Efficient use of fixed assets. Theoretical aspects of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets of the enterprise. The structure of fixed assets of the enterprise
The key resource of any manufacturing company is fixed assets (OS), the analysis of which traditionally includes an assessment of their condition and efficiency of use.
The fixed assets analysis algorithm includes the following procedures:
Note that, in the process of analysis, it is necessary to pay attention to information about other uses of fixed assets, namely, fixed assets received and leased. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that fixed assets received on lease increase the company's production capabilities, and fixed assets leased reduce its production capabilities.
The objectives of the analysis of fixed assets of the enterprise are:
- determination of the provision of structural divisions and the enterprise as a whole with fixed assets;
- the level of use of fixed assets according to general and particular indicators;
- determining the reasons for their change;
- calculation of the impact of the use of fixed assets on the volume of production, profitability, etc.;
- determination of the degree of use of the production capacity of the organization;
- identification of reserves, to increase the efficiency of the use of fixed assets.
Analysis of the presence, structure and movement of fixed assets
In the process of analyzing the structure and movement of fixed assets, it is necessary to assess the size, dynamics and structure of capital investments in fixed assets, to identify the main functional features production activities(business) (Table 1).
The balance of fixed assets of the company at the end of the period is determined by the balance method according to the following formula:
Sk \u003d Sn + Sp-Sv
Where, Сн - the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the period; Cn - received (introduced) fixed assets; St - retired fixed assets.
Table 1. Composition, structure and movement of fixed assets
| Elements of the composition of fixed assets | At the beginning of the period | Received, thousand rubles | Dropped out, thousand rubles | At the end of the period | Growth rate, % | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| amount, thousand rubles | specific weight, % | amount, thousand rubles | specific weight, % | ||||
| Building | |||||||
| Structures | |||||||
| cars and equipment | |||||||
| Vehicles | |||||||
| Other | |||||||
| Total: | 100% | 100% | |||||
When analyzing the composition of fixed assets, reporting data are considered in dynamics.
In the course of the analysis, it is necessary to identify how the structure of fixed assets has changed as a result of the receipt and disposal of fixed assets. In the process of analyzing the composition and structure of fixed assets, it is necessary to determine the share of certain types of funds in the total value of fixed assets of the enterprise.
Analysis of the composition of fixed assets of the enterprise allows you to take measures to optimize the structure of funds in order to increase the efficiency of their use.
A clearer idea of the structure of fixed assets is given by the analysis of changes in the structure of fixed assets over a period of years (Table 2).
Table 3. Analysis of changes in the structure of fixed assets over the period of years
| Types of fixed assets | For the beginning of the year | At the end of the year | Dynamics of changes for the year | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| amount thous. rub. | specific weight, % | amount, thousand rubles | specific weight, % | amount, thousand rubles | specific weight, % | |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6=4-2 | 7=5-3 |
| Building | ||||||
| Structures | ||||||
| cars and equipment | ||||||
| Vehicles | ||||||
| Production and household inventory | ||||||
| Objects relating to intellectual property and products of intellectual activity | ||||||
| Tools, production and household inventory | ||||||
| Other | ||||||
| Total | 100,0% | 100,0% | - | |||
One of the main indicators in the analysis of fixed assets is the indicator of the average annual cost of fixed assets of the enterprise, it is calculated as follows:
Fsr \u003d Fper + (Fvv * Chm) / 12 - Fl * (12-M) / 12
Where, Fs - the average annual cost of fixed assets; Fper - the initial (book) value of fixed assets; Fvv - the cost of fixed assets introduced; Chm - the number of months of operation of the introduced fixed assets; Fl - liquidation value; M - the number of months of operation of retired fixed assets.
Indicators of the movement of fixed assets
The next step is to determine the movement and technical condition of fixed assets (funds), for which the indicators of the movement of fixed assets are calculated (Savitskaya G.V. Analysis financial condition enterprises. - M.: Grevtsov Publishing House, 2010. - 200 p.):
Fixed assets receipt ratio - the ratio of the initial cost of fixed assets introduced in the reporting period (OSp) to the cost of fixed assets at the end of the analyzed period (OSc):
Kpos \u003d Osp / Osk
The rate of receipt shows what share in the value of fixed assets at the beginning of the period is directed to cover the retirement of fixed assets in the analyzed period:
Ktp \u003d (OSp-OSv) / OSn x 100%
Where, OSv - the cost of retired fixed assets in the period; OSn - the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the period.
Renewal coefficient - the ratio of the initial cost of new fixed assets received for the period (OSPN) to the value of fixed assets at the end of this period:
Koos \u003d OSpn / OSk
The renewal intensity coefficient shows the ratio of the value of fixed assets liquidated (retired) in the reporting period (OSL) to the value of new fixed assets received (introduced) in the reporting period:
Kin \u003d OSL / OSpn
The scale factor for the renewal of fixed assets characterizes the share of new fixed assets in relation to their level at the beginning of the period:
Km = OSpn / OSn
The replacement ratio is calculated as the ratio of the value of fixed assets retired as a result of depreciation to the value of newly received funds:
Kzam \u003d OSv / OSp
The stability coefficient of fixed assets characterizes the fixed assets of the company retained for further use:
Kc \u003d (OSn-OSv) / OSn
The shelf life coefficient is defined as the ratio of the residual value (OSost) to the initial cost of fixed assets (OSperv):
Kg \u003d OCo / Operv \u003d 1-Kizn
The depreciation coefficient of fixed assets characterizes the technical condition of fixed assets, is calculated as the ratio of the amount of depreciation (depreciation) (A) to the initial cost of fixed assets:
Kizn \u003d A / O first
Retirement ratio - the ratio of the value of retired fixed assets to the value of fixed assets at the beginning of the period:
The results of calculations of the above coefficients characterize the movement of fixed assets of the company and their technical condition. The values of indicators are compared in dynamics and statics. Based on the horizontal and vertical assessment of the coefficients, conclusions are drawn and appropriate management decisions are made.
Observing and analyzing the process of movement of fixed assets of the company, it is possible to identify the degree of provision with fixed assets (quantitatively, assortment, level of their use). All this is necessary to search for reserves to improve the efficiency of the use of fixed assets of the enterprise.
Fixed asset utilization indicators
The main indicator of the use of fixed assets is the rate of return on assets, calculated as the ratio of the cost of marketable products to the average annual cost of fixed assets.
It is also necessary to determine the reserves for the growth of capital productivity, which characterizes the increase in production and the reduction in the average annual balances of fixed assets.
The capital productivity growth reserve is determined by the formula:
∆F \u003d Fv - Ff \u003d ((VPf + ∆VP) / (Fsr + Fdop - Mill)) - (VPf / Fsr)
Where, ∆Ф is the reserve for the growth of capital productivity; Fv, Ff - respectively, the possible and actual level of capital productivity; ∆VP - reserve for increasing production; Fdop - an additional amount of fixed production assets necessary for the development of reserves to increase output; Mills - a reserve for reducing the average annual balances of fixed assets.
In addition, capital intensity, the inverse of capital productivity, is calculated. The change in the level of capital productivity is influenced by a number of factors (factorial analysis of capital productivity). The value of these factors is calculated by comparing the indicator in the analyzed and base year.
The next step in the analysis is to determine the capital-labor ratio.
The capital-labor ratio is the cost of fixed assets per worker, the indicator allows you to analyze the security of the enterprise with fixed assets. The capital-labor ratio is defined as the ratio of the average annual cost of all fixed assets (Fsr.) to the average number of employees on the enterprise:
Fvoor = Fsr / R
An indicator that supplements information on the degree of use of fixed assets is an indicator showing the attributable value of fixed production assets per worker (person employed in the main or auxiliary production):
Fwoor \u003d Fpr / Rrab
Where, Rrab - the number of workers; P - the number of employees at the enterprise (includes all workers, engineers and administrative staff).
After analyzing the generalizing indicators, the degree of use of the enterprise's production capacities is studied in more detail.
Capacity utilization
The degree of use of production capacities is characterized by indicators:
1. Extensive loading - Kext = Tf. / Tpl.
2. Heavy loading - Kinten = VPf. / VPpl.
3. The integral load factor, a generalizing indicator that comprehensively characterizes the use of equipment - J = Kext * Kinten
Where, Tf., Tpl. - respectively, the actual and planned fund of working hours of the equipment; VPf., VPpl. - respectively, the actual and planned average hourly output.
For groups of homogeneous equipment, it is possible to determine the change in the volume of production due to its quantity, extensiveness and intensity of use according to the following model:
VP \u003d K * D * Ksm * P * SV
Where, K is the average annual amount of equipment; D - the number of days worked; Kcm - shift coefficient; P - the average duration of the shift; CB - production output for 1 machine-hour.
Calculation of influence of these factors is made by means of chain substitution, absolute and relative differences.
And finally, the results of the analysis of fixed assets can be supplemented by the calculation of private indicators characterizing the use of certain types of machinery and equipment. For example, it analyzes the degree of use of the premises of the enterprise. An indicator is calculated showing how many products produced by the enterprise account for 1 square. meter of the total area of the enterprise (industrial and non-industrial):
Fpl. = VP / S
Where, VP - gross output, S - total area.
But, since products are not produced on non-productive means, this indicator is more often used to determine the output of products per 1 sq.m. production areas.
In addition, when studying the use of enterprise space, the share of production and non-production space in the total area is calculated, as well as the specific area occupied by the main and auxiliary production in the total area of production space.
In the process of analyzing fixed assets, factors are identified and studied that in one way or another affect the performance of the enterprise and, in particular, the efficiency of the use of fixed assets. This reveals Ways and reserves to increase the efficiency of the use of fixed assets. They can be the commissioning of uninstalled equipment, its replacement and modernization, the reduction of all-day and intra-shift downtime, the increase in the shift ratio, its more intensive use, the introduction of measures for modernization and technical re-equipment.
For example, reserves for increasing output through the commissioning of new equipment are defined as:
VPk \u003d ∆K * Df * Ksmf * Pf * SVf
Where, ∆K - additional amount of equipment; Df - the number of days worked (actually); Ksmf - shift coefficient; Pf - the average length of the working day; SVf - production.
The reduction in whole-day downtime of equipment leads to an increase in the average number of days worked by each unit per year. This increase is calculated as:
Vpd \u003d Kv * ∆Df * Ksmf * Pf * SVf
Where, ∆D - additional number of working days; Kv - the possible number of working days.
VPkcm \u003d Kv * Dv * ∆Ksmph * Pf * SVf
By reducing intra-shift downtime, the average shift duration increases, and hence the output:
VPp \u003d Kv * Dv * Ksmv * ∆P * SVf
To determine the reserve for increasing output by increasing the average hourly output of equipment, you need to use the formula:
VPsv \u003d Kv * Dv * Ksmv * Pv * ∆SV
OS are used in production to achieve the most important goals set for the enterprise. In most cases, this is the receipt of a certain amount of profit.
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If possible, it is necessary to deal with the nuances and features associated with the performance indicators of the OS in advance.
This will allow you to predict the situation accordingly, make the right business decisions. There is a certain list of indicators that characterize the efficiency of the use of fixed assets.
They evaluate the success of a certain type of activity. It is worthwhile to clarify in advance the process of formation of such indicators. In this case, the information provided in them will be as accurate as possible.
Important Aspects
Factors affecting the efficiency of the use of fixed assets are quite extensive. Their list includes both constants, the influence of which simply cannot be avoided, and variables.
There is a fairly wide range of random factors. They simply cannot be avoided. The criteria for the effectiveness of doing business are determined precisely by the resulting profit.
Statistical data are built depending on this indicator. The main issues related to OS performance indicators are:
- what it is?
- list of functions of fixed assets;
- legal regulation.
What it is?
The term "fixed assets" refers to the means of labor directly used in the production process and used for the gradual extraction of profit.
The main feature of the OS is their ability to maintain their natural shape. The main purpose is for the needs of the main activity.
Time is an important factor - the period of use of such funds should not be less than 1 year.
The term "efficiency of use" refers to a positive end result associated directly with a positive effect, effectiveness.
Effective application implies at least the absence of losses, expenses exceeding income, profit. The ratio should be precisely in favor of the latter. If this is not the case, then there is no efficiency of use.
The efficiency of the use of fixed assets is also characterized by some other indicators. But the list of them depends directly on the type of funds themselves. These can be cars, buildings, labor resources.
For example, the efficiency of transport means a long period of operation with minimal repair costs.
The same is true for other operating systems. The calculation of efficiency in each case is carried out on an individual basis.
List of functions of fixed assets
OS can perform a variety of functions. It all depends on the type of specific OS.
Today the list includes:
- building;
- all kinds of construction projects;
- structures;
- various kinds of machines, power equipment, installations;
- measuring instruments, others;
- means of transportation;
- electronic computers;
- inventory (used for production purposes or household);
- real estate - land plots;
- breeding or working cattle;
- perennial plantings;
- otherwise.
The legislation provides a complete list of various types of fixed assets. All of them are divided into certain groups. Including depreciation.
Preliminary familiarization with the legislative norms allows you to avoid all sorts of difficulties in advance.
Fixed assets are usually used to implement the following functions:
- Receiving a profit;
- saving funds;
- implementation various tasks in production;
- otherwise.
In various fields commercial activities different bases are used. That is why their purpose can differ quite significantly.
At the same time, OS can be both material and monetary. Fixed assets denominated in foreign currency are placed in the bank, in non-cash form.
Most often, their main purpose is to make a profit. It is also possible to solve other problems with the help of funds on the current account.
Legal regulation
All fixed assets must be reflected in accordance with regulatory documents in the financial statements.
The fundamental regulatory document, in accordance with which the reflection of fixed assets is carried out, is (it establishes the basic provisions of accounting), as well as.
It includes the following sections:
There is also an impressive list of various attachments to the main documents. They reflect a list of established standard forms that are directly related to the reflection of fixed assets in financial statements.
It includes the following main subsections:
| List of factors reflected in accounting and tax reporting | |
| Who is required to prepare reports of the type in question | |
| How is the process of organizing accounting | |
| Illuminates the format selection process in a particular case | |
| The full list of primary accounting documents required for the formation is disclosed | |
| What are accounting registers | |
| The procedure for conducting an inventory at the enterprise, compiling OS inventory cards | |
| What is the monetary measurement of accounting objects | |
| Listed General requirements in financial statements |
The above documents present the main, most significant points related to the procedure for generating reports on fixed assets.
It is on the basis of this reporting that an analysis of the effectiveness of their use is carried out. Financial indicators organizations represented in special statistics are taken from there.
It is worth considering in advance all the features, nuances. If the information presented in the statistical data does not correspond to reality, serious problems are possible.
Since usually such information is used for strategic planning. Wrong decisions will be made based on incorrect data. Which in aggregate will lead to losses. Their value depends on the size of the error.
Indicators of security and efficiency of use of fixed assets of the enterprise
Various indicators directly related to the efficiency of the enterprise are directly dependent on fixed assets, various other points.
Before proceeding to the analysis of data, the formation of summary results, it is necessary to consider the following questions:
- applied analysis technique;
- scorecard;
- reserve search.
Applied analysis technique
An important point is the choice of methods of analysis. It is carried out on the basis of the type of fixed assets, as well as a large number of various other important points.
You will need to familiarize yourself with them in advance. In 2020, there are four main areas of analysis:
- structure, as well as the dynamic development of fixed assets;
- operating efficiency of fixed assets;
- cost effectiveness associated with maintenance, as well as the use of various types of equipment;
- efficiency of fixed assets investment.
The main tasks of analysis related to development dynamics are:
- assessment of the structure, as well as the size of various investments;
- determining the size of influence, as well as determining its type, cost.
Analysis of the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets includes an analysis of the following points:
The process of analyzing the cost effectiveness of maintaining a certain type of equipment in working condition:
The process of analyzing the effectiveness of investments in fixed assets in various activities includes the following steps:
All the indicated methods of analysis can be divided into the following main groups:
- financial;
- managerial.
In the implementation of a comprehensive analysis, all the methods indicated above are used. As a result, a reporting document is formed, which includes a maximum of detailed information.
Its users are usually:
Scorecard
The scorecard is standard, regardless of the chosen method of analyzing fixed assets. The most important point is the chosen calculation method.
The scorecard includes the following:
There are a number of special formulas for calculating the above indicators.
To perform all the necessary calculations, you will need to familiarize yourself with the following coefficients:
- input receipts;
- growth;
- updates;
- disposal.
When calculating the status indicator, the coefficients are used:
- suitability;
- wear.
Search for a reserve
The search for a reserve is one of the most significant procedures related to the activity of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets.
The law of reproduction of fixed capital is that, under normal economic conditions, its value, introduced into production, is completely restored, providing an opportunity for constant technical renewal of the means of labor. With simple reproduction at the expense of the depreciation fund, organizations can form new system tools, equal in value to worn ones. To expand production, new investments are required, additionally raised from profits, contributions from founders, securities issues, loans, etc. The most important reproductive characteristics of the turnover of fixed assets are indicators of their growth, renewal and disposal. The growth rate reflects the increase in fixed capital for the period under review and is calculated as the ratio of newly introduced fixed assets to their value at the beginning of the period.
The degree of renewal of the production apparatus is measured by the coefficient of renewal -- the ratio of the value of fixed assets introduced to their total value at the end of the period under review. Indicators of growth and renewal of fixed capital are interrelated reasons: the higher the share of growth, the higher the level of renewal, and vice versa. The decline in the level of renewal of fixed capital was largely due to the rapid increase in its volume, and in the last decade - with a reduction in the scale of commissioning. Significant adjustments to this relationship can be made by the retirement rate, which is the ratio of fixed assets retired from operation in a given period to their value at the beginning of the period. The low rate of disposal of means of labor preserves the existing technical condition of fixed capital and underestimates the level of its renewal. Both at the level of the national economy as a whole and in organizations, planned and reporting balances of fixed assets are developed, reflecting the quantitative characteristics of their reproduction: availability at the beginning of the period, their movement (input and disposal), cost at the end of the period.
The reproduction of fixed assets is a complex process that includes the following interrelated stages:
creation,
consumption,
depreciation,
recovery and reimbursement.
The creation of fixed assets most often occurs outside the organization (for example, the creation of instruments, equipment, machine tools). The creation of fixed assets within the organization is carried out in accordance with their structure, and takes place in two areas: in the construction industry and mechanical engineering, including instrumentation.
The initial stage of the reproduction of fixed assets, which is carried out in organizations, is the stage of their acquisition and formation. For new organization, which is being created, the formation process means the construction of buildings and structures, the acquisition of equipment corresponding to the technological process, cost and product quality.
For an operating organization, the formation of fixed assets includes, first of all, the following steps: an inventory of existing and used fixed assets in order to identify obsolete and worn-out elements of fixed assets; analysis of the compliance of existing equipment with technology and organization of production; selection (taking into account the specifics of production and the planned volume of production, the volume and structure of fixed assets.) Next comes the process of reinstalling existing equipment, the acquisition, delivery and installation of new equipment.
The process of their restoration or reimbursement completes the reproduction of fixed assets. Restoration of fixed assets can be carried out through repairs (current, medium and capital) at the expense of depreciation, as well as through modernization and reconstruction.
Modernization of equipment, buildings and structures means their improvement and bringing them into a state that meets the modern technical and economic level of production, through their design changes, replacement and strengthening of elements, assemblies and parts, equipping with new devices, automation production processes. Modernization is designed to improve product quality and reduce production costs. Modernization of partially obsolete equipment requires less money and labor, as well as time, than the construction of new organizations. In addition, it allows you to get the necessary increase in production in a shorter time, contributes to an increase in capital productivity, since equipment is used more fully and there are no costs for the passive part of fixed assets.
Reconstruction can most often occur in two ways. In the first option, in the process of reconstruction according to a new project, the expansion and reconstruction of existing structures, workshops, etc. takes place. In the second option, the active part of fixed assets (machines, equipment, instruments, etc.) is replaced and updated. Usually the second variant of reconstruction in economic practice is also called technical re-equipment. Reconstruction in many cases provides an increase in output with significantly lower material costs and in a shorter time than the construction of new organizations.
New construction is used to organize the release of new products, diversify production, move production to another territory, discover new natural deposits, etc.
The final choice of new construction or renovation is made on the basis of an economic analysis.
Improving the use of fixed assets solves a wide range of economic problems aimed at increasing production efficiency: increasing output, increasing labor productivity, reducing costs, saving capital investments, increasing profits and profitability of capital and, ultimately, improving the standard of living of society.
To characterize and use fixed capital, a system of generalizing, cost, relative and natural indicators is used. In a market economy, the most common indicator that characterizes the effectiveness of an organization is the return on capital - the ratio of profit to the advanced average annual cost of the main and working capital. This indicator can be determined in relation to fixed assets and compiled in dynamics.
General indicators of the level of use of fixed capital include capital productivity and capital intensity. Return on assets expresses the ratio of the cost of products manufactured in a year (or other period of time) to the average annual cost of fixed assets. This indicator can be calculated by the volume of sales, sold or shipped products. capital intensity -- the reciprocal of capital productivity; it expresses the ratio of the value of fixed assets to the volume of production. When calculating these indicators, the average annual cost of capital should be calculated not as an average balance sheet, but based on the calculation of average annual prices.
Capital intensity can be determined per unit of production in physical terms and per ruble of its value. Return on assets shows how much production is received from each ruble of the current fixed capital; the capital intensity indicator reflects the value of the value of fixed assets necessary to obtain a given volume of production. Indicators of return on assets (capital return) are mainly used to analyze the level of use of existing funds, and the indicator of capital intensity is mainly used to plan the need for fixed assets and capital investments in long-term planning or the development of new projects.
The equipment load factor is defined as the ratio of the cost of machine time in machine hours (calculated according to the labor intensity of work performed on this equipment) to the useful fund of equipment operation time in the accepted mode of use (two or three shifts). This indicator is widely used in production capacity calculations for synchronization bandwidth various kinds equipment.
The achieved level of use of the possible productivity of technological equipment is measured by the coefficient of intensity of use of the machine park, which is determined by the ratio of the actual volume of output to the installed production capacity of the equipment (throughput).
One of the generalizing indicators characterizing the technical condition of fixed assets is the renewal coefficient. It reflects the intensity of renewal of fixed assets.
The renewal factor is calculated for all fixed assets and for the active part of fixed assets by periods. The obtained indicators are compared, which makes it possible to find out at the expense of which part of the fixed assets the renewal is carried out for the most part. If the renewal coefficient for the active part is higher than for fixed assets as a whole, then the renewal in the organization is carried out at the expense of the active part, which determines the output and quality of products, which is a positive moment, and, therefore, affects the value of capital productivity. The renewal of fixed assets can occur both through the acquisition of new ones and through the modernization of existing ones, which is more preferable, since the materialized labor is preserved in structural elements and units that cannot be replaced.
The retirement ratio (Kvyb) characterizes the degree of intensity of disposal of fixed assets from production. The retirement rate is determined as a whole for all fixed assets, for the active part and for individual types by periods. The change in this indicator for the analyzed period is determined, the reasons for the departure are clarified, due to which part it occurs. Ceteris paribus, a high retirement rate for the active part, in comparison with all fixed assets, indicates a negative impact on capital productivity.
Similarly to the coefficients of renewal and disposal, the analysis of the growth rate is carried out. The above indicators should be considered interrelated.
The technical condition of fixed assets depends on the timeliness of high-quality repair of fixed assets.
It is necessary to determine the absolute deviation of repair costs from repair costs and their quality.
estimate fixed asset depreciation
Fixed assets are the most significant component of the property of the enterprise and its non-current assets.
Fixed assets are fixed assets expressed in terms of value.
fixed assets- these are the means of labor that repeatedly participate in the production process, while maintaining their natural form, and their value is transferred to the manufactured products in parts as they wear out.
These include labor instruments with a service life of more than one year and a cost of more than 100 MMZP (since 1997) per unit (MMW - the minimum monthly wage).
For accounting, evaluation and analysis, fixed assets (funds) are classified according to a number of characteristics (Fig. 9.1).
According to the principle of material-natural composition, they are divided into: buildings, structures, transmission devices, working and power machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices, computers, vehicles, tools, production and household equipment and accessories, working and productive livestock , perennial plantings, on-farm roads and other fixed assets, as well as land owned by an enterprise, institution.
By functional purpose, fixed assets are divided into production and non-production. To production fixed assets include those means of labor that are directly involved in the production process (machines, equipment, etc.), create conditions for its normal implementation (industrial buildings, structures, electrical networks, etc.) and serve to store and move objects of labor.
Non-productive fixed assets- these are fixed assets that are not directly involved in the production process (residential buildings, kindergartens and nurseries, schools, hospitals, etc.), but are managed by industrial enterprises.
By ownership, fixed assets are divided into own and rented.
The main production assets, depending on the degree of their impact on the object of labor, are divided into active and passive.
to active include such fixed assets that in the production process directly affect the object of labor, modifying it (machinery and equipment, production lines, measuring and control devices, vehicles).
All other fixed assets can be classified as passive since they do not directly affect the object of labor, but create the necessary conditions for the normal course of the production process (buildings, structures, etc.). To analyze the qualitative state of fixed assets in an enterprise, it is necessary to know their structure. There are production (species), technological and age structure of fixed assets.
Under production structure refers to the ratio of various groups of fixed production assets (OPF) in terms of material-natural composition in their total average annual value.
The most important indicator production structure OPF is the share of the active part in their total cost. This is due to the fact that the volume of output, the production capacity of the enterprise, and other economic indicators of the enterprise's work largely depend on the value of the active part of the OPF. Therefore, increasing its share to the optimal level is one of the ways to improve the production structure of the OPF at the enterprise.
The production structure of the OPF at the enterprise depends on the following factors: the specifics of the enterprise; acceleration of scientific and technical progress; the level of concentration, specialization, cooperation, combination and diversification of production; geographic location, etc.
Technological structure OPF characterizes their distribution according to structural divisions enterprises as a percentage of their total value. In a "narrow" plan, the technological structure can be represented, for example, as the share of certain types of machine tools in the total number of machine tools or as the share of dump trucks in the total number of vehicles available at the enterprise.
Age structure OPF characterizes their distribution according to age groups(up to 5 years; from 5 to 10 years; from 10 to 15 years; from 15 to 20 years; over 20 years). The average age of equipment is calculated as a weighted average. Such a calculation can be carried out both for the enterprise as a whole and for individual groups of machines and equipment.
The main task at the enterprise should be to prevent excessive aging of the BPF (especially the active part), since the level of their physical and obsolescence depends on this, and, consequently, the results of the enterprise.
Valuation of fixed assets is the monetary expression of their value. Three types of their evaluation are used: initial, replacement and residual value of fixed assets.
Initial cost of fixed assets- the cost consisting of the costs of their construction (construction) or acquisition, including the costs of their delivery and installation, as well as other costs necessary to bring this object to a state of readiness for operation for its intended purpose.
In the conditions of the transition period to market relations, the possibilities for the receipt of fixed assets by enterprises are expanding. Therefore, depending on the method of receipt of active fixed assets, their initial cost (Determined as follows:
Contributed by the founders to the account them contribution to the authorized capital of the enterprise - by agreement of the parties;
Manufactured at the enterprise itself, as well as purchased for a fee from other enterprises and persons - based on the actual costs incurred for the construction (construction) or acquisition of these objects, including delivery, installation and installation costs;
Received from other enterprises and individuals free of charge, as well as as subsidies from a government body - by expert means or according to the documents of acceptance and transfer;
Long-term leased - by agreement of the parties.
Rice. 9.1. Classification of fixed assets (funds)
Replacement cost of fixed assets is the cost of their reproduction in modern conditions. The magnitude of the deviation of the replacement cost of fixed assets from their original value depends on the rate of acceleration of scientific and technical progress, the level of inflation, etc. Timely and objective revaluation of fixed assets is very important, primarily for their simple and expanded reproduction.
In terms of inflation revaluation of fixed assets at the enterprise allows:
Objectively assess the true value of fixed assets;
More correctly and accurately determine the costs of production and sales of products;
More precisely determine the amount of depreciation charges sufficient for simple reproduction of fixed assets;
Objectively set sales prices for the fixed assets being sold and rent (in the case of leasing them).
During the transition to market economy in Russia, which was accompanied by a decline in production and high inflation, the revaluation of fixed assets was carried out annually. The last one took place in 1997.
residual value represents the difference between the original or replacement cost and the depreciation amount, i.e. this is that part of the cost of fixed assets that has not yet been transferred to manufactured products.
Evaluation of fixed assets at their residual value is necessary, first of all, in order to know their qualitative condition, in particular, to determine the coefficients of suitability and physical depreciation and to draw up a balance sheet.
The valuation of fixed assets is necessary for their accounting, analysis and planning, as well as for determining the volume and structure of capital investments.
Physical depreciation of fixed assets. The fixed assets involved in the production process gradually lose their original characteristics due to their operation and natural wear. Physical wear and tear is understood as the loss of their original qualities by the means of labor.
The level of physical depreciation of fixed assets depends on: the initial quality of fixed assets; the degree of their exploitation; the level of aggressiveness of the environment in which fixed assets operate; level of qualification of service personnel; timeliness of PPR, etc. Accounting for these factors in the work of enterprises can significantly affect the physical condition of fixed assets.
A number of indicators are used to characterize the degree of physical depreciation of fixed assets.
Physical wear coefficient fixed assets (C.f.):
where I - the amount of depreciation of fixed assets (accumulated depreciation) for the entire period of their operation;
Ps is the initial (book) or replacement cost of fixed assets.
The coefficient of physical depreciation of fixed assets can be determined for individual inventory items and based on data on their actual service life.
For objects whose actual service life is below the standard, the calculation is carried out according to the formula
where Tf and Tn are the actual and standard service life of this inventory object.
For objects whose actual service life is equal to or exceeded the standard one, the physical wear coefficient is calculated using the following formula:
where T in - the possible residual service life of this inventory object in excess of the service life actually achieved at the moment. Most often it is determined by an expert.
The coefficient of physical wear of buildings and structures can be calculated by the formula
where d i is the share of the i-th structural element in the cost of the building,%;
a i is the percentage of wear of the i-th structural element of the building.
Equity ratio of fixed assets characterizes their physical condition as of a certain date and is calculated according to the formula
The shelf life of fixed assets can also be determined on the basis of the coefficient of physical depreciation:
All these formulas assume uniform physical depreciation of fixed assets, which does not always coincide with reality, and this is their main drawback.
Moral depreciation of fixed assets. Along with physical depreciation, fixed assets undergo obsolescence (depreciation). The essence of obsolescence lies in the fact that the means of labor depreciate, lose their value until they are physically worn out, until the end of their physical service life.
Obsolescence manifests itself in two forms.
First form obsolescence lies in the fact that there is a depreciation of machines of the same design that were produced before, due to the reduction in the cost of their reproduction in modern conditions.
Second form obsolescence consists in the fact that there is a depreciation of old machines that are still physically fit, due to the appearance of new, more technically advanced and productive ones, which are replacing the old ones.
At each enterprise, the process of physical and obsolescence of fixed assets must be managed. The main goal of this management is to prevent excessive physical and obsolescence of fixed assets, especially their active part, as this can lead to negative economic consequences for the enterprise. Management of this process occurs through the implementation of a certain policy of reproduction of fixed assets.
In the conditions of market relations, the policy in the field of reproduction of fixed assets plays an extremely important role, since it determines the quantitative and qualitative state of fixed assets.
This policy should be implemented both at the macro and micro levels. The main task of the reproductive policy at the macro level is to create favorable conditions for all economic entities for simple and expanded reproduction, the acquisition new technology, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of production. This problem is solved by implementing the appropriate depreciation, investment and tax policies.
Reproduction of fixed assets- this is a continuous process of their renewal through the acquisition of new ones, reconstruction, technical re-equipment, modernization and overhaul.
The main purpose of the reproduction of fixed assets is to provide enterprises with fixed assets in their quantitative and qualitative composition, as well as maintaining them in working order.
In the process of reproduction of fixed assets, the following tasks are solved:
Compensation of fixed assets withdrawn for various reasons;
Increase in the mass of fixed assets in order to expand the volume of production;
Improving the specific, technological and age structure of fixed assets, i.e. raising the technical level of production.
The process of reproduction of fixed assets can be carried out at the expense of various sources. fixed assets for the reproduction of fixed assets at the enterprise can act through the following channels:
As a contribution to the authorized capital of the enterprise;
As a result of capital investments;
As a result of a gratuitous transfer;
Due to rent.
The quantitative characteristic of the reproduction of fixed assets during the year is reflected in the balance sheet of fixed assets at full historical cost according to the following formula:
where Фк - the cost of fixed assets at the end of the year;
Fn - the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year;
Fv - the cost of fixed assets put into operation during the year;
FL - the cost of fixed assets liquidated during the year.
For a more detailed analysis of the process of reproduction of fixed assets, the following indicators can be used: the coefficient of renewal of fixed assets, the retirement rate of fixed assets, capital-labor ratio, technical equipment of labor, etc.
where Kobn is the renewal coefficient, %;
Фк - the cost of fixed assets at the end of the year, rub.
where Kvyb - the coefficient of disposal of fixed assets,%.
The excess of the value of Kobn in comparison with Kvyb indicates that the process of updating fixed assets is underway. Capital-labor ratio (W):
where W - capital-labor ratio, rub./person;
Ф - average annual cost of fixed assets, rub.;
N - average annual number of PPP , people
Technical equipment of labor (Wtech):
where Wtech - technical equipment of labor, rub./person;
Fact - the average annual cost of the active part of fixed assets.
The dynamics of these indicators testifies to the reproductive policy pursued at the enterprise.
A generalizing indicator characterizing the use of fixed assets in an enterprise is the return on assets index. The rate of return on assets (F o) is calculated by the formula
where V is the cost of products produced during the year in kind or value terms;
F is the average annual cost of OPF.
If we divide the numerator and denominator of this formula by the average headcount, we get
where PT - labor productivity (production) at the enterprise;
W - capital-labor ratio.
This formula can be used for a more detailed analysis of the level of use of fixed assets. It shows the relationship between output and capital-labor ratio. The ideal option is considered to be the option when the output at the enterprise grows at a faster pace than the capital-labor ratio, since in this case the maximum production efficiency is achieved.
The reverse indicator of return on assets is the capital intensity of production.
The system of interrelated indicators that directly characterize the level of use of the active part of the fixed assets and production capacities, as well as revealing the reserves for a possible improvement in their use, includes:
coefficient extensive use (Ke), which characterizes the level of use of the active part of the BPF in time:
where Tf is the actual operating time of machines and equipment
Frezh, - the regime fund of the operating time of machines and equipment;
intensive use factor(Ki), which characterizes the level of use of machinery and equipment by capacity:
where Pf is the actual productivity of machinery and equipment;
Pv - possible productivity of machines and equipment;
integral coefficient(Kint), which characterizes the level of use of machinery and equipment both in time and in terms of power and is determined by the formula
Among the most important indicators characterizing the level of use of the BPF over time is shift ratio(K cm). It can be determined by the formula
where MS I - the number of machine-shifts of equipment operation in only one shift;
MS II - the number of machine-shifts of equipment operation in two shifts;
MC III - the number of machine-shifts of equipment operation in three shifts;
Nuset - the number of installed equipment.
Example. At the plant, 10 machines worked in one shift, 20 machines worked in two shifts, 35 machines worked in three shifts, and 3 machines did not work at all. It is necessary to determine the shift ratio of installed and operating equipment.
Determine the shift ratio of the installed equipment:
Determine the shift ratio of operating equipment:
The shift ratio of operating equipment can also be defined as the ratio of the number of machine shifts worked in all shifts to the number of machine shifts worked in the largest shift. In our example, the largest number of machine shifts was worked out in the first shift - 65 (10 + 20 + 35).
To a certain extent, the indicators of the use of fixed production assets include: the profitability of all property of the enterprise (Rн), the profitability of own funds (Rs.s) and the profitability of production assets (Rpf).
An indicator that characterizes the level of use of OPF is their profitability (Rf).
For a more detailed analysis of the level of use of the BPF, other indicators can be applied.
For economic compensation of physical and moral depreciation of fixed assets, their value in the form of depreciation charges is included in the cost of production. In this way, depreciation- this is a gradual transfer of the cost of OPF to manufactured products.
Depreciation deductions are produced by enterprises (organizations) on a monthly basis based on the established depreciation rates and book value of fixed assets for individual groups or inventory items included on the balance sheet of the enterprise (organization).
Depreciation rate represents the annual percentage of repayment of the cost of fixed assets established by the state and determines the amount of annual depreciation charges. In other words, the depreciation rate is the ratio of the amount of annual depreciation deductions to the cost of the OPF, expressed as a percentage.
Depreciation rates are established and periodically reviewed by the state; they are the same for all enterprises and organizations, regardless of their forms of ownership and forms of management.
The depreciation policy is integral part general scientific and technical policy of the state. By setting the depreciation rate, the procedure for its calculation and use, the state regulates the pace and nature of reproduction in industries, namely, through the depreciation rate, the rate of depreciation is set, and through it, the rate of renewal of fixed assets. The following features were characteristic of the depreciation system in force in the USSR: unified depreciation rates; straight-line straight-line accrual method; the presence of two depreciation rates - for major repairs and for replacement (renovation); inclusion of depreciation charges in the cost of production; depreciation over the actual life of the means of labor; redistribution by the state of depreciation deductions for renovation between enterprises on a gratuitous basis.
Since 1991, the order and norms of depreciation deductions have been significantly changed in accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of October 22, 1990 "On uniform norms of depreciation deductions for the full restoration of fixed assets of the national economy."
First, new depreciation rates have been introduced, which for many types of fixed assets differ significantly from the previous ones.
Secondly, depreciation deductions for capital repairs have been abolished, now enterprises carry out all types of repairs at the expense of the cost of production and, if necessary, can create a reserve fund for repair costs.
Thirdly, depreciation is terminated for machines, equipment, vehicles after the expiration of the standard service life. Previously, accrual was made during the entire period of operation of fixed assets, regardless of how long they were designed for. For the rest of the fixed assets (buildings, structures, etc.), the procedure for calculating depreciation has so far remained the same, i.e. depreciation is accrued for as long as they are in operation (for their entire actual service life).
Fourth, in order to increase the interest of enterprises in the renewal of fixed assets, for the first time in our economic practice, it is allowed to use accelerated depreciation of their active part (machines, equipment, vehicles), i.e. full transfer of the book value of these funds to production and circulation costs in a shorter time (depreciation rates increase, but not more than twice).
Small enterprises, in addition, are allowed to additionally write off up to 50% of the cost of fixed assets with a service life of more than 3 years as production costs in the first year of operation.
accelerated depreciation allows:
Accelerate the process of updating the active part of the fixed production assets at the enterprise, and this is already quite a lot;
Accumulate sufficient funds (depreciation deductions) for technical re-equipment and reconstruction of production;
Reduce income tax;
To avoid moral and physical depreciation of the active part of fixed production assets, i.e. maintain them at a high technical level, which, in turn, creates a good basis for increasing production volume, producing better products and reducing their cost.
It should be borne in mind that the accelerated depreciation method applies only to the active part of fixed assets, the standard life of which exceeds 3 years. In addition, accelerated depreciation so far only applies to fixed assets that are used in the production of computer technology, new progressive types of materials, instruments and equipment, to expand exports. In other cases, the enterprise decides on the application of accelerated depreciation with the consent of the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation. Depreciation deductions accrued by this method must be used at the enterprise strictly for their intended purpose. In the event of their misuse, the additional amount of depreciation corresponding to the calculation using the accelerated method is included in the taxable base and is subject to taxation in accordance with applicable law.
Fifthly, depreciation deductions of the enterprise remain completely at its disposal.
A very important positive innovation in the system of depreciation charges is that since 1992 not only labor instruments (fixed assets) but also intangible assets have been depreciated. Thus, the scope of depreciation is expanding, and this is very important, since in modern production only the use of scientific and technical products makes it possible to remain competitive, have profits and super profits.
According to the current regulation, intangible assets include: rights to use land plots, natural resources, patents, licenses, know-how, software products, monopoly rights and privileges, trademarks, trademarks, etc.
Intangible assets are taken into account:
made by the founders on account of their contributions to the authorized capital of the enterprise - at a cost determined on the basis of an agreement between the parties;
purchased for a fee from other enterprises and persons - at the actual cost of acquiring and preparing them for use;
received from other enterprises and persons free of charge - at a cost determined by an expert.
These estimates and costs make up the initial cost of intangible assets, at which they, like fixed assets, are credited to the balance sheet.
Depreciation (wear and tear) on intangible assets is calculated monthly according to the rates calculated by the enterprise itself based on the useful life of this asset and during this period. For intangible assets for which it is impossible to determine the useful life, the depreciation rate is set for 10 years. Deductions are included in the cost of production.
Starting from January 1, 1998, in accordance with the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for Fixed Assets" PBU 6/97, depreciation of fixed assets can be carried out using one of the following methods of depreciation deductions: linear method of decreasing balance; the method of writing off the cost by the sum of the numbers of years of the useful life; write-off method in proportion to the volume of products (works).
The application of one of the methods for a group of homogeneous fixed assets is carried out during its entire useful life. During the useful life of an object of fixed assets, depreciation charges are not suspended, except when they are under reconstruction and modernization by decision of the head of the organization and fixed assets transferred by decision of the head of the organization for conservation for a period of more than 3 months.
The annual amount of depreciation charge is determined by:
With the straight-line method - based on the initial cost of an item of fixed assets and the depreciation rate calculated based on the useful life of this item;
With the reducing balance method - based on the residual value of the fixed asset at the beginning of the reporting year and the depreciation rate calculated on the basis of the useful life of this object;
With the method of writing off the cost by the sum of numbers of years of the useful life - based on the initial cost of the fixed asset and the annual ratio, where the numerator is the number of years remaining until the end of the life of the object, and the denominator is the sum of the numbers of years of the life of the object;
With the method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of production (work) - based on the natural indicator of the volume of production (work) in the reporting period and the ratio of the initial cost of the fixed asset item and the estimated volume of production (work) for the entire useful life of the fixed asset item.
During the reporting year, depreciation charges on fixed assets are accrued on a monthly basis, regardless of the accrual method used, in the amount of 112% of the annual amount. In seasonal production, the annual amount of depreciation on fixed assets is accrued evenly over the period of the organization's operation in the reporting year.
Planning depreciation charges at the enterprise is important, as this allows you to determine their amount for the planned period; it is necessary for planning the cost of production and the financial results of the enterprise.
The initial data for determining depreciation charges for the planned period are: indicators of the cost of fixed assets at its beginning; annual and long-term plans for the commissioning of fixed assets and funds received from other enterprises and organizations according to decisions already made; data on the projected disposal of fixed assets; approved depreciation rates.
Enterprises, based on their features of accounting for fixed assets and the possibilities of using computer technology, determine the method for calculating the amount of depreciation. In this case, the following work should be done:
a) group the existing fixed assets at the beginning of the planning period into groups provided for in the unified norms of depreciation charges for full restoration, and determine their value. At the same time, from the fixed assets related to machinery, equipment and vehicles, exclude fully depreciated assets whose standard service life has expired;
b) determine by groups (inventory objects) the average annual cost of all depreciable fixed assets (Fsr. year). It is determined by the formula
where Фн.г - the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year, rub.;
Fvv - the cost of input fixed assets, rub.;
t вв - the number of full months of operation of the introduced fixed assets in the planned year, months;
Fvyb - the cost of retiring fixed assets in the planned year, rub.;
t vyb - the number of full months remaining until the end of the year from the time of their planned retirement;
c) the amount of depreciation deductions for the planned period is calculated for each inventory item or group of fixed assets by multiplying the average annual cost of these funds by the corresponding depreciation rates, taking into account adjustment factors that reflect the actual operating conditions of these labor tools in the workshop or at the enterprise;
d) the total amount of depreciation charges for the planned year for all depreciable fixed assets is determined by calculating the depreciation amounts calculated for all groups of fixed assets, excluding fully depreciated funds related to machinery, equipment and vehicles.
The amount of accrued depreciation is charged to the cost of manufactured products, work performed or services rendered on a monthly basis; in seasonal production, the annual amount of depreciation is included in production costs for the period of operation of the enterprise in a year.
Accrual of depreciation on fixed assets newly put into operation begins on the 1st day of the month following the month of their putting into operation, and on retired fixed assets stops on the 1st day of the month following the month of retirement.
Careful planning of depreciation charges at the beginning of the planning year allows you to further simplify their calculation during the planning period. In this case, depreciation deductions (A) for each month are determined according to a simplified scheme: depreciation deductions for newly introduced fixed assets (Abb) are added to depreciation deductions for the previous month (A o) and depreciation deductions for retired fixed assets (Avyb) are deducted:
The amount of depreciation charges at the enterprise is accumulated on depreciation accounts (“Depreciation of fixed assets”, “Depreciation of intangible assets”, “Depreciation of low-value and wearing items”) and is recorded until the disposal of depreciable property from the enterprise.
In each reporting period, the depreciation amount is written off from the depreciation accounts to the accounts for accounting for production costs and distribution costs. Together with the proceeds from sold products and services, depreciation is credited to the current account of the enterprise, where it is accumulated. Depreciation deductions are spent directly from the current account to finance new capital investments in fixed assets or are directed to long-term investments, to purchase building materials, equipment, and intangible assets.
At the time of disposal of the object from the enterprise, its initial cost is compared with the amount of accumulated depreciation. The result of the disposal of the depreciable object (profit or loss) is attributed to the financial results of the enterprise.
The rational use of depreciation is very important for the enterprise. First of all, they should be used to implement the reproductive policy that is carried out at the enterprise.
The most important characteristic of the potential opportunities and degree of use of the BPF is the production capacity of the site, workshop, enterprise. Under production capacity is understood as the maximum possible annual (daily) output of products for a given nomenclature and assortment, taking into account the most best use all resources available in the enterprise.
The production capacity of an enterprise is determined, as a rule, per year by the capacity of the main (leading) shops, sections or units, i.e. those of them that perform the main technological operations for the manufacture of products.
For the planned period, the production capacity is calculated based on the range and assortment specified in the plan. Available capacity for the reporting period is calculated in the nomenclature and assortment corresponding to the actual output.
The production capacity of the enterprise depends on the following factors: the quantity and quality of existing equipment; the maximum possible productivity of each piece of equipment and throughput of areas per unit of time; the accepted mode of operation (shift, duration of one shift, discontinuous, continuous production, etc.); nomenclature and range of products, labor intensity of products; proportionality (conjugation) of production areas of individual workshops, sections, units, groups of equipment; the level of intra-factory and inter-factory specialization and cooperation; the level of organization of labor and production.
In general, the production capacity (M) of an enterprise (workshop) can be determined by the formula
where te - efficient fund working hours of the enterprise (workshop);
t is the complexity of manufacturing a unit of production.
To determine the production capacity, the maximum possible fund of equipment operation time is taken into account, taking into account the production process - discontinuous or continuous.
The production capacity of a workshop (section) equipped with the same type of equipment can be determined by the formula
where Te is the maximum possible (effective) annual fund of time for one machine (unit, machine), h;
K - coefficient taking into account the level of use of the production capacity of the machine (equipment, unit, machine tool);
n - the number of the same type of equipment (machines, machine tools);
t is the norm of time for processing (manufacturing) of a unit of production on this equipment.
The production capacity of a workshop (section) equipped with heterogeneous equipment is determined in the same way as the capacity of an enterprise, based on the performance of the fleet of leading equipment groups that characterize the profile of this unit.
The production capacity of the foundry, molding, assembly and similar shops (sections) depends, as a rule, on the throughput of the available production areas of these shops (sections) and the level of their use. It can be determined by the formula
where S is the useful area of the workshop, m 2;
Te - effective fund of the time of using the production area of the workshop, h;
t and - the number of square meter-hours required for the manufacture (assembly, molding, etc.) of a unit of production.
Thus, the calculation of the production capacity of enterprises in various industries has its own characteristics, which must be taken into account in each specific case.
To establish the degree of correspondence between the capacities of various workshops (sections, units), the contingency coefficient of the leading link of the enterprise and other production links is determined.
Contingency coefficient is determined by the ratio of the capacity of the leading workshop (section, unit) to the capacity of the remaining workshops (sections, units), including the throughput of auxiliary and service industries. This coefficient allows you to identify "bottlenecks" and develop measures to eliminate them.
In order to substantiate the production program with production capacities, specialization and cooperation of production, as well as to determine the necessary amount of real investment to increase production capacity, each enterprise should annually develop a balance of production capacity.
The production capacity balance includes:
1) the capacity of the enterprise at the beginning of the planning period (Mn.y);
2) the value of the increase in production capacity due to various factors (modernization, reconstruction, technical re-equipment, etc.) (Mpr);
3) the size of the decrease in production capacity as a result of the disposal, transfer and sale of fixed assets, changes in the range and range of products, changes in the operating mode of the enterprise and other factors (Myb);
4) the value of the output production capacity, i.е. power at the end of the planned period (Mout);
5) the average annual production capacity (Msr.year) of the enterprise, which can be determined by the formula
where t pr - the number of months of use of additionally introduced capacities in a year, months;
t yb - the number of months from the date of disposal of production facilities and until the end of the year;
6) utilization rate of the average annual production capacity (K d):
where V pl, (fact), is the planned or actual volume of output.
If V pl, (fact)< Mср.год, то это значит, что производственная программа предприятия обеспечена производственными мощностями.
For the stable operation of the enterprise, as well as for the possibility of improving the quality and updating of products and other purposes, it must have an optimal reserve of production capacity. The value of this reserve is determined by the specifics of the enterprise and ranges from 10 to 20%.
Fixed assets at the enterprise in the process of their operation are constantly worn out, and in order to maintain them in working condition, it is periodically necessary to carry out their repair.
There are three types of repair: restoration, current and capital.
Refurbishment- this is special kind repairs caused by various circumstances: natural disasters (flood, fire, earthquake), military destruction, long-term inactivity of fixed assets. Restoration repairs are carried out at the expense of special state funds.
Maintenance- this is a minor repair and is carried out during the operation of fixed assets, as a rule, without a long break in the production process. With minor repairs, individual parts and assemblies are replaced, certain repair work and other measures are carried out.
Overhaul- this is a significant repair of fixed assets and is associated with a complete disassembly of the machine, replacement of all worn parts and assemblies. After a major overhaul, the technical parameters of the machine should approach the original ones.
Modernization is a technical improvement of fixed assets in order to eliminate obsolescence and improve technical and economic indicators to the level of the latest equipment. According to the degree of renewal, partial and complex modernization (radical alteration) are distinguished. According to the methods and tasks of carrying out, modernization is typical and targeted. Typical modernization is a mass of the same type of changes in serial designs; target - improvements related to the needs of a particular production.
Conditional savings or additional profit from the modernization can be determined by the formula
where DC is the reduction in the cost of production;
D П - additional profit;
C 1 , C 2 - the cost of manufacturing a unit of production before and after the modernization;
V 2 - the volume of output after modernization.
Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated October 22, 1990 No. 1072 “On uniform norms of depreciation deductions for the complete restoration of fixed assets of the national economy of the USSR” established that from January 1, 1991, all enterprises, regardless of their departmental subordination and forms of ownership, include expenses for all types of repair of fixed assets in the composition of the cost of production and sales of products.
To ensure uniform inclusion of repair costs in the cost of production, enterprises can create a repair fund (reserve) with deductions to it of funds according to certain standards.
Repair costs largely depend on the physical depreciation of fixed production assets, the quality of repairs carried out and the skill level of personnel servicing machinery and equipment. Therefore, at each enterprise, it is necessary to strive to prevent excessive physical and obsolescence of equipment. If the physical depreciation of the active part of the fixed assets at the enterprise is significant (more than 40%), then in this case it is necessary to create powerful repair units so that the machines and equipment can be maintained in working condition. The number of repair personnel in this case can reach up to 60% of the total number of workers. This is especially true for mining enterprises. Under these conditions, repair costs are very significant and the company needs to find ways to reduce them. There are a lot of ways to reduce repair costs, let's consider the main ones.
Firstly, the enterprise should carry out scheduled preventive maintenance (PPR) in a timely and high-quality manner, which will significantly reduce the accident rate, and, consequently, equipment downtime and the cost of medium and major repairs.
Secondly, before embarking on a major overhaul, it is necessary to carefully analyze in economic terms what is more profitable - a major overhaul or the purchase of new equipment. It is known that the cost of overhaul is very significant and comparable to the cost of acquiring new equipment, and sometimes more. Naturally, in this case it is necessary to give preference to new technology.
It is especially economically unprofitable to carry out the second and third major repairs.
In many cases, a major overhaul does not eliminate obsolescence, so it is often economically feasible to carry out a major overhaul in conjunction with modernization. But even here it is necessary to calculate what is more profitable for the enterprise - a major overhaul together with modernization or the purchase of new equipment.
Thirdly, the restoration of worn parts directly at the enterprise, especially when there is an acute shortage of them.
Restoration of worn parts allows you to:
Eliminate the shortage of some spare parts and carry out all types of repairs in a timely manner;
Reduce repair costs, since remanufacturing parts is usually more profitable than purchasing new or newly manufactured ones;
Reduce transportation costs for the delivery of spare parts to the enterprise.
Restoration of worn parts from an economic point of view is beneficial if:
when compared to purchasing new parts
when compared with the manufacture of new parts with their own means
where Cv is the cost of restoring parts;
En is the normative coefficient of efficiency of capital investments;
Kv - capital investments for the purchase of special equipment necessary for the restoration of worn parts (if necessary);
g is a coefficient that takes into account the difference in the service life of a new and remanufactured part, which is determined by the ratio of the service life of a new part to the service life of a restored part, a fraction of a unit;
Ztr - transport costs for the delivery of parts from the manufacturer to the enterprise;
Sizg - the cost of manufacturing a new part on its own;
Kizg - capital investments for the purchase of equipment necessary for the manufacture of parts (if necessary).
Practice shows that the restoration of worn parts is economically justified in medium and especially large enterprises.
There are other ways to reduce repair costs, but minimum costs for repairs are achieved at those enterprises that timely renew the active part of fixed assets, avoiding excessive moral and physical depreciation, including through the use of accelerated depreciation.
Improving the use of fixed assets is reflected in the financial results of the enterprise by: increasing output, reducing costs, improving product quality, reducing property tax and increasing balance sheet profit.
Improving the use of fixed assets in the enterprise can be achieved by:
Release of the enterprise from surplus equipment, machinery and other fixed assets or leasing them;
Timely and high-quality carrying out of planned preventive and capital repairs;
Acquisition of high quality fixed assets;
Increasing the level of qualification of service personnel;
Timely renewal, especially of the active part, of fixed assets in order to prevent excessive moral and physical deterioration,
Increasing the shift ratio of the enterprise, if there is economic feasibility in this;
Improving the quality of preparation of raw materials and materials for the production process;
Increasing the level of mechanization and automation of production;
Ensuring, where it is economically feasible, the centralization of repair services;
Increasing the level of concentration, specialization and combination of production;
The introduction of new technology and progressive technology- low-waste, waste-free, energy- and fuel-saving;
Improving the organization of production and labor in order to reduce the loss of working time and downtime in the operation of machinery and equipment.
Ways to improve the use of fixed assets depend on the specific conditions prevailing at the enterprise for a given period of time.
conclusions
The financial results of the enterprise largely depend on the state, quality and structure of fixed production assets.
In recent years, the pace of renewal of fixed production assets has sharply slowed down, which has led to an increase in their physical and moral depreciation and has had a negative impact on economic activity enterprises.
There have been significant changes in the depreciation policy of the state. Since January 1, 1997, property subject to depreciation has been grouped into the following four categories:
I. Buildings, structures and their structural components. Depreciation rate - 5%, for small businesses - 6%.
II. Passenger vehicles, light commercial vehicles, office equipment and furniture, computer equipment, Information Systems and data processing systems. Depreciation rate - 25%, for small businesses - 30%.
III. Technological, energy, transport and other equipment and tangible assets not included in categories I and II. Depreciation rate - 15%, for small businesses - 18%.
IV. Intangible assets. The depreciation rate depends on their service life, and if it is not known - 10%.
Each enterprise has significant reserves for improving the use of OPF. In general terms, this goal can be achieved through the introduction of new equipment and technology, the mechanization and automation of production processes, the implementation of a competent reproductive policy, timely and high-quality repairs, the elimination of excess equipment, etc.
test questions
1. What is the criterion for classifying the property of an enterprise as fixed production assets (OPF)?
2. What is meant by OPF, on what grounds and how are they classified?
3. Expand the essence of the technological, specific (industrial) and age structure of the BPF.
4. What are the types of OPF valuations and what are they used for?
5. What is the essence of the physical and obsolescence of the OPF, the factors influencing them?
6. What are the essence and significance of the reproductive policy at the macro and micro levels?
7. What are the main indicators characterizing the level of use of the OPF?
8. What is the essence of depreciation and what changes have occurred in the depreciation policy in recent years?
10. What is the production capacity of the enterprise and the methodology for its calculation?
11. What are the most important and realistic ways to improve the use of OPF in an enterprise?
The performance indicators for the use of fixed assets reflect the ratio of the financial results of the organization and the fixed assets used to achieve these results.
The efficiency of the use of fixed assets is characterized by the ratio of the growth rate of output and the growth rate of the cost of fixed assets, as well as indicators of capital productivity, capital intensity, capital-labor ratio and capital profitability.
The general indicator is capital productivity - the volume of production produced in a year or other period per 1 rub. cost of fixed assets. It can be expressed by the formula
where FO - return on assets, rub.;
II - output, thousand rubles;
F - the average annual initial (replacement) cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles.
As the volume of production in determining the return on assets, indicators of gross, marketable, sold products can be used. Return on assets, calculated on the basis of the volume of sales and commodity output, make it possible to judge a more accurate efficiency of the use of fixed assets in the enterprise.
When calculating the return on assets, it should be borne in mind that the cost of fixed assets takes into account own and leased funds; fixed assets that are on conservation, as well as leased to other enterprises, are not taken into account. The calculation of this indicator can be carried out for fixed assets, taken both at initial and at residual value. However, regardless of the basis for calculating the return on assets, the content of the indicator is not without a number of shortcomings that must be taken into account in management practice and economic analysis. This indicator is not measurable in time, since the numerator includes the annual volume of production, and the denominator indicates fixed assets, individual elements of which have different service lives, but in all cases exceeding the annual period of time. In addition, the accepted volume of production cannot be considered as a value proportional to the size of fixed assets, due to the fact that it depends on the use of fixed assets during the day, on the annual mode of operation, etc. When calculating the return on assets, the passive part of fixed assets, which is weakly related to output, is also taken into account.
The change in the level of return on assets is influenced by a number of factors that can be grouped as follows (Fig. 7.1).
The effectiveness of the use of fixed assets is also judged by such an indicator as the dynamics of capital intensity.
Rice. 7.1.
capital intensity - return on capital ratio. It reflects the need for fixed production assets and characterizes the cost of fixed assets per unit cost of output:
To determine the availability of fixed assets and their use, indicators of capital-labor ratio and technical equipment of labor are also used.
capital-labor ratio expresses the ratio of the average annual cost of fixed assets to the average number of employees. It can be represented by the formula
where FV - capital-labor ratio, thousand rubles;
CR - average headcount workers, pers.
It reflects the degree of provision of workers with means of labor (fixed assets)
Technical equipment is calculated as the ratio of the average cost of production machinery and equipment to the number of workers, commas, in the longest shift.
The most objective assessment of return on assets (RO) can be obtained if we consider the indicators of return on assets in conjunction with indicators of labor productivity and capital-labor ratio of workers:
where IT is labor productivity, thousand rubles.
Thus, the return on assets can be represented as the quotient of dividing the productivity of workers by the capital-labor ratio, therefore, the return on assets is directly proportional to labor productivity and inversely proportional to its capital-labor ratio. Therefore, in order to increase the return on assets, it is necessary that the growth rate of labor productivity outpaces the growth of its capital-labor ratio.
To analyze the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets, we will compile a table. 7.6.
The use of fixed assets at the enterprise is recognized as effective if the relative increase in output or profit exceeds the relative increase in the value of fixed assets for the period under review. According to the analyzed enterprise, the volume of output and the cost of fixed assets increased in dynamics: the increase in the volume of output amounted to 168.65%, and the increase in the residual value of fixed assets - 100.15%. Thus, the increase in output volume is higher than the increase in the cost of fixed assets, which indicates their effective use.
Table 7.6. Efficiency indicators of the use of fixed assets of the enterprise
According to the enterprise, it can be seen that the return on assets of fixed assets increased from 2.72 rubles. up to 4.58 rubles. for 1.86 rubles. The increase in capital productivity in the stated period was a consequence of the excess of the growth rate of labor productivity of workers over the growth rate of their capital-labor ratio.
Using the technique of valuable substitutions, we determine the impact of labor productivity and capital-labor ratio of workers on the change in capital productivity for the analyzed period (Table 7.7).
Table 7.7.
The growth of capital productivity of fixed assets amounted to 1.8613 rubles for the analyzed period, including due to the growth of labor productivity from 90.7401 thousand rubles. up to 152.3624 thousand rubles. - by 1.8484 rubles, due to a decrease in the capital-labor ratio of workers from 33.3388 thousand rubles. up to 33.2445 thousand rubles. - by 0.0129 rubles. Thus, the influence of extensive factors was 0.69%, intensive - 99.31%.
The change in the return on assets of fixed assets, in addition to labor productivity and its capital-labor ratio, is influenced by a variety of factors. The level of this indicator depends on the productivity of the equipment, the shift ratio, the cost of a unit of equipment, the share of machinery and equipment in the total cost of funds. Level change material costs also affects the return on assets, albeit indirectly, due to an increase in the volume of production due to savings in materials, and vice versa. To calculate the influence of these factors, it is necessary to transform the capital productivity formula and present it as a product of five factors (factors):
where OS is the average annual cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles;
Nb.m - the volume of production minus material costs, thousand rubles;
Om.-s - the number of machine shifts of equipment operation;
0ob - the number of installed equipment, units;
fob - the average annual cost of machinery and equipment, thousand rubles;
Km - coefficient of material costs (the ratio of marketable products to all products minus material costs);
Sample - equipment performance, thousand rubles;
Ксм - coefficient of shift of equipment operation;
Sob - the average cost of a piece of equipment, thousand rubles;
Ud" - the share of machinery and equipment in the total cost of funds,%.
It should be borne in mind that capital productivity, equipment productivity, equipment shift ratio, the share of machinery and equipment in the total cost of funds are directly dependent; the dependence of capital productivity and the level of cost of a unit of equipment is inverse. Therefore, to measure the impact of these factors on capital productivity, the above formula can be transformed as follows:
We calculate the influence of these factors based on the data of the analyzed enterprise (Table 7.8).
Table 7.8.
According to Table. 7.8 it can be seen that the growth in the volume of production was ensured by more intensive use of labor means, since the output increased by 56,809 thousand rubles. (168.65% against the level of the previous year) with a simultaneous increase in the initial cost of fixed assets by 640 thousand rubles, or 0.91%. The return on assets of fixed assets, calculated on the basis of their initial cost, amounted to 1.9636 rubles, which is 0.7887 rubles. more than last year.
Using the method of chain substitutions, we will calculate the effect of the coefficient of material costs, equipment productivity, the shift ratio of equipment, the cost of a unit of equipment and the share of machinery and equipment in the total cost of funds on the return on assets of all fixed assets (Table 7.9).
Thus, in the reporting year, compared with the previous year, there was an increase in capital productivity due to an increase in equipment productivity (by 0.9713 rubles), a shift ratio (by 0.0660 rubles), an increase in the share of equipment in the total cost of fixed assets (by 0.0190 rub.). The return on assets of fixed assets decreased due to a decrease in the coefficient of material costs by 0.2625 rubles. and an increase in the cost of a piece of equipment by 0.0051 rubles. These factors only partly depend on the work of the enterprise. The level of the cumulative influence of factors amounted to 0.7887 rubles, which indicates an increase in the efficiency of the use of fixed assets at the enterprise under study.
One of the essential aspects of the analysis of the use of fixed assets is the calculation of the increase in the volume of output obtained due to extensive (changes in the cost of fixed assets) and intensive (changes in the level of capital productivity) factors that characterize fixed assets.
The value of the volume of output is affected, on the one hand, by changes in the value of fixed assets (quantitative indicator), on the other hand, by changes in the level of capital productivity (qualitative indicator).
The impact of changes in the cost of fixed assets (DUos) on the volume of manufactured products in an integral way is found using the formula
where DOS is the change in the average annual cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles; FOf - return on assets of fixed assets in the base period, rub.; FEFD - change in the return on assets of fixed assets for the analyzed period, rub.
Table 7.9.
The impact of changes in capital productivity on the volume of production (AUFO) is calculated as
where OSo is the actual average annual cost of fixed assets in the base period, thousand rubles.
According to the analyzed enterprise, the growth in the average annual residual value of fixed assets led to an increase in output by about 171.2 thousand rubles.
the influence of factors led to an increase in the volume of output by 56,809 thousand rubles.
Thus, the increase in output due to extensive factors (increase in the cost of fixed assets) amounted to 0.30%, the increase in output due to intensive factors (increase in capital productivity of fixed assets) - 99.70%. This ratio positively characterizes the use of fixed assets.
The analysis of general indicators of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets should include the determination of their profitability indicator, calculated as the ratio of profit to the average annual cost of fixed assets. When justifying the profit indicator used in the calculations (profit from sales, profit before tax, net profit), it must be taken into account that it should reflect the result of using fixed assets, without including in this profit the results from operations in which fixed assets do not participate (income from participation in other organizations, interest received, other income). As an indicator of fixed assets, you can use the indicator of the average annual, initial or residual value of fixed assets:
where FR - return on equity, %
Ir - profit of the enterprise, thousand rubles.
This indicator characterizes the profit received from each ruble of funds invested in fixed assets.
According to the enterprise, the analysis of capital profitability is given in Table. 7.10.
Table 7.10. Analysis of return on equity indicators
The increase in the profitability of fixed assets was the result of an increase in the efficiency of business activities and a decrease in the cost of fixed assets. The assessment of the strength of influence of these factors by the method of valuable substitutions is given in Table. 7.11.
Table 7.11. Analysis of the influence of factors on the change in the return on equity of fixed assets
Thus, it can be seen that due to the increase in the profitability of work for the analyzed period, the return on assets increased by 15.91%, due to the growth of the average annual residual value of fixed assets decreased by 0.05%. The cumulative influence of factors led to an increase in return on equity by 15.86%.
Summing up, we note that the growth of the production potential of the enterprise makes it necessary to further improve the efficiency of the use of fixed assets in order to achieve high results.
In modern conditions, the intensification of the use of the most active part of fixed assets is of decisive importance for enterprises - production equipment. To assess the use of equipment by quantitative composition, indicators of available, installed and actually operating equipment are calculated. Most general category production equipment of enterprises is cash equipment - all equipment on the balance sheet, regardless of its condition and location. The installed equipment is divided into four groups: actually operating, under scheduled repair and modernization, standby, and under emergency repair. Uninstalled equipment includes three groups: to be installed, redundant, to be decommissioned. Actually working equipment is considered to be the equipment actually used in production, regardless of the duration of its operation.
To characterize the degree of use of equipment, calculate utilization rate of all available equipment (the ratio of actually operating equipment to cash) and utilization rate of installed equipment (ratio of actually working equipment to installed one).
At the analyzed enterprise, the composition of the equipment is characterized by the following data (Table 7.12).
Table 7.12. Analysis of the degree of use of enterprise equipment
As can be seen from Table. 7.12, 19 pieces of equipment are not installed at the enterprise, 2.34% of the available and 0.57% of the installed equipment are considered inactive. The number of such equipment in the enterprise is significant. This is usually due to the discrepancy between capital construction plans and commissioning of capacities with the production and supply of equipment, incompleteness of incoming equipment, organizational and economic problems at the enterprise, etc. For the fullest use of the equipment, it is necessary to minimize the amount of uninstalled and idle equipment. Improving the efficiency of the use of operating equipment is provided in two ways: extensive (in time) and intensive (in terms of power).
The analysis of the extensive use of equipment is associated with the consideration of the balance of the time of its operation, which includes the following funds: calendar, regime, possible, planned and actual. Calendar fund of time - the maximum possible operating time of the equipment for a calendar period (it is found by multiplying the number of calendar days in the reporting period by 24 hours and by the number of units of installed equipment). Regime (nominal) fund of time is found by multiplying the number of units of installed equipment by the number of working days in the analyzed period and by the length of the working day in hours, taking into account the shift ratio. Possible fund of time equal to the regime minus the time for equipment repair. Planned fund - the time required to fulfill the plan but to produce products. Actual Fund - time actually spent on production, i.e. number of hours actually worked. The totality of time funds makes it possible to analyze the operating time of the equipment.
A periodic study of the use of equipment over time allows us to estimate the amount of whole-shift and whole-day downtime, to identify the size of intra-shift time losses. Having such data, it is possible to determine the necessary measures to eliminate existing shortcomings, mobilize reserves for better use of production potential.
When analyzing the use of equipment, calculate coefficient of extensive use of equipment (K:zhste"). It characterizes the level of use of equipment over time and is determined for each group of equipment:
where? fact - time actually worked by the equipment, machine hours;
^play - the time of possible use of the equipment (planned time fund), machine hours.
However, this indicator does not reflect the level of equipment usage, for which equipment intensive utilization rate (K "" Ten):
where Ufact - the actual output of products for one machine hour; Uplan - planned output per machine hour.
An extensive way to improve the efficiency of equipment use is characterized by an increase in the number and proportion of operating equipment in the total mass, an increase in the time of its useful use by reducing the time for all types of repairs, and the maximum use of equipment during a shift.
The growth of the intensive use coefficient indicates a more complete use of equipment in terms of capacity, an increase in output without additional capital investments. This indicator is influenced by the degree of intensity of technical processes, the quality of raw materials and materials, the age composition, the condition and degree of wear of equipment, the amount of marriage, etc.
Integral coefficient of equipment utilization (Ktggegr) is calculated using the formula:
A significant reduction in planned downtime can be achieved as a result of the use of high-speed and progressive methods of equipment repair, proper organization repair work, rational operation of equipment and careful maintenance of it, etc. Actual equipment hours often deviate from planned hours due to downtime. When analyzing unscheduled downtime, the amount of equipment downtime for individual reasons is revealed. Equipment operating time records do not always fully reflect the amount of downtime. It is advisable in the analysis to organize selective observations of the use of equipment operation time during the shift.
Thus, based on the analysis, we can conclude that the enterprise is adequately provided with fixed assets. However, management should pay more attention to the issue of the timeliness of updating fixed assets in general and working machines and equipment in particular, since they are one of the fundamental factors affecting the volume of output and final results enterprise activities.
The reserves for increasing the return on assets and the volume of production are the commissioning of new equipment, the reduction of all-day and intra-shift downtime, the increase in the shift ratio, the average hourly production of equipment, etc., which are determined as follows.
Reserves for increasing output through input into action new equipment determined by multiplying its additional amount by the current level average annual output or on the actual value of all the factors that form its value:
where RTVPK - reserves for increasing output due to the commissioning of new equipment, thousand rubles; RTK - additional amount of new equipment, piece of equipment;
D - the number of days worked per year by a piece of equipment; Ксм - coefficient of shift of equipment operation;
II - the average duration of the shift, h; CV - production output for 1 machine-hour, rub.
Reducing all-day downtime equipment leads to an increase in the average number of days worked by each of its units per year. This increase must be multiplied by the possible (projected) number of pieces of equipment, the shift ratio, the duration of the shift and the actual level of average hourly output of a piece of equipment in the current period:
where RTVPd - reserves for increasing output by reducing equipment downtime throughout the day, thousand rubles; Kv - possible (projected) number of pieces of equipment; RTD - reduction of whole-day equipment downtime.
To calculate the reserve for increasing output due to shift ratio increase as a result the best organization production, it is necessary to multiply the possible increase in the shift coefficient by the possible (projected) number of pieces of equipment, the possible number of days of operation of the entire fleet of equipment, the duration of the shift and the actual level of average hourly output of a piece of equipment in the current period:
where RTVPk - reserves for increasing output by increasing the shift ratio, rub.; D" - possible (projected) number of days of equipment operation; RTKS - increase in the equipment shift ratio; CB - production output for 1 machine shift, rub.
Reserve for increasing output through reduction of intra-shift downtime is determined by multiplying the planned increase in the duration of the shift by the product of the possible number of equipment, the possible number of days worked by a piece of equipment, the possible level of the shift coefficient and the actual level of the average hourly output of the equipment:
where RTVI, - reserves for increasing output by reducing intra-shift downtime of equipment, rubles; KSm p - possible coefficient of equipment shift; RTI - the planned increase in the duration of the shift, h.
To determine the reserve for increasing output due to increasing the average hourly production of equipment it is first necessary to identify the possibilities for the growth of the latter through the renewal and modernization of equipment, its more intensive use, the introduction of scientific and technological progress, etc. Then the identified reserve for increasing output for 1 machine hour must be multiplied by the possible number of hours of operation of the equipment T "(the product of the possible number of units, the number of days of operation, the shift ratio, the duration of the shift):
where РТВНЧВ - reserves for increasing output by increasing the average hourly output of equipment, thousand rubles; K" - the possible (projected) number of pieces of equipment; Dv - the possible (projected) number of days of operation of the equipment; KSm p - the possible shift ratio of equipment; Pv - the possible duration of the shift, h; RTCHV - the output of products for 1 machine hour, rub.
After that, the reserves for the growth of capital productivity are determined:
where B11 is the actual volume of output in the reporting period, thousand rubles; RTVN - a reserve for increasing output, thousand rubles;
OS - the actual average value of fixed assets in the reporting period, thousand rubles;
OSd - an additional amount of fixed assets that will be needed to develop reserves for increasing production, thousand rubles; RHOS - a reserve for the reduction of fixed assets due to the sale, leasing, conservation and write-off, thousand rubles.
The main ways to improve the efficiency of the use of fixed assets are:
■ release of the enterprise from excess equipment;
■ timely and high-quality performance of preventive maintenance and overhaul;
■ acquisition of high-tech fixed assets;
■ improving the qualifications of service personnel;
■ timely renewal, especially of the active part of fixed assets, in order to prevent excessive moral and physical wear and tear;
■ increasing the shift ratio;
■ increasing the level of mechanization and automation of production;
■ Ensuring the centralization of repair services, where it is economically feasible;
■ introduction of new equipment and progressive technology, energy and fuel saving;
■ improving the organization of production and labor in order to reduce the loss of working time and downtime in the operation of machines.
