Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise. Methods of economic analysis of economic activity Results of economic activity of the enterprise

Peculiarity express analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise in that it is applied with limited primary information and within a narrow time frame. Despite the fact that certain limitations are inherent in any financial statements, the data contained in form No. 1 (balance sheet) and form No. 2 (report on financial results) are most often available to the public.

In the express analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise, the following stages can be distinguished:

Stage 1. Determining the purpose of the analysis. This stage is the most important, since the depth of calculations depends on the purpose of the express analysis.

Stage 2. visual analysis. At this stage, the problematic articles of the financial statements are identified, which should be given the closest attention in the future.

Stage 3. Calculation of indicators, which includes:

• horizontal analysis- comparison of each article with the previous period. It is carried out if necessary for some articles;
• vertical analysis or structure analysis. Vertical analysis - structure definition financial indicators identifying the impact of each article on the result. Particular attention is paid to the problem articles identified at the 2nd stage;
• calculation of the required coefficients.

Consider conducting an express analysis of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise using the example of a conditional enterprise.

Determining the purpose of express analysis and visual analysis of financial statements

The purpose of express analysis is to determine how great are the risks of cooperation with this company when selling goods to it with deferred payment. To do this, first of all, we will build an analytical balance sheet based on the financial statements of a conditional company.

Table 1. Vertical and horizontal balance sheet analysis data

	01.01.2013	In % of the balance	31.12.2013	In % of the balance	Horizontal analysis
					thousand roubles.	%
ASSETS
Fixed assets
Intangible assets		0,0%		0,0%	0
Research and development results		0,0%		0,0%	0
fixed assets	6 100	0,9%	5 230	0,7%	-870	85,7%
Profitable investments in material values		0,0%		0,0%	0
Financial investments		0,0%		0,0%	0
Deferred tax assets		0,0%		0,0%	0
Other noncurrent assets	87	0,0%	87	0,0%	0	100,0%
Total for Section I	6 187	0,9%	5 317	0,7%	-870	85,9%
current assets
Stocks	374 445	54,3%	392 120	53,9%	17 675	104,7%
Value added tax on acquired valuables	16 580	2,4%	17 044	2,3%	464	102,8%
Accounts receivable	280 403	40,7%	307 718	42,3%	27 315	109,7%
Financial investments		0,0%		0,0%	0
Cash	10 700	1,6%	5 544	0,8%	-5 156	51,8%
Other current assets	1 415	0,2%		0,0%	-1 415	0,0%
Total for Section II	683 543	99,1%	722 426	99,3%	38 883	105,7%
BALANCE	689 730	100,0%	727 743	100,0%	38 013	105,5%
LIABILITY
Capital and reserves
Authorized capital(share capital, statutory fund, contributions of comrades)	10	0,0%	10	0,0%	0	100,0%
Own shares repurchased from shareholders		0,0%		0,0%	0
Revaluation non-current assets		0,0%		0,0%	0
Additional capital (without revaluation)		0,0%		0,0%	0
Reserve capital		0,0%		0,0%	0
Retained earnings (uncovered loss)	20 480	3,0%	32 950	4,5%	12 470	160,9%
Total for Section III	20 490	3,0%	32 960	4,5%	12 470	160,9%
long term duties
Borrowed funds	38 000	5,5%	45 000	6,2%	7 000	118,4%
Deferred tax liabilities		0,0%		0,0%	0
Provisions for contingent liabilities		0,0%		0,0%	0
Other liabilities		0,0%		0,0%	0
Total for section IV	38 000	5,5%	45 000	6,2%	7 000	118,4%
Short-term liabilities
Borrowed funds		0,0%		0,0%	0
Accounts payable, including:	629 738	91,3%	649 696	89,3%	19 958	103,2%
suppliers and contractors	626 400	90,8%	642 532	88,3%	16 132	102,6%
debt to the staff of the organization	700	0,1%	1 200	0,2%	500	171,4%
debt on taxes and fees	2 638	0,4%	5 964	0,8%	3 326	226,1%
Reserves for future expenses		0,0%		0,0%	0
Other liabilities	1 502	0,2%	87	0,0%	-1 415	5,8%
Section V total	631 240	91,5%	649 783	89,3%	18 543	102,9%
BALANCE	689 730	100,0%	727 743	100,0%	38 013	105,5%

Table 2. Data from vertical and horizontal analysis of the income statement

	2013	In % of the balance	2012	In % of the balance	Horizontal analysis
					thousand roubles.	%
Revenue	559876	100,0%	554880	100,0%	4 996	100,9%
Cost of sales	449820	80,3%	453049	81,6%	-3 229	99,3%
Gross profit (loss)	110056	19,7%	101831	18,4%	8 225	108,1%
Selling expenses	8 562	1,5%	9 125	1,6%	-563	93,8%
Management expenses	38 096	6,8%	32 946	5,9%	5 150	115,6%
Profit (loss) from sales	63 398	11,3%	59 760	10,8%	3 638	106,1%
Interest receivable		0,0%		0,0%	0
Percentage to be paid	4 950	0,9%	4 180	0,8%	770	118,4%
Other income		0,0%		0,0%	0
other expenses		0,0%		0,0%	0
Profit (loss) before tax	58 448	10,4%	55 580	10,0%	2 868	105,2%
Net income (loss)	46 758	8,4%	44 464	8,0%	2 294	105,2%

Section/article	conclusions
	Number increase	Decreasing the number
During the year, the value of the item "Fixed assets" decreased slightly. This means that the company did not buy new fixed assets and did not sell old ones, and the decrease occurred as a result of depreciation on existing fixed assets. There were no changes in the item “Other non-current assets” in the company.
Current assets Inventories	A large number of inventories and their annual growth may indicate overstocking	A regular decrease in stocks may indicate both a decrease in business activity, as well as the lack of working capital
In section II of the balance sheet, attention should be paid to such an article as VAT on acquired valuables. If the amount of tax is large and continues to increase, then it is likely that the company has some reason to reduce tax payments. These reasons may be: unsatisfactory organization of workflow, poor quality of tax accounting, purchases at inflated prices or from unreliable suppliers. The tax risks of such a company are high.
Accounts receivable. This balance sheet item is best considered in conjunction with the revenue indicator from Form No. 2	If the growth of accounts receivable is associated with an increase in sales, then the growth in revenue is provided by an increase in the term for granting a commodity loan. If the increase occurs against the backdrop of a decrease in revenue, then, despite the change in the credit policy for the better for customers, the company failed to retain its customers. This indicates an increase in operational risks.	If the decrease in this item occurs against the background of an increase in revenue, it means that buyers began to pay their bills earlier, that is, there was a reduction in the days of delay or part of the goods is paid for in advance. If the revenue decreased, then the debt of buyers also decreased.
Accounts receivable may also include paid advances related to the construction or acquisition of fixed assets (PP). That is, such receivables in the future will turn either into fixed assets or construction in progress, and not into cash.
In section II, the largest amount is stocks. Their value has increased. It is necessary to carry out a vertical analysis and calculate the turnover ratio. The unclaimed VAT at the end of the year amounted to more than 17 million rubles, and this amount increased compared to the previous period. Conclusion: tax risks increase. Accounts receivable increased on the back of lower revenues. Further analysis needed
Capital and reserves	Authorized capital. As a rule, a change under this article occurs only if the company was re-registered, or a decision was made to increase the authorized capital
Retained earnings (uncovered loss)	At this stage of the analysis, we look at the availability of the amount for this article. If a loss is reflected, then this article is classified as problematic. For a more detailed analysis of the data presented in the balance sheet, it is not enough
The analyzed company's authorized capital has not changed. The amount of retained earnings has increased, which means that equity capital has also increased
Loans and credits	On the basis of the balance, one can observe the presence of short-term or long-term loans, the dynamics of their change. For any conclusions about the validity of attracting credit resources and their effectiveness at this stage, there is not enough information
Long-term borrowed funds of the analyzed company increased
Accounts payable. Analyze by type of debt	An increase in debt to suppliers may indicate both a delay in payments and the presence of agreements to increase the delay as a result of maintaining the volume of purchases, payment on time, and the presence of good relationships. An increase in debt to the tax authorities may indicate an increase in the company's tax risk	A decrease in creditors may indicate both a more stringent credit policy of suppliers, and early fulfillment of payment obligations. A decrease in tax arrears shows both the timeliness of fulfilling tax obligations and lower taxes due to a decrease in business activity.
Accounts payable of the analyzed company grew mainly due to the growth of debt to suppliers, as well as an increase in tax liabilities. This happened against the backdrop of an increase in inventories. This means that the purchased inventory was purchased with a deferred payment and the payment due date at the time of reporting did not come. For a more complete analysis, it is necessary to look at the change in the structure of obligations, i.e. calculate the share of the "creditors" and analyze the turnover. That is, for more reasonable conclusions on the financial condition of the company, a vertical analysis and analysis of the coefficients is necessary. Other liabilities of the enterprise in the analyzed period decreased.

The balance sheet data also allows a preliminary assessment of the company's solvency at the reporting date. To do this, let's compare the cost of working capital with the value of short-term liabilities (722,426 - 649,783 = 72,643). The result obtained can be called the margin of safety of the company in terms of solvency.

When analyzing the income statement, it is better to resort to horizontal and vertical analysis.

It is necessary to pay attention to the following points: if revenue has increased, then an increase in the cost of goods sold (products) is normal. But if the increase in the cost of goods sold and management expenses occurred against the backdrop of a decrease in revenue or its invariability - this should alert the analyst.

If this trend continues in the future, the company may experience problems with business efficiency and, as a result, with solvency. Estimated data, as well as forms of balance sheet and income statement are presented in tables 1 and 2.

Key indicators of the company

You can describe the change in numerical indicators both in structure and in growth rates for each article of the submitted forms. But this is not included in the tasks of express analysis, so let's pay attention to the most interesting trends.

So let's do brief conclusions, interesting from the point of view of express analysis. The revenue of the analyzed company in 2013 remained practically unchanged (0.9%) compared to the previous year. At the same time, net profit increased by 5.2%, which is a good indicator. As can be seen from the above calculations, the cost of goods sold decreased by 0.7%. The share of prime cost in the revenue structure also decreased from 81.6% in 2012 to up to 80.3% in the reporting period. This allowed the company to receive an additional 8,225 thousand rubles of gross profit in 2013.

It should be noted that the company's selling and administrative expenses increased by 10.9%. Their share in the revenue structure increased from 7.6% to 8.3%. If this trend continues in the future, the company is threatened with a decrease in efficiency.

Despite the fact that the company practically managed to maintain revenue at the level of 2012, accounts receivable increased by 9.7%. This may indicate that in order to maintain revenue, the company had to change its credit policy in the direction of increasing the number of days of delay in payment for goods sold.

Inventories increased by 4.7%, while the company's short-term liabilities increased by 2.9%. Based on this, we can conclude that the source of the increase in current assets were short-term liabilities.

Current (current) assets exceeded current (short-term) liabilities by 52,303 thousand rubles. in 2012 and 72643 thousand rubles. in 2013, which clearly indicates the solvency of the company.

Solvency assessment

As you can see, the composition of the company's property contains such articles as value added tax on acquired values.

Moreover, the balances of these items are increasing. Let's imagine a situation that in a certain period of time the company will need to urgently pay off all its obligations to creditors and it will be forced to sell its current assets.

The situation is similar with “incoming” VAT: what is the probability of presenting it for reimbursement from the budget if it has not been reimbursed to date? There can be two approaches here, let's call them conservative and loyal.

With a more loyal approach, the amount of "input" VAT can be taken into account in the calculations.

There is also a reasonable explanation for this approach: VAT refunds from the budget take quite a long time (only 90 days are given for a desk audit according to the Tax Code) and is associated with the emergence of additional tax risks and, which is not excluded, litigation. The change in the company's solvency, taking into account the above comments, is presented in table 3.

Table 3. Dynamics of the company's solvency

Indicators	conservative approach		Loyal approach
	2012	2013	2012	2013
current assets	683 543	722 426	683 543	722 426
minus "incoming" VAT	16 580	17 044
Current assets (TA)	666 963	705 382	683 543	722 426
Current Liabilities (TO)	631 240	649 783	631 240	649 783
Difference between TA and TO	35 723	55 599	52 303	72 643

As you can see, both in the first and in the second approach, the solvency of the company in 2013 improved significantly.

Analysis of financial and economic activities plays an important role in increasing the economic efficiency of the organization, in its management, in strengthening its financial condition. It is an economic science that studies the economics of organizations, their activities in terms of evaluating their work on the implementation of business plans, assessing their property and financial condition and in order to identify untapped reserves to improve the efficiency of organizations.

Acceptance of justified, optimal ones is impossible without a preliminary comprehensive, in-depth economic analysis of the organization's activities.

The results of the economic analysis carried out are used to establish reasonable planning targets. The indicators of business plans are set on the basis of actually achieved indicators, analyzed in terms of opportunities for their improvement. The same applies to regulation. The norms and standards are determined on the basis of the previously existing ones, analyzed from the point of view of the possibilities for their optimization. For example, the norms for the consumption of materials for the manufacture of products should be established taking into account the need to reduce them without compromising the quality and competitiveness of products. Consequently, the analysis of economic activity contributes to the establishment of reasonable values ​​of planned indicators and various standards.

Economic analysis helps to improve the efficiency of organizations, the most rational and efficient use fixed assets, material, labor and financial resources, the elimination of unnecessary costs and losses, and, consequently, the implementation of the savings regime. The immutable law of management is to achieve the greatest results at the lowest cost. The most important role in this is played by economic analysis, which makes it possible, by eliminating the causes of excessive costs, to minimize and, consequently, maximize the value obtained.

The role of the analysis of economic activity in strengthening the financial condition of organizations is great. The analysis allows you to establish the presence or absence of financial difficulties in the organization, identify their causes and outline measures to eliminate these causes. The analysis also makes it possible to ascertain the degree of solvency and liquidity of the organization and predict the possible bankruptcy of the organization in the future. When analyzing the financial results of the organization's activities, the causes of losses are established, ways to eliminate these causes are outlined, the influence of individual factors on the amount of profit is studied, recommendations are made to maximize profits by using the identified reserves of its growth, and ways are outlined for their use.

The relationship of economic analysis (analysis of economic activity) with other sciences

First of all, the analysis of financial and economic activities is associated with. Among all those used in the conduct, the most important place (more than 70 percent) is occupied by information provided accounting and . Accounting forms the main indicators of the organization's activities and its financial condition (liquidity, etc.).

The analysis of economic activity is also associated with statistical accounting (). information provided by statistical accounting and reporting is used in the analysis of the organization's activities. In addition, a number of statistical research methods are used in economic analysis. Economic analysis is interconnected with audit.

auditors check the correctness and validity of the organization's business plans, which, along with accounting data, are an important source of information for economic analysis. Further, the auditors carry out a documentary check of the organization's activities, which is very important to ensure the reliability of the information used in the economic analysis. Auditors also analyze the profit, profitability and financial condition of the organization. Here audit comes into close interaction with economic analysis.

The analysis of economic activity is also associated with intra-economic planning.

The analysis of economic activity is closely connected with mathematics. When conducting research is widely used.

Economic analysis is also closely connected with the economy of individual sectors of the national economy, as well as with the economy of individual industries (engineering, metallurgy, chemical industry, etc.).

The analysis of economic activity is also interconnected with such sciences as , . In the process of conducting economic analysis, it is necessary to take into account the formation and use cash flows, features of functioning of both own and borrowed money.

Economic analysis is very closely related to the management of organizations. Strictly speaking, the analysis of the activities of organizations is carried out with the aim of implementing, on the basis of its results, the development and adoption of optimal management decisions, providing an increase in the efficiency of the organization. Thus, economic analysis contributes to the organization of the most rational and effective system management.

Along with the specific economic sciences listed, economic analysis is certainly associated with. The latter sets out the most important economic categories, which serves methodological basis for economic analysis.

The objectives of the analysis of financial and economic activities

In the process of conducting economic analysis, identifying an increase in the efficiency of organizations and ways of mobilization, that is, the use of identified reserves. These reserves are the basis for the development of organizational and technical measures that must be carried out to activate the identified reserves. The developed measures, being optimal management decisions, make it possible to effectively manage the activities of the objects of analysis. Therefore, the analysis of the economic activity of organizations can be considered as one of the most important functions of management or, as the main method of substantiating decisions on the management of organizations. In the conditions of market relations in the economy, the analysis of economic activity is designed to ensure high profitability and competitiveness of organizations both in the short and long term.

The analysis of economic activity, which arose as an analysis of the balance sheet, as balance science, continues to consider the analysis of the financial condition of the organization according to the balance sheet as the main direction of research (using, of course, other sources of information). In the conditions of transition to market relations in the economy, the role of analyzing the financial condition of the organization is significantly increasing, although, of course, the importance of analyzing other aspects of their work is not diminished.

Methods of analysis of economic activity

The method of analysis of economic activity includes a whole system of methods and techniques. enabling the scientific study of economic phenomena and processes that make up the economic activity of the organization. Moreover, any of the methods and techniques used in economic analysis can be called a method in the narrow sense of the word, as a synonym for the concepts of "method" and "reception". The analysis of economic activity also uses the methods and techniques characteristic of other sciences, especially statistics and mathematics.

Analysis method is a set of methods and techniques that provide a systematic, comprehensive study of the influence of individual factors on changes in economic indicators and the identification of reserves for improving the activities of organizations.

The method of analyzing economic activity as a way of studying the subject of this science is characterized by the following features:

1. The use of tasks (taking into account their validity), as well as the standard values ​​of individual indicators as the main criterion for assessing the activities of organizations, and their financial condition;
2. The transition from assessing the organization's activities based on the overall results of the implementation of business plans to detailing these results by spatial and temporal characteristics;
3. calculation of the influence of individual factors on economic indicators (where possible);
4. Comparison of indicators of this organization with indicators of other organizations;
5. Integrated use of all available sources of economic information;
6. Generalization of the results of the conducted economic analysis and a summary calculation of the identified reserves for improving the organization's activities.

In the process of conducting an analysis of economic activity, it is used a large number of special methods and techniques in which the systemic, complex nature of the analysis is manifested. Systemic nature of economic analysis It manifests itself in the fact that all economic phenomena and processes that make up the activity of the organization are considered as certain aggregates consisting of separate components, interconnected and generally with the system, which is the economic activity of the organization. When conducting an analysis, the relationship between the individual components of these aggregates, as well as these parts and the aggregate as a whole, and finally, between individual aggregates and the activities of the organization as a whole, is studied. The latter is considered as a system, and all of its listed components are considered as subsystems of various levels. For example, an organization as a system includes a number of workshops, i.e. subsystems, which are aggregates consisting of individual production sites and jobs, that is, subsystems of the second and higher orders. Economic analysis studies the interconnections of the system and subsystems of various levels, as well as the latter among themselves.

Analysis and evaluation of business performance

Analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise makes it possible to assess the effectiveness of the business, that is, to establish the degree of efficiency of the functioning of this enterprise.

The main principle of economic efficiency is to achieve the greatest results at the lowest cost. If we detail this provision, then we can say that the effective activity of the enterprise takes place while minimizing the cost of manufacturing a unit of production in conditions of strict adherence to technology and production and ensuring high quality and.

The most general performance indicators are profitability, . There are private indicators that characterize the effectiveness of certain aspects of the functioning of the enterprise.

These indicators include:

• efficiency of use of production resources at the disposal of the organization:
  • fixed production assets (here the indicators are , );
  • (indicators - personnel profitability, );
  • (indicators - , profit per one ruble of material costs);
• the effectiveness of the organization's investment activity (indicators - the payback period of capital investments, profit per one ruble of capital investments);
• efficiency of use of the organization's assets (indicators - turnover of current assets, profit per one ruble of the value of assets, including current and non-current assets, etc.);
• efficiency of capital use (indicators - net profit per share, dividends per share, etc.)

Actually achieved private performance indicators are compared with planned indicators, with data for previous reporting periods, as well as with indicators of other organizations.

We present the initial data for analysis in the following table:

Private performance indicators of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise

Indicators characterizing certain aspects of the financial and economic activity of the enterprise have improved. Thus, capital productivity, labor productivity and material productivity have increased, therefore, the use of all types of production resources at the disposal of the organization has improved. The payback period for capital investments has been reduced. The turnover of working capital accelerated due to the increase in the efficiency of their use. Finally, there is an increase in the amount of dividends paid to shareholders per share.

All these changes, which took place compared with the previous period, indicate an increase in the efficiency of the enterprise.

As a generalizing indicator of the effectiveness of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise, we use the level as the ratio of net profit to the sum of fixed and circulating production assets. This indicator combines a number of private performance indicators. Therefore, the change in the level of profitability reflects the dynamics of the efficiency of all aspects of the organization's activities. In our example, the level of profitability in the previous year was 21 percent, and in the reporting year 22.8%. Consequently, an increase in the level of profitability by 1.8 points indicates an increase in business efficiency, which is expressed in a comprehensive intensification of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise.

The level of profitability can be considered as a generalizing, integral indicator of business performance. Profitability expresses a measure of profitability, the profitability of the enterprise. Profitability is a relative indicator; it is much less than the absolute indicator of profit, is subject to the influence of inflationary processes and therefore more accurately shows the effectiveness of the organization. Profitability characterizes the profit received by the enterprise from each ruble of funds invested in the formation of assets. In addition to the considered profitability indicator, there are others that are covered in detail in the article “Profit and Profitability Analysis” of this site.

The effectiveness of the functioning of the organization is influenced by a large number of factors different levels. These factors are:

• general economic factors. These include: trends and patterns of economic development, achievements scientific and technological progress, tax, investment, depreciation policy of the state, etc.
• natural and geographical factors: the location of the organization, the climatic features of the area, etc.
• Regional factors: economic potential this region, investment policy in this region, etc.
• industry factors: the place of this industry in the national economic complex, market conditions in this industry, etc.
• factors determined by the functioning of the analyzed organization - the degree of use of production resources, compliance with the regime of savings in the costs of production and sale of products, the rationality of the organization of supply and marketing activities, investment and pricing policy, the most complete identification and use of on-farm reserves, etc.

It is very important to improve the efficiency of the functioning of the enterprise is to improve the use of production resources. Any of the indicators we have named, reflecting their use ( , ) is a synthetic, generalizing indicator, which is influenced by more detailed indicators (factors). In turn, each of these two factors is influenced by even more detailed factors. Consequently, any of the generalizing indicators of the use of production resources (for example, capital productivity) characterizes the effectiveness of their use only in general.

In order to reveal the true effectiveness, it is necessary to carry out more detailed of these indicators.

The main private indicators characterizing the efficiency of the enterprise should be considered the return on assets, labor productivity, material efficiency and turnover of working capital. At the same time, the latter indicator, in comparison with the previous ones, is more general, directly reaching such performance indicators as profitability, profitability, and profitability. The faster the turnover of working capital, the more efficiently the organization functions and the greater the amount of profit received and the higher the level of profitability.

The acceleration of turnover characterizes the improvement of both the production and economic aspects of the organization's activities.

So, the main indicators reflecting the effectiveness of the organization are profitability, profitability, profitability level.

In addition, there is a system of private indicators that characterize the effectiveness of various aspects of the functioning of the organization. Among the private indicators, the most important is the turnover of working capital.

A systematic approach to the analysis of financial and economic activities

Systems approach to the analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise suggests her study as a certain totality, as a single system. The system approach also assumes that an enterprise or other analyzed object should include a system of various elements that are in certain relationships with each other, as well as with other systems. Consequently, the analysis of these elements that make up the system should be carried out taking into account both intrasystem and external relations.

Thus, any system (in this case, the analyzed organization or another object of analysis) consists of a number of interconnected subsystems. At the same time, the same system, as an integral part, as a subsystem, is included in another system of a higher level, where the first system is interconnected and interacts with other subsystems. For example, the analyzed organization as a system includes a number of workshops and management services(subsystems). At the same time, this organization, as a subsystem, is part of some branch of the national economy or industry, i.e. systems of a higher level, where it interacts with other subsystems (other organizations included in this system), as well as with subsystems of other systems, i.e. with organizations in other industries. Thus, the analysis of the activities of individual structural divisions of the organization, as well as individual aspects of the latter's activities (supply and marketing, production, financial, investment, etc.) should not be carried out in isolation, but taking into account the relationships that exist in the analyzed system.

Under these conditions, economic analysis must, of course, be systemic, complex and multifaceted.

In the economic literature, the concepts of " system analysis" and " complex analysis". These categories are closely related. In many respects, systemic and complex analysis are synonymous concepts. However, there are also differences between them. System approach to economic analysis involves an interconnected consideration of the functioning of individual structural units of the organization, the organization as a whole, and their interaction with the external environment, that is, with other systems. Along with this, a systematic approach means an interconnected consideration of various aspects of the activity of the analyzed organization (supply and marketing, production, financial, investment, socio-economic, economic-environmental, etc.). The systematic analysis is a broader concept compared to its complexity. Complexity includes the study of individual aspects of the organization's activities in their unity and interconnection. As a result, complex analysis should be considered as one of the fundamental parts of system analysis. The generality of the complexity and consistency of the analysis of financial and economic activities is reflected in the unity of the study of various aspects of the activities of this organization, as well as in the interconnected study of the activities of the organization as a whole and its individual divisions, and, moreover, in the application of the total set of economic indicators, and, finally, in the integrated use of all types information support economic analysis.

Stages of analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise

During the course of the systemic complex analysis financial and economic activities of the enterprise can be divided into the following stages. At the first stage the analyzed system should be divided into separate subsystems. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that in each individual case, the main subsystems may be different, or the same, but having far from identical content. So, in an organization that manufactures industrial products, the most important subsystem will be its production activity, which is absent in a trade organization. Organizations providing services to the population have a so-called production activity, which differs sharply in its essence from production activities industrial organizations.

Thus, all the functions performed by this organization are performed through the activities of its individual subsystems, which are identified at the first stage of a systemic, comprehensive analysis.

At the second stage a system of economic indicators is being developed, which reflects the functioning of both individual subsystems of a given organization, that is, the system, and the organization as a whole. At the same stage, criteria for evaluating the values ​​of these economic indicators are developed based on the use of their normative and critical values. And finally, at the third stage of the implementation of a systemic, integrated analysis, the relationships between the functioning of individual subsystems of a given organization and the organization as a whole are identified, the economic indicators that express these relationships are determined and are under their influence. So, for example, they analyze how the functioning of the department for labor and social issues of a given organization will affect the value of the cost of manufactured products, or how the investment activity of the organization affected the amount of its balance sheet profit.

Systems approach to economic analysis enables the most complete and objective study of the functioning of this organization.

At the same time, one should take into account the materiality, significance of each type of identified relationships, the share of their influence on the total value of the change in the economic indicator. Subject to this condition, a systematic approach to economic analysis provides opportunities for the development and implementation of optimal management decisions.

When conducting a systematic, comprehensive analysis, it is necessary to take into account that economic and political factors are interrelated and have a joint impact on the activities of any organization and on its result. Political decisions adopted by the legislative authorities must necessarily be in accordance with the legislative acts regulating the development of the economy. True, at the micro level, that is, at the level of individual organizations, it is very problematic to give a reasonable assessment of the influence of political factors on the performance of an organization, to measure their influence. As for the macro level, that is, the national economic aspect of the functioning of the economy, here it seems more realistic to indicate the influence of political factors.

Along with the unity of economic and political factors, when conducting a system analysis, it is also necessary to take into account the interconnectedness of economic and social factors. At present, the achievement of the optimal level of economic indicators is largely determined by the implementation of measures to improve the socio-cultural level of the organization's employees and improve their quality of life. In the process of conducting the analysis, it is necessary to study the degree of implementation of plans for socio-economic indicators and their relationship with other indicators of the activities of organizations.

When conducting a systematic, comprehensive economic analysis, one should also take into account unity of economic and environmental factors. In modern conditions of the activity of enterprises, the environmental side of this activity has become very important. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that the costs of implementing environmental protection measures cannot be considered only from the standpoint of momentary benefits, since the biological damage caused to nature by the activities of metallurgical, chemical, food and other organizations may become irreversible, irreplaceable in the future. Therefore, in the process of analysis, it is necessary to check how the plans for the construction of treatment facilities, for the transition to waste-free production technologies, for the beneficial use or implementation of planned returnable waste are fulfilled. It is also necessary to calculate the reasonable values ​​of damage caused to the natural environment by the activities of this organization and its individual structural divisions. The environmental activities of the organization and its divisions should be analyzed in conjunction with other aspects of its activities, with the implementation of plans and the dynamics of the main economic indicators. At the same time, cost savings on environmental protection measures, in cases where it is caused by incomplete implementation of plans for these measures, and not by more economical use of material, labor and financial resources, should be recognized as unjustified.

Further, when conducting a systematic, comprehensive analysis, it is necessary to take into account that it is possible to obtain a holistic view of the organization's activities only as a result of studying all aspects of its activities (and the activities of its structural divisions), taking into account the relationships between them, as well as their interaction with external environment. Thus, in carrying out the analysis, we split the integral concept - the activity of the organization - into separate components; then, in order to verify the objectivity of analytical calculations, we carry out an algebraic addition of the results of the analysis, that is, individual parts, which together should form a complete picture of the activities of this organization.

The systemic and complex nature of the analysis of financial and economic activity is reflected in the fact that in the process of its implementation there is the creation and direct application of a certain system of economic indicators that characterize the activities of the enterprise, its individual aspects, the relationship between them.

Finally, the systemic and complex nature of economic analysis finds its expression in the fact that in the process of its implementation there is a complex use of the entire set of information sources.

Conclusion

So the main content systems approach in economic analysis is to study the influence of the entire system of factors on economic indicators based on intra-economic and external relations of these factors and indicators. At the same time, the analyzed organization, that is, a certain system, is divided into a number of subsystems, which are separate structural divisions and separate aspects of the organization's activities. In the course of the analysis, the complex use of the entire system of sources of economic information is carried out.

Factors to improve the efficiency of the organization

Classification of factors and reserves to improve the efficiency of the organization's economic activities

The processes that make up the financial and economic activities of the enterprise are interconnected. In this case, the connection can be direct, direct, or indirect, mediated.

The financial and economic activities of the enterprise, its effectiveness are reflected in certain. The latter can be generalized, that is, synthetic, as well as detailed, analytical.

All indicators expressing the financial and economic activities of the organization are interconnected. Any indicator, a change in its value, is influenced by certain reasons, which are usually called factors. So, for example, the volume of sales (sales) is influenced by two main factors (they can be called factors of the first order): marketable products and the change during the reporting period of balances is not products sold. In turn, the values ​​of these factors are influenced by second-order factors, that is, more detailed factors. For example, three main groups of factors influence the value of output: factors related to the availability and use of labor resources, factors associated with the availability and use of fixed assets, factors associated with the availability and use of material resources.

In the process of analyzing the organization's activities, even more detailed factors of the third, fourth, and higher orders can be distinguished.

Any economic indicator can be a factor influencing another, more general indicator. In this case, the first indicator is called the factor indicator.

Studying the influence of individual factors on economic performance is called factor analysis. The main varieties of factor analysis are deterministic analysis and stochastic analysis.

See further:, and reserves for increasing the efficiency of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise

Introduction.

1.1 The concept of PCD analysis.

1.2 Principles of PCD analysis.

1.3 Types of PCD analysis.

1.4 Method of PCD analysis.

2.1 general review economic and financial position of the organization.

2.1.1 Characteristics of the direction of financial and economic activities.

2.1.2 Analysis of the state of "sick" reporting items.

2.2.1.1 Analysis of the integrated compacted net balance.

2.2.1.2 Assessing property dynamics.

2.2.1.3 Evaluation of formalized indicators of property status.

2.2.2 Assessment of the financial situation.

2.2.2.1 Analysis of the firm's liquidity.

2.2.2.2 Analysis of financial stability.

2.2.3 Evaluation of the effectiveness of the financial and economic activities of the organization.

2.2.3.1 Business analysis.

2.2.3.2 Profitability analysis.

2.3 Summary.

Conclusion.

Application.

Literature.

Introduction

With the transition of Russia to a market economy, the analysis of the financial and economic activities of enterprises is becoming increasingly important.

In the conditions of competition and the desire of enterprises to maximize profits, the analysis of financial and economic activities is an integral function of management. This aspect of company management is becoming the most significant at the present time, since the practice of market functioning shows that without an analysis of financial and economic activity, an enterprise cannot function effectively.

At present, this need seems to be recognized in Russia, although analysis is the norm in developed countries. entrepreneurial activity for quite a long time now.

This problem is well covered in the economic literature, especially recently. It is very positive that it is Russian economists who pay great attention to this, which determines the inclusion of Russian specifics in publications. Nevertheless, Western translated literature is also of great interest.

This work is devoted to the analysis of financial and economic activities. This is a very broad topic with numerous aspects. Its breadth is due to the versatility of the economic life of the company.

It is advisable to talk about the separation of the financial and economic aspects of the analysis. However, in my opinion, the integration of these aspects allows us to more fully characterize the activities of the company. In addition, these two aspects are closely related. In view of this, in this work, it was the analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise that was carried out.

The first part of the work is devoted to theoretical issues of the analysis of FCD, namely the essence of the analysis, its principles and types.

A special place is given to the second, practical part. term paper, in which an analysis of the financial and economic activities of a really operating enterprise was carried out.

Thus, this paper considers a range of issues related to the analysis of financial and economic activities in general and in terms of the practical application of analytical procedures.

§ 1. General characteristics of the analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise.

1.1 The concept of PCD analysis

Effective use of economic resources and the potential of society is impossible without studying the essence of the processes and phenomena occurring in the economy.

However, in view of the versatility and breadth of the economic life of society, the study of phenomena as a whole is extremely difficult. Significantly facilitate the study of economic processes allows the method of dividing the object of study into components - economic analysis.

Thus, economic analysis is a way of knowing objects and phenomena of the economic environment, based on the division of the whole into its constituent parts and the study of them in all the variety of connections and dependencies.

Economic analysis uses an abstract - logical method of studying economic phenomena, since here these phenomena are not of a material nature and their study is replaced by the power of abstraction, based on the analytical abilities of a person.

The need for economic analysis arose objectively, in connection with the development productive forces and industrial relations. At present, analysis occupies a significant place in the knowledge system of society and is widely used to study the patterns of economic development.

There are general theoretical economic analysis, which studies economic processes and phenomena at the macro level, and specifically economic analysis at the micro level (analysis of economic activity, which is used to study the activities of economic entities).

In view of the specifics of this work, in the future it will be considered the analysis of financial and economic activities at the micro level.

1.2 Principles of PCD analysis

An analytical study of the financial and economic activities of enterprises is based on certain principles.

1. 1. state approach.

When evaluating economic phenomena and processes, it is necessary to take into account their compliance with state economic, social, international policies and legislation.

1. 2. scientific character.

The analysis should be based on the provisions of the dialectical theory of knowledge, taking into account the requirements of the economic laws of the development of production.

1. 3. Complexity.

The analysis requires a comprehensive study of causal relationships in the economy of the enterprise.

1. 4. Systems approach.

The analysis should be based on understanding the object of study as a complex dynamic system with a structure of elements.

1. 5. objectivity and accuracy.

The information used for analysis must be reliable and objectively reflect reality, and analytical conclusions must be substantiated by accurate calculations.

1. 6. Effectiveness.

The analysis must be effective, that is, actively influence the course of production and its results.

1. 7. Planning.

For the effectiveness of analytical activities, the analysis must be carried out systematically.

1. 8. Efficiency.

The effectiveness of the analysis greatly increases if it is carried out promptly and analytical information quickly affects the managerial decisions of managers.

1. 9. Democracy.

It involves participation in the analysis of a wide range of workers and, consequently, a more complete identification of on-farm reserves.

1. 10. Efficiency.

The analysis must be effective, i.e., the costs of its implementation must have a multiple effect.

1.3 Types of PCD analysis

The classification of business analysis is important for a correct understanding of its content and objectives and, therefore, for effective application in practice.

The analysis of economic activity is a multifaceted and wide phenomenon. It is classified:

by industry:

• sectoral, the specifics of which take into account the characteristics of individual sectors of the national economy (industry, agriculture, transport, etc.)
• intersectoral, which takes into account the interconnections and structure of economic sectors and is the methodological basis for a general analysis of economic activity (AHD theory)

according to time:

• preliminary (prospective), - carried out before the implementation business transactions to substantiate management decisions
• operational, carried out immediately after the completion of business transactions for the prompt identification of shortcomings in the process of financial and economic activity. Its purpose is to provide the function of management - regulation.
• subsequent (retrospective, final), is carried out after the commission of economic acts. It is used to control the financial and economic activities of the enterprise.

in terms of space:

• on-farm, studies the activities of an economic entity and its structural divisions
• inter-farm, analyzes the interaction of the enterprise with contractors, competitors, etc. and allows you to identify best practices in the industry, reserves and shortcomings of the organization.

by objects of management

• technical - economic analysis, which studies the interaction of technological and economic processes and establishes their impact on the economic results of the enterprise.
• financial and economic analysis, which pays special attention to the financial results of the enterprise, namely, the implementation of the financial plan, the efficiency of using equity and borrowed capital, profitability indicators, etc.
• socio-economic analysis, which studies the relationship of social and economic processes to improve the efficiency of the use of labor resources, labor productivity, etc.
• economic - statistical analysis is used to study mass social - economic phenomena.
• economic - environmental analysis explores the interaction of environmental and economic processes for a more rational and careful use of environmental resources.
• marketing analysis, which is used to study external environment functioning of the enterprise, markets for raw materials and sales, etc.

according to the method of studying objects:

• comparative analysis, uses the method of comparing the results of financial and economic activities by periods of economic activity.
• factor analysis is aimed at identifying the magnitude of the influence of factors on growth and the level of performance indicators.
• diagnostic, aimed at identifying violations in the mechanism of the functioning of the organization by analyzing typical signs that are characteristic only for this violation.
• marginal analysis is a method for evaluating and justifying the effectiveness of management decisions based on cause-and-effect relationships between sales volume, production cost and profit.
• economic - mathematical analysis allows you to identify the best option for solving an economic problem with the help of mathematical modeling.
• stochastic analysis is used to study stochastic dependencies between the studied phenomena and the processes of financial and economic activity of an enterprise.
• functional - cost analysis is focused on optimizing the performance of functions that are performed at various stages life cycle products.

by subjects of analysis:

• internal analysis, which is carried out by special structural divisions of the enterprise for the needs of management.
• external analysis, which is performed government bodies, banks, shareholders, investors, contractors, audit firms based on financial and statistical reporting enterprises.

• complex analysis, in which the activities of the organization are studied comprehensively.
• thematic analysis, in which certain aspects of the activity that are of greatest interest at a given time are studied.

1.4 PCD analysis technique

The methodology for analyzing financial and economic activities is a set of analytical procedures used to determine the financial and economic condition of an enterprise.

Various experts in the field of analysis give different methods for determining the financial and economic condition of an enterprise. However, the basic principles and sequence of the procedural side of the analysis are almost the same with slight differences.

It should be noted that the detailing of the procedural side of the methodology for analyzing financial and economic activity depends on the goals set and various factors of information, methodological, personnel and technical support, as well as the analyst's vision of the task. Therefore, we can definitely say that there is no generally accepted methodology for analyzing the financial and economic activities of an enterprise, however, in all significant aspects, the procedural aspects are similar.

The information support of the analysis is important for a third-party analyst. This is due to the fact that, in accordance with the Law of the RSFSR "On Enterprises and Entrepreneurial Activities", "An enterprise may not provide information containing a commercial secret." But, as a rule, to accept strategic decisions potential partners of the company, it is sufficient to conduct an express analysis of financial and economic activities. Even to conduct a detailed analysis of financial and economic activities, information that is a trade secret is often not required, but the depth of detail may be less. To conduct a general detailed analysis of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise, information is required on the established forms of financial statements, namely:

q form No. 1 Balance sheet

q form No. 2 Profit and loss statement

q form No. 3 Statement of capital flows

q form No. 4 Statement of cash flows

q form No. 5 Appendix to the balance sheet

This information, in accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 5, 1991 No. 35 "On the list of information that cannot be a trade secret" cannot be a trade secret.

Analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise is carried out in three stages.

At the first stage, a decision is made on the appropriateness of the analysis of financial statements and its readiness for reading is checked. The problem of the expediency of the analysis can be solved by familiarization with the audit report on these documents. If an unconditionally positive or conditionally positive audit opinion is drawn up on the company's financial statements, then the analysis is advisable and possible, since the reporting in all material aspects objectively reflects the financial and economic activities of the enterprise.

If, however, a negative audit report is drawn up on the company's financial statements, this means that the documents do not accurately reflect the financial and economic activities of the enterprise or have significant errors, which makes the analysis impossible and irrational.

Checking the readiness of statements for reading is of a technical nature and is associated with a visual check of the availability of the necessary reporting forms, details and signatures on them, as well as the simplest accounting check of subtotals and balance sheet currency.

The purpose of the second stage is to get acquainted with the explanatory note to the balance sheet, this is necessary in order to assess the conditions for the functioning of the enterprise in this reporting period and take into account the analysis of the factors whose impact led to changes in the property and financial position of the organization and which are reflected in the explanatory note.

The third stage is the main one in the analysis of economic activity. The purpose of this stage is to evaluate the results of economic activity and the financial condition of an economic entity. It should be noted that the degree of detail of the analysis of financial and economic activities may vary depending on the goals set.

At the beginning of the analysis, it is advisable to characterize the financial and economic activities of the enterprise, indicate industry affiliation and other distinguishing features.

Then, the state of “sick reporting items” is analyzed, namely, loss items (form No. 1 - lines 310, 320, 390, form No. 2 lines - 110, 140, 170), long-term and short-term bank loans and loans outstanding on time ( form No. 5 lines 111, 121, 131, 141, 151) overdue receivables and payables (form No. 5 lines 211, 221, 231, 241) as well as overdue bills (form No. 5 line 265).

If there are amounts under these items, it is necessary to study the reasons for their occurrence. It is very likely that only further analysis can provide exhaustive information in this case, and the final conclusions on this matter will be reflected in the summary.

Analysis of the financial and economic condition of the enterprise can be divided into three main components:

• Assessment of the property status of the organization
• Assessment of the financial position of the organization
• Evaluation of the effectiveness of the financial and economic activities of the organization.

It should be noted that these components are closely interconnected and their differentiation is necessary only for a clearer separation and understanding of the conclusions on the analytical procedures for analyzing the financial and economic activities of the organization as a whole.

Property assessment consists of the following components:

q Analysis of the integrated skewed balance - net

q Assessing property dynamics

q Analysis of formalized indicators of property status

Analysis of the integrated compacted balance sheet - net is based on the construction of a simplified balance sheet model, which integrates the absolute and relative (structural) indicators of items. This achieves the integration of "horizontal" and "vertical" analysis of the balance sheet, which, in my opinion, allows you to more fully trace the dynamics of the balance sheet items. Many experts propose to carry out "vertical" and "horizontal" analysis separately. However, some of them recognize the expediency of conducting such an integrated analysis of balance sheet items.

At assessment of property dynamics the state of all property is traced as part of immobilized assets (balance sheet section I) and mobile assets (balance sheet section II - inventories, receivables, other current assets) at the beginning and end of the analyzed period, as well as the structure of their growth (decrease).

Analysis of formalized indicators of property status consists in the calculation and analysis of the following main indicators:

• The amount of economic assets at the disposal of the enterprise

This indicator gives a generalized valuation of assets listed on the balance sheet of the enterprise.

• Share of the active part of fixed assets

The active part of fixed assets should be understood as machines, machine tools, equipment, vehicles, etc. The growth of this indicator is qualified as a positive trend.

• Wear factor

It characterizes the degree of depreciation of fixed assets as a percentage of the original cost. Its high value is an unfavorable factor. The addition of this indicator to 100% is suitability factor.

• Refresh rate, - shows what part of the fixed assets available at the end of the period are new fixed assets.
• Retirement rate, - shows what part of the fixed assets withdrew from the economic turnover for the reporting period due to dilapidation and other reasons.

The assessment of the financial position consists of two main components:

q Analysis of the firm's liquidity

q Analysis of financial stability.

Company liquidity analysis is an analytical procedure aimed at identifying the firm's ability to pay its obligations in full and on time.

When analyzing liquidity, the following main indicators are calculated:

At financial stability analysis the most important characteristic of the financial condition of an enterprise is studied - the stability of its activities in the long term. It is related to the overall financial structure of the enterprise, the degree of its dependence on creditors and investors.

To analyze the financial stability of an enterprise, it is necessary to calculate the following key indicators:

• Equity concentration ratio. Characterizes the share of the owners of the enterprise in the total amount of funds advanced in its activities. The higher the value of this ratio, the more financially stable, stable and independent of external loans the enterprise. The recommended value for this indicator is 60%. In addition to this indicator up to 100% is concentration factor attracted (borrowed) capital.
• Coefficient of financial dependence. It is the inverse of the equity concentration ratio. The growth of this indicator in dynamics means an increase in the share of borrowed funds in the financing of the enterprise. If its value is reduced to one (or 100%), this means that the owners fully finance their enterprise. Exceeding 100% shows the structural value of attracted funds.
• Equity maneuverability ratio . Shows what part of equity is used to finance current activities, i.e. invested in working capital, and what part is capitalized. The value of this indicator can significantly vary depending on the capital structure and industry sector of the enterprise.
• Coefficient of structure of long-term investments. The coefficient shows which part of fixed assets and other non-current assets is financed by external investors, and which part is financed by own funds.
• The ratio of own and borrowed funds. This indicator gives the most overall rating the financial stability of the enterprise and shows how many kopecks of borrowed funds invested in the assets of the enterprise account for 1 ruble of own funds. The growth of the indicator in dynamics indicates an increase in the dependence of the enterprise on external investors and creditors, i.e., a decrease in financial stability, and vice versa.

Business activity analysis characterizes the results and efficiency of the current main production activity of the company. Generalizing indicators for evaluating the efficiency of the use of enterprise resources and the dynamism of its development include the following indicators:

• Resource productivity (turnover ratio of advanced capital). It characterizes the volume of sold products per ruble of funds invested in the activities of the enterprise. The growth of the indicator in dynamics is considered as a favorable trend.
• Coefficient of sustainability of economic growth. Shows what average pace the enterprise can develop in the future, without changing the already established ratio between various sources of financing, capital productivity, profitability of production, dividend policy etc.

Profitability analysis is the most important part of the overall analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise and allows you to answer the question of how profitable the company is and how efficiently it uses the invested capital. The main indicators of this block are return on advanced capital and profitability of own capital. The economic interpretation of these indicators is obvious - how many rubles of profit fall on one ruble of advanced (own) capital. Other similar indicators can also be calculated.

§ 2. Analysis of the financial and economic activities of ZAO Promsintez.

2.1 General overview of the economic and financial situation of the organization.

2.1.1 Characteristics of the direction of financial and economic activities.

Society with limited liability Promsintez(Promsintes) was established on December 7, 1991 and re-registered in ZAO Promsintez November 20, 1992 by Order of the Administration of the city of Pyatigorsk No. 6146r.

The Company has been assigned the following all-Russian classifiers:

• According to OKONH 71211.63200.81200
• According to KOPF 49
• According to OKPO 22088662

TIN 2663007854

Legal address: Pyatigorsk, st. Pestova 22, tel. 79141.

Settlement account 00746761 in CB Pyatigorsk 700161533

BIC 040708733.

CJSC Promsintez aims to make a profit by carrying out the following activities:

Production of consumer goods

Commissioning, construction and installation and design work

Production and processing of agricultural products

Manufacture of products for industrial purposes

Commercial, trade, intermediary, trade and procurement activities

Foreign economic activity

Transport services

All activities are carried out in accordance with current legislation. The company starts activities subject to licensing upon receipt of a license.

During the period under review (1996), Promsintez CJSC was mainly engaged in the production of water treatment plants and commissioning work on their installation, as well as construction and installation work for their own needs.

2.1.2 Analysis of the state of "sick" reporting items

As a result of the analysis of the financial statements of CJSC Promsintez, namely, losses (form No. 1 - lines 310, 320, 390, form No. 2 lines - 110, 140, 170), long-term and short-term bank loans and loans outstanding on time (form No. 5 lines 111, 121, 131, 141, 151) overdue receivables and payables (form No. 5 lines 211, 221, 231, 241) as well as overdue bills (form No. 5 line 265) no amounts were found on these items, which, in general, indicates the profitability of the enterprise, as well as its ability to normally pay off its creditors and receive money from debtors on time.

It should be noted that the company fully used the profit of the reporting year (48988 thousand rubles). This is due to the fact that a significant share of the company's expenses is occupied by construction costs. production shop, own shop and office.

2.2 Analysis of the financial and economic condition of the enterprise.

2.2.1 Assessment of property status.

The assessment of the property status of the organization should be carried out in three stages:

• Analysis of the integrated compacted net balance
• Analysis of property dynamics
• Analysis of property indicators

Table 1 Integrated compacted net balance

Article	Absolute indicators				Relative (structural) indicators
	At the beginning, thousand rubles	At the end, thousand rubles	Absolute change, thousand rubles	Relative change,%	At the beginning, %	Finally, %	Change, %
Assets
1. Non-current assets
1.1 Intangible assets
1.2 Fixed assets
1.3 Construction in progress
1.4 Long-term financial investments
1.5 Other non-current assets
Section 1 Total
2. Current assets
2.1 Stocks and costs, incl. VAT
2.2 Accounts receivable
2.3 Cash and cash equivalents
2.4 Other current assets
Section 2 total
Total assets
Passive
1. Equity
1.1 Authorized and additional capital
1.2 Funds and reserves
Section 1 Total
2. Raised capital
2.1 Long-term liabilities
Section 2 total
Total liabilities

As a result of the analysis of the condensed net balance, the following conclusions can be drawn:

q Fixed assets decreased from 139437 thousand rubles. up to 107400 thousand rubles. (by 23%), which can be characterized as a negative trend

q Construction in progress increased from 74896 thousand rubles. to 183,560 thousand rubles, which compensates for the decrease in fixed assets, since these facilities under construction (stamping shop, shop and office) will be included in fixed assets.

Thus, non-current assets increased from 214333 thousand rubles. up to 327833 thousand rubles. (by 53%), which indicates an increase in production fixed assets in the future.

Current assets increased from 46,095 thousand rubles. up to 114894 thousand rubles. which can be assessed as a favorable trend.

Thus, the balance sheet increased from 260428 thousand rubles. up to 442,727 thousand rubles. which generally characterizes the increase in the production potential of CJSC Promsintez.

Of particular note is the growth of the company's short-term liabilities (from 66,975 thousand rubles to 248,672 thousand rubles - by 271%), which can definitely be regarded as a negative trend.

In general, the structural indicators of the balance sheet reflect the above dynamics - if, in the assets of the balance sheet, the structure of items remained practically the same, then in liabilities, one can note a clear increase in the share of short-term liabilities (from 26% at the beginning of the analyzed period to 56% at the end) due to a corresponding decrease in the share of long-term liabilities. liabilities, which is also a negative point.

2.2.1.2 Assessing property dynamics

Table 2. Assessing property dynamics

Indicators	Back to top	Finally	Change
			thousand roubles.
Immobilized assets
Mobile assets, incl.
Accounts receivable
Cash
Other current assets
Total property

When assessing the dynamics of the property of CJSC Promsintez, the following results were revealed:

q Immobilized assets increased from 214333 thousand rubles. up to 327833 thousand rubles. (by 53%)

q Mobile assets increased from 46,095 thousand rubles. up to 114894 thousand rubles. (by 149%). The growth of mobile assets is driven by an increase production stocks(from 45604 to 114631 thousand rubles - by 151%). It seems inappropriate to analyze the dynamics of receivables and cash, since these values ​​are rather small compared to the balance sheet. It can only be noted that a small amount of "fast" cash (on the account and at the cash desk), which may interfere with the normal procedure for settlements.

The total amount of property increased from 260428 thousand rubles. up to 442,727 thousand rubles. (by 70%), which, ceteris paribus, positively characterizes the property position of CJSC Promsintez.

2.2.1.3 Evaluation of formalized indicators of property status.

For a more complete and qualitative analysis of the property status, it is advisable to calculate analytical indicators.

Table 3 Summary of analytical indicators of the group of property status

Index	Meaning		Norm. meaning
	Back to top	Finally
			decline
			decline
1.6 Refresh rate
1.7 Dropout rate			decline

The analysis of indicators of the group of property status allows us to draw the following conclusions:

• The amount of economic assets at the disposal of the enterprise increased from 260428 thousand rubles. up to 442,727 thousand rubles. which can be assessed as a positive trend
• The share of fixed assets in assets decreased (from 0.57 to 0.24), which indicates a decrease in the production potential of the organization
• As part of fixed assets, a significant amount is occupied by their active part (almost 100%), which is a positive point
• The depreciation coefficient of the active part of fixed assets decreased from 0.85 to 0.3. This dynamics can be assessed as very positive, as there was a significant renewal of fixed assets
• The renewal rate was 0.88, and the retirement rate was 0.64, which indicates a favorable trend in the renewal of fixed assets.

2.2.2 Assessment of the financial situation

2.2.2.1 Analyzing the firm's liquidity

To analyze the liquidity of Promsintez JSC, we calculate analytical indicators.

Table 3 Summary of analytical indicators of the liquidity group

Index	Meaning		Norm. meaning
	Back to top	Finally
2.1 The amount of own working capital
2.2 Maneuverability of own working capital
2.3 Current ratio
2.4 Quick liquidity ratio
2.5 Absolute liquidity ratio
2.6 Share of working capital in assets
2.7 The share of own working capital in their total amount
2.8 Share of inventories in current assets
2.9 Share of own working capital in covering stocks
2.10 Reserve coverage ratio

An analysis of liquidity indicators allows us to conclude that the company is absolutely illiquid both at the beginning and at the end of the analyzed period.

So the indicator of the value of own working capital amounted to -133,778 thousand rubles, which indicates that 133,778 thousand rubles. non-current assets are financed by short-term debt (other than current assets).

The current liquidity ratio decreased from 0.69 to 0.46 (at the rate of 2), which indicates the extreme illiquidity of the company.

There is no need to even talk about more stringent liquidity ratios.

This condition is partly due to the high share of stocks in the structure of current assets (almost 100%). On the other hand, such dynamics takes place due to the high level of accounts payable.

It should be noted that this state can be partly justified by the high level of liquidity of inventories and the fact that the organization seeks to keep its assets in inventories due to the possibility of inflation.

2.2.2.2 Financial sustainability analysis

To conduct an analysis of financial stability, it is necessary to calculate analytical indicators.

Table 4 Summary of analytical indicators of the financial stability group

Index	Meaning		Norm. meaning
	Back to top	Finally
3.1 Equity concentration ratio
3.2 Financial dependency ratio
3.3 Equity flexibility ratio
3.4 Debt concentration ratio			decline
3.5 Long-term investment structure ratio
3.6 Long-term leverage ratio
3.7 Debt structure ratio
3.8 Debt to Equity Ratio			decline

After analyzing the financial stability of Promsintez JSC, the following conclusions can be drawn:

• The equity concentration ratio decreased from 0.74 to 0.44 (the company's assets were financed by its own capital at the end of the year by 44%), which is a negative trend, as it reduces the company's financial stability.
• Accordingly, the coefficient of financial dependence increased (from 1.35 to 2.28)
• An increase in the debt capital concentration ratio (0.26 to 0.56) can be noted, which indicates a similar trend.
• The company does not use long-term borrowed capital, which is a negative point, since financing activities through short-term debt is fraught with the risk of non-repayment of funds to creditors on time. This is evidenced by the dynamics of indicators 3.5, 3.6, 3.7. (at the beginning and end of the analyzed period they are equal to zero).
• The ratio of borrowed and own funds increased, which also indicates a decrease in the financial stability of the enterprise over the analyzed period.

Thus, having studied the dynamics of the indicators of this group, we can conclude that the financial stability of Promsintez JSC is declining.

2.2.3 Evaluation of the effectiveness of the financial and economic activities of the organization

2.2.3.1 Business analysis

Table 5 Summary of analytical indicators of the business group

Index	Meaning		Norm. meaning
	Back to top	Finally
4.1 Sales proceeds
4.2 Net income
4.3 Labor productivity
4.4 Return on assets
4.5 Turnover of funds in settlements (in turnover)
4.6 Turnover of funds in settlements (in days)
4.7 Inventory turnover (in turnovers)
4.8 Inventory turnover (in days)
4.9 Accounts payable turnover (in days)
4.10 Operating cycle time
4.11 Length of financial cycle
4.12 Collection ratio of receivables
4.13 Equity turnover
4.14 Total capital turnover
4.15 Sustainability Ratio of Economic Growth

2.2.3.2 Cost-benefit analysis

To analyze the profitability of Promsintez JSC, it is necessary to calculate the following analytical indicators.

Table 6 Summary of analytical indicators of the profitability group

Index	Meaning		Norm. meaning
	Back to top	Finally
5.1 Net income
5.2 Profitability of products
5.3 Profitability of core business
5.4 Return on total capital
5.5 Return on equity
5.6 Payback period of equity			decline

As a result of the profitability analysis, we can conclude that Promsintez JSC is profitable as a whole.

This is evidenced by the dynamics of the following indicators:

• Net profit increased from 23,038 thousand rubles. up to 31842 thousand rubles. (by 38%)
• Product profitability remains at the level of 20%, which is an acceptable indicator.
• The profitability of the main activity also has a normal value (25%).
• Return on equity increased from 12% to 16%, which is a favorable trend.
• Reflecting the dynamics of the previous indicators, the payback period for equity capital has decreased (from 8.4 years to 6 years).

2.3 Summary

Conclusion

In conclusion, the following should be noted.

Analysis of the financial and economic activities of the company in a market economy is becoming increasingly important.

Analysis is a management function aimed at finding out the real state of the functioning of the company. Depending on the goals set, the emphasis can be placed on various aspects organization's activities.

The analysis of financial and economic activities is based on the analysis methodology, which determines the form of analytical research and analytical procedures. The detailing of the procedural side of the PCD analysis depends on the information support and the chosen areas of analysis.

Analysis of financial and economic activities allows you to:

• Assess the financial and economic condition of the company and its compliance with the goals.
• Reveal the economic potential of the economic entity.
• Determine the effectiveness of financial and economic activities.
• Develop measures to improve the efficiency of production and management, and much more.

Thus, the analysis of financial and economic activities is an integral part of enterprise management. It is an effective tool for influencing economic life firms, allows you to control the current situation, determine the prospects for development, and much more.

The analysis of financial and economic activity is beginning to take an increasing place in the management of Russian enterprises, and it is obvious that its wider application will significantly improve production efficiency and ensure economic growth.

Application

Table 7 The system of indicators for assessing the financial and economic situation of the organization

Name of indicator	Calculation formula		Reporting form	Line numbers(s), count(r.)
1.1 The amount of economic funds at the disposal of the organization	Net balance result			p.399-p.390-p.252-p.244
1.2 Share of fixed assets in assets	Cost of fixed assets Net balance total			s.399-s.390-s252-s.244
1.3 Share of the active part of fixed assets	The cost of the active part of fixed assets Cost of fixed assets
1.4 Depreciation rate of fixed assets	Depreciation of fixed assets Initial cost of fixed assets
1.5 Depreciation coefficient of the active part of fixed assets	Depreciation of the active part of fixed assets The initial cost of the active part of fixed assets			p.363(d.6)+p.364(d.6)
1.6 Refresh rate	The initial cost of fixed assets received for the period The initial cost of fixed assets at the end of the period

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Business activity analysis

socialist enterprises (economic analysis of the work of enterprises), a comprehensive study of the economic activity of enterprises and their associations in order to increase its efficiency. A. x. etc. - a necessary link in the management system of socialist enterprises. It substantiates the choice of the optimal solution at all stages of planning, design, construction and operation of enterprises, the creation of new product models and the improvement of existing ones, as well as in the sphere of circulation of a social product. It is carried out at different levels of management: within the enterprise (for its self-supporting divisions, workshops and workplaces), throughout the enterprise, and, finally, for associations of enterprises (trusts, auctions, firms, central administrations, ministries).

A. x. E. enterprises studies all aspects of economic activity: production, supply, sales, finance in their interaction and interdependence, the work of all functional services and internal divisions of the enterprise (or all enterprises included in the association). In order to ensure the complexity of the analysis and the reducibility of its results, a unified system of interrelated analytical indicators is being developed, based on all types of economic information - regulatory and planned data, technical documentation, operational, accounting, statistical accounting and reporting materials. With the help of a system of analytical indicators, the influence of factors of engineering, technology, labor organization, production and management, financial, credit and settlement relations on the efficiency of economic activity is determined. To ensure such a comprehensive analysis, employees of various engineering, technical and economic specialties are involved in it. The materials analyzed by them for individual sections or aspects of the work of the enterprise are then generalized by economists-analysts for the enterprise (or association) as a whole.

Manage analytical work (make plans, monitor their implementation, check and summarize the results): large enterprises- economic laboratories and bureaus of economic analysis, subordinate to the chief economist; on medium and small - a bureau or group of economic analysis in the planning department. Party, Komsomol and trade union organizations take an active part in analytical work. In scientific and technical societies there are public bureaus of economic analysis - OBEA, which are widely used at enterprises in all sectors of the national economy, in higher bodies and research institutions. Public forms of analytical work promote the active participation of workers, employees, engineers and technicians in the management of production, in the implementation of the principles of democratic centralism.

The subject of analysis is economic activity aimed at fulfilling the state plan and reflected in the system of indicators of the plan, accounting, reporting and other sources of information, and the level of its efficiency achieved by enterprises. The economy of enterprises and their associations is comprehensively studied from the standpoint of assessing the implementation of the plan and the validity of plan targets, the compliance with economic activity economic policy CPSU and national interests.

Improving the ways of obtaining and processing economic information with the help of mathematical methods and computer technology allows you to carry out A. x. of the enterprise and its individual links according to a pre-selected range of indicators daily, and for some of them even during the working day. This, in turn, allows not only to quickly assess the results achieved, but also to predict the course of business operations for the coming days and weeks.

The analysis method consists in a comprehensive, organically interconnected study, measurement and generalization of the influence of individual factors on the performance economic plans and the dynamics of economic development. It is carried out by processing the indicators of the plan, accounting, reporting, and other sources of information with special economic, mathematical and statistical techniques and methods adapted to the subject of analysis. The most widely practiced are comparisons, grouping interacting factors according to different criteria, developing a system of interrelated analytical indicators, and eliminating the influence of individual factors using calculation formulas. To quantify the influence of individual factors, the balance method is used ( cm. The balance method in the analysis of economic activity) and the method of chain substitutions in its various simplified versions (the method of differences in percentages or in absolute values). Further improvement of special methods of analysis is associated with a wider application of the methods of mathematical statistics and higher mathematics.

The interaction of various economic factors during production process, their often contradictory impact on the results of economic activity are identified by developing a system of analytical indicators and drawing up formulas in which the relationship between these indicators is expressed mathematically. With the help of formulas, the influence of individual aspects of economic activity on its results is determined by generalizing indicators. In industry, the volume of production and sales, labor productivity, capital productivity, the coefficient of useful use of material resources, cost, profit, turnover of working capital, profitability are used as generalizing indicators; in trade - turnover, distribution costs, profit, profitability, turnover; in other industries - the same and other indicators characteristic of these industries.

On a circle of studied questions A. x. e. is subdivided into a complete analysis of all economic activity and a thematic analysis of its individual aspects or indicators (for example, an analysis of material and technical supply, the use of fixed assets, cost and profitability, distribution costs, etc.). According to the applied comparisons A. x. can be based only on the data of the enterprise under study or on a comparison of data from a number of enterprises, as well as industry average indicators (the so-called comparative, in industry - inter-factory analysis). Depending on the information used and the time of conducting, there are: operational analysis of the work of the enterprise and its individual divisions based on daily economic information; analysis of the activities of individual enterprises for a longer period according to periodic reporting; analysis of the activities of the enterprises included in the association, according to the summary reports. In terms of content and direction, analysis can be general economic (financial and economic, statistical and economic) or technical and economic. General economic analysis is carried out on the basis of periodic reporting data and is aimed at studying generalizing cost indicators of economic activity. The influence of engineering, technology, and product quality factors on these indicators is considered in the general economic analysis, but is not disclosed in detail. The technical and economic analysis deepens the general economic analysis, helping to study and evaluate in detail the technical level of the enterprise and its impact on economic indicators.

There are several stages in the analytical work. First, a work plan is drawn up (usually for a year with a quarterly distribution), which indicates the purpose and program of the analysis, the timing, performers, sources of information, as well as ways to fill in the missing information. Forms of analytical tables and graphs are developed in advance. etc. are defined. technical means generalizations of the analysis materials. At the next stage, source materials are selected (obtaining information), their reliability is checked, and analytical processing is carried out.

The most responsible stage A. x. e. - clarification of the reasons that caused deviations from the plan and changes in generalizing indicators, and then a quantitative measurement of the influence of these reasons on the analyzed indicators. To find out the causes of deviations and changes in the analyzed indicators, the circle of interacting factors is determined and their grouping is carried out. Then the interrelation of factors is revealed and the influence of factors independent of the enterprise is separated (eliminated). On the basis of measuring the positive or negative impact of individual factors, unused opportunities for improving the analyzed indicators of economic activity are determined. These unused opportunities are considered as the reserves of the enterprise in this area of ​​its work. At the last, final stage, the results of the analysis are summarized; formulate conclusions and final estimates, produce a summary calculation of the reserves for improving the efficiency of the enterprise; make proposals for the mobilization of on-farm reserves, the elimination of identified shortcomings and the consolidation of achievements.

A. x. d. industrial enterprises. Purposes: to assess the implementation of the plan and the changes that have occurred in the analyzed period compared to the previous ones; identify factors that caused positive and negative deviations from the plan and changes compared to previous periods; find reserves for increasing the efficiency of the enterprise and indicate ways to mobilize them. The analysis is preceded by checking the completeness and reliability of information, since the depth and validity of analytical conclusions and proposals depend on it.

An analysis of the organizational and technical level of an enterprise and its improvement (implementation of a plan to increase production efficiency) begins with a study of the state of technology, technology, organization of production and management and an assessment of the compliance of the organizational and technical level of an enterprise with the current level of development of science and technology. The state of engineering, technology, production organization and enterprise management is studied from the point of view of their impact on economic indicators: material consumption rates, waste sizes, labor intensity, labor productivity, cost, production cycle duration, capital productivity, profitability, etc. This section of the analysis is dealt with mainly in technical services of industrial enterprises, in branch research institutes, design bureaus. The quality and cost-effectiveness of the manufactured products are analyzed. This takes into account its various characteristics. The technical level of production is being studied - the mechanization and automation of production processes, the technical and energy armament of labor, the age composition of equipment, the proportion of new technology and the effectiveness of its implementation, the progressiveness of the technology used, the compliance of technology and technology with modern achievements of science. In conclusion, an assessment of the level of technology and technology from the standpoint of their cost-effectiveness is given. The organization of labor and production, the efficiency of enterprise management are also analyzed. To assess the level of organization of production, its specialization, flow rate, terms for mastering new types of products, reduction in the duration of the production cycle, as well as production maintenance costs are taken into account. Particular attention is paid to the compliance of the state of the organization of labor and production with the requirements scientific organization labor (NOT). When analyzing the organization of enterprise management, the number of service personnel according to its individual groups, the degree of mechanization of accounting, planning and computing work, the use of modern office equipment to increase the efficiency of information, the organization of supply and marketing and its impact on the size of inventories and residues of finished products.

Fulfillment of the plan for increasing production efficiency - the most important section of the technical industrial financial plan of the enterprise (See Technical industrial financial plan of the enterprise) - is checked on the basis of data on the actual economic efficiency of improving the design of products, equipment, technology and organization of production. At the same time, it is determined whether all the measures provided for by the plan have been completed; whether the planned deadlines for their implementation have been met; whether the actual savings and profits from the implementation of measures correspond to the planned ones. As a result, it turns out how these events influenced the results of economic activity.

An analysis of the availability of resources and their use is the next important section of A. x. e. industrial enterprises. It is carried out based on the grouping of resources according to three simple moments of the production process: labor resources, means of labor (fixed assets), objects of labor (material resources). Determine the security of the enterprise for each of these three groups resources and the degree of their useful use. The actual indicators of the provision and use of resources are compared with the plan, with progressive standards, with data for previous years, as well as with indicators of other enterprises. Based on all these comparisons, an assessment of the use of resources is given and the influence of individual factors on production efficiency is clarified. Further, they find out the reserves for improving the work of the enterprise, subject to a more rational use of resources.

The analysis of the availability and use of labor resources begins with checking the compliance of the actual number of employees with the planned need for them. The composition of the personnel is being studied, for which groups and categories of workers deviations from the plan were made. Compliance with the production requirements of the composition of workers by profession and skill level is checked. The influence of the change in the number of engineering and technical workers on the strengthening of the design and technological services of the enterprise is considered. The movement of workers, the reasons for dismissal, the implementation of the plan for the organized recruitment of workers, for their training and advanced training are analyzed.

The most important issue in the analysis of the use of labor resources is the study of the factors that caused the deviation of labor productivity from the plan and its change in comparison with the previous period. First of all, the implementation of the plan is determined in % and the change in the average output per 1 worker, 1 worker and 1 main worker in %. Comparison of the degree of fulfillment of the plan or growth in terms of these indicators (in%) allows you to establish how the growth in labor productivity was affected by the change in the ratio between workers and other categories of industrial and production personnel (by fulfilling the plan in% or changing the average annual output per 1 worker and 1 worker in %) and a change in the ratio between main and auxiliary workers (according to the same indicators per 1 worker and 1 main worker).

To identify the factors of changes in labor productivity and reserves for its further growth, a separate study is made of the use of working time (extensive factors) and the average hourly output, which depends on the labor intensity of production (intensive factors). A separate study of these two groups of factors is due to the fact that the use of working time depends mainly on the organization of labor and production, and the average hourly output depends on the general organizational and technical level of the enterprise, which determines the labor intensity of products and the qualifications of workers. Through analysis, they reveal the causes of all-day and intra-shift unscheduled losses of working time and outline measures to eliminate them. They determine the reserves for increasing output by improving the use of working time. The reserves for reducing labor intensity are revealed by analyzing the individual components of the total cost of working time for production and enterprise management, namely: all the cost of piece time for the production of products in the main production (technological labor intensity), the time spent by auxiliary workers in the main workshops and for auxiliary production (labor intensity of service production), as well as the time spent by other categories of industrial and production personnel - engineers, employees, junior service personnel (labor intensity of management) for the entire volume of output.

For a more complete identification of the reserves for the growth of labor productivity, the dynamics of piece labor intensity over a number of years is studied, a comparative analysis of the labor intensity of individual products, individual parts and semi-finished products, and often individual processing operations at several related enterprises, or within the enterprise - at separate sites and workplaces. To assess the state of planning and rationing, the ratio of technically justified and experimental statistical norms is determined separately for the main and auxiliary shops, including production sites that slow down production growth.

The analysis also reveals the influence of the applied wage systems and, in particular, various forms of material incentives, which cause an increase in average earnings, on the level of labor productivity. Compliance with the ratio of growth rates of labor productivity and average earnings is checked, how this ratio affected the cost of production. Measures are being developed to eliminate the causes of unproductive wage payments.

The analysis of the use of labor resources ends with a summary calculation of the identified reserves for improving the use of working time and reducing the labor intensity of production. A possible increase in the volume of production and a decrease in the cost of production is determined, subject to the activation of these reserves.

An analysis of the availability of labor means (fixed assets) and their use makes it possible to establish whether the fixed assets of the enterprise were replenished in a timely and sufficient volume, what is their technical condition and how the available equipment fleet is used: by the degree of its participation in production (the share of operating equipment in relation to established and to everything available); on the use of the calendar regime and planned fund machine time (extensive factors affecting the return on assets) and on the use of power (intensive factors in the use of labor tools). The efficiency of the use of fixed assets is determined on the basis of the return on assets, i.e., the ratio of production to the average size of fixed assets. For this calculation, production is usually measured in the most generalized value terms, and with further detailing of the analysis, also in physical and conditional meters. The use of natural and conditional meters makes it possible to identify the impact of assortment shifts in manufactured or sold products on changes in capital productivity in comparison with the plan and the previous period.

To characterize the use of individual groups of technologically homogeneous or related equipment, the planned and reported indicators of product removal per 1 machine-hour are compared, calculated on the basis of product counting in physical or conditional meters. The impact on the return on assets of a change in the share of the active part of fixed production assets - working machines and equipment in their total cost is revealed. To this end, they study the changes that have taken place in the structure of fixed production assets and compare the growth in capital productivity per 1 ruble of the cost of all these funds and 1 ruble of the cost of production equipment. Also determine the return on assets for 1 m 2 production area. To assess the technical condition of funds, their depreciation (as a percentage of the original cost) and the renewal coefficient are determined and compared with the base period or with planned calculations.

Of particular importance is the analysis of the availability and use of production equipment. Check whether all planned equipment has been received and installed, what part of it is working. To assess the use of the machine time fund, the planned and actual shift ratios are compared. Next, the use of the operating time of the equipment is checked by the number of days worked and during the day. To fully characterize the use of the machine time fund, a balance of equipment use is drawn up.

The use of equipment capacity is checked by comparing the actual indicators of product removal per machine hour with the planned and indicators of previous periods, as well as related advanced enterprises. The growth of equipment capacity and the improvement of its use depend on the improvement of processing technology and the improvement of the skills of workers. Therefore, when analyzing the use of equipment capacity, data on the implementation of the plan of organizational and technical measures are involved, providing for the mechanization and automation of auxiliary operations, an increase in processing speeds and chemical reactions, and other improvements. In the summary calculation of the reserves for increasing the return on assets, they are divided into reserves for improving the use of the machine time fund and reserves for increasing the productivity of equipment for 1 machine hour of work.

The availability of resources for objects of labor (material resources) and their use are studied in the same sequence as in the two groups of resources discussed above. They analyze the implementation of the logistics plan in terms of volume, assortment and delivery time, the state of inventories and their compliance with established standards. On this basis, a conclusion is made about the impact of the implementation of the logistics plan on the output of products in a given volume and assortment. The analysis of the implementation of the supply plan is supplemented by an assessment of the optimality of stocks, and special attention is paid to their completeness. The most important section of the analysis of material resources is the study of their use. If, by the nature of production and consumption, this enterprise it is possible to calculate general indicators of the use of raw materials and materials in the form of coefficients for the output of products from raw materials or the average percentage of waste, then such coefficients are determined and then compared with similar indicators of the plan of advanced enterprises and in dynamics over several years. At enterprises where current records of deviations from established material consumption rates are kept, it is possible to systematically identify the causes of overspending or saving material resources. At enterprises where there is no such accounting, periodically compiled estimates, inventory data and sample surveys are used. The analysis of the use of material resources is completed by determining its impact on the volume, assortment and cost of production and developing measures to mobilize the identified reserves.

A particularly large place in A. x. e. industrial enterprises is occupied by the analysis of the implementation of the technical and industrial financial plan, which is carried out in the following sequence: analysis of production and sales of products; analysis of profit, profitability and cost; analysis of the financial condition.

The analysis of production and sales of products includes an assessment of the implementation of the plan in terms of gross, marketable and sold products, in terms of assortment and grade, as well as in terms of volume useful work enterprises on the basis of cost and natural indicators. To analyze the composition of products, it is grouped according to various criteria, for example, into appropriate and not corresponding to the production profile, material-intensive and labor-intensive, new and comparable to last year, products that are in high demand and have limited sales, profitable, unprofitable, unprofitable, etc. e. Consideration of the composition of products and the fulfillment of the plan for individual groups makes it possible to give a versatile assessment of the effectiveness of the enterprise from the point of view of its compliance with the national economic interests. In the same way, the fulfillment of the plan for the assortment and the factors that influenced the fulfillment of the plan for the production and sale of products are determined, and their relative influence is measured. This part of the analysis aims to reveal the reserves for increasing the volume of output and sales. When analyzing profit, profitability and cost, special attention is paid to studying the reasons for the deviation of the profitability indicator from the plan and from the level of the previous period. Find out and separately determine the influence of individual factors on the deviation from the plan of the amount of profit, the size of fixed assets and working capital. At the same time, the goal is to consolidate and strengthen the positive impact of some factors and eliminate the negative impact of others. Since profitability increases as a result of an increase in the volume of production and sales, as well as an increase in capital productivity and a decrease in cost, the analysis of profit and profitability is also organically linked to the analysis of cost. It includes an assessment of the implementation of the plan at cost, the study of the reasons for its change and the identification of reserves for its further reduction. For this purpose, the production costs are analyzed by elements and calculation items. When analyzing costs, they separately consider the costs of materials, wages, maintenance and production management, and other costs. Separate types of costs are studied in more or less detail, depending on their share in the formation of the cost of production. As a result, a summary calculation of the identified reserves to reduce costs and increase profits is made. These reserves are usually divided into 2 groups: the elimination of losses and unproductive expenses (including unjustified overexpenditures against planned and estimated appointments) and the improvement of the use of fixed assets, material, labor and monetary resources based on an increase in the organizational and technical level of the enterprise compared to the planned one.

An analysis of the financial condition of an enterprise covers the issues of the formation and use of certain types of financial resources, their placement in various types of material assets, an assessment of the solvency and financial stability of an enterprise, and the rate of turnover of funds. An analysis of the financial condition is carried out mainly according to the balance sheet (See Balance Sheet), therefore it is often called balance analysis. In the process of analysis, they find out: the solvency of the enterprise and its customers, the availability of own working capital in accordance with the planned need for them, the safety of funds, the reasons for changing their amount during the analyzed period; fulfillment of the profit and profitability plan; the state of inventories of inventory items and sources of their formation; placement of own, borrowed, attracted and special sources of funds in asset items; security of loans and their effectiveness; settlement relations with debtors and creditors; turnover of working capital; formation and use of economic incentive funds; they also check the safety of their own working capital, whether they are diverted from turnover into costs, which should be made from special sources of financing. Separately, they analyze the attraction and use of long-term and short-term loans, their direction for their intended purpose, security and repayment of loans on time. They find out the impact of lending on improving the organizational and technical level of the enterprise, expanding production, accelerating the turnover of funds, reducing costs, increasing profits. They also analyze the implementation of the plan for the accumulation of special sources of funds (for example, the depreciation fund, the material incentive fund, and other economic incentive funds), as well as their use for their intended purpose. When analyzing the status of settlements, the causes and timing of the formation of receivables and payables, leading to an unscheduled redistribution of working capital between enterprises, are clarified. Since the main reason for the formation of accounts payable is the slowdown in the turnover of working capital, the state of stocks of inventory items is studied in detail in the context of individual balance sheet items and certain types and types of material resources. Determine the reasons for the deviation of the actual turnover of funds from the planned and in the previous period. Calculate the amount of funds released from circulation due to the acceleration of turnover or additionally attracted into circulation due to a slowdown in turnover. They complete the analysis of the financial condition with the development of measures to improve the efficiency of the use of all sources of funds, accelerate the turnover of working capital and ensure the timely fulfillment of all financial obligations of the enterprise to creditors, the State Bank and the state budget.

S. B. Barngolts.

A. x. e. contracting construction organizations and construction sites. It aims to study the results of the work of a contracting construction, installation or specialized organization and construction for a certain period of time and evaluate them. The main objects of analysis: the implementation of the plan for commissioning production facilities and other construction projects, capital investments, contract work, labor productivity and industrialization of construction, the cost of construction installation work, profitability and financial condition of the construction organization.

Fulfillment of the plan for commissioning production facilities and other construction facilities is the main indicator in assessing the production and economic activities of a general construction organization acting as a general contractor, installation and specialized organizations (subcontractors), as well as a developer. Therefore, the study of the work of contractors and construction sites begins with an analysis of the implementation of the plan. Check compliance with the established deadlines for the commissioning of individual facilities or their complexes. At facilities whose commissioning has not come or is delayed, the implementation of the contract work plan is being studied. At the same time, they check whether funds are being scattered over many launch and back-up facilities and whether the completion of work at launch facilities is delayed. They check how the pace of work ensures the timely commissioning of each of them. The level of implementation of the plan for individual objects is compared with the overall implementation of the plan by this organization and the advance or lag in the production of work for each is established. Overfulfillment of the work plan at the estimated cost does not yet indicate that the commissioning of the planned objects has been ensured. Often, the amount of construction and installation work in the contract work program for individual facilities is not determined accurately enough, so the completion of work is studied according to the established stages of construction and certain types of work (for example, sanitary, thermal insulation, etc.). For this purpose, information is effectively used network graphics object construction.

When evaluating the implementation of the housing construction program, it is established whether the residential buildings provided for by the plan, the total living area, the number of apartments have been put into operation, and the implementation of the plan is determined by the estimated cost of construction and installation works for residential construction projects.

Analysis of the implementation of the contract work program as a whole in a general construction organization (acting as a general contractor in construction) covers work performed both on its own and by specialized and installation organizations involved as subcontractors. In this case, first of all, they study the degree of implementation of the contract work program (including work carried out by subcontractors), and then the implementation of the construction and installation work plan directly by the general contractor. The latter is necessary when analyzing the cost of production, the number of workers, the salary fund, and other indicators of the financial and economic activities of a construction organization, since the salary fund and labor limits, the task of increasing labor productivity and reducing costs, as well as the necessary financial resources are allocated to the construction organizations in accordance with the established plan of work performed on their own.

When analyzing the implementation of the contract work program, the general construction organization establishes the implementation of the plan for general contracts with individual developers, as well as for the industry as a whole (ministries, departments). This plan is the main one for the organization, its implementation ensures the timely commissioning of the facilities under construction provided for by the state plan. When analyzing the implementation of the contract work program by a specialized or installation organization, the implementation of the plan under subcontract agreements with the general contractor is studied accordingly. The overfulfillment of the plan for facilities built with special funds outside the state capital investment plan, in excess of the sources available for this, cannot be regarded as a positive phenomenon. Due to non-centralized sources, capital work can be carried out within the allocated material funds. The plan can be overfulfilled only if additional local material and other resources are found. It is not allowed to perform work on objects not provided for in the plan of state capital investments, at the expense of material and other resources allocated for objects provided for by the state plan.

After analyzing the implementation of the program of contract work in areas, customers and facilities, it is established whether the program has been completed by performers. A general construction organization is a general contractor, responsible for the work of subcontractors involved by it. Therefore, it is important not only to determine the degree of implementation of the plan by each contractor, but also to establish the fault of which executing organization did not complete the construction and installation plan for a particular customer, construction site, object, etc., if such cases occurred.

When analyzing the factors affecting the implementation of the plan for commissioning the production facilities of construction facilities and the program of contract work, they check the availability of workers to the organization, the fulfillment of the task for increasing labor productivity, the implementation of the plan for the development of new equipment and mechanization of work, etc. timeliness of receipt of design and estimate documentation, process equipment to be installed. Labor factors in construction, they are analyzed in the same way as in industry.

Analysis of the implementation of the mechanization plan and the use of construction machines is primarily aimed at opening up the available reserves for expanding mechanization. construction works. When analyzing the mechanization of construction, they study the use of construction machines, establish the fulfillment of the plan either by output per unit of machine power (excavators, dredgers, bulldozers, cranes, etc.), or by the number of worked machine shifts (compressors, forklifts, etc.). Along with this, the size and causes of downtime (whole-shift, intra-shift, etc.) are clarified. It is important to identify the provision of a construction organization with materials, structures, parts, design and technical documentation in terms of the timing of its receipt and completeness, the timeliness and completeness of the provision by customers of the necessary technological equipment to be installed in buildings and structures under construction; whether there are sufficient construction sites for the work, especially in the reconstruction and expansion of an existing enterprise.

Analysis of the cost of construction and installation works determines the implementation of the specified cost reduction not only for the organization as a whole, but also for certain types of work, by cost items, as well as to identify the reasons affecting the implementation of this task, and reserves for further reduction in the cost of work. To this end, they study the implementation of the plan of organizational and technical measures that provide for savings in material and monetary costs. First, they check the compliance of the total amount of savings calculated in the plan with the specified reduction in the cost of work according to the state plan. Then they consider the level of implementation of the plan for individual organizational and technical measures, as well as the amount of savings received from these activities for individual cost items for construction and installation work. At the same time, reserves for further reducing the cost of work are identified. Analyzing the reasons affecting the cost of construction and installation works, it is advisable to first find out how the salary fund of the construction organization as a whole is spent. By comparing the actually spent payroll fund with the planned one, recalculated as a percentage of the completion of the construction and installation work plan, it is possible to establish whether the cost of work for this cost element has increased or decreased.

When analyzing the procurement cost building materials at the supply office or construction department(if it directly conducts procurement) compare the actual costs per unit of certain types of materials, and then for the entire quantity harvested, with their estimated cost, and if there are planned and estimated prices, with the cost at these prices. When analyzing the consumption of materials, they check the implementation of the organizational and technical measures provided for by the plan to reduce consumption or replace scarce and expensive materials with local, cheaper ones, and determine the effectiveness of these measures.

An analysis of the financial condition of a construction organization usually begins with checking the fulfillment of the profit plan and its use. The so-called. non-operating losses, since the reasons for the deviation of actual profit from the plan for construction and installation work are identified in the analysis of the cost. The content of the analysis of the financial condition of contracting construction organizations in terms of the issues studied is basically the same as that of industrial enterprises.

When analyzing the economic activities of the developer (construction site), they study the implementation of the plan for commissioning production facilities and other construction projects, the plan for capital investments and the commissioning of fixed assets, the concentration of capital investments and the state of construction in progress, the provision of construction with design estimates, equipment to be installed , and some materials. When analyzing the financial condition of a construction site, they study the correspondence of the received financing to the volume of capital investments actually made, the use of working capital, bank loans, and the implementation of the plan for mobilizing internal resources.

The indicators of commissioning of production capacities by contractors and developers differ significantly. The contractor is responsible for creating production facilities and handing them over to the developer for a comprehensive testing of equipment and the start of production, and the developer is responsible for putting the facilities he has accepted into operation, for producing products and developing design capacities on time. Feature A. x. e. builder - study of the plan for commissioning fixed assets at an estimated, and not at inventory cost, included in the fixed assets of the relevant enterprises, organizations and institutions, as well as studying the volume of construction in progress, which in many cases is formed as a result of the dispersion of funds allocated for capital construction. Much attention is paid to the analysis of the economic efficiency of capital investments in the construction of industrial or other enterprises. Comprehensive consideration of the technical and economic indicators of the object under construction and their comparison with the indicators of other projects or operating enterprises make it possible to identify reserves for saving capital investments, increasing the level of production, and reducing production costs.

S. P. Timofeev.

A. x. d. socialist s.-x. enterprises. A comprehensive study of the economic activity of state farms, collective farms, and other agricultural enterprises. enterprises (breeding plants, fruit nurseries, experimental stations, educational farms, etc.) aims to increase its efficiency.

With A. x. e. They pay special attention to the analysis of the fulfillment by state and collective farms of plans for the sale of products to the state. The fulfillment of plans is analyzed by comparing the quantity of products sold by its individual types with those established according to the plan. The objects of analysis are: the economic efficiency of the use of land and equipment, the implementation of the plan for the sale of products to the state, labor productivity, the cost of production, profitability of production, financial condition.

Since the main and main means of production in agriculture- land, the analysis begins with an assessment of the use of land assigned to a state farm or collective farm. First of all, by comparing the number arable land(arable land, fallows, fallows) with the amount of land under crops and clean fallows, establish the degree of use of arable land; by comparing the area of ​​natural hayfields assigned to the farm, with the number of harvested hectares, the level of use of natural hayfields is determined. Then they study the implementation of the plan for sown areas, productivity, gross output and evaluate the economic efficiency of land use. Gross agricultural output consists of agricultural products (plant growing) and livestock products. The value of gross crop production produced per 1 ha or 100 ha arable land, characterizes the economic efficiency of the use of arable land. The cost of products received on average per 1 ha natural hayfields, characterizes the economic efficiency of the use of meadows.

When analyzing the development of animal husbandry, the first thing to be studied is the fulfillment of the plan for increasing the number of livestock and its productivity. Particular attention is paid to the creation of a forage base. Economic efficiency animal husbandry is characterized by the value of products produced in animal husbandry per 1 ha s.-x. land. The exception is farms specializing in livestock fattening. In addition to feed own production, they consume purchased feed. Therefore, when analyzing the use of land, as well as when analyzing the gross livestock output of these farms, the cost of consumed purchased feed is excluded from the value of gross output. The differences in natural conditions for keeping and raising animals in different zones of the country are also taken into account. The growth of livestock on a given state or collective farm is compared with the average data of enterprises in their district, region, or neighboring farms, and not with farms located in other zones and other conditions.

The provision of animals with feed is analyzed separately in the stall and pasture periods of livestock keeping. The plan for the need for feed in the analysis is specified depending on the actual availability of livestock. When considering the forage base, it is established to what extent the structure of sown areas corresponds to the objectives of the development of animal husbandry and what measures are being taken to improve meadows and pastures. The correctness of the consumption of feed is determined using natural and cost meters. Analyze the provision of animals with premises. The damage to the farm is caused both by the lack of premises for animals and the presence of unused space.

Many state farms and collective farms of the USSR, in addition to plant growing and animal husbandry, are engaged in the processing of their products, manufacture various kinds of products necessary to satisfy their needs, and in a number of cases to sell them. The predominant part of the state farms and many collective farms have repair shops, are engaged in peat extraction, logging, etc. Here, A. x. carry out similarly A. x. e. industrial enterprise.

Important stage A. x. e. - analysis of the use of technology. Analysis of the use of trailed agricultural inventory - plows, seeders, cultivators, etc., as well as grain cleaning machines, are carried out by comparing the number of works performed by them with technical capabilities (this takes into account the seasonality of production and planned agrotechnical terms of work).

When analyzing the results of economic activity of page - x. enterprises take into account the large volume of work in progress and the fact that in agriculture a significant part of the output (seeds, feed) is consumed within the economy.

In A. x. etc. pay great attention to labor productivity and production costs. The most important factor determining the cost price of page - x. products in crop production, - yield per 1 ha sowing crops and the amount of costs for their production. In case of non-fulfillment of the plan for any indicators, the reasons are clarified and their impact on the cost is established. By comparing actual costs with planned standards, overspending or savings by 1 ha sowing. In animal husbandry, the main factors that determine the cost of production are the productivity of animals and the level of production costs. The productivity of animals largely depends on the breed composition of animals, the availability of food, buildings, and the level of mechanization of labor-intensive processes. To identify the real reasons for the deviation of actual costs from planned ones, a technical and economic analysis of the results of measures taken in the reporting period is carried out and their effectiveness is established. When analyzing production costs item by item, special attention is paid to the cost of feed and the correctness of spending the wage fund. An itemized analysis of production costs shows whether the economy is being managed.

Conditions of page - x. production in different subdivisions (brigades, farms, production sites, departments, as well as service and auxiliary industries) are different and depend mainly on soil fertility, location, crop rotation, etc. Therefore, along with the characteristics of the cost of crop and livestock products in as a whole on economy, make the analysis of work of intraeconomic divisions.

The final stage A. x. e. - determination of financial results in general for the economy, which are decisively influenced by profit from the sale of products. On the financial results non-operating gains and losses, such as markdowns inventories and goods, write-off of receivables, etc. When analyzing profitability, they reveal the impact on it of surcharges on prices for excess sales of wheat and rye, changes against the plan in the volume and structure of products sold, in particular, the impact of changes in the share of grain, vegetable and industrial crops, as well as the main types of livestock products.

The analysis of the financial condition of a state farm has basically the same content and is carried out by the same methods as the analysis of industrial enterprises. In state farms that have been converted to full self-financing, special attention is paid to the distribution of profits, the formation of funds for capital investments, and the use of funds earmarked for material incentives and social and cultural events.

The experience of many state and collective farms shows that periodic analysis of production and financial activity helps to better fulfill plans and make fuller use of reserves.

T. S. Mityushkin.

A. x. e. transport enterprises and organizations. A. x. on railway, water, automobile and air transport aims to evaluate the results of their work from the standpoint of maximum satisfaction of the needs of the national economy and the population. They analyze the implementation of the transportation plan and loading and unloading operations in terms of the total volume of transportation of goods and passengers in ton and passenger-kilometers, the total length of runs, taking into account the ratio of loaded and empty mileage, the degree of use of carrying capacity Vehicle, loading and unloading. Since the volume of traffic is predetermined by loading, the implementation of the plan by the railway department. in terms of operational ton-kilometers depends on the acceptance of loaded wagons from other sections and on the departure of vehicles loaded at the stations of this section of the road. The impact on the implementation of the plan for operational ton-kilometers of deviations in the volume of loading, the length of the loaded flight and the dynamics of the load is calculated. Failure to fulfill the loading plan is often caused by shortcomings in the use of the time fund and the carrying capacity of vehicles. The fulfillment of the plan in terms of the volume and composition of transportation also depends on how the clientele fulfills the plan for presenting goods for shipment. Separately, the influence of the use of rolling stock on the size of the runs of trains and locomotives is analyzed.

In water transport, the duration of navigation has a great influence on the implementation of the transportation plan. This impact is measured by the product of the number of days of lengthening or shortening of the navigation period compared to the plan by the average planned volume of traffic per day. The volume of traffic by month, especially in water transport, fluctuates considerably under the influence of seasonality and other factors. The study of the reasons for the unevenness of transportation, the elimination of the influence of factors that do not depend on the operation of transport, and the development of measures to increase the uniformity of transportation are important tasks of analysis. It is carried out both for the total volume of traffic and for the most important goods transported by individual modes of transport. As a result of the analysis of transportation and loading and unloading operations, the possibilities of eliminating oncoming traffic, reducing the average radius of transportation, improving the use of time and the power of vehicles are clarified.

The level of their prime cost and the profitability of the operation of transport depend on how the plan for the volume and composition of transportation is carried out. Cost of transportation per 10 t-km and 10 passenger-kilometers are compared with the plan and determine the savings or cost overruns for the entire volume of traffic performed. Then actual expenses by cost elements are compared with the plan recalculated for the amount of work performed in t-km. With such a recalculation, the costs are grouped into dependent and independent of the volume of transportation. Only dependent expenses are recalculated and expenses that do not depend on the amount established by the plan are added to them. Dependent costs are distributed by type of transportation. Appropriate calculations determine the impact on the average cost of transportation changes: the structure of traffic, the volume of traffic and the level of costs compared to planned norms.

In the cost of transportation by water transport, the largest share is the cost of maintaining the fleet. Overexpenditure or savings on them largely depend on the length of the inter-navigation period and on the rational use of ship crews for ship repair during this period.

Comparison of transportation costs different types transport makes it possible to choose the most economical way of transporting certain types of goods. In general, the content and methods of analysis of the cost of transportation are very close to the analysis of the cost of industrial products.

An important section of the analysis is the study of transportation revenues and the assessment of the fulfillment of the profit plan. When analyzing the implementation of the plan for income from transportation, they find out the impact of changes in the volume of traffic, as well as their structure by type of cargo. The average income rate for certain types of cargo is affected by the ratio of high and low speed transportation, as well as the use of exceptional tariffs and surcharges for the transportation of long cargo, for transportation in the autumn period, etc. The average income rate for the entire volume of transportation, except In addition, the composition of the transported goods, for which different income rates are set, affects. The analysis identifies and measures the impact of all these factors on the implementation of the traffic revenue plan. Ultimately, the fulfillment of the profit plan and the impact on it of the volume of transportation, their cost, changes in the average income rate, received and paid fines, penalties and other unplanned profits and losses of transport are determined. Otherwise, the analysis of profit and profitability is carried out in the same manner as in industrial enterprises.

Analysis of the financial condition of enterprises and economic organizations transport is aimed at assessing the security of their own working capital, the effectiveness of their use, checking their safety, completeness of attraction and security of loans from the State Bank. A special feature is the great attention paid to the study of the state of settlements between economic units and higher organizations, and mainly to the correctness and timeliness of payments for transportation. The sequence of consideration of individual issues and methods for calculating indicators of financial condition are almost the same as the analysis of the financial condition of industrial enterprises.

Lit.: Weizman N.R., Counting analysis. Basic methods for analyzing the activities of an industrial enterprise according to accounting data, M.-L., 1934, 7th ed., M., 1949; Tatur S. K., Analysis of economic activity, M., 1934; Afanasiev A., Analysis of the report of an industrial enterprise, M.-L., 1938; Barngolts S. B., Sukharev A. M., Economic analysis of the work of industrial enterprises, M., 1954; Poklad II, Economic analysis of the production and financial activities of industrial enterprises, M., 1956; Course of analysis of economic activity, author. team, ed. M. I. Bakanona and S. K. Tatura, M., 1959, 2nd ed., M., 1967: Economic analysis of the work of enterprises, author. team led by A. Sh. Margulis, parts 1-2, M., 1960 - 61: Proceedings of the 1st All-Union Conference "Organization and methods of economic analysis of the work of enterprises", M., 1963; Rubinov M.Z., Savichev P.I., Analysis of the work of an industrial enterprise, L., 1964: Dyachkov M.F., Accounting and analysis of economic activity in construction, M., 1966; Mityushkin T. S., Analysis of the economic activity of socialist agricultural enterprises, M., 1966; Bleshenkov A., Analysis of the economic activity of state farms and collective farms, M., 1966: Economic analysis of the activities of industrial enterprises, author. team, ed. V. I. Pereslegina, M., 1967. See also lit. at Art. Technical and economic analysis of economic activity Economic dictionary