages is to determine the boundaries of immanent requirements for the subject that will work on this technology. Any operation should ensure the approximation of the control object to the goal and ensure the transition from one operation to another. The last operation of the stage should be a kind of introduction to the first operation. next stage. The more accurately the description of the process of transportation of goods will correspond to its subjective logic, the greater the likelihood of achieving the highest effect of the activities of the people involved in it. The developed technologies must take into account the requirements of the basic economic laws and, first of all, the law of increasing the productivity of social labor.

Coordination and phasing of actions aimed at achieving the set specific goal should be based on the internal logic of the functioning and development of a certain transportation process. Technology is not created from scratch, but has a connection with the technology of the past and the future. The technology that works today must be based on principles that make it easy to remake it into the technology of the future.

Each technology should provide for the uniqueness of the implementation of the steps and operations included in it.

The deviation of the execution of one operation is reflected in the entire technological chain. The more significant the deviation of the parameters from those designed by the technology, the greater the risk of disrupting the entire process of cargo transportation and obtaining a result that does not correspond to the project.

First, the technology of the entire process of cargo transportation is developed, and then the individual stages. After the development of the technology of the stages, they must be considered from the standpoint of technological unity.

There is a causal relationship between technique and technology, but technique is decisive.

The technological process was not invented today. Just as, according to Molière, people do not think about what they write and say in prose, so workers in trucking companies, using a certain technology, do not think about it.

In the past, the technology of the process of transporting goods was formed in most cases intuitively.

Technological processes of cargo transportation were not purposefully and consciously developed systems of stages and operations. Therefore, at present, many transportation processes are not efficient enough.

Systems theory states that every system is made up of subsystems. Every system is a subsystem of some system. It is accepted that any system can be described in terms of system objects, properties and relationships. The hierarchy and number of subsystems depend only on the internal complexity of the system as a whole.

Figure 1. Hierarchical structure of transportation

Figure 1 shows a hierarchical pyramid (structure) of technology and organization of transportation. At the top of this pyramid are intermodal transport. Below - multimodal transportation. Next - unimodal transportation, then intra-regional and city transportation by specialized motor transport enterprises and, finally, local transportation of individual entrepreneurs and their own transport of industrial and commercial structures.

Each of the above types of transportation has specific features in technology, organization and management, but they have a common technological basis in the form of specific technological transportation schemes and the links or elements that make up these schemes. The transportation process at each stage (by link) can be represented as a specific subnet. The policy of control and management in such a system is modeled by the synchronization of positions at each stage (in each link). In turn, the constituent elements of the transportation of goods are characterized by certain laws inherent only to them. In the technical and economic literature there is no single interpretation of many fundamental concepts: transportation process, transportation process, cycle transport process, transport system, transport complex, etc. The operations that make up the transportation process are heterogeneous and differ greatly in their duration. Some operations, when combined, create certain stages of this process, each of which performs its own tasks. Both individual operations and stages of the transportation process are in a certain dependence on each other (before transporting the cargo, it must be loaded, etc.). In this way, this process is a multi-stage and multi-operational, with a large technological, operational and economic heterogeneity of operations. Separate stages of the process of cargo transportation are often considered as independent. Therefore, the literature is currently writing about the transportation process, the transportation process, the loading and unloading process, etc.

Figure 2. Technological schemes cargo transportation process:

a - one mode of transport; b - different modes of transport.

Figure 2 shows diagrams of the processes of cargo transportation. It is cyclical. This means that, with the exception of pipeline transport, which operates continuously, the movement of goods is carried out by repeating production cycles, following one after another. The rhythm of these cycles is determined by their frequency, which, in turn, depends on the average duration of one cycle. Each cycle is characterized by a high degree of dynamism, a continuous change of state and a change in the composition of elements. Cycles individual processes shipments fluctuate over time. However, they always have a beginning and an end. Each repetitive transportation cycle is made up of many separate stages that are closely interconnected and equally directed, since their ultimate goal is to achieve a spatial change in the position of goods. The complex of these cycles, which form the transportation cycle, creates the transportation process.

An analysis of the process diagrams shows that in any transportation process there are stages that are inherent only to the cargo, only to the rolling stock, but there are also joint stages. The latter include the stage of loading, transporting and unloading. Various stages - supply of rolling stock for loading, preparation of cargo for shipment, storage of cargo at the point of production and intermediate points, warehousing, forwarding operations, etc. This situation makes it difficult to unambiguously understand the concept of the transportation process. From the point of view of motor transport enterprises, when issues of improving the use of rolling stock, reducing the turnaround time of rolling stock, etc., come to the fore, in order to carry out the process of transporting cargo, it is necessary, in addition to transporting it, to load and unload it, and also to submit the rolling stock for loading, t .e. complete the transport process.

Let us define some fundamental concepts.

The transportation process is a set of operations from the moment the cargo is prepared for departure to the moment it is received, associated with the movement of cargo in space without changing its geometric shapes, sizes and physical and chemical properties(Steps 1-2-3-4-5, Fig. 2a; or steps 1-2-3-4-5-6-7, Fig. 2b).

The movement process is a set of loading operations at the point of loading, reloading operations at the points of transfer of goods from one mode of transport to another, its intermediate storage, transportation and unloading operations at the point of unloading (stages 2-3-4 Fig. 2 a; or stages 2- 3-4-5-6, Fig. 2 b)

The transport process is a set of loading operations at the loading and transfer points, transportation, unloading operations at the points of transfer of goods from one mode of transport to another and the point of unloading and supply of rolling stock for loading (stages 2-3-4-6, Fig. 2 a; or steps 2-3-4-8 plus 4-5-6-9, Fig. 2 b).

The cycle of the transport process is the production process for the transportation of goods, when the stages of supplying the rolling stock for loading, transportation and unloading are performed. The completed cycle of the transport process is also called a ride (stages 2-3-4-6, Fig. 2 a; or 2-3-4-8 or 4-5-6-9, Fig. 2 b).

The movement operation is a part of the movement process, performed using one or a system of cooperative mechanisms or manually.

Transportation - the operation of moving cargo along a certain route from the place of loading to the place of unloading or reloading (stage 3 or stage 5, Fig. 2 b).

Transport products - the mass of goods in physical terms delivered from the place of production to the place of consumption. Experience in the organization of transportation shows that not all cargo loaded at the point of production on the rolling stock is delivered to the place of its consumption. The reason for this is the loss of cargo, damage, natural loss, etc.

The logistical approach to the organization of road transportation determines a new methodological content, which consists in the fact that the main component of transportation should be the design of an optimal (rational) transportation process. This means the search for the best organizational and technical possible solutions, providing maximum efficiency in the transportation of goods from the place of their production to the place of consumption. It should be noted that the concept of "design", meaning literally the choice of a conceived destiny, seems legitimate to refer to the process of creation not only technical means but also transport products.

On fig. 3 shows a schematic diagram of the organization of cargo transportation.

Here it is indicated: I - cargo generating point; II - cargo absorbing point; III - transportation complex; W(t) – freight traffic of the transportation complex; W Q - transport products; W g - the needs of the consignee; W' k - planned carrying capacity of the transportation complex; W k - actual carrying capacity of the transportation complex; О 1, О 2, О 3 - operators.

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the organization of cargo transportation.

Cargo generating points are understood as enterprises and organizations of all sectors of the national economy from which their products and waste are exported.

Load-absorbing points are understood as enterprises and organizations of all sectors of the national economy, to which raw materials, fuel, materials, finished products and other goods necessary for their normal production activities are imported.

The location of cargo-forming and cargo-absorbing points is determined, on the one hand, natural conditions and, on the other hand, by more or less random factors.

One and the same enterprise can simultaneously be a cargo-generating and cargo-absorbing point. For example, a factory of reinforced concrete products, as an exporter finished products is a cargo generating point, and as an importing raw material - sand, crushed stone, cement, etc. - load-absorbing.

In this circuit diagram two circuits can be distinguished. 1 - the amount of cargo delivered to the consignee W Q must correspond to the cargo flow of the transportation complex W(t). The difference between the input and output ΔW=W(t)-W Q is fed through the feedback loop to the cargo generating point and through the operator O 1 changes the planned value of the carrying capacity of the transportation complex. Operator O 1 brings into line the connection between the cargo flow and the carrying capacity of the transportation complex. The planned value of its carrying capacity W’ k, in turn, is converted into the actual carrying capacity W k using the operator О 2 .

The second loop is a change in the volume of traffic associated with the demand of the recipient for this product (cargo). He submits his needs in the form of orders through another communication chain to the cargo generating point and to the transportation complex. A change in the recipient's need for this cargo affects the actual carrying capacity, which is reflected primarily in the output of the system. This action is performed by the O 3 operator.

The independent variables will be the productivity of the cargo generating point and the need of the recipient, which can take arbitrary values.

Economic indicators are elements of the economic mechanism, as they primarily reflect the economic interests of the national economy. Measures of the efficiency of road transport are related to the definition of socio-economic conditions and, therefore, must be systematically modernized.

At present, the position has developed that in road transport the efficiency of social production is primarily determined by the efficiency of the use of rolling stock, which determines labor productivity, the cost of transportation, the amount of profit and the level of profitability of the motor transport enterprise. The concept of the efficiency of the transportation process and the efficiency of the use of rolling stock are identified.

Since the main task of the transportation process is the movement of a certain amount of cargo over a certain distance, the volumes of cargo transportation performed must be specific in time and space. Therefore, the carrying capacity of the transportation complex can be estimated either in ton-kilometers or in tons.

The experience of evaluating the work of the rolling stock of road transport shows that the “ton-kilometer” indicator has serious drawbacks. Natural ton-kilometers, which determine the volume of transportation work, are the product of weight and travel distance. Therefore, each ton-kilometer separately characterizes one unit of work performed, regardless of the nature and conditions of transportation and labor costs for their implementation. Because the by car a wide variety of transportations are carried out, differing both in the nature of the cargo being transported, and in the distance of transportation, etc., then in specific conditions of transportation per unit of work, expressed in one tonne-kilometer, there may be a very different amount of labor costs. A natural ton-kilometer does not characterize the usefulness and consumer value of the work performed, as well as the amount of labor costs socially necessary for the production of work, does not establish a connection between the transportation process and the national economy.

As an indicator of the work of the rolling stock of road transport, the ton-kilometer does not stimulate the struggle to reduce the number of transported tons and the range of their transportation. It becomes unsuitable for evaluating the efficiency of the transportation process.

The indicator for evaluating the efficiency of the transportation process "ton" also has disadvantages. It determines only the amount of transported cargo and does not characterize the economic costs associated with its movement. And society is interested not only in the fact that goods are transported, but also in the fact that transportation costs are as low as possible.

For a long time it was believed that profitability, calculated as the ratio of profit to the value of production assets, most fully reflects all aspects of the production activity of an enterprise. Can this indicator, determined by the existing methodology, be used to assess the efficiency of the transportation process?

At present, as experience shows, profit in road transport is not an objective factor in assessing the activities of a motor transport enterprise, the efficiency of using various types of rolling stock. The profit depends not only on the technical, operational and economic performance of the motor transport enterprise, but also on the tariffs for the transportation of goods. Tariffs, on the basis of which the income of the enterprise is added up, are not perfect and may put some enterprises in more profitable terms, than others. Tariffs for freight transportation by road transport do not reflect the specific cost of transportation for a specific type of vehicle and certain goods, but the average cost for the average operating conditions of the rolling stock.

When determining the costs associated with the implementation of the transportation process, it is necessary to take into account the technical and economic indicators of the rolling stock used (carrying capacity, technical speed, indicators of the use of the rolling stock, downtime during loading and unloading operations, etc.), transportation distance, costs associated with the implementation loading and unloading operations, with damage and loss of cargo, in violation of the delivery time of cargo, etc., i.e. costs not only for transport, but also for other participants in the transportation process.

On fig. 4 shows a line graph of the transportation process, showing in more simple form the structure of the relationship and relationship both between the components of the transportation complex, and between the transport complex and the environment.

Figure 4. Line graph of the transportation process.

On fig. 4 marked:

W(t) – freight traffic, t;

W Q - transport products, t;

S p.g - the cost of preparing the cargo for transportation, UAH / t;

S is the cost of transportation, UAH / t;

S p.r - the cost of loading and unloading operations, UAH / t;

S x - the cost of warehousing cargo, UAH / t;

R 1 - costs associated with an increase in the distance of cargo transportation, UAH;

R 2 - costs due to non-compliance of the rolling stock with the type and nature of the transported cargo, UAH;

R 3 - costs associated with damage and loss of cargo, UAH;

R 4 - costs associated with the implementation of additional loading and unloading operations, UAH;

R 5 - costs associated with additional storage of cargo, UAH;

R 6 - costs associated with the inertia of the transportation process, UAH;

R 7 - costs associated with an increase in the cost of transportation, UAH;

R 8 - costs associated with an increase in the cost of loading and unloading operations, UAH;

R 9 - costs associated with an increase in the cost of preparing cargo for transportation, UAH;

R 10 - costs associated with an increase in the cost of warehousing cargo, UAH.

Conclusion

Based on the foregoing, it should be noted that the main function of transport logistics is the management of material flows from the manufacturer to the end consumer.

The main element of transport logistics is transport. Transport is a branch of material production that transports people and goods.

The subject of transport logistics is a set of tasks related to the organization of the movement of goods by general-purpose transport. The basis for choosing the mode of transport that is optimal for a particular transportation is information about characteristic features various types of transport.

Transport is an important link in the logistics system; it must have a number of necessary properties and meet certain requirements in order to create innovative systems for the collection and distribution of goods. It must be able to transport small batches of goods at short intervals in accordance with the changing stocks of the user.

Within the boundaries of international logistics systems different kinds transport are used on the basis of the principles of optimizing contact schedules, when, in the presence of long-term stable transportation, all modes of transport participating in them are controlled from one center. As criteria when choosing vehicles, they take the safety of goods, best use their capacity and carrying capacity and reduce the cost of transportation.

Prospects for the development of transport logistics are to optimize the speed and quality management system in the activities of transport companies.

Bibliography

1. Feigenbaum A. Models and methods of the theory of logistics: Abbr. Per. from English. - M.: Economics, 1986.-471.

2. Deming E. Logistics. - Tver: Alba Publishing Company, 1994. - 497 p.

3. Ishikawa K. Japanese methods of quality management: Abbr. Per. from English. - M.: Economics, 1988. - 215 p.

4. Siro S. A practical guide to quality management / Per. from the 4th jap. Editions. – M.: Mashinostroenie, 1980. – 215 p.

5. Harrington J. Quality management of cargo transportation in American corporations: Abbr. per. from English. - M.: Economics, 1980. - 272 p.

6. Sondberg L. Transport logistics begins with delivery. // Loginfo No. 7-8/2003. - P.36.

At present, the most widespread all over the world is a mixed, multi-structural economy, in which regulated market mechanisms for private entrepreneurship coexist and state regulation, mainly through the tax system and administrative action in the indigenous, basic sectors of the economy, as well as in the social sphere.

For the successful functioning of the economy in regulated market relations, those areas of knowledge that deal with market problems, as well as problems of the movement of products from producers to consumers, play an important role. These branches of knowledge include logistics (logistics technology) and marketing.

The above can be explained by the fact that market conditions management leading place belongs to economic methods of management, orient the activities of business entities to meet market demand for goods and services. Moreover, all links of the logistics chain, starting with the production of raw materials, materials, including their processing and manufacturing products suitable for meeting market demand, and ending with the sale and after-sales service of these products, should be guided by the needs of end users.

The economic methods of logistics management in a saturated market include marketing, analysis and planning, commercial calculation, market pricing, standards (regulations) accounting etc. ". Economic methods of management are a set of means and tools that purposefully influence the creation of conditions for the functioning and development of entrepreneurship.

Levers economic mechanism correspond to the socio-economic nature of the enterprise and is one of the factors in the development of production and exchange for market basis. In this regard, of particular importance is the study of the new that has been introduced by practice into the content of commercial calculation as an important method of management. According to Chumachenko N.G., he synthesizes both management functions and economic levers and tools aimed at comparing costs and results and ensuring the profitability of production.

According to the results of scientific research by L. V. Frolova, "economic methods are the most important in logistics management, since logistics relations are the main component of market relations, because they are based on the needs of consumers. Economic methods of managing logistics processes and enterprise flows are carried out using special levers of tools, used by business owners, labor collective and every worker.

The specific set and essence of economic levers and tools of logistics management is determined by the specifics of the functioning of the logistics system, which is the enterprise.

Economic methods of logistics management can be grouped according to the following criteria:

Compliance with the logistics management functions, primarily monitoring, planning, forecasting, analysis and control;

Market mechanisms of management, which include: marketing, competition, commercial settlement, market pricing, exchange equivalence, focus on meeting effective demand for goods, services and labor resources;

Quantitative estimates provided by economic and statistical methods, economic and mathematical modeling, system analysis, cybernetics, operations research, forecasting, qualimetry, functional cost analysis, service level assessment methods, inventory control and management ( ABC , XY7), risk management optimization of activities.

In general, it is expected that, based on logistic approaches, economic methods should be put into practice. production structures- producers and industrial consumers, as well as in the system of commercial intermediary organizations and enterprises. With the help of these methods, the economic interest of economic entities in improving the efficiency of the final results is ensured. economic activity through savings and profits from logistics operations and services.

Another group of tasks for improving material flows concerns the interaction of commercial intermediaries with each other, with other entities. commodity market and transport enterprises, development and improvement of the efficiency of the product warehousing system. The solution of these problems is also greatly facilitated by logistical forms and methods of management.

The economic mechanism for the functioning and development of enterprises involves the use of the method of commercial calculation, based on the global economic policy and goals of the enterprise, in particular in the field of ensuring the profitability of production and marketing, the distribution of capital investments and the location of production; financing and lending; technology development, personnel policy, new business acquisition policies and capital structure, etc.

The adoption of centralized decisions on these issues is combined with a differentiated approach to individual divisions depending on the nature and content of their activities, the territorial location of enterprises and the degree of participation in the overall production and marketing activities of the enterprise.

As part of the commercial calculation, they use such economic levers and tools as pricing policy, production costs, financing and lending. This policy aims to generate sustainable profits, which is the ultimate goal of commercial calculation.

Revealing the internal relationships of various elements of the economic mechanism for the functioning and development of logistics suggests the need to consider them in the process of centralized management. This is due to the fact that they are defined and established on the basis of a policy that is developed and implemented at the highest level of enterprise management.

In general, the logistics management methodology is formed on the basis of integration scientific approaches and practices for implementing the principles and procedures for managing production marketing, delivery logistics and the strategy for using delivery objects (Fig. 7.2).

So, the economic methods of logistics management realize the material interests of human participation in production processes through the use of commodity-money relations. These methods have two implementation aspects. The first is management focused on the use of the economic segment of the general economy created at the state level. external environment. The content of this aspect, in particular, is: the formation of a taxation system; definition of depreciation policy; formation of customs policy; determination of the minimum level wages etc. .

The second aspect is related to management, focused on the use of various economic categories, such as financing, lending, pricing, economic sanctions, etc.

Rice. 7.2. Methodological foundations of logistics management

Logistics specialists strive to ensure the integration of logistics, transport and the transfer of information on the movement of goods into a single system, which should increase the efficiency of each of these areas separately and cross-industry efficiency as a whole.

The theoretical provisions of logistics are widely embodied in the practical activities of companies, gives a tangible economical effect in the form of cost and turnaround time reductions.

At the same time, the main savings in distribution costs are formed by reducing the volume of warehouse stocks. material resources and saving time by increasing the speed of their delivery.

To solve important logistical problems or possibly approach this solution, it is necessary to apply economic methods.

The list of tasks in which economic methods should be applied can be as follows:

Ensuring the adequacy, mutual compliance of materialized (material, labor) and information flows;

Optimization of the strategy and technology for the physical movement of resources and goods;

Standardization of forms of semi-finished products and packaging;

Definition required volumes resources at the stages of procurement, production, storage and transportation;

Optimization of inventories;

Maximum possible reduction time of storage and transportation of goods.

Logistics can solve a number of problems in the sphere of circulation, the most important of these problems are:

Determination of a system of optimal proportions between the volumes of production, storage and transportation;

Reducing costs from the avalanche-like growth of losses during failures and downtime;

Establishment of a rational level of cooperation in the system of production, storage and transportation itself;

Formation of a rational structure of management information flows without delay in relation to the production process.

Of particular importance among economic methods has optimization, since the main purpose of logistics management is the formation of cost-effective flow processes and flows based on minimizing total costs and maximizing profits, taking into account the provision of a social effect.

The formation of such flow processes, flows and systems requires the development and adoption of logistics decisions aimed at ensuring the effective functioning and development of the enterprise logistics system in a macrologistic environment.

The currently most acceptable optimization methods of management include the following:

Differential Calculus; method of Lagrange multipliers;

Analysis of the total costs of organizing the distribution of goods and increases in such costs if they provide savings in total costs;

Linear programming;

The method of solving the transport problem, which is most often used in the organization of cargo transportation;

Target programming is most often used as target-based, integer programming, which can be used in solving resource allocation problems;

Dynamic programming, the use of which is expedient in solving rich iterative problems of organizing resource movement;

Quadratic and non-linear programming; queuing models that are based on queuing theory; network models, which allow describing flows of various types of interconnection and contribute to the search for the critical path; methods for predicting and preventing (minimizing) losses from risks.

Economic methods of logistics management are based on monitoring, marketing, commercial calculation, market conditions, competition for sales markets, etc.

Logistics management is impossible without qualitative assessment methods based on the opinions of the jury, experts, a model of consumer expectations, as well as informal approaches that involve the use of such methods of informing: verbal - receiving and transmitting information through negotiations, using radio, television, the Internet or direct communication with people ; written - through newspapers, magazines, reports, etc., obtaining information with the help of economic intelligence.

The deep roots of economic competition as a mechanism of market equilibrium has its origin in the material needs and interests of man. Intertwining and colliding, economic interests (and these are the conscious needs of a particular person) highlight the whole gamut economic relations and the mechanism that balances is the market. It is in the market - competitive environment economic interests are formed into a market component social need. Logistics methods are a reliable tool for increasing competitiveness in product markets.

In the system of coordinating the interests of economic entities of logistics, industrial or trade enterprises, a territorial production complex, a set of production and infrastructure elements, as well as communications at various levels (local, regional, state) can act.

Competition denies irresponsibility and implies a constant desire to be ahead, to achieve success. The market, mainly through self-organization and effective feedback, constantly pushes the development of social production through its personified subjects, bringing plans closer to reality.

Market mechanisms also guarantee that any product (goods) will be conveyed to the consumer through the information and material flow management system in the process of product distribution by specialists who can do it better and at the lowest cost.

The relationship of competition is common and prerequisite the functioning of the logistics mechanism as a way of coordinating and synchronizing solutions, the needs of consumers and owners.

Established habits and traditions in the logistics sector change only if the minority is the bearer of the desire and ability not to stop there, to experiment, to move forward, to be able to indicate the prospect and ways to achieve it for the majority of workers, encourages them to follow themselves. Only through the tactics of small, but quite concrete and realized by others victories, is the taste of economic competition brought up, its further development is determined.

In a highly competitive environment, the efficiency of the logistics network is not just a requirement, the fulfillment of which leads to success. It is necessary condition for the survival of the enterprise. Efficient competitive supply chain management solutions help build adaptive supply chains by providing enterprises with the planning and implementation tools to manage operations across the enterprise, and modern technologies to organize and coordinate collaborations that aim to expand these operations beyond the enterprise.

As a result of the implementation of this solution, enterprises receive measurable and significant benefits through cost reduction, increased service levels and productivity, which ultimately leads to more high profitability company's business, increasing competitiveness.

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Transport is a branch of material production that transports people and goods. In the structure of social production, transport belongs to the sphere of production of material services. Transport like component larger system, i.e. logistics chain, led to the need to consider it in different aspects. In the impact of logistics on economic development, 4 factors can be distinguished:

1. Economic, which allows to reduce the production and marketing costs of manufacturing enterprises, reduce the distribution costs of trade and intermediary organizations, expand the range of services and improve the quality of customer service.

2. Organizational. The fragmentation of structures and decentralization of management is accompanied by the development of associative principles in economic activity. An ever more stable position is acquiring integral forms, which is typical for logistics processes.

3. Informational. Currently, the development of information communications, which are the cause and effect of market relations, comes to the fore. At the same time, information flows are the subject, means and component of logistics processes.

4. The technical factor is manifested in the fact that the subjects and objects of management are developing on the basis of modern technical achievements in the transport and storage economy and in the field of management. In turn, commercial initiative and commodity-money relations stimulate the introduction new technology in the processes of commodity circulation, which in the conditions of technical modernization cause effective management on a logistical basis.

Thus, the development of the functions of state structures under the influence of the use of logistics management methods will affect the improvement economic policy to improve the effectiveness of ongoing reforms.

An important role in creating objective opportunities for the development of logistics was played by technical progress in communications and informatics. Application modern means information tracking material flows promotes the introduction of "paperless" technology. With such a system, on all sections of the route, at any time, you can get comprehensive information about the cargo and, on the basis of this, take management decisions. With the help of "computer logistics" throughout the entire service chain, an analysis of the company's activities is carried out and an assessment of its position in comparison with competitors is given. Information Systems also provide data on the market capacity and its saturation with goods.

The penetration of logistics into the economy is largely due to the computerization of management. This is a rapidly developing infrastructure in the field of economics and organization of production with a new scientific direction.

Modern logistics is based on intelligent technologies. Intelligent logistics allows you to minimize the operating costs of goods and reduce customer service times. Today, a smart distribution network consists of several logistics platforms, warehouses and centralized services, which, thanks to modern transport systems, make it possible to deliver goods to the end consumer in the shortest possible time.

Information and communication technologies make it possible to exchange information in real time with the whole world and track supply and demand in global markets, production processes and cycles, infrastructure costs, changes in domestic consumption and consumer expectations. Data needs to be collected and systematized in order to develop simulation models of present and future scenarios. This is the basis of modern intelligent logistics.

The use of logistics in the areas of production and circulation allows:

Reduce stocks along the entire path of material flow;

Reduce the time it takes for goods to pass through the supply chain;

Reduce transport costs;

Reduce storage costs or eliminate them;

Reduce the cost of manual labor and the corresponding costs of handling cargo.

A significant share of the economic effect is achieved by reducing stocks along the entire path of the material flow.

The cumulative economic effect from the use of logistics, as a rule, exceeds the sum of the effects from improving the listed indicators. This is due to the emergence in logistically organized systems of the so-called integrative properties, i.e., qualities that are inherent in the entire system as a whole, but are not characteristic of any of the elements separately.

In this way, modern world will not be able to function properly without the implementation of well-established and reliable transportation of goods by modern transport.

Literature:

1. Logistics: Tutorial/ Ed. B.A. Anikina. – M.: INFRA-M, 1999. – 327 p.

2. Fundamentals of logistics: Textbook / Ed. A.M. Gadzhinsky. - M.: IVTs Marketing, 1996. - 124 p.

3. Market and logistics / Under the editorship of M.P. Gordon - M .: Economics, 1993.–143 p.

For consumers of services, it is always important only final result. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved: research of methods and systems of logistics management at the enterprise; study of the activity of a transport enterprise IP Osin M. The essence of logistics at a transport enterprise For transport enterprises, the main goal of activity is the quality service of cargo owners, consumers of transport products. With reduced traffic and increased competition from other modes of transport...


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