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Plover bird. The lifestyle and habitat of the plover. Golden plover bird: description and photo Characteristic features of the golden plover. description

Among the numerous Easter cakes, there is an interesting bird a little larger than a starling, with a short beak. Dressed in grayish-brown plumage, she flies quickly and dexterously, often repeating whistling tunes. She rather briskly runs along the ground on her not very long and not very graceful legs.

This bird is familiar to the inhabitants of the tundra of the far north of Europe and Asia, the mountains of Altai and Mongolia, and to many old-timers of central Europe.

During flights, the bird is very careful and does not let a person close. But on the other hand, in places of wintering and especially nesting, its character is completely transformed. The bird can be removed from the nest by hand and put back. She forgets about own security, when it is with downy chicks, letting it go to a distance of one step.

For all this, the little bird was for some reason called a stupid plover. Is she really as stupid as many people think of her?

The plover is excellent at camouflaging its nest. It is difficult to see it even two steps away from you - it merges so well with the surrounding area. Only by chance you can stumble upon a bird's dwelling. When you frighten a bird from the nest, it does not fly, but runs slowly, limping and dragging one leg, as if wounded. At the same time, the plover stretches its neck horizontally, slightly raises the flight wings and spreads its tail like a fan. As soon as a person stops, a bird will stop a few steps away. And if a white stone is found nearby, the plover will climb onto it and, spreading its wings, will flash with its beauty, as if inviting a person to admire it.

Is it possible to see something stupid in these actions of the plover? Of course no!

And this cute and original bird has another wonderful ability: it can quickly figure out who it is dealing with - an enemy or a friend.

Watching the plover, I managed to approach its nest quite often. At first the bird was frightened. And then, noticing my friendly attitude towards myself, she ceased to be afraid. Quite freely, in my presence, she left the nest, pecked at insects and returned again. In the end, our friendship went so far that the bird allowed himself to be touched.

After a while I visited the nesting place of a stupid plover. It was empty. The bird hatched the chicks and took them away. After a diligent and careful, but fruitless search for a brood, I thought: "No, not a stupid plover, but, on the contrary, a very intelligent bird."

At the same time, I remembered another important detail - the oystercatcher father hatched the chicks, fed them and selflessly protected them from numerous dangers. The mother, having laid her eggs, left the nest and never returned to it.

Yes, people undeservedly offended such a rare in the bird world, caring feathered father, an excellent family man, a good teacher and friend, calling him a stupid plover. It happens that they also mistakenly make a bad opinion about a good person.

F. SMIRNOV, article from the magazine "Family and School", 1963

Charlottes(lat.Charadriida) - a family of birds from the order Charadriiformes. It includes short-legged wattled birds of small and medium size, living in shallow water. The largest plovers belong to the lapwing subfamily.

Description

Length from 12 cm (small plovers) to 38 cm (large lapwings). Weight from 25 - 30 g to 440 g. Charadriiforms are more dry-loving than snipes, they walk and run better on hard ground. Their toes are on average shorter and thicker, the tarsus is wider, the membrane connecting the bases of the fingers is poorly developed. The hind toe is very small or absent, the head of the plovers is relatively large, the neck is short, the build is dense, the legs can be both relatively short and very long.

The tail is usually short, the wings are long, their shape varies from sharp and narrow to wide and blunt, almost square. The coloration of plovers is brighter and more contrasting than that of snipes; small streaks are generally not typical for it, in contrast to various bandages, shirt-fronts, plastrons, hoods, masks and other large elements of the pattern.

Spreading

Plovers are found in a wide variety of open landscapes from the arctic tundra to deserts and highlands, due to the leading role of the visual analyzer, in search of food they lead a predominantly diurnal lifestyle, nocturnal species are rare.

reproduction

They nest in separate pairs, less often in diffuse colonies. Plover nest is a small hole in the ground, often without bedding. The number of eggs in a number of species has been reduced from the usual 4 to 3 or even 2 eggs for waders. The shape of the eggs is typical for waders - with a well-defined sharp end, the color of the shell is standard - a varying protective background with dark spots of varying intensity. Both partners incubate, in a few species - only the female, in species with inversion of sex roles - the male. At the nest and brood, many species are very restless and even aggressive, with screams they fly into violators of the boundaries of the territory, beat with their paws. Incubation lasts 3 - 4 weeks. From the first days of life, they are able to feed themselves, adults only warm and protect them, take away the approaching enemy, pretending to be wounded. In northern plovers, adults fly off even before the juveniles take flight; in lapwings, young birds wander and fly away together with their parents. Sexually mature from the end of the first - second year of life.

Several species of lapwings and plovers have adapted well to the neighborhood with humans. following the open agricultural landscapes, they penetrated deep into the forest zone; nesting is known on gravel flat roofs of buildings.

subfamily lapwings (Vanellinae)
- lapwing genus (Vanellus)
  - pygalitsa (V. vanellus)
  - long-toed lapwing (V. crassirostris)
  - yellow-winged lapwing (V. malabaricus)
  - Javan lapwing (V. macropterus)
  - tricolor lapwing (V. tricolor)
  - masked lapwing (V. miles)
  - blacksmith piebald (V. armatus)
  - African Spur Lapwing (V. spinosus)
  - river lapwing (V. duvaucelii)
  - black-crested lapwing (V. tectus)
  - black-headed lapwing (V. melanocephalus)
  - grey-headed lapwing (V. cinereus)
  - adorned lapwing (V. indicus)
  - white-headed lapwing (V. albiceps)
  - Senegalese Wattled Lapwing (V. senegallus)
  - lesser black-winged lapwing (V. lugubris)
  - Black-winged Pigalit (V. melanopterus)
  - crowned lapwing (V. coronatus)
  - red-breasted lapwing (V. superciliosus)
  - lapwing (V. gregarius)
  - White-tailed Pigalit (V. leucurus)
  - cayenne lapwing (V. cayanus)
  - southern lapwing (V. chilensis)
  - Andean lapwing (V. resplendens)

plover subfamily (Charadriinae)
- genus Red-knee Plovers (Erythrogonys)
  - red-legged plover (E. cinctus)
- genus Plover (Pluvialis)
  - golden plover (P. apricaria)
  - brown-winged plover (P. fulva)
  - American Plover (P. dominica)
  - tules (P. squatarola)
- plover genus (Charadrius)
  - Maori plover (C. obscurus)
  - necktie (C. hiaticula)
  - membranous bellweed (C. semipalmatus)
  - Ussuri plover (C. placidus)
  - little plover (C. dubius)
  - Wilson's plover (C. wilsonia)
  - noisy plover (C. vociferus)
  - Madagascar plover (C. thoracicus)
  - Santaelen plover (C. sanctaehelenae)
  - shepherd plover (C. pecuarius)
  - three-banded plover (C. tricollaris)
  - forbes plover (C. forbesi)
  - song plover (C. melodus)
  - chestnut plover (C. pallidus)
  - sea plover (C. alexandrinus)
  - white-fronted plover (C. marginatus)
  - red-headed plover (C. ruficapillus)
  - Malaysian plover (C. peronii)
  - Javan Plover (C. javanicus)
  - collared plover (C. collaris)
  - two-band plover (C. bicinctus)
  - Bunting Plover (C. alticola)
  - Falkland plover (C. falklandicus)
  - short-billed plover (C. mongolus)
  - thick-billed plover (C. leschenaultii)
  - Caspian plover (C. asiaticus)
  - eastern plover (C. veredus)
  - mountain plover (C. montanus)
  - plover (C. modestus))
  - crunch (C. morinellus)
- Genus Hooded Plovers (Thinornis)
  - red-headed plover (T. rubricollis)
  - Chatham shore plover (T. novaeseelandiae)
- genus Australian desert plovers (Elseyornis)
  - Australian desert plover (E. melanops)
- genus red-throated plovers (Oreopholus)
  - red-throated plover (O. ruficollis)
- genus hook-nosed plover (Anarhynchus)
  - hook-nosed plover (A. frontalis)
- genus diadem plovers (Phegornis)
  - diadem plover (P. mitchellii)

Under the golden plover is meant a bird that easily tolerates temperature changes and cold climates in particular. She is not endowed with a fluffy and elongated tail, unlike relatives. The plover lives in Iceland, in this country the local people believe that the feathered individual signals the imminent approach of spring. A migratory bird does not differ in its large size, however, it flies quickly. Let's take a look at everything related to this breed variety.

View features

Individuals of the presented group belong to the charadriiformes. They belong to the genus of plovers and the family of plovers. Experts specified that today there are about 4 varieties of individuals. Golden birds belong to the southerners, they live in the corresponding territory.
These birds are not large in size, they are rather medium in size. Individuals grow to almost 30 cm with a body weight (maximum) of 210 gr. According to the wingspan, the indicators vary between 65-75 cm.
According to their external characteristics, it may seem that these birds are clumsy. They have a small round head, thin, as if unstable legs, and a massive physique. However, in reality, plovers are agile and fast.
As for the number of these individuals, about 4 thousand heads live in the open spaces of our homeland. When the migratory period begins (autumn, spring), about half a thousand individuals fly over Russia.
The population is declining as hunting develops, as well as the development of new lands by man. There are fewer places for birds to build nests for their offspring. Due to the fact that the range is shrinking, this variety was listed in the Red Book.

habitation

These birds prefer to live in wetlands, mountainous parts, in the tundra and in wastelands. They are very common in Europe, in its northern territory. For wintering they go to the south side, as well as to the British Isles.
Often individuals are found in England, Iceland and even Siberia. It is interesting that this species is practically not found in Central Europe, it can be said that in this part the population of individuals has greatly decreased.
Behavior can be observed for a long time, especially if the birds are in the coastal shallows. When the tides come in, these areas give in to flooding, and then after low tide, you can find a lot of food here. Birds do this.

Description

The color of the body depends on the territory of residence of individuals, as well as their gender and age category. The shade of plumage changes throughout existence. In the upper part, namely the areas of the tail, neck, head and back, the feathers have a brownish-gray plumage with golden markings. It helps individuals merge with environment disguised from enemies.
When mating games begin, individuals of the male sex are transformed. Their black feathers are framed with a white border. Originates in the neck area dark spot, which stretches through the abdominal region to the tail zone. Such a contrast attracts birds of the opposite sex and helps to determine which individual is in front of the eyes.
The female representatives also have a speck of a dark tone in the abdominal section. However, it is rather loose than dense and patterned. Coloring lasts until the end of the mating season, usually the second half of August. With the passage of time, the feathers become dull, replaced by winter attire.
When the nesting period begins, there is still an apron on the chest and abdomen. But at the beginning of autumn, the feathers replace each other, the bird is completely ready for flight and wintering.
Juveniles have a different plumage pigmentation. The chicks in the abdominal part are covered with the most delicate whitish feathers. On the back there are golden-gray markings with stripes of white tone. In young animals, the color is yellow in the abdomen and brisket. Dark spots are found on this part.

It is worth noting that plovers will not be able to compete, for example, with a nightingale. However, these birds have a charming song with many interesting sounds. When the male starts to sing, he thereby attracts the female. This is called tokenization.
During the mating season, the male rises high into the air and begins to lek. At the same time, he beautifully and widely flaps his wings. We can say that a beautiful marriage song always consists of two parts (verses). In the first case, the male tries to make beautiful and rather complex whistles.
This part can be called leisurely and the most beautiful. Here the sounds are repeated many times. At the same time, pauses can be seen between them. The second part is a little rushed. The sounds are non-stop. At the same time, the whistles are quite interesting.
When individuals begin to worry in their home, the whistle may resemble a sad and annoying intonation. In this case, you can notice monotonous, monosyllabic and multiple sounds. It is with the same cries that individuals call to each other when they are in a flock.

Food

Individuals have a fairly varied diet. The main part of the menu of such birds is worms, insects and snails. Such food in abundance can be obtained in the ground. Often, the presented birds prefer dragonflies, various larvae, spiders and beetles.
Also, plovers are often interrupted by medium-sized locusts. When the season of migration comes, such birds often make stops for rest. At this time, they mainly feed on crustaceans and all kinds of mollusks. As for plant foods, in the diet of plovers it is present in in large numbers. Birds eat marsh berries, seeds and green plants.

Lifestyle

Separately, it is worth mentioning that individuals mainly live in colonies. At the same time, other species of birds are also present in such flocks. Often there are snails and curlews. Birds return to nesting sites in early spring.
In most cases, plovers arrange their nests in the ground in the form of recesses. Often, birds build their homes at the foot of pines and on marshy hummocks. It is worth noting that birds avoid grassy areas and water bodies nearby.
Among other things, birds are in no hurry to settle down on dried lands, where all vegetation has practically disappeared. Almost all individuals under consideration return to last year's nesting sites. Also in the spring, the mating season begins, and pairs are formed.
Birds go to get food in the daytime. If there is not enough food, such individuals may well go hunting in evening time. Birds begin to migrate to their usual habitats from early spring to mid-April. Birds migrate to warmer climes in November.

Golden plovers reach sexual maturity and travel to nesting sites in their second year of life. As for the younger individuals, they wander all summer from one place to another. After building a nest, birds line it with a thick layer of down and plant material. A clutch can contain up to 4 eggs.

Video: golden plover (Pluvialis apricaria)

Vida

Appearance and behavior. The sandpiper is medium in size, larger than the thrush. The head is large, rounded, with a short, strong beak, with a short neck and relatively short legs. The metatarsus is relatively short, but the fingers are longer than those of. The wings are of medium length, sharp and narrow, the tail is medium in size, with a straight cut. Body length 26–29 cm, wingspan 67–76 cm, weight 155–205 g.

Description. In an adult male, the top of the body from crown to tail is mostly black with small golden-yellow spots, which makes it look golden-mottled. The lower part of the body from the chin to the end of the belly is black. The motley, golden top and black bottom are separated by a wide white stripe running from the forehead to the undertail. The tail feathers are grayish-brown, the flight feathers are blackish-brown with white rods in the preapical part; axillary feathers are white.

Females are generally colored the same as males, but the underparts are not pure black, but black-brown, often with an admixture of individual white or yellowish feathers, especially on the chin, throat, neck, crop or chest. The individual character of coloring is preserved throughout life and does not depend on age. Some taxonomists distinguish 2 subspecies - northern golden plover (R. a. altifrons), inhabiting the forest-tundra and tundra, and southern (R. a. apricaria), living in the swamps of the forest zone of European Russia.

The birds of these subspecies differ slightly: in the southern golden plover the white stripe running along the side of the body is not as clearly expressed as in the northern plover, or is almost not expressed. The legs are four-toed, black or dark gray. There are small webs between the front fingers. The beak is black, the iris is dark brown. Adult birds in winter plumage are black-brown above with golden spots, as in summer. The forehead and throat are white with grayish-brown spots. On the sides of the neck and above the eye, the feathers are pale yellow with a brown center. The underside of the body to the back of the chest is grayish-brown, the belly is white. There are dark transverse stripes on the sides of the chest.

Young birds in juvenile plumage look like adults in summer feathers from above, but they have fewer golden spots. The underside of the body is off-white, in the region of the goiter and chest it is mottled with rounded golden and brown triangular spots, on the belly - transverse dark brown apical stripes forming a scaly pattern. Young birds in winter plumage, like adults in winter, but with a yellowish tinge of plumage on the chest and the remains of a transverse pattern on the sides.

The downy chick is black on top with bright golden endings of fluffs, the forehead and areas above the eyes are golden yellow, the sides of the head are pale yellow, a blackish stripe runs from the beak under the eyes. The throat is whitish, the crop is yellowish, the rest of the lower body is smoky. It differs from the thules by its golden yellow upperparts and white axillary feathers; rump and tail not lighter than back, stripe running along top of wing narrow and inconspicuous.

It differs from it by a wide white stripe along the side of the body, short legs relative to the body, and a denser, squat complexion. The key differences between the downy chicks of the golden plover and the chicks of the thules are the absence of a white necklace on the neck and a bright golden color in the color of the top.

Voice. The contact cry in the flock is a melodic monosyllabic whistle " FDI" or " pliy". The same cry, but more sonorous, is emitted by birds when they are disturbed near the nest or chicks. The song of the male during the current flight is a beautiful, slowly repeating flute whistle, sounding like “ tuu-tiiii". At the end of the current, usually when landing on the ground, the male emits a kind of trill “ thiurirr-thiurirr-thiurirr". This trill is often performed by the male when he accompanies the female.

Distribution, status. In European Russia, it is a nesting migratory species that inhabits the plain and mountain tundra, forest tundra and swamps in the taiga zone. In the taiga, it settles mainly on raised bogs, especially likes bogs with a developed ridge-hollow complex. In the rest of the territory of European Russia it may be encountered during the migration. Usually flies by mainland routes, stopping at harvested fields with stubble, pastures, short-grass meadows of various types, silt pits of settling ponds, lowered fish ponds, less often along the banks of reservoirs.

Winters mostly in inland regions, living both on plains and in mountainous areas. Found on mud sea coasts, but in small numbers. The wintering area stretches from the British Isles and the Netherlands south to North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia) and the countries of the Middle East.

Lifestyle. Arrives at nesting sites at the height of snowmelt, to the south of the range - at the end of April, to the tundra and forest-tundra - at the end of May. Upon arrival at the breeding grounds, the flocks break up, the males occupy individual territories and start displaying. The male usually swims at high altitude, flies, slowly flapping its wings, while flapping upwards, the wings almost touch (as in the Latin letter “ V”), after which they slowly descend into horizontal position. During slow flight, males emit flute whistles, flying to another part of the territory or descending to the ground - trills.

When mating on the ground, the male and female often run side by side in the same direction, sometimes making sudden stops. It nests in various types of tundra, both dry and moist, on hilly peat bogs, always in places with good overview. In the swamps of the forest zone, nests are usually arranged on ridges or mounds without trees or with rare oppressed pines, in drier conditions.

The nest lining consists of a mixture of pieces of white or yellow lichens, fragments of twigs of shrubs, dry leaves of willows, dwarf birch and lingonberries, fragments of blades of grass. varies from bluish or greenish to ocher-brown, more often it is pale yellowish. The spots are usually large, thick chocolate-brown or black-brown in color, deeper spots are grayish or violet-gray. Superficial spots are concentrated at the blunt end of the egg.

The male and female incubate in turn for 27–29 days. They are careful at the nest, in case of danger they leave in advance, run away or fly away, then run in the distance, shouting at the source of danger. Some birds sit very tightly and sometimes allow a person to take a few steps. In this case, having flown off the nest, they are intensively withdrawn, depicting a wounded bird. birds of prey are not driven away from the nest.

The chicks hatch within 1–2 days, often the first chicks leave with one of the parents not far from the nest, and after the last chicks hatch, the brood unites. Families stay in nesting habitats, but in wetter areas. The young stay with the adults for 5 weeks. Juveniles migrate south on average later than adults. Spring migration usually occurs from late April to mid-May. Autumn migration is more extended, peaking at the end of August or beginning of September, although the first migrants (adult birds) can be encountered in significant numbers from mid-July, especially in the northern parts of European Russia.

Features of movement on the ground and methods of collecting food, like in tules (alternating runs and stops with inspection of the soil surface). On nesting sites it collects land insects and their larvae (beetles, centipede mosquitoes, butterflies), freshwater molluscs. On migrations and winterings, it feeds mainly on beetles in the fields, and on shores - on mollusks. In autumn, berries (blueberries, lingonberries) play a significant role in nutrition.

golden plover ( Pluvialis apricaria)

The golden plover cannot boast of a bright long tail or exotic fabulous plumage. But this migratory bird is expected and loved in many countries with a harsh climate. For example, in Iceland it is believed that she brings spring on her wings. With the return of flocks of golden plovers, the onset of heat is associated.

Short description

The golden plover is a bird from the order Charadriiformes. The order includes many families united by the name Plovers, and the genus Plovers includes at least 4 species. Specifically, the golden plover, in Latin Pluvialis apricaria, is classified as a southern subspecies.

The golden plover is not very large in size. The length of her body usually does not exceed 29 cm. The maximum weight that has been recorded is 220 g. The wingspan of a bird is from 65 to 76 cm. The golden plover looks a little awkward. The bird has a small rounded head, a massive body and elongated thin legs.

Color

The color of a bird changes throughout life. The upper side (head, neck, back and part of the tail) is gray-brown with variegated golden patches. Such plumage helps the golden plover to merge perfectly with the surrounding nature, hiding from enemies. During the mating season, males appear ornaments of black feathers, bordered by a white contrasting stripe. Black spot it can begin at the throat, just under the beak, and stretch through the entire abdomen to the very tail. Contrasting colors highlight males and attract females. The female, like the male, also has darker plumage on the abdomen. But it is not so dense and black, so it is not so noticeable.

The breeding color lasts for males almost until the end of August. Gradually it fades, being replaced by a "winter" feather. In nesting time (from mid to late June) there is still a beautiful black apron, and before departure (early September), the change of outfit is completely completed.

The young golden plover is colored slightly differently. In chicks, the abdomen is covered with a white delicate feather. And the back is gray-golden, with thin white stripes. Juveniles have a uniformly yellow color of the breast and belly with small dark scales. Young males do not have a black apron.

The golden plover acquires an adult color in a year. At this time, only the condition of the flight and tail feathers distinguishes the young from the old relatives. Older ones are somewhat worn.

In a bird whose photo was taken in flight, the difference in color of the upper and lower parts of the wing is clearly visible. In the golden plover in breeding plumage, and in winter color, the lower part of the wing is white, with brownish feathers at the very end.

Spreading

Golden plovers prefer open swampy areas, mountain meadows, wastelands or tundra. Distribution area - Northern Europe. Birds winter in the British Isles and on the Western and Southern coasts of Europe. In fact, it is found from the territories of Iceland and Great Britain, to the center of Siberia. In Central Europe, the bird has almost disappeared.

In general, it is most convenient to observe birds from the Plover family on wattled coastal shallows. These areas of land are flooded during high tides, and after low tides a large amount of food remains on them.

What do they eat

The diet of this species of birds is very diverse. The main menu includes insects, worms and snails. This food can be found in large quantities on the ground. The golden plover eats beetles, spiders and various insects in large numbers. It can snack on medium-sized specimens of locust. Stopping to rest during migration, the golden plover feeds on molluscs and crustaceans. Plant foods are also present in the diet, but in small quantities. These can be seeds, green plants and marsh berry species.

Lifestyle

Golden plovers often live in colonies, which include representatives not only of their own species, but also of others. It can be curlews or snails. The species returns to nesting areas at the height of snowmelt. The nest of the bird is organized in the recesses of the ground. Most often they master marshy mounds (hummocks) or the foot of pines. Places are chosen non-grassy, avoid the proximity of shrubs and damp watery areas. However, very dry lands with sparse vegetation are also not to the liking of golden plovers. Many plovers return to the last year's nesting area. The period of mating and pair formation is spring.

Birds fly out for fishing during the day, but if there is little food, then golden plovers can hunt in the evening.

The spring migration of Golden Plovers to their native places takes place from March to the second part of April. In autumn, in warmer climes birds migrate in September - November.

What is the voice of the golden plover?

Of course, the golden plover will not compete with the nightingale, but its song is full of a peculiar charm. The song of the male is called displaying. It rises high into the air and currents, evenly flapping its wings. The marriage song always consists of two couplets-parts. In the first part, the male emits separate two-syllable whistles. This is a beautiful and unhurried part, which is repeated many times with small stops. The second part of the current is more hasty, and the whistles in it sound without gaps.

If the bird is worried in the nest, then the whistle acquires an annoying sad intonation. In this case, the sounds are monosyllabic, repeated and monotonous. With the same monosyllabic whistles, golden plovers call to each other in a flock.

reproduction

The southern golden plover begins nesting at 1-2 years of age. Many one-year-old birds roam from place to place all summer. After choosing a place for the nest, the birds line it with a thick layer of plant material. The female lays 4 eggs, the interval between which can be 2-4 days. The height of the eggs is about 52 mm, their color is yellow-brown. In this case, brown spots are located closer to the blunt edge of the egg.

The family of plovers will sit on the masonry for 30 days. Male and female do this in turn. Then chicks appear, which from the first days begin to show independence. Small birds, the photo of which causes an explosion of tenderness, in fact, can immediately get their own food. They need parental supervision more to protect them from predators. I must say that golden plovers are brave birds! They selflessly lead predators away from the nest with chicks, pretending to be wounded. At the same time, they make sure that the distance between them and the predator remains small so that he does not lose interest and does not return to the nest.

Number and conservation measures

The number of the southern golden plover within Russia does not exceed 2 thousand pairs. During the periods of spring and autumn migration, about 500 individuals cross the territory of our country. The decline in the number of golden plover is due to shooting and the disappearance of nesting sites.

Since the range of the golden plover is limited, and the number is falling, the bird is listed in the Red Book of Russia.

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