Sale of state enterprises of the military industry to large corporations. The military-industrial complex (MIC) as a special element of macroeconomics. JSC "Corporation "Tactical Missiles"

Top 100 defense companies in Russia - why did the Russian authorities create vertically integrated weapons holdings and what came of it?

The analytical service of Realnoe Vremya is completing a cycle of studies of Russian military-industrial complex enterprises by publishing the final material for the Victory Day. After analyzing the top 100 defense companies of the Russian Federation, we learned how they survived the post-war years, the era of privatization in the 1990s and the creation of holdings in the "zero". From our material you will learn how the former head of Mari El saved the defense plant from bankruptcy seven times. Why they killed and fired the directors of Almaz-Antey. How the Bashkir and Kazan factories were subjected to a “raider seizure” by Moscow, falling into the hands of Denis Manturov and Sergey Chemezov. And why the arms holdings created in "zero" are sometimes not able to exist without the state defense order, and in the meantime, exports may suffer due to Western sanctions.

With a 23% increase in the turnover of the Russian defense industry, 15 companies demonstrated a negative trend

Completing the study defense industry RF, we made a rating of 100 largest companies and corporations. The total turnover of the companies included in the rating amounted to 2.1 trillion rubles in 2015. Thus, since 2014 it has grown by 23%, then it was 1.7 trillion rubles. The share of turnover of the 10 largest companies in the total turnover was 33.3% - in 2014 it was 32.5%.

The top ten giants included: Almaz-Antey Concern VKO, Sukhoi Aviation Holding Company, Irkut Research and Production Corporation, Ufa Engine-Building Production Association, Northern Machine-Building Enterprise Production Association, Rostov Helicopter Production Complex JSC "Rostvertol", "Scientific and production corporation "Uralvagonzavod" named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky", "Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant", "United Aircraft Corporation" and "Kazan Helicopter Plant". The total revenue of these companies in 2015 amounted to 710 billion rubles (in 2014 - 562.4 billion).

Our rating also includes three Tatarstan companies. In addition to the already mentioned Kazan Helicopter Plant, this is the Zelenodolsk plant named after A.M. Gorky” (we wrote about him in detail in our study of the shipbuilding industry of the Russian Federation) and the production association “Plant named after Sergo”.

In total, 15 companies demonstrated negative dynamics. Among them are such key companies for the defense industries as St. Petersburg's Atomproekt (-43%), Uralvagonzavod (-26%), Tupolev (-21%), Center im. Khrunichev (-10%), Design Bureau of Almaz-Antey Concern (-9%), Moscow and Kazan Helicopter Plants (-4% and -9% respectively), Sozvezdie Concern (-3%), United Shipbuilding corporation” (-2%).

Recall that we wrote about Atomproekt in a study of the nuclear industry. About the Center Khrunichev" - in About Concern "Constellation" - in the study of the industry of communication systems. About the "United Shipbuilding Corporation" - in the study of the shipbuilding industry. It is also worth noting a curious fact of negative dynamics in the Almaz-Antey design bureau, which exists under the largest defense company of the same name and, unlike its “satellite”, showed one of the best results: + 86%.

13 companies became leaders in turnover growth. The most impressive growth - three times - was demonstrated by the concern "Sea Underwater Weapons - Gidropribor". Turnover increased by 2 times shipyard"Pennant". The volume of revenue from the United Industrial Corporation Oboronprom increased by 189%, by 180% - from NPK Space Systems named after. Iosifyan, 179% - from the Kalashnikov concern, 170% - from the Tula Arms Plant.

Almaz-Antey: from the nuclear shield of the USSR to the scandal with Ukraine, the sale of the S-300 to Syria and the seven-fold rescue of the plant from bankruptcy by Leonid Markelov

Nevertheless, despite such sharp breakthroughs, they are still far from the whales of the Russian defense industry. Thus, the owner of the first place in our rating, JSC Concern VKO Almaz-Antey, had a turnover of 136.5 billion rubles in 2015, having increased by 86% over the year (in 2014 it was only 73.3 billion rubles). However, all this with accounts payable of 223 billion rubles. It should be noted that the share of just one corporation from the turnover of all 100 largest defense companies in 2015 was already 6.4% - in 2014 it was only 4.23%.

In general, the turnover of Almaz-Antey is comparable to the turnover of individual defense industries. So, within the framework of one corporation, 10 branches of the electronics industry would fit (its turnover, we recall, is only 37.6 billion rubles). Almaz-Antey's revenue is almost equal to the total revenue of all companies in the communication systems industry (134.2 billion rubles) and the nuclear industry (141.7 billion rubles) and accounts for a third of shipbuilding (470 billion rubles) and space (413.7 billion rubles). rubles) industries.

By the size of such a defense giant, one can judge the very general policy and military strategy of the Russian Federation in recent years: Almaz-Antey gathers enterprises that develop, manufacture and modernize anti-aircraft missile and radar equipment. Roughly speaking, the corporation is a defensive shield: so that the missiles of a potential enemy do not "accidentally" fall on Moscow or Kazan.

The turnover of Almaz-Antey is comparable to the turnover of individual defense industries. Photo nationaldefense.ru

Actually, being engaged in the development of weapons (including nuclear) with a view to the possible destruction of the enemy, in the USSR, first of all, they created a defense complex for nuclear parity with the United States. In the event of a possible war, the main deterrent could be not so much the number and power of missiles that would hit enemy targets, but the ability to repel an attack by the enemy himself. However, this does not mean that air defense weapons are likely to be used for attack purposes. It is the complexes produced at the factories of the Almaz-Antey corporation that represent a significant part of the export potential of the defense industry of the Russian Federation and every now and then become a bargaining chip in foreign policy games.

Thus, the long-range S-300 systems developed in Soviet times at NPO Almaz - originally ground-based air defense, a family of anti-aircraft missile systems (SAM), designed to defend large industrial and administrative facilities - were delivered to Syria and Iran, which in in the light of well-known events aroused concern in Israel. The BUK medium-range complex is supplied not only to the countries of the former USSR, but also to Syria, Egypt and Venezuela - and it was with the use of this complex that a Boeing 777 was shot down, which caused another round of tension between Ukraine and Russia. It is possible not to talk about the eternal struggle of air defense systems between Russia and NATO (USA).

The corporation itself was supposed to be formed back in the Yeltsin era, but the start of its assembly was given only in 2002, in 2004 the corporation entered the list strategic enterprises RF. Initially, the corporation was created on the basis of NPO Antey and NPO Almaz. Antey itself is also a multi-component company, formed in 1983 from three enterprises - the Electromechanical Institute, the Strela Research Institute and the Arsenal Tula plant.

The NII Electromechanical Institute, established back in the war years for the development and production of fire guidance systems, became the direct base; in the 1950s, the Design Bureau spun off from it, which later became the second component of the corporation under the name NPO Almaz like S-25, S-75, S-125, S-300, S-400). It was in this research institute that they were engaged in work on the creation of the S-300 and the Tor air defense system. By the end of the existence of the USSR, Antey included nine enterprises, including the Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant Kupol (established in 1957, subsequently produced the Tor air defense system) and the Mari Machine-Building Plant (established in 1939, subsequently produced the Krug air defense system). ", S-300).

Kupol is one of the most successful components of the corporation, in 2009 its revenue amounted to 3.3 billion rubles (profit 453 million), in 2015 revenue already amounted to 6.8 billion rubles (profit - 2.6 billion). The reporting of the Mari Plant in open sources can be found only for 2012, then it amounted to 3.1 billion rubles, but the company closed the year with a loss of 91 million rubles (in 2009, the loss was 123 million rubles). It is not known whether the plant is profitable today, but the director of the MMR, Boris Efremov, in 2014 made a reservation that the head of Mari El, Leonid Markelov, “saved the plant from bankruptcy at least 7 times”! At the same time, the planned figures for the shipment of products in 2014 became known - 11.6 billion rubles.

The concern included 60 enterprises and research institutes. Photo nationaldefense.ru

Opening of three factories for 120 billion rubles, murders of directors and scandalous dismissal of the “diamond head”

Antey was corporatized in 1994, having already absorbed 15 enterprises. In the 2000s, it began to turn into a vertically integrated company. In total, the concern included 60 enterprises and research institutes. From the very beginning, the state has been the owner of the concern. Last year, the concern opened a new plant in Kirov for 20 billion rubles (13 billion - own funds) and a new plant in Nizhny Novgorod. The exact figure of investment in the latest production is unknown, but in 2015 it was reported that 54 billion rubles would be invested in the Kirov and Novgorod plants, so the Novgorod one cost Almaz-Antey 34 billion rubles. The S-500 will be produced here - first of all, through the state order. Both plants and the creation of the North-West Regional Center in St. Petersburg were supposed to receive funds in the amount of 120 billion rubles, thus almost 70 billion rubles will be invested in the St. Petersburg project.

By the way, previously the leading company in the Russian Federation in the development and production of air defense systems was OAO Oboronitelnye Sistemy (part of Oboronprom of Chemezovsky Rostec), but at present, Oboronitelnye Sistemy owns only a part of the package of two members of the concern "Almaz-Antey" companies - "Moscow Radio Engineering Plant" and KB "Kuntsevo". The concern was supposed to include a piece of the assets of AFK Sistema by Vladimir Yevtushenkov - RTI Sistema, but so far they formally belong to the structures of the oligarch.

In general, it is not easy to keep track of changes in Almaz's asset management, because its formation, it seems, has not even been completed yet. Judge for yourself, the first general director of the concern (not the chairman of the board of directors!) Was Vladislav Menshchikov (who became the head of counterintelligence of the FSB in 2015), who was involved in the creation of the first large vertically integrated defense holding, trying not to conflict with the then head of Rosoboronexport Sergey Chemezov ( although he could obtain an independent license for the concern to export military products).

When the process was completed, in 2014 the concern was headed by Chemezov himself, who steered it until 2016, having created, on behalf of Putin, the Aerospace Defense Concern from the air defense concern (several space enterprises entered the concern in 2015).

In 2016, the concern was headed by former Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov (he was lobbied by Chemezov himself - Fradkov could then head Russian Railways).

Last year, even under Chemezov, one of the most scandalous dismissals took place: the head of NPO Almaz lost his job, moreover, “for omissions in work and loss of trust” (the first such case in the defense industry in history), in fact - for a breakdown state defense order. According to observers, Almaz's management delayed work on key projects: the Polyment-Redut naval anti-aircraft missile system and the Morpheus near-zone air defense system.

In 2016, the concern was headed by Mikhail Fradkov. Photo tvc.ru

However, the murders of the heads of enterprises belonging to the concern in the zero years seem more scandalous: however, it is believed that the heads of a number of defense enterprises (including the general director of the concern Igor Klimov - he was shot) had to part with their lives due to a conflict during the sale of real estate defense companies that passed into the group through bankruptcy proceedings. The conflict, by the way, with the organized crime group.

It is not surprising that the company eventually became a victim of geopolitics: in 2014-2015, it was included in the US sanctions list, and part of its Western assets were frozen. Despite this, according to the results of 2014, the concern took 11th place in the ranking of the largest defense corporations in the world. The exact figures of the concern's export contracts are unknown, but in 2015 Almaz-Antey completed the tasks by 185% with a total volume of Russian military exports of $14.5 billion (second place in the world).

"Dry": from Stalin's wrath to losses of the company's civilian "wing" and sales of fighter aircraft to China, Algeria and India

In second place in terms of turnover is Sukhoi Aviation Holding Company, which increased its revenue by 17% to 100.6 billion rubles (net profit of 2.6 billion rubles). The company was founded in 1934 in the form of a design bureau, headed by aircraft designer Pavel Sukhoi - almost 900 Su-2 aircraft flew during the war. During and after the war, armored attack aircraft (Su-6), fighters (from the cannon Su-3 to the experimental Su-7), and, finally, jet fighters and bombers (from Su-9 to Su-17) appeared.

In 1949, the design bureau was liquidated after the crash of the Su-15 aircraft, but almost immediately after Stalin's death, the bureau was restored, giving birth to Soviet supersonic jet aviation. last period Soviet history Design Bureau began the development of the 4th generation of fighters (from Su-27 to Su-33).

In the 1990s, I had to deal with conversion, transferring part of the production to civilian rails (only in 2001, however, did the first flights of the Su-80GP cargo-passenger aircraft and the agricultural Su-37L take place). A separate enterprise, Sukhoi Civil Aircraft, was created, but, apparently, it was not very successful. In 2015, the “civilian wing” of Sukhoi, despite (and, perhaps, “thanks to”) the creation of the Sukhoi Superjet aircraft, closed with a loss of 23.5 billion rubles! At the same time, the net loss under IFRS has only been growing since 2008: then it was $114.713 million, in 2015 - $383.242 million.

In 2016, by the way, a native of the Tatarstan airline Tulpar Air, Kamil Gainutdinov, who was responsible for business planning and marketing, sat in the chair of the head of the "civil" Sukhoi.

In 2016, a native of the Tatarstan airline Tulpar Air Kamil Gainutdinov sat in the chair of the head of the "civil" Sukhoi. Photo aviation21.ru

But back to the defensive "wing" of "Dry". In a study of the nuclear industry, we already wrote about the ambitious and expensive project of the RSC Energia spacecraft, and so the Clipper was developed for him at the Sukhoi Design Bureau - a multi-purpose manned reusable spacecraft, the European Space Agency thought to invest in the project annually 100 million pounds sterling. But in the end, the project "did not take off" and was closed.

To date, Sukhoi Company JSC has completed all stages of reorganization “in the form of the merger of three subsidiaries - JSC Sukhoi Design Bureau, JSC KnAAPO im. Yu.A. Gagarin" and OJSC "NAPO im. V.P. Chkalov” and received a notice of termination from January 1, 2013 of the activities of the listed companies as independent legal entities. As a result, Sukhoi became the largest Russian aviation holding, back in 2006 taking third place in the world in terms of production of modern fighters. In 2006, Sukhoi itself became part of the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC, owned by the state represented by the Federal Property Management Agency), founded by Putin and then Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov, and now managed by Minister of Industry and Trade Denis Manturov. About the corporation that took 9th place in our rating, we will tell further.

In 2008, Sukhoi recognized as promising projects for the production of the 4th generation Su-35BM fighter, the Su-34 front-line bomber, the 5th generation PAK FA fighter (not counting the Sukhoi Superjet civil short-haul airliner).

Let's run through the final numbers. Su-35BM - the cost of each aircraft is 2 billion rubles, 64 units have already been produced. The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation purchased 50 units for the amount of more than 60 billion rubles. 24 fighters will go to China (four have already left in December 2016), the contract value is about $2 billion.

Su-34 - the cost of "more than a billion rubles" (in 2010, the figure was 35 million in dollars), each is sold for export for 30-50 million dollars. In 2008, the first 5-year contract worth 33.6 billion rubles was signed for the supply of 32 aircraft (serial production at the Novosibirsk Aviation Plant). The second state contract was concluded in 2012 - for the supply of 92 bombers until 2020 (therefore, approximately, for 100 billion rubles). Export is still in the plans, the likely buyer is Algeria, the price of the contract for 12 cars is 500-600 million dollars.

And, finally, the PAK FA fighter - the cost of its development program is 60 billion rubles (2.8 billion dollars at the rate of 2010). Initially, however, they spent 30 billion rubles, but it took the same amount more. There is no serial production yet, but it is said that India intended to buy these aircraft for $100 million apiece.

The cost of the PAK FA fighter development program is 60 billion rubles. Photo militaryrussia.ru

For all deliveries to the world market from 2008 to 2015, Sukhoi is in third place ($12.73 billion), behind two American corporations Lockheed Martin ($15.6 billion) and Boeing ($13.3 billion). ). The company periodically becomes a hostage of geopolitics: in 2006, the US State Department imposed sanctions against it (and Chemezov's Rosoboronexport) for supplying aircraft to Iran.

"Irkut": from the most massive bomber of the war to the shock therapy of "perestroika", exports of $ 80 billion and losses from an amphibious aircraft

The third place is occupied by another aircraft-building enterprise - Irkut Research and Production Corporation, whose turnover grew by 40% in 2015 to 82.7 billion rubles. Like Sukhoi, Irkut is also owned by UAC (85.4%), Vnesheconombank owns almost 10% (previously 9.45% was owned by Sukhoi). The basis of the corporation was the Irkutsk aircraft plant, established in 1932. His first aircraft was the I-14 monoplane fighter.

In 1941, the Moscow Aircraft Plant No. 39 was evacuated to Irkutsk, on the basis of both plants, Plant No. 39 named after V.I. I.V. Stalin. During the war, the plant produced the most massive Pe-2 dive bomber (from 1941 to 1945, 11247 such aircraft were produced - the Finns called it "Pekka-Emelya"), the aircraft can be seen in the film "Chronicle of a dive bomber". During the war, long-range bombers Il-4 and Il-6 also left the assembly line. After the war - Tu-14 torpedo bomber, Il-28 bomber (carrier of nuclear weapons), supersonic Yak-28, An-12 and An-24 transport aircraft, 3-generation MiG-27 fighter.

In 1992, the plant was privatized, in the same year the 4th generation Su-30 fighter entered the series. However, with the beginning of perestroika, everything went downhill. As I recalled former director aircraft plant, the first secretary of the Irkutsk regional committee, who arrived from a Moscow business trip, said that most of the regional committees would be closed: “Something incredible is happening in Moscow. What we have done so far, everything that we have lived, turned out to be fundamentally wrong and wrong. I'm shocked". In fact, Moscow withdrew itself from the management of the aviation industry as well.

The plant managed to produce a pair of Su-30s, which was followed by a "landslide reduction in the state defense order", and most of the enterprises that produced military products lost funding and were faced with the need to "decide their own fate." The production volumes of the aviation industry fell by six times, the heads of the plants set about re-profiling the conveyors. At the same Irkutsk Aviation Plant, they began to produce new-generation Be-200 amphibious aircraft, and by producing the export version of the Su-30MK, the plant managed to conclude an “unprecedented international contract” with India in 1996, providing itself with work for years to come.

The structure of the corporation "Irkut", in addition to the plant, includes two more branches and "OKB im. A.S. Yakovlev". Photo irkut.com

In 2000, the licensed production of the Su-30 in India was organized, export contracts appeared with Malaysia and Algeria. In 2016, they introduced the "main aircraft of the 21st century" - MS-21 (almost $ 5 billion was invested in the development). The cost of each aircraft is 72-85 million dollars. The first contracts were signed in 2016 for 175 aircraft (Ilyushins Finance, Aeroflot, Nordwind Airlines, etc.). In just 20 years, the company intends to sell up to 1,000 aircraft. A simple calculation shows that the plant is counting on $80 billion.

Irkut itself continues to produce Sukhoi aircraft. The structure of the corporation "Irkut", in addition to the plant, includes two more branches and "OKB im. A.S. Yakovlev" - the last "Irkut" absorbed in 2006. Although officially 81.4% of the OKB's current assets belong to CJSC DCC (there is a liquidation commission), 75.46% are managed by Irkut. In the design bureau itself, after the takeover, the staff was reduced (by 4.5 times), the production base was liquidated, and real estate was sold (which explains the appearance of the liquidation commission). Thus, the independent history of the legendary design bureau actually ended, which developed the Yak-1, Yak-3, Yak-7, Yak-9 aircraft - the basis of the USSR fighter aviation during the war years.

Despite the huge turnover, in 2015 the corporation received a loss of 2 billion rubles. Sales of the Su-30 (42.9%), light attack aircraft Yak-130 (17.7%), MS-21 (16.7%) account for the largest share in revenue. What caused the loss is unknown. Perhaps with the end of the MS-21 program (it is presented as a competitor to the Boeing 737 and A320), since everything seems to be fine with the Su-30. The production of one Su-30 aircraft costs $83 million (on Indian soil) and $50 million in Russia. There are 91 such aircraft (of various modifications) in service with the RF Armed Forces. Deliveries also go to India (a total of 225 units were delivered, more than 80 are ordered), Indonesia (11 units), China (97 units) and Kazakhstan (6 units). Su-30 is also in service with Algeria (52 pieces), Vietnam (29 pieces), etc.

It is possible that the losses were related to the liquidation of a joint venture with Airbus (established in 2005 - liquidated in December 2016), within which the Be-200 amphibious aircraft was promoted abroad (it turned out to be "too expensive an aircraft"). Moreover, the project was frozen even before the sanctions. Recall that they hit the "parent company" "UAC". The failure of the Be-200 brought Irkut $50 million in losses.

In 2016, they introduced the "main aircraft of the 21st century" - MS-21 (almost $ 5 billion was invested in the development). Photo absoluttv.ru

UMPO: from the Soviet Renault tank and the Bashkir privatization to the “raider takeover” by Moscow and the status of the “best exporter”

The fourth largest company is Ufa Motor-Building Production Association, owned by United Engine Corporation JSC, which, in turn, belongs to Oboronprom, controlled by Sergey Chemezov's Rostec. In 2015, the Ufa-based company increased its revenue by 38% to RUB 67.5 billion. The enterprise was founded in 1925 on the basis of the former Russian Renault JSC in Rybinsk (the first Soviet tank was produced here - a copy of the French Renault FT-17).

During the war years, the Ufa plant became its understudy, where combine engines were initially produced, and a number of other engine plants were gradually evacuated here from the European part of the USSR. In the postwar years, centrifuges for uranium enrichment were created at the plant as part of nuclear project USSR.

In 1993, the enterprise was privatized, and Ufa calmly took over the state stake and transferred it to Ufa Motors Management Company OJSC. Ufa attributed the software to the objects of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus under the legislation of the Republic of Belarus itself, and Moscow believed that the object belongs to federal property and can only be privatized by decision of the government of the Russian Federation as " largest manufacturer aircraft engines for military aircraft. No wonder that software in the "zero" became the subject of a struggle between the Bashkir authorities and Moscow!

In 2007, the courts sided with the Republic of Belarus, refusing to satisfy the claim of the Federal Property Management Agency. Subsequently, just at the time of the active PR exposure of the President of the Republic of Belarus Murtaza Rakhimov, the transfer of a defense asset “for a pittance” as a result of a complex scheme was actually called “a scam” as a result of a complex scheme. Bashkir officials were accused of " raider capture”, naming the name of Rail Sarbaev, the right hand and the “purse” of the Rakhimov family.

In 2008, the Republic of Belarus began to lose control over the asset, the software became part of the “daughter” of Oboronprom, in 2010 the state corporation gained full control over the facility through an additional issue, despite the fact that no one ever put an end to the dispute in the courts. Moscow's attack on UMPO was associated with the intention to produce helicopter engines in Ufa (on behalf of Vladimir Putin) - the project was estimated at 7 billion rubles, the engines were supposed to go into series in 2014. In 2011, UMPO was appointed the lead enterprise for the production of engines for military aviation.

Ufa attributed the software to the objects of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus under the legislation of the Republic of Belarus itself, and Moscow considered that the object belongs to federal property. Photo bashinform.ru

To date, UMPO is considered the main developer of engines for Sukhoi and Irkut. It produces engines for 4++ generation fighters Su-35/Su-35S and a "promising engine" for the fifth generation fighter T-50 (PAK FA). UMPO also participates in the project of creating the PD-14 engine for the civil aircraft MS-21 and for the production of helicopter engines of the VK-2500 type. The association also mass-produces turbojet engines for aircraft of the Su-35S (AL-41F-1S), Su-27 (AL-31F), Su-30 (AL-31F and AL-31FP) families, separate components for Ka ” and “Mi”.

The main export partner of the software is still India, whose company Hindustan Aeronauticus Limited UMPO helped to establish the production of engines for the Su-30. Contracts are concluded with China, Venezuela and Algeria. Thus, in 2011, the volume of exports to UMPO amounted to 14.39 billion rubles. With a turnover of 21 billion rubles at that time, it is clear that foreign contracts became the main source of the company's revenue. Rostec named UMPO the best exporter in 2014 - according to the results of 2013, the volume of exports amounted to 631 million dollars. In 2015, export supplies exceeded 60% of the company's turnover - they amounted to almost 40 billion rubles. Domestic contracts - 27.8 billion rubles.

Basically, profit in terms of exports grew from the sale of engines to China (by 1.5 times - up to 16.8 billion rubles), to India (by 25% - up to 19.7 billion rubles), Algerian contracts grew 23 times, amounting to revenue of 5.2 billion rubles. Obviously, Western sanctions cannot affect UMPO's business in any way - there are no Western countries among its buyers.

About the owner of the fifth place in our rating - with revenue in 2015 in the amount of 62.5 billion rubles (an increase of 21%) and a profit of 2 billion rubles - the company PO "Northern Machine-Building Enterprise" in Severodvinsk, we wrote in detail in a study of the shipbuilding industry. In that rating, Sevmash took first place. Sevmash is also controlled through the United shipbuilding corporation» Minister of Industry and Trade Denis Manturov. The USC was created under Sergei Naryshkin, then from 2008 to 2011 it was headed by Igor Sechin.

The main export partner of the software is India. Photo umpo.ru

"Rostvertol": the birth of the Kazan "daughter" in the war, helicopters for Afghanistan and the "partnership" of Chemezov with Manturov

In sixth place is another aircraft manufacturer in Russia - the Rostov Helicopter Production Complex Open Joint Stock Company Rostvertol, which increased its turnover in 2015 by 54% to 56.8 billion rubles. Rostvertol is also not an "orphan" and is part of the "defense family" of Sergei Chemezov "Rostec" - through the Russian Helicopters holding (73.9% of Rostvertol's shares belong) and Oboronprom (another 21.98%).

The enterprise was created exactly two months before the start of World War II in 1939, in 1944 the production of UT-2M and Po-2 (U-2) aircraft started here. The U-2 biplane was one of the most massive aircraft in the world, a total of 33 thousand of these “Stalinist falcons” were produced, it was also produced in Kazan, at the evacuated plant No. 387 (later becoming the base of the Kazan Helicopter Plant). He was known as a night bomber, and as a reconnaissance aircraft, and a communications aircraft. Soviet pilots also flew the U-2 during the Korean War.

After the war, landing gliders Yak-14 and attack aircraft Il-40 descended from the assembly line of the plant (the latter was not produced for long, in 1956 the production was discontinued). Finally, the Rostov plant was the first to mass-produce the Mi-1 helicopter (it was also produced by the Kazan Aviation Plant No. 387 in 1952-1953). In the USSR, the Mi-6 (heavy landing helicopter, also used for industry) was also produced at this plant, which, by the way, participated in the aftermath of the Chernobyl accident, and, of course, the Mi-26.

The Mi-26 later turned out to be the largest mass-produced transport helicopter in the world. Mi-26s participated in the Afghan war, in both Chechen wars. It was during the second Chechen war that the largest disaster in the history of military aviation of the USSR and Russia took place: the Mi-26 was shot down by militants by a missile from the Igla air defense system (created, alas, also by Soviet designers from KBM in Kolomna, now also included in the " Rostec"), killing 127 people.

In the 1990s, the company's staff decided to privatize the company and "during the period of a general decline in production, the trade union committee, together with the administration, was looking for ways out of the critical situation." But it cannot be said that the property of the plant passed into the hands of the collective. So, 20% of the shares came under the control of Sergei Nedoroslev, who created the legendary Kaskol group of companies back in 1988, which subsequently bought up stakes in RSC Energia (10%), Energomash (20%), and the Sokol aircraft building plant. (40%), Irkut Corporation (40%). Nedoroslev himself recalled that the plant's products were then underestimated. The new Mi-8 could be bought at the factory for 2-3 million dollars, in good condition such a helicopter cost 500 thousand dollars. And abroad, similar analogues were sold for 15 million dollars.

In the 1990s, 20% of the shares came under the control of Sergei Nedoroslev, who created the legendary Kaskol group of companies. Photo kremlin.ru

In the 1990s, the future minister Denis Manturov (then working as deputy director of the Ulan-Ude aircraft plant - 8th place in our rating) shared the ideas of Nedoroslev to unite helicopter plants into a single holding company. In 2001, Manturov became deputy chairman of Gosinkor, where state-owned stakes in helicopter plants were transferred. In 2002, Gosinkor, together with Rosoboronexport, created Oboronprom Management Company. According to Forbes, Manturov's close acquaintance and friendship with Sergei Chemezov, which began in the late 1990s, helped him consolidate helicopter assets. Rostvertol was bought by Oboronprom for $20 million. Not only Nedoroslev had to part with his helicopter assets, but also AFK Sistema (lost 49% of Kamov Design Bureau). The Putin government allocated 10 billion rubles for the development of the holding.

Mistake with Saddam Hussein, the "needle of the state defense order" and resentment of George W. Bush

Today, Rostvertol mass-produces the same Mi-26, Mi-24 (the first Soviet combat helicopter, unofficially called the Crocodile), Mi-28 (Night Hunter, Soviet attack helicopter). Let's go over the numbers again.

The cost of one Mi-28 is $24 million. The first foreign contract was not implemented due to the occupation of Kuwait by Iraq - the USSR was going to supply Mi-28s to Saddam Hussein. The second potential contract with India also died before it was born: it turned out that the Mi-28 was inferior to the American Apaches (the main propeller quickly overheated, onboard electronic systems were not adjusted). Finally, they were going to deliver to Algeria - in 2014, 42 cars were ordered. In 2012, a contract was signed with Iraq for the supply of 15 Mi-28s (of a new design) in the amount of $4.3 billion. More than 90 helicopters have been delivered through the state defense order of the Russian Air Force. A simple calculation puts the figure at $3.5 billion as of 2017.

However, in May 2017, information appeared about the growth of the state defense order for the Mi-28 to 300 vehicles - this is almost $ 7.2 billion. The cost of the Mi-26 is $20-25 million, in 2011 it was assumed that export sales would amount to $5.6 billion by 2015. If we count the number of military helicopters in the countries where they were sold (plus those that have not yet been delivered, but firm contracts have been signed), it turns out that 50 helicopters were exported (most of them to Algeria). At least 42 helicopters were delivered under the state defense order. It turns out that the company should have earned $1.8 billion by 2016. This, alas, is three times less than the figure of 5.6 billion rubles.

Finally, the Mi-24 is one of the most massive helicopters of the plant (it was actively used in the Afghan war and during the Chechen wars), 3,500 units have already been produced by now. Until 2000, 23 helicopters were sold for export, how many were sold after - is unknown. But, given the relatively outdated model, they are unlikely to strike the imagination.

At present, the share of Rostvertol in the global helicopter market is estimated at 2.5%, but the plant itself admits that if earlier the ratio between machines supplied under the state defense order and for export was 50% to 50%, now it is 65 by 35%. Whether this indicates a decrease in export earnings or an increase in the state defense order, however, is difficult to judge.

At present, Rostvertol's share in the global helicopter market is estimated at 2.5%. Photo rostec.ru

In 2016, due to sanctions, the plant completely replaced Ukrainian-made engines with domestic ones. In recent years, the United States itself has not imposed any sanctions on Rostvertol. But at the beginning of the Afghan war in 2002, after the attack on the towers of the World Trade Center, the United States took offense at the Rostov plant, having discovered Russian helicopters in service with Syria, Libya and Sudan, countries, according to the State Department, supporting terrorism. At the same time, the American troops themselves used the Mi-26 helicopters in the Afghan war, among other things!

"Uralvagonzavod": from the legendary T-34 to the "romance with Putin", the attack of Alfa-Bank, billions in losses and the "armored holding"

The seventh largest defense company in the Russian Federation is the Research and Production Corporation Uralvagonzavod (also from the Rostec Chemezov family). The plant was founded in the Stalinist 30s, and at first prisoners worked on it. In 1936, the plant started with the production of heavy railroad cars, during the war years many military plants were evacuated to it, and gradually the Ural plant freed civilian sites for the production of military products. First of all, tanks - before the end of World War II, Uralvagonzavod produced 25.2 thousand legendary T-34s, the main tanks of the Red Army.

After the war, the plant again switched to civilian rails, but did not forget about tanks: T-54, T-55 (the first tank with anti-nuclear protection), T-62 were produced. Since 1974, the T-72 went into production - the most massive battle tank of the 2nd generation, which is still in service with the countries of the former USSR and the Warsaw Pact, as well as India, Iran, Iraq, and Syria.

In 2009, the plant began developing the T-14, known as the Armata, but mass production began only this year. The cost of the tank is 250 million rubles. In 2016, the state ordered the enterprise a batch of tanks until 2020 in the amount of 2300 units (so far they have ordered a batch of 100 units). The tank will be sent for export only after the secrecy stamp is removed and only after the needs of the state defense order are met. The enterprise, thus, until 2020 provided itself with orders for "Armata" for 575 billion rubles.

In addition, the plant also produces the Soviet T-90 tank (Vladimir), which became the best-selling tank on the world market in the 2000s. The cost of the tank at first was 70 million rubles, in 2011 it increased to 118 million (this also led to the difficult financial situation of the plant), but since the end of 2011, the purchase of tanks for the RF Armed Forces has been stopped. T-90s were exported to India: in 2001 they signed a contract for $1 billion, in 2006 two more for $3.3 billion, and so on. In total, more than 6 billion dollars worth of contracts were concluded with India - by 2020, 2,000 T-90 tanks should be in service with the Indian army. In 2008, an $8 billion contract was signed with Algeria. The remaining foreign customers are not named (this year they reported that a contract had appeared with one of the countries of the Middle East).

Until 2020, the enterprise provided itself with orders for "Armata" for 575 billion rubles. Photo photo.rae2015.ru

The enterprise was corporatized only in 2007, from FSUE becoming OJSC. In the same year, the plant signed a contract with Russian Railways for the supply of 40,000 railcars worth 68 billion rubles (70% of Russian Railways' needs). However, in 2009, due to the lack of orders from Russian Railways, Uralvagonzavod was on the verge of default - the debt amounted to 66 billion rubles. The Russian authorities were forced to pour 4.4 billion rubles into the plant, and by the end of 2009 to increase authorized capital for 10 billion rubles. The corporation managed to return the debt to the government of the Russian Federation already in 2010.

Later, Uralvagonzavod began to cooperate with Transneft in the transportation of petroleum products (delivery of 8.5 thousand tanks). In 2011, the plant became known for the participation of its employees in a direct line with Putin: the head of the assembly shop, Igor Kholmanskikh, suggested that Putin “go out with the peasants and defend their stability.” On May 18, 2012, Vladimir Putin appointed the Kholmanskys as plenipotentiary in the Urals Federal District.

Alas, Putin's hand did not help. So, in 2009, the loss amounted to 7 billion rubles, in 2011, on the wave of "Putin's love", the plant showed a profit of 8 billion rubles, in 2012 - 9.5 billion rubles, but in 2013 the profit fell sharply to 443 million rubles. The black streak began in 2014, when the plant showed a loss of 4.8 billion rubles, in 2015 the loss turned out to be astronomical - 10 billion rubles! The company explained this by American sanctions - the United States added Uralvagonzavod to the list in the summer of 2014.

In April 2015, more than 5,000 employees (out of 30,000) were on forced leave. In May 2015, Alfa-Bank intended to go to court on bankruptcy of the enterprise - Uralvagonzavod owed the bank 6 billion rubles. But in 2016, the bank of Mikhail Fridman and Petr Aven went to the world. Obviously, the authorities of the Russian Federation did not allow the defense enterprise to go bankrupt - the government of the Russian Federation issued state guarantees for 7 billion rubles. And in December 2016, Putin, tired of pulling the plant out of bankruptcy, transferred the enterprise to Rostec State Corporation.

Chemezov intends to create an "armored holding" on the basis of UVZ. While Chemezov began to transfer the plant from the pipe of the Federal Property Management Agency to Rostec, it turned out that UVZ created a company for itself, UVZ-logistics, which bought cars for itself, since Russian Railways did not buy them for two or three years in a row: “This was done for not to stop production. In May 2017, it became known that they were again trying to bankrupt the plant - this time because of the amount of 12 million rubles.

In 2011, the plant became known for the participation of Igor Kholmansky in a direct line with Putin. Photo gazeta.ru

UUAZ: from fighters for the Red Army and cruise missiles to an attempt to withdraw assets in the "epoch of privatization" and the departure of workers to Kazan

Eighth place is occupied by the Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant, which increased its revenue by a third - up to 50 billion rubles. It is also part of the Russian Helicopters holding (a subsidiary of Oboronprom, which is part of Rostec).

The plant began its activity in the late 1930s, repairing I-16 fighters and SB bombers. During the war, together with the Irkutsk Aviation Plant, he produced Pe-2 parts, then he began to produce aircraft of the main strike force of the fighter aviation of the Red Army - single-engine La-5 and La-7.

After the war, the plant became one of the Soviet centers for the production of Kamov Design Bureau helicopters - Ka-15 and Ka-18, and since the 1960s - cruise missiles. By the mid-1970s, he produced 250 Ka-25 ship-based anti-submarine helicopters for the Soviet Navy. Since the 1970s, he began to produce Mi-8 helicopters, until 1991, about 4 thousand vehicles were produced. At the same time, in the 1980s, MiG-27 fighters were produced in Ulan-Ude (together with the Irkutsk Aviation Plant). And in cooperation with the Sukhoi Design Bureau - Su-25 attack aircraft, which were subsequently based on the cruiser Admiral Kuznetsov.

With the beginning of the 1990s, having stopped producing the Su-25, the plant produced the Su-39, but until now the last fighters have not gone into production (due to the lack of a state order). Helicopter production after the collapse of the USSR continued thanks to the design developed by the Kazan branch of the OKB. A mile for the Mi-8AMT helicopter (based on the most massive Mi-8MT twin-engine helicopter). Until now, various modifications and upgraded versions of the Mi-8 have been produced here.

The UUAZ survived the turbulence of the 1990s, losing for a while the blade production workshop (considered the most profitable), which came under the control of VIK OJSC or the Helicopter Innovation and Industrial Company. "VIK" was created by part of the leadership of the aircraft plant itself, which as a result approved the deal for the sale of the workshop to the side. The workshop itself continued to work, selling products to the plant, but the proceeds eventually went to the side. At that time, part of the shares of the plant was bought out by Nedoroslev, and the future Minister of Industry Denis Manturov, a friend of Sergei Chemezov, worked as deputy director at the plant itself, the first - at the age of 29 - to propose the idea of ​​a helicopter holding.

In May of this year, local media reported on the difficult financial situation of the plant. Photo ato.ru

While Manturov went to work at the Moscow Helicopter Plant, workshops were divided in Ulan-Ude. In 1998, one of the leaders of VIK, Leonid Belykh, headed UUAZ itself. "VIK" did not rejoin the plant, but, according to local observers, it further crushed important production sites. In the middle of the 2000s, when Chemezov and Manturov began consolidating the helicopter assets of the Russian Federation, Oboronprom bought out 49.18% of UUAZ shares. To date, Russian Helicopters JSC owns 100% of the aircraft plant.

However, Chemezov and Manturov got the plant without at least one key workshop. Having decided to buy assets from VIK OJSC, Muscovites faced opposition from local managers who accused them of “raider takeover”, so the value of VIK assets increased from 16 million rubles to 780 million rubles. At the same time, they bought the workshop with the money of the plant itself.

In May of this year, local media reported on the difficult financial situation of the plant: allegedly, having abandoned the production of promising aircraft, the management "has become obsessed with obsolescent Mi helicopters." At the same time, specialists who lose their jobs go ... to Kazan: “The Kazan Aviation Plant takes engineers and skilled workers with both hands - no resume is needed if there is work experience. And we make the same helicopters. There is just a call, and the family moves to Tatarstan,” say the participants in the events.

According to those who are dissatisfied, Kazan Helicopter Plant, located closer to Moscow and better lobbying for its orders, is partly to blame for the problems of UUAZ. In addition, Kazan "made progress in the development of a new generation of helicopters" (Mi-38 and Ansat). Although, due to the reduction in orders, “it’s not easy in Kazan either - they decided not to fire people there yet, but to transfer them temporarily to a part-time work week.”

Nevertheless, with a revenue of 50 billion rubles, the profit of the company in Ulan-Ude in 2015 amounted to 17 billion rubles (at KHP, the profit was 12.4 billion rubles, although in 2016 it decreased by 10 times). The director of UUAZ Leonid Belykh himself reports that by 2020 investments in the enterprise will exceed 12 billion rubles (will go to 12 investment projects), in 2015 the volume of investments amounted to 2.8 billion rubles. The plant's priorities include the replacement of Mi-8/18 production by Mi-171A2 helicopters.

Director of UUAP Leonid Belykh (right) reports that by 2020 investments in the enterprise will exceed 12 billion rubles. Photo 03grb.ru

On the other hand, the Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant "due to the complexity in the formation of a portfolio of orders" in 2016 could, according to forecasts, reduce production by 15-25% and, accordingly, reduce profits. One of the difficulties of UUAP (which produced 75 helicopters last year) is the reduction in export orders. In 2016, it was planned to produce only 53-55 vehicles (all under the state defense order) - production volumes will indeed not exceed 2015 figures. It is unlikely that the Chinese contract concluded in November last year (six cars) will help either.

UAC: from Putin's start and criticism of antimonopolists to the first profits and the injection of hundreds of billions into the Superjet

The United Aircraft Corporation ranked ninth in terms of revenue in our rating. Created in 2006 on behalf of Vladimir Putin, the UAC was headed by the then Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation Sergei Ivanov. It includes Sukhoi, MiG corporation (12th place in our rating), Ilyushin (56th place), Tupolev (39th place - a drop in revenue by 21%), Irkut , KAPO Gorbunov, etc. In total - 20 companies. The idea of ​​the merger was criticized by the then head of the FAS, Igor Artemiev, who said that "the developers of the UAC concept decided to eliminate internal competition between Russian enterprises in order to jointly participate in competition with foreign manufacturers."

A goal was set for UAC - within 10 years to increase the total revenue of enterprises from $2.5 billion (revenue at the time of the merger in 2006) to $7-8 billion. Did it work or not? Let's count. The parent company's revenue in 2015 amounted to 49.3 billion rubles, having increased by 24% since 2014. At the same time, the company closed the year with a loss of 9.4 billion rubles. This, of course, cannot be compared with the loss of 147 billion rubles in 2011, but UAC ended 2013 and 2014 with a profit. According to the consolidated statements of UAC for 2016, the total revenue amounted to 394.6 billion rubles, IFRS revenue - 416.9 billion rubles (in 2015 - 346.1 billion rubles). Gross profit under IFRS in 2016 - 78.6 billion rubles. With a weighted average dollar exchange rate for 2016 of 67 rubles, UAC's revenue in 2016 amounted to only 6.2 billion dollars. On the other hand, in terms of the dollar exchange rate for 2006, UAC's turnover in 2006 was 67.9 billion rubles.

Export revenue in 2016 more than doubled to 203 billion rubles, thus, in 2015 UAC received at least 100 billion rubles from export sales. The share of exports in total revenue in 2015 amounted to 28.9%, in 2016 - already 48.6%. In 2015, UAC sold 156 aircraft (in 2014 - 159 units). In 2015, 90 Su-30, Su-34, MiG-29 and Yak-130 aircraft left the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation through the state defense order. 34 aircraft were exported.

The company confirms that the main factor in the growth of turnover was export deliveries, the revenue of the civil segment (the main product is the SSJ100 short-haul aircraft) also increased to 69 billion rubles. According to the company's calculations, the share of the Ministry of Defense in 2016 amounted to 43% of revenue (47% - in 2015). All figures for the state defense contract for 2016 are not available, but it can be assumed that approximately twice as many aircraft were exported. The main result was achieved, assures the UAC, due to the sale of Su-35, Su-30 aircraft types abroad and the supply of SSJ100 to foreign customers.

The main product of the civil segment is the SSJ100 short haul aircraft. Photo superjet100.info

At the same time, in 2015, 100 billion rubles were poured into the corporation for additional capitalization (which reduced the credit burden). In 2017-2019, another 400 billion rubles will be poured into UAC - mainly for the implementation of the Superjet and MS-21 programs.

KVZ: from deliveries of U-2 to the front and production of the legendary Mi-8 to the "Chemezov attack" in the "zero", layoffs of people and the sale of helicopter assets abroad

And, finally, the ten largest defense companies in Russia are closed by the Kazan Helicopter Plant, whose turnover fell by 9% in 2015 to 49 billion rubles. Despite the fact that the turnover of the Admiralty Shipyards of St. Petersburg, on the contrary, increased by 23% to 45.3 billion rubles, it is likely that by the end of 2016 the Kazan Helicopter Plant will fall out of the “defense ten”: revenue in 2016 amounted to only 25 billion rubles . Profit fell almost 100 times, from 12.3 billion to 129.8 million rubles.

There is no point in talking much about the history of Kazan Helicopter Plant for Tatarstan citizens, therefore it is short. It was created on the basis of the Leningrad plant No. 38, during the war years it delivered 11 thousand U-2s to the front, increasing the production volume in the year of victory by 3.5 times (up to 350 units per month). After the war, the plant smoothly switched to civilian rails, producing 9,000 combines, and began production of Mi-1 helicopters. With the creation of the Mi-4, the plant began export deliveries, in the 1960s they began to produce the legendary Mi-8.

In the 1990s, the plant was privatized and corporatized. In 1993, they formed a joint-stock company and carried out an issue of shares, and in 1998 - an additional issue (exactly in the same year, due to the denomination, the cost of helicopter securities collapsed 1000 times). By the end of the 1990s, almost a third of the KHP shares belonged to the State Property Committee of the Republic of Tatarstan (another 6.3% through offshore), 17% - to the employees of the enterprise. The register of shareholders also included Bank Credit Swiss First Boston, Rossiyskiy Kredit, ONEXIM.

Alexander Lavrentiev gave away his stake only at the end of 2006. Photo by Maxim Platonov

In 1993, the plant began the development and production of Ansat and Aktai helicopters. As in the case of the Ufa MPO, KVZ also became the object of the division of the region with Moscow. In the middle of the "zero" Manturov and Chemezov, combining helicopter assets, made Kazan an offer that they could not refuse. As a result, the authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan in 2005 exchanged their stake in the plant for 15% of Oboronprom (which oversees the helicopter holding), and the head of the plant, Alexander Lavrentiev, who by that time owns a third of the shares, gave his share only at the end of 2006. Today JSC Russian Helicopters has already transferred 99.6% of the shares of the Kazan plant.

The unwillingness to part with the helicopter asset was due to the export success of the plant: by 2001, Kazan Helicopter Plant managed to earn about $1 billion on export sales of almost 600 aircraft. It is indicative that the Kazan shareholders explained the decision to give the plant into “Chemezov’s hands” by the state defense order: the plant was supported by exports (90%), relations with Rosoboronexport had not developed until then - in those years, Rosoboronexport was headed by Sergey Chemezov, who therefore knew , which buttons should be pressed by Kazan citizens.

At first, the promises under the state defense order were kept. From 2007 to 2011, the plant's revenue grew (from 6 to 30 billion rubles). In 2011, the head of Russian Helicopters Andrey Reus promised in 2012 to increase the state defense order by 1.5 times. Kazan Helicopters, following this, in 2011 invested 1.5 billion rubles in production. By 2012, the volume of production of helicopters had almost reached the bar of 100 machines (with the ability to produce 120 helicopters), but as a result, this bar was adhered to until 2014. The peak point was 2013, when Kazan Helicopter Plant sold 107 helicopters. In 2012, the share of state defense orders in revenue was 2%, in 2013 - 3.4%, in 2014 - already 24.7%, but in 2015 it fell to 1%. In 2015, the plant rolled back to 2005, the last year of independence - and sold only 70 helicopters (as in 2016).

The reason was not only the decrease in the state defense order (in 2014 - 13.3 billion rubles, in 2015 - only 971.5 million rubles), but also in the fall in export earnings. Market experts explained this by the full implementation of previous contracts with India for 2.8 billion dollars, and with the United States (63 helicopters for the Afghan army were purchased despite US State Department sanctions). In addition, the promotion of civilian versions of Ansat had just begun by that time, and the market for Mi-8/17 helicopters was already saturated. The staff of the plant in 2015 had to be reduced by 500 people, and the head of Russian Helicopters JSC wrote a letter to Rostec about the "critical situation with the loading of production capacities" of UAZ and the Kazan Helicopter Plant, the main range of which are Mi-8/17 helicopters /171".

In November 2016, the leadership of Kazan Helicopter Plant announced its intention to change direction from defense to civilian (apparently, in order to get off the "needle of the state defense order"). In the same 2016, Chemezov and Manturov made a knight's move, announcing their intention to sell the consolidated helicopter holding - they planned to sell 49% of the shares to a strategic investor. With a stake of $600 million, 49% would cost more than $1 billion. The announcement of the search for an investor came against the backdrop of a general drop in sales of helicopter factories by 21.8%: 212 helicopters were delivered in 2015 (59 less than in 2014). The portfolio of orders decreased by 9.5% to 494 helicopters worth 396.1 billion rubles. In the summer of 2016, a 25% stake was sold for $600 million to the Russian Direct Investment Fund. In February 2017, it became known that another 12% stake in Russian Helicopters was sold for $300 million to "Middle Eastern investors", and another 13% will be offered to Indian or Chinese investment companies. Thus, Oboronprom will get rid of not 49%, but 50% of helicopter shares.

In November 2016, the Kazan Helicopter Plant management announced its intention to change direction from defense to civilian. Photo by Maxim Platonov

Whether Chemezov and Manturov will also sell other defense assets, which they have consolidated for many years and turned into a vertically integrated holding, is still unknown. It is also not known whether the initial desire was to consolidate defense assets in order to sell to an investor. Moreover, it is usually efficient consolidated assets that are brought to the market, and not companies that show billions in losses - why were Russian Helicopters not sold in 2012-2013? We also note that all 10 large holdings of the Russian defense industry are controlled in one way or another by Denis Manturov and/or Sergey Chemezov, behind whom, with one hundred percent probability, one can see only a single person who would give the green light to the sale of defense assets abroad or prohibit the transfer of strategic companies into the hands of foreigners. And this man's name is Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin.

	Business name	2015	2014	change
1	JSC Concern VKO Almaz-Antey	136.515.561	73.296.276	86%
2	Sukhoi Aviation Holding Company, Moscow	100.651.902	86.233.343	17%
3	Research and Production Corporation "Irkut", Moscow	82.786.503	59.380.219	39%
4	Ufa Motor-Building Production Association, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan	67.510.963	48.903.137	38%
5	Production association "Northern machine-building enterprise", Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk region	62.529.509	51.491.685	21%
6	Rostov Helicopter Production Complex Open Joint Stock Company Rostvertol, Rostov-on-Don	56.826.994	36.938.285	54%
7	Research and Production Corporation "Uralvagonzavod" named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky, Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk region	54.850.103	74.127.622	-26%
8	Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant, Ulan-Ude, Republic of Buryatia	50.000.000	38.407.958	30%
9	United Aircraft Corporation, Moscow	49.289.236	39.902.486	24%

Sergei Afanasiev

Defense production

Defense production- the area of ​​production (industry) of the state, which is a combination of research, testing institutions, organizations and manufacturing enterprises that carry out the development, testing, production and disposal of weapons, military and special equipment and other property for the armed forces (power structures) of the state. Some authors narrow the concept defense production showing it as the most important, but not the only, component of the military-industrial complex.

Compound

• development of weapons and military equipment;
• production of weapons and military equipment;
• testing of weapons and military equipment;
• repair of weapons and military equipment;
• maintenance of weapons and military equipment;

Industries

Defense industries:

1. Production of nuclear weapons;
2. Rocket and space industry;
3. Military shipbuilding;
4. armored industry;
5. Manufacture of small arms and ammunition;
6. Production of artillery weapons;

Russia

In the 1990s, many enterprises of the state, in accordance with the Federal Law, dated April 13, 1998, No. 60-FZ, "On the conversion of the defense industry into Russian Federation”, were reoriented to the production of civilian products, including equipment for oil and gas companies.

USA

Defense production facilities

The objects of defense production are:

1. All enterprises that produce systems and elements of weapons, explosives and poisonous substances, fissile and radioactive materials, rocket launchers, space and aircraft, military equipment, enterprises and facilities that provide maintenance, launch and support of spacecraft, carry out research and development design work in these areas - regardless of the share of military orders;
2. Protected working premises of spare control points of all bodies state power Russian Federation, as well as communication and engineering infrastructure facilities intended for use during a special period.

Impact on the economy of individual regions

The share of defense production in the structure of the economy of the Nizhny Novgorod region is extremely high and, according to various estimates, is 30-40% (due to well-known difficulties, a more accurate assessment is impossible, but these data are enough to classify the Nizhny Novgorod economy as one of the most militarized regional economies of the country). It should be pointed out that the existence of a developed military production determines the nature of not only the regional economy itself, but also practically all other spheres of life: science, education, construction, social security, all infrastructure elements. Defense production is, as a rule, the most knowledge-intensive and high-tech, concentrates the most qualified personnel and, in addition, bears a large social burden.

see also

Notes

Literature

• Big soviet encyclopedia(TSB), Third Edition, "Soviet Encyclopedia" 1969-1978 in 30 volumes;
• Soviet military encyclopedia. - M .: Military publishing house, 1976-1980. - (in 8 tons). - 105,000 copies.
• Military Encyclopedic Dictionary (VES), M ., Military Publishing House, 1984, 863 pages with illustrations (ill.), 30 sheets (ill.);
• "Military Encyclopedic Dictionary" (VES), M., Military Publishing House, 2007;
• Grigoriev M.N., E.Yu. Krasnova; Marketing of military products: textbook / Publishing house Info-da, - St. Petersburg, 2011. - P. 435 - ISBN 978-5-94652-344-8

Links

• The text of the Constitution of Russia on the official website of the President of Russia
• Federal Law, April 13, 1998, No. 60-FZ, "On the Conversion of the Defense Industry in the Russian Federation"
• Information agency TS VPK - monitoring the current state and analysis of the prospects for the development of defense industrial complex Russia
• Military-industrial complex news - daily reviews of news of the military-industrial complex of Russia and other countries of the world
• Breakthrough on the world arms market, "Russia in Global Affairs". No. 2, March - April 2008
• Marriage and divorce contract Novaya Gazeta, 02/27/2008 - 8 biggest failures of the military-industrial complex

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The sphere of technology has always been the engine of progress and development of society. In this article, we will consider the system of the military-industrial complex, its impact on the Russian economy, structure and other important points.

First of all, new technologies appear in the military industry. Modern computers, advanced devices and other equipment have been financed for many years by the state in full. Later, development firms were able to diversify their technologies for civil society. The Russian Federation is no exception in this matter, as well as its predecessor, the USSR. A well-known fact: cigarettes in the USSR were the same diameter as the cartridges for weapons. This trend led to an increase in the size of purchases in the military-industrial complex, after which the enterprises were able to significantly expand the scope of their activities.

The development of the peaceful atom and, in general, the merit of the technology race in the creation of the atomic bomb. Defense technologies are still cutting edge in science.

What is an OPC?

The military-industrial complex is a set of enterprises and institutions that specialize in the production and development of equipment and military equipment.

Structure of the defense industry:

• research centers whose main task is theoretical research;
• design bureaus - create mock-ups and test samples according to the submitted documentation of the above-described institutions;
• laboratories and test sites that are designed to test new developments;
• enterprises engaged in the wide production of tested and approved samples.

Highlights of the military-industrial complex

1. The boundaries of the placement of objects. As a rule, all such enterprises and institutions are located far from the central regions of the state. Such measures are necessary for the safety of ordinary citizens and the preservation of confidentiality.
2. Secrecy rule. All important objects are always well guarded, the cities in which they are located do not even appear on the map. They do not have a name and are simply numbered by serial number.
3. Enterprises that are part of the military-industrial complex of Russia necessarily have understudies located randomly in different regions of the country.

Defense industry specialization

• Construction complex: production of concrete slabs, ceilings and other materials.
• Chemical industry: production of reagents, toxic substances, which, for example, can be sprayed into the air, hitting the enemy at a long distance.
• MShK: supplies missiles, ships, cars, aircraft and armored vehicles, manufactures communication devices, etc.
• Fuel and Energy Complex: engaged in the production of nuclear fuel.
• Light industry: tailoring of uniforms, production different kind technical fabrics.

complex of Russia

Here are a few strategically important enterprises:

• Plant them. M.L. Mile, specializing in the production of helicopters, located in the Moscow region.
• PKO "Teploobmennik" is located in the city of Nizhny Novgorod.
• Central Research Institute of Precision Engineering, built in Klimovsk.
• NPP "Rubin", operates in the city of Penza.
• STC "Plant Leninets", located in St. Petersburg.

Breakthrough in the field of artificial intelligence technologies

It would seem that until recently, sky-high technologies of artificial intelligence were used only in modern developments of the world's leading engineers in the field of guidance and targeting. Innovative discoveries of the institutions of the military-industrial complex made it possible to create a special device to increase the mass of the load brought and to facilitate the movement of soldiers - an exoskeleton. A semblance of this technology has been used for several years to restore patients who are unable to walk and move around without assistance. The exoskeleton is the advanced development of most countries of the world in the field of defense technologies. Its use will significantly increase the ability of the human body.

Discoveries in the field of microelectronics

Developments in the field of microelectronics have long been the prerogative of defense enterprises around the world. Many secret devices saw the light in the face of a civilian product many years after their invention. The motion sensors used in smart homes that are so popular today have long been the basis of the defense capability of many countries. They were used to protect borders from intruders and promptly respond to crossing the state border. And now such sensors are used on modern technology to determine approaching objects. It is worth noting that this equipment can be used both in the military sphere and consumer.

Unmanned Drones: A Brief Introduction

Unmanned drones are the backbone of modern military intelligence. They are designed to explore the area. High-quality images and information obtained from almost instantly allow you to calculate and determine the exact location of the enemy and their infrastructural structures.

Unmanned vehicles have been used in civilian industries for some time now. As an example, shooting recreational activities or celebrations from a bird's eye view, as well as geodetic survey of the area, etc.

Appointment and application of the defense industry in the civil sphere

Developments within the military-industrial complex make it possible to simplify the difficult task of researchers, archaeologists, and historians. Deep-sea submersibles, originally designed to assist submarines, demining water areas and other similar activities, are now used to explore the depths of the sea and search for new varieties of living creatures at depths that scientists could not get close to before.

In conclusion, we can say that defense technologies have been the engine of progress throughout the entire existence of mankind. Many activities that were previously designed to attack or defend have become firmly established in everyday life.

Actual problems of aviation and astronautics. Socio-economic and human sciences

The volume of the State Defense Order, which used to be 100% of the load, is now clearly insufficient to keep enterprises afloat. Even taking into account the fact that a significant part of the State Defense Order was used to finance strategic forces, the almost complete absence of physical purchases of weapons by the Russian army indicates the presence of systemic failures in the distribution of the state defense order.

The total amount of the state defense order for the purchase, development and repair of weapons is about 520 billion rubles in this year's budget. To date, more than 3.5 thousand contracts have been concluded for 300 billion rubles, which is 70% of the state defense order. The Ministry of Defense has already transferred 130 billion rubles to enterprises. as part of the financing of the state defense order this year.

After the revision of the budget, according to experts, it is still unclear what the specific volumes of support for enterprises will be. Because of this, since the beginning of the year, research and development projects have not been funded at all, and the money that enterprises still received was issued mainly within the framework of earlier

signed multi-year contracts. Another reason for the delays is the reform of the ordering services of the Ministry of Defense and the peculiarities of the legislation: it takes at least two months from bidding to place an order to the conclusion of a contract, and almost half of the contracts to be concluded this year have not even been bidded. Such a situation at the beginning of the implementation of the reform can jeopardize the timing of rearmament, which is vital not only for the army, but for the entire economy of the country.

1. URL: http://www.finam.ru/dictionary/wordf00F60/default. asp?n=10.

2. New weapons will be! //A red star. 2008 .

3. Litovkin D. Will the state defense order-2009 become a locomotive for overcoming the crisis? / Izvestiya. 05/06/2009. URL: http://www.izvestia.ru/economic/article3128165/

4. On the federal budget: feder. law.

© Abramova E. V., Vlasova K. E., Eremeev D. V., 2010

I. A. Baburina, E. E. Gubaidullina Supervisor - G. I. Yurkovskaya Siberian State Aerospace University named after Academician M. F. Reshetnev, Krasnoyarsk

MAIN FEATURES OF ENTERPRISES IN THE DEFENSE INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

The main features of the enterprises of the military-industrial complex are determined, which distinguish their activities from the activities of enterprises in other areas of production, their essence is revealed.

Defense-industrial complex (DIC) - a set of research, design, testing organizations and manufacturing enterprises that develop and manufacture military and special equipment for state law enforcement agencies and for export, as well as civilian products as part of the conversion. In addition, for the period up to 2015, the state's needs in this area are determined by the State Armament Program for 2007-2015. That is why it is very important to clearly understand the main features of the OPK:

1. High dependence on government orders with a real prospect of its termination. National security is one of the main needs of the state and society, the satisfaction of which determines the creation of the defense industry. Hence the need for constant attention on the part of the state to the problems of the development of the defense industry. As a result, the main purpose of the functioning of the defense industry makes it dependent on the availability of a state order, i.e., on providing it with work and the necessary funding.

2. The specific nature of the purpose of products is determined by its focus on providing

the strategic interests of the country. Defense industry products are primarily military equipment designed to ensure the defense capability and security of the state, protect morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation; the main instrument for the implementation of the country's strategic objectives; the main indicator of the power and independence of the state, an indicator of its status on the world stage.

3. Most of the activities are presented in project form. Modern dynamics development requires enterprises to implement more and more new projects. From this point of view, the OPK is characterized by the presence of a goal; limited time; the uniqueness of the product and the conditions for obtaining the result; the presence of a specific structure and team; a change in which a project takes a system from its current state to its desired state.

4. The presence of a pronounced specialization of production. The specialization of the defense industry is of a military science-intensive nature, which is manifested in such large areas as aerospace, rocket-building, radio-electronic, production of communications equipment, ammunition and special equipment, and instrument making.

Section "Economics and business"

5. Long term and capital intensive production activities. Long-term planning allows you to make decisions about the basic structure of the production program. Thus, the production program is formed not for one year, but for several years. Capital intensity is determined by constant financing and dependence on the timing of its implementation. All production costs are also calculated for several years, taking into account the possibility of making changes to the distribution. financial resources, or taking into account the probability of termination of their receipt.

6. The uniqueness of the products. The defense industrial complex is a single science-intensive production that produces a limited type of product and has its own specific consumer - the state. The uniqueness of the products of the military-industrial complex lies in the use of certain high-precision equipment in its production, in the use of unique and complex technologies, and in the use of highly qualified labor resources.

7. High level of science intensity of production. The Russian defense industry is a multifunctional research and production industry capable of developing and producing modern views and types of weapons, as well as to produce a variety of high-tech civilian products. The military-industrial complex is the main consumer of the results innovation activities.

8. High level of risk. The basis of effective work in the defense industry is to ensure constant control of deviations. This implies regular accounting, full reporting on production, analysis and coordination of production. The state does not assume economic responsibility for causing losses to the enterprise. In addition, there is a constant risk of termination, delay or reduction in financing of the state order, as a result of which, further production of products is carried out entirely at the expense of own funds enterprises .

9. High level of requirements for the quality of manufactured products and the implementation of business processes (quality, timing, costs). Defense industry products must be produced strictly within the specified time frame and not exceed the budgeted costs.

10. High level of requirements for the qualification of personnel (workers, employees, specialists). The labor resources of the defense industrial complex are determined by the complex nature of labor and the forms of its motivation, the national significance of the formation and implementation of the labor potential of workers in this field of activity. Defense industry personnel have a unique combination of skills and abilities.

11. Limited opportunities for information and technology transfer. The information conditions for the functioning of enterprises are special requirements due to secrecy that limits cooperation and technology transfer. The main directions and volumes of development of defense technologies are determined by the military doctrine of the state. The current legal basis for the maintenance and protection of developments of the defense complex is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

12. Availability of conversion production. In addition to military products, defense industry enterprises produce civilian products. The defense industry uses its capabilities to the maximum to ensure not only the defense, but also the economic, social and intellectual security of the country, which is envisaged in the idea of ​​conversion.

According to the analysis, we note that on the basis of the features of the defense industry, a production program is being developed through which the main task of the functioning of defense industry enterprises is realized.

1. Katkalo V. S. State order in economic structures: principles of formation and implementation mechanism // Bulletin of the Leningrad University. 1990. Issue. 2. S. 104-111.

2. Antipov A. A. Status and development of the domestic military-industrial complex. Krasnaya Zvezda. 2006. No. 3.

3. Osmolovsky V. V. Organization and planning industrial enterprises(associations). Minsk: Highest. school, 1978. S. 192.

4. Avdonina Yu. The supplier is waiting for guarantees // Risk. 1993. No. 3. S. 25.

© Baburina I. A., Gubaidullina E. E., Yurkovskaya G. I., 2010

N. V. Bakhmareva Siberian State Aerospace University named after Academician M. F. Reshetnev, Krasnoyarsk

ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFICIENCY OF ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES

An attempt has been made to synthesize methods for evaluating the effectiveness of organizational management structures in order to identify indicators that most fully reflect the essence of the business processes under consideration.

In modern economic conditions when evaluating the results of economic activity, it is becoming increasingly important for the organization to acquire

yut qualitative indicators that are the basis complex analysis financial and economic activities. We believe that more stable

Introduction ................................................ ................................................. ...............3

1. Composition of the defense industry complex of the Russian Federation ............................... ................................................. ...5

2. Legislative basis............................................................... ....................................6

3. Federal authorities executive power in the management of the military-industrial complex .............................................. ..................................16

3.1. Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation ............................................... ......................17

3.2. Ministry of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation.......................................19

3.2.1.Department of the military-industrial complex .............................19

3.2.2. Federal Agency for Industry...............................................22

3.3. Federal Space Agency ............................................................... ...........24

3.4. Federal Agency for Atomic Energy .............................................................. 25

3.5. Federal agency for the supply of military, special equipment and materiel .............................................................. ................................................. 28

3.6. Military-Industrial Commission under the Government of the Russian Federation.......................29

4. Expert Council on the problems of legislative support for the development of the military-industrial complex under the chairman of the Federation Council.................................................................. ................................................. .........................39

Conclusion................................................. ................................................. ........44

Introduction.

One of the most important means of ensuring national security is its armed forces, the military-industrial complex as a whole. National security - one of the main needs of the state and society - today is of the utmost importance for the successful implementation of its political, socio-economic, spiritual and ideological tasks. Hence the need for constant attention on the part of the state to the development of the military-industrial complex (DIC), the development and production of weapons and military equipment, the necessary level of scientific, technical and military-technical potentials that ensure Russia the role of a great world power. The need for such an understanding and real actions of the political leadership of the country is also due to the actions of Western countries, and above all the United States, seeking to change the balance of armed forces in their favor, both in the West and on the southern borders of Russia.

The development of the main directions and prospects for the development of the military-industrial complex is the responsibility of the state. It is designed to determine the directions of the state defense-industrial policy, the required level of the country's military-technical potential, taking into account the emerging international situation.

At the same time, it is important to take into account the historical experience of creating and developing the defense industry, accumulated in the USSR and over the last 15 years of the existence of the Russian state. Without taking into account the positive and negative aspects of this experience, it is impossible to determine the strategy for the development of the military-industrial complex. This largely determines the relevance of the chosen research topic, the need to analyze the problems of the defense industry in the state policy of modern Russia. At the same time, it is important to take into account the accumulated foreign experience in this area. Another relevant factor, along with the above, is a significant increase in the importance of information policy in armed struggle and confrontation between states, the introduction and use of a wide range of information warfare tools, both open and covert, non-explicit technologies. As a result, today the criteria for the protection of states from military threats turned out to be not fully appropriate modern methods, methods and forms of military confrontation. This, in turn, forces the political leadership of the world's leading states to intensify their efforts to improve and develop their military-industrial complexes and solve their socio-economic and political problems. It should also be noted such a feature of the functioning of the military-industrial complex as the desire of a number of international terrorist organizations to use its advanced technologies, especially weapons of mass destruction, for their own criminal purposes. After September 11, 2001, the tragic events with hostage-taking (in Moscow in October 2002, in Beslan in September 2004) it became completely clear that the Cold War had been replaced by a war of a completely different nature - the war on international terrorism . Therefore, the use of military force is one of the ways to counter such evil as the global spread of terrorist and extremist movements and groups.

All these objective factors necessitate the constant attention of the state to the problems of the defense industry, and the scientific community - to the analysis of urgent problems of the political and socio-economic development of the Russian military-industrial complex, the search for ways to improve its efficiency.

The object of the study is the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation as an important tool for ensuring the national security of the state.

Subject of study - system government controlled Russian military-industrial complex.

1. The composition of the defense industry complex of the Russian Federation.

Today, the military-industrial complex (hereinafter referred to as the DIC) of Russia is a multifunctional research and production industry capable of developing and producing modern types and types of weapons, military and special equipment (hereinafter referred to as AMSE), as well as producing a variety of science-intensive civilian products. It is based on strategic enterprises and strategic joint-stock companies. The list of these enterprises and companies was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 4, 2004 No. 1009 (as amended on November 19, 2007). This list includes more than 1000 items, including:

federal state unitary enterprises engaged in the production of products (works, services) that have strategic importance to ensure the defense capability and security of the state, the protection of morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation;

· open joint-stock companies, the shares of which are in federal ownership and the participation of the Russian Federation in the management of which ensures the strategic interests, defense capability and security of the state, protection of morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation.

The defense industry consists of several branches:

1. Aviation industry.

2. Rocket and space industry.

3. Industry of ammunition and special chemicals.

4. Arms industry.

5. Radio industry.

6. Communication industry.

7. Electronic industry.

8. Shipbuilding industry.

9. Intersectoral structures and enterprises.

2. Legislative framework.

The main law regulating the foundations for the existence and functioning of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation is the Federal Law of May 31, 1996 N 61-FZ "On Defense".

This Federal Law defines the foundations and organization of the defense of the Russian Federation, the powers of state authorities of the Russian Federation, the functions of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, organizations and their officials, the rights and obligations of citizens of the Russian Federation in the field of defense, the forces and means involved in defense, responsibility for violation of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of defense, as well as other norms relating to defense.

Defense is understood as a system of political, economic, military, social, legal and other measures to prepare for armed defense and the armed defense of the Russian Federation, the integrity and inviolability of its territory.

Defense is organized and carried out in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws, this Federal Law, laws of the Russian Federation and other regulatory legal acts.

For defense purposes, the military duty of citizens of the Russian Federation and the military transport duty of federal executive bodies, local governments and organizations, regardless of ownership, as well as owners Vehicle.

For defense purposes, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are being created. Engaged in defense internal troops Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, civil defense troops (hereinafter referred to as other troops).

To perform certain tasks in the field of defense, engineering and technical and road-building military formations under federal executive bodies (hereinafter referred to as military formations), the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation, federal security service bodies, the federal body for special communications and information, federal bodies of state guards, the federal body for providing mobilization training of state authorities of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as bodies), as well as special formations created for wartime.

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies perform tasks in the field of defense in accordance with the Plan for the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Creation and existence of formations having military organization or weapons and military equipment, or which provide for the passage of military service, not provided for by federal laws, are prohibited and punishable by law.

Lands, forests, waters and other natural resources provided to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies are in federal ownership.

Lands, forests, waters and other natural resources owned by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies, in private ownership, may be withdrawn for the needs of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies only in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The property of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies is federal property and is under their economic management or operational management.

The defense organization includes:

1) forecasting and assessment of military danger and military threat;

2) development of the main directions of military policy and provisions of the military doctrine of the Russian Federation;

3) legal regulation in the field of defense;

4) building, training and maintaining the necessary readiness of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies, as well as planning their use;

5) development, production and improvement of control systems for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies, weapons and military equipment, the creation of their stocks, as well as planning the use of the radio frequency spectrum;

6) planning the transfer of public authorities of the Russian Federation, public authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and the country's economy to work in wartime conditions;

7) mobilization training of public authorities of the Russian Federation, public authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and organizations, regardless of the form of ownership, transport, communications and the population of the country;

8) creation of stocks of material assets of the state and mobilization reserves;

9) planning and implementation of measures for civil and territorial defense;

10) operational equipment of the territory of the Russian Federation for defense purposes;

11) ensuring the protection of information constituting a state secret in the field of defense;

12) development of science in the interests of defense;

13) coordination of the activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local self-government bodies in the field of defense;

14) financing of defense expenditures, as well as control over the spending of funds allocated for defense and the activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies, carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;

15) the international cooperation for the purposes of collective security and joint defense;

16) other measures in the field of defense.

This law defines the powers of the President of the Russian Federation in the field of defense:

1. The President of the Russian Federation is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

2. President of the Russian Federation:

1) determine the main directions of the military policy of the Russian Federation;

2) approve the military doctrine of the Russian Federation;

3) exercises leadership of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies;

4) in cases of aggression or a direct threat of aggression against the Russian Federation, the outbreak of armed conflicts directed against the Russian Federation, declare a general or partial mobilization, introduce martial law on the territory of the Russian Federation or in its individual areas with an immediate notification of this to the Federation Council and the State Duma , gives an order to the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation on the conduct of hostilities;

5) exercise powers in the field of ensuring the regime of martial law in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal constitutional law;

6) makes a decision in accordance with federal laws on the involvement of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies to perform tasks using weapons not for their intended purpose;

7) approves the concepts and plans for the construction and development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies, the Plan for the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the Mobilization Plan for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, as well as plans for the transfer (mobilization plans) to work in wartime conditions state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local authorities and the country's economy, plans for the creation of stocks of material assets of state and mobilization reserves and the Federal State Program for the Operational Equipment of the Territory of the Russian Federation for Defense Purposes;

8) approve federal state programs for armament and development of the defense industrial complex;

9) approves programs for nuclear and other special tests and authorizes the conduct of these tests;

10) approves a unified list of military positions to be filled by senior officers in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies, and the total number of military positions to be filled by colonels (captains of the 1st rank) in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies, assigns the highest military ranks, appoints servicemen to military positions for which the state provides for the military ranks of senior officers, releases them from military positions and dismisses them from military service in the manner prescribed by federal law;

11) approves the structure, composition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations up to and including the unification of bodies, the staffing of military personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies, as well as the staffing of civilian personnel of bodies;

12) makes a decision on the deployment and redeployment of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations from the unit and above;

13) approve general military charters, regulations on the Battle Banner of a military unit, the Naval flag of the Russian Federation, the procedure for military service, military councils, military commissariats, military transport duties;

14) approves the regulations on the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and the federal executive authorities (bodies) authorized in the field of command and control of other troops, military formations and bodies, determines the issues of coordinating the activities of federal executive authorities and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of defense;

15) approves the Regulations on Territorial Defense and the Civil Defense Plan;

16) approves plans for the placement on the territory of the Russian Federation of facilities with nuclear charges, as well as facilities for the elimination of weapons of mass destruction and nuclear waste;

17) negotiates and signs international treaties of the Russian Federation in the field of defense, including treaties on joint defense, collective security, reduction and limitation of armed forces and armaments, on the participation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in peacekeeping and international security operations;

18) issues decrees on the conscription of citizens of the Russian Federation for military service, military training (indicating the number of citizens of the Russian Federation called up and their distribution among the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies), as well as on the dismissal of citizens of the Russian Federation from military service; Federations undergoing military service by conscription in the manner prescribed by federal law;

19) approves the maximum number of servicemen of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies for secondment to federal government bodies;

20) exercise other powers in the field of defense assigned to him by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws and laws of the Russian Federation.

Council of the Federation:

1) considers defense spending established by the federal laws on the federal budget adopted by the State Duma;

2) considers federal laws in the field of defense adopted by the State Duma;

3) approves decrees of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of martial law and a state of emergency on the territory of the Russian Federation or in its individual areas, as well as on the involvement of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies using weapons to perform tasks not for their intended purpose;

4) resolve the issue of the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the Russian Federation.

The State Duma:

1) considers defense spending established by federal laws on the federal budget;

2) adopts federal laws in the field of defense.

Government of the Russian Federation:

1) takes measures to ensure defense and bears responsibility within its powers for the condition and provision of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies;

2) directs the activities on defense issues of the federal executive bodies subordinate to him;

3) develops and submits to the State Duma proposals on defense spending in the federal budget;

4) organize the equipping of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies with weapons and military equipment on their orders;

5) organize the provision of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies with material means, energy and other resources and services on their orders;

6) organizes the development and implementation of state programs for armament and development of the defense industrial complex;

7) organize the development and implementation of plans for the transfer (mobilization plans) of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and the country's economy to work in wartime conditions, as well as plans for the creation of stocks of material assets of the state and mobilization reserves;

8) supervise the mobilization training of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and organizations, regardless of the form of ownership, transport, communications and population of the country;

9) exercises control over the preparation of organizations for the implementation of the state defense order for the production of products in wartime, the implementation of the state defense order by organizations, the creation, development and maintenance of mobilization capacities, as well as the creation of military units under federal executive bodies and the preparation of vehicles to be transferred to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;

10) establish mobilization assignments for federal executive bodies;

11) makes decisions on the creation, reorganization and liquidation of state organizations of the defense industrial complex, research and development organizations and determines the procedure for their reorganization and liquidation;

12) determine the conditions for the financial and economic activities of organizations of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies;

13) decide on the creation, reorganization and liquidation of military educational institutions vocational education, faculties of military training and military departments at educational institutions of higher professional education;

14) approves the Regulations on military departments at state educational institutions of higher professional education;

15) organize the development of plans for the placement on the territory of the Russian Federation of facilities with nuclear charges, as well as facilities for the elimination of weapons of mass destruction and nuclear waste;

16) determine the procedure for the fulfillment by federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, organizations regardless of their form of ownership, as well as the owners of vehicles of military transport duties, the preparation of citizens of the Russian Federation for military service, military registration, conscription for military service and alternative civilian service, military medical examination and military training;

17) approves the regulations on military registration, conscription for military service, preparation of citizens of the Russian Federation for military service, military training, military medical examination, as well as a list of military registration specialties;

18) establishes the number of civilian personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops and military formations;

19) determine the organization, tasks and carry out general planning of civil and territorial defense;

20) determine the procedure for the provision and use for the needs of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies of land, forests, waters and other natural resources;

21) establishes the procedure for the transfer, leasing, sale and liquidation of weapons and military equipment, defense facilities and other military property;

22) organizes control over the export of weapons and military equipment, strategic materials, technologies and dual-use products;

23) determine the procedure for spending funds allocated for defense from the federal budget, as well as the sources of funding for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies involved in the performance of tasks not related to their mission;

24) conducts international negotiations on issues of military cooperation and concludes relevant intergovernmental agreements;

25) establish the procedure for compensating expenses incurred by organizations and citizens of the Russian Federation in connection with the use of their property for defense purposes;

26) exercise other powers in the field of defense assigned to it by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the legislation of the Russian Federation and decrees of the President of the Russian Federation.

3. Federal executive authorities in the management of the military-industrial complex.

The main federal governing bodies of the defense industry of Russia:

Executive Power:

1. Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

2. Ministry of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation.

3. Federal Space Agency.

4. Federal Atomic Energy Agency.

5. Federal agency for the supply of military, special equipment and materiel (presumably will start functioning from 01/01/2008).

6. Military-Industrial Commission under the Government of the Russian Federation.

Legislature:

1. Expert Council on Problems of Legislative Support for the Military-Industrial Complex under the Chairman of the Federation Council Federal Assembly Russian Federation.

3.1. Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

The activities of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation are managed by the President of the Russian Federation.

The structure of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation includes

Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation.

Federal Service for Technical and Export Control.

Federal Service for Defense Order.

Federal Agency for Special Construction.

The Ministry of Defense of Russia is the governing body of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The main tasks of the Russian Ministry of Defense are:

1) development and implementation of state policy in the field of defense;

2) legal regulation in the field of defense;

3) regulatory and legal regulation of the activities of the Armed Forces and federal executive bodies subordinate to the Russian Ministry of Defense;

4) coordinating the activities of federal executive authorities and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on defense issues, coordinating the activities of troops, military formations and bodies to carry out tasks in the field of defense, as well as coordinating the construction of troops and military formations;

5) coordination and control of the activities of federal executive bodies subordinate to the Ministry of Defense of Russia;

6) organization of the use of the Armed Forces in accordance with federal constitutional laws, federal laws and international treaties of the Russian Federation;

7) maintaining the necessary readiness of the Armed Forces;

8) implementation of measures for the construction of the Armed Forces;

9) security social protection military personnel, civilian personnel of the Armed Forces, citizens discharged from military service, and members of their families;

10) development and implementation of state policy in the field of international military cooperation of the Russian Federation with foreign states and international organizations (hereinafter - international military cooperation) and military-technical cooperation of the Russian Federation with foreign states and international organizations (hereinafter - military-technical cooperation).

The Ministry of Defense of Russia is headed by the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Minister), who is appointed to and dismissed by the President of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation.

The Minister reports directly to the President of the Russian Federation, and on issues referred by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws and decrees of the President of the Russian Federation to the jurisdiction of the Government of the Russian Federation, to the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation.

In the Ministry of Defense of Russia, a collegium is formed consisting of the Minister (chairman of the collegium), his first deputies and deputies, chiefs of services of the Russian Ministry of Defense, commanders-in-chief of the branches of the Armed Forces, included in it ex officio, as well as other officials.

The number of members of the board of the Ministry of Defense of Russia and its composition (except for persons included in it ex officio) are approved by the President of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the Minister.

The Board at its meetings considers the most important issues of the activities of the Russian Ministry of Defense.

Decisions of the collegium are taken by a majority of votes of its members and are documented in minutes. If necessary, orders and directives of the Minister may be issued on the basis of decisions of the Collegium.

In case of disagreements between the Minister and other members of the board, the Minister implements his decision and reports the disagreements that have arisen to the President of the Russian Federation. Members of the collegium have the right to report their opinion to the President of the Russian Federation.

If necessary, joint meetings of the collegiums of the Russian Ministry of Defense and other federal executive bodies are held.

Decisions adopted at joint meetings of the collegiums of the Russian Ministry of Defense and other federal executive bodies are documented in minutes and, if necessary, implemented by joint orders of the Minister and heads of the relevant federal executive bodies.

The Russian Ministry of Defense is a state customer in the field of defense.

3.2. Ministry of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation.

Within the framework of this topic, it is worth considering only some of the structural units of this ministry.

3.2.1. Department of the military-industrial complex.

The Department of the Defense Industry Complex (hereinafter referred to as the Department) is a structural subdivision of the Ministry of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Ministry).

The main tasks of the Department are:

1) development of proposals for the formation of state industrial, investment, scientific and technical, innovation, structural policy and legal regulation in the military-industrial complex (hereinafter referred to as the defense industry), including in the field of development of aviation technology, chemical disarmament, industrial disposal of weapons and military equipment;

2) ensuring the coordination of work on the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of reform and development of the defense industry, including: the creation of integrated structures and federal state-owned enterprises, the maintenance of federal information system defense industry organizations;

3) development of proposals for the formation and implementation of the military-technical policy of the Russian Federation in the field of the defense industry, organizing an assessment of the feasibility in the defense industry of the draft state armaments program and proposals from state customers in the draft state defense order, in terms of weapons, military and special equipment (hereinafter - AME) ;

4) development of proposals for creating conditions for the technical re-equipment and technological development of defense industry organizations, the preservation and development of critical technologies in order to ensure the implementation of the state armament program and the plan for the development of military-technical cooperation between the Russian Federation and foreign states;

5) formation of proposals on the goals, basic principles, priority areas of activity of the Russian Federation in the field of development of aviation technology, the study, development and use of airspace (hereinafter referred to as aviation activities) and in the field of maritime activities;

6) implementation in accordance with the established procedure of the state foreign economic policy in the defense industry in the field of military-economic cooperation with foreign states, as well as in the field of goods and technologies of dual and civilian use;

7) ensuring the coordination of military and economic cooperation with the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States, organizing mutual deliveries of special components and material resources for the manufacture of military products within the framework of industrial cooperation organizations of the CIS member states;

8) organization of work on the development and implementation of state policy in the field of non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery, control over the export of goods (works, services) that can be used in the creation of weapons of mass destruction, their means of delivery and other types of weapons and military technology;

9) coordination, within the limits of its competence, of the activities of the Federal Agency for Industry, which is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry.

Material and technical, legal, informational and other support of the Department's activities is carried out by the relevant structural divisions of the Ministry.

The Department is headed by a Director appointed and dismissed by the Minister of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation.

The Director of the Department has deputies.

The Department consists of divisions.

Employees of the Department are appointed and dismissed by the Minister of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the Director of the Department.

The Director of the Department reports to the Minister of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation and his deputies.

3.2.2. Federal Agency for Industry.

The Federal Agency for Industry performs the following main functions:

1) provides public services in the field of development and provision of production, scientific, technical and innovative activities, including using the latest world achievements in science and technology;

2) carries out law enforcement functions in the field of implementation of the state industrial, innovation and military-technical policy, maintaining registers of organizations of the military-industrial complex, experimental aviation airfields, as well as other registers, registers in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;

3) in the area of ​​the Agency's activities, performs the functions of the main manager of the federal budget funds and the state customer of the state defense order, relevant interstate and federal target programs, as well as construction sites and objects of the federal targeted investment program;

4) ensure, together with state customers, the implementation of the state armament program and the state defense order;

5) ensures, within its competence, the implementation of the state policy in the field of production sharing agreements;

6) coordinates the mutual deliveries of special components and material resources for the manufacture of military products within the framework of industrial cooperation between organizations of the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States;

7) makes decisions on the circulation of special materials and special equipment for the production of weapons, ammunition for it, military equipment, spare parts, components and devices for them, explosives and waste from their production, as well as explosives, gunpowder for industrial use and pyrotechnic products;

8) determines, in accordance with the established procedure, organizations that are developers and manufacturers of military products, participating in the implementation of foreign trade contracts for the supply of military products, and ensures coordination of the implementation of these foreign trade contracts;

9) considers issues of granting to Russian organizations that are developers and manufacturers of military products, belonging to the Agency, the right to carry out foreign trade activities in relation to military products and prepares relevant materials in the prescribed manner;

10) exercise on behalf of the Russian Federation the powers of the owner in relation to the rights to the relevant results of intellectual activity of organizations subordinate to the Agency, within the limits and in the manner established by federal legislation;

11) participates in the implementation of international treaties of the Russian Federation in the field of the Agency's activities;

12) ensures the implementation of measures for mobilization preparation, civil defense, storage of material assets of the mobilization reserve, protection of information constituting state and official secrets, organization of departmental security;

13) other main functions related to the scope of the Agency.

The Federal Agency for Industry is headed by a leader appointed and dismissed by the Government of the Russian Federation.

The Agency, within the limits and in the manner determined by federal laws, acts of the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation, exercises the powers of the owner in relation to the federal property necessary to ensure the performance of the functions of federal government bodies, including that transferred to federal state unitary enterprises, federal state-owned enterprises and government agencies subordinated to the Agency.

The structural subdivisions of the Agency are departments for the main activities of the Agency. Departments are included in the structure of departments.

3.3. Federal Space Agency.

The Federal Space Agency is an authorized federal executive body that performs the functions of ensuring the implementation of state policy and legal regulation, providing public services and management of state property in the field of space activities, international cooperation in the implementation of joint projects and programs in the field of space activities, carrying out by organizations of the rocket and space industry of work on rocket and space technology for military purposes, strategic missile technology, as well as functions for the overall coordination of work held at the Baikonur Cosmodrome.

The activities of the Federal Space Agency are managed by the Government of the Russian Federation.

The Federal Space Agency is headed by a leader who is appointed to and dismissed by the Government of the Russian Federation.

The head of the Agency is personally responsible for the fulfillment of the powers assigned to the Federal Space Agency and the implementation of state policy in established area activities. The structural subdivisions of the Federal Space Agency are departments for the main activities of the Agency. Departments are included in the structure of departments.

The Federal Space Agency is legal entity, has a seal with the image of the State Emblem of the Russian Federation and with its name, other seals, stamps and forms of the established form, as well as accounts opened in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

3.4. Federal Atomic Energy Agency.

The Federal Atomic Energy Agency is an authorized federal executive body that carries out the functions of pursuing state policy, legal regulation, providing public services and managing state property in the field of the use of atomic energy, the development and safe operation of nuclear energy, the nuclear weapons complex, nuclear fuel cycle, nuclear science and technology, nuclear and radiation safety, non-proliferation of nuclear materials and technologies, as well as international cooperation in this area.

The Federal Atomic Energy Agency is the state body for managing the use of atomic energy, the state competent body for nuclear and radiation safety in the transportation of nuclear materials, radioactive substances and products made from them, the central state body and the point of contact in accordance with international convention on the physical protection of nuclear material and the national competent authority for the fulfillment of the obligations of the Russian Federation in the field of ensuring the physical protection of nuclear material in the International Atomic Energy Agency and other international organizations.

The activities of the Federal Atomic Energy Agency are managed by the Government of the Russian Federation.

According to Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 28, 2004 No. 316 "On approval of the Regulations of the Federal Agency for Atomic Energy", the Agency, in particular, is entrusted with the implementation following functions for the management of state property and the provision of public services:

1) conducts competitions in accordance with the established procedure and concludes state contracts for placing orders for the supply of goods, performance of work, provision of services, for the conduct of research, development and technological work for state needs in the established field of activity, including to meet the needs Agencies;

2) exercises the powers of the owner in relation to the federal property necessary to ensure the performance of the functions of the federal government body in the established field of activity, including property transferred to federal state institutions and federal state unitary enterprises subordinate to the Agency;

3) carries out economic analysis activities of subordinate state unitary enterprises and approves the economic indicators of their activities, conducts audits of financial and economic activities and the use of the property complex in subordinate organizations;

4) performs the functions of a state customer - coordinator of work on the comprehensive dismantling of nuclear submarines and surface ships with nuclear power plants, as well as on reducing the radiation hazard at their locations, environmental rehabilitation of facilities associated with the temporary storage of spent nuclear fuel, solid and liquid radioactive waste;

5) performs the functions of a state customer - coordinator of special environmental programs;

6) makes a decision on recognizing the organization as fit to operate a nuclear installation, radiation source or storage facility and carry out, on its own or with the involvement of other organizations, activities for the location, design, construction, operation and decommissioning of a nuclear installation, radiation source or storage facility, as well as activities for the handling of nuclear materials and radioactive substances;

7) manages the state stock of special raw materials and fissile materials, as well as federally owned nuclear materials, with the exception of nuclear materials transferred as items to the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, concludes, in accordance with the established procedure, agreements for the transfer of federally owned nuclear materials for use legal entities;

8) maintains the state register of nuclear materials;

9) ensures that the rights to intellectual property objects and other results of scientific and technical activities, created at the expense of the federal budget in the implementation of state contracts concluded by the Agency, are assigned to the Russian Federation in accordance with the established procedure, and also disposes of the rights assigned to the Russian Federation to the results of scientific and technical technical activities in order to bring them to the stage of industrial application and sale of finished products;

10) conducts, in accordance with the established procedure, an examination of secret and top secret inventions in the established field of activity in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;

11) provides information, analytical, documentation, legal and logistical support for the activities of a special commission on the import into the territory of the Russian Federation of irradiated fuel assemblies of foreign production; 12) issues assurances to supplier countries regarding the peaceful use of imported nuclear goods and technologies, ensuring their physical protection and conditions for subsequent transfer;

13) performs the functions of the state customer for the state defense order, interstate and federal target programs and the federal targeted investment program in the established field of activity.

The functions of the federal body for managing the use of atomic energy are established by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 170-FZ dated November 21, 1995 "On the Use of Atomic Energy" (as amended by Federal Laws No. 28-FZ dated February 10, 1997; No. 28-FZ dated July 10, 2001 94-FZ; dated November 11, 2003 No. 140-FZ).

3.5. Federal agency for the supply of military, special equipment and materiel.

According to the Decree of the President of February 5, 2007 N 119 "On the Federal Agency for the Supply of Arms, Military, Special Equipment and Materials", it is planned to form a new federal executive body under the jurisdiction of the Government of the Russian Federation - the Federal Agency for the Supply of Arms, Military, Special Equipment and material resources.

The Agency will be entrusted with the authority to exercise the function of a state customer for placing orders, concluding, paying, monitoring and accounting for the implementation of contracts under the state defense order for the entire range of weapons, military, special equipment and materiel, with the exception of special equipment according to the range determined by the heads of federal executive authorities that are state customers under the state defense order.

The Government of the Russian Federation was instructed to develop and approve the regulation on the Agency within three months, to establish the maximum number of employees of its central office, as well as the wage fund.

The Agency will carry out work in the interests of the Russian Ministry of Defense, the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Russian Emergencies Ministry, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service, the Russian Federal Security Service, the Russian Federal Security Service, the Russian Federal Drug Control Service, and the Federal Penitentiary Service. The listed federal executive authorities will provide the Agency with the relevant material and labor resources in proportion to the amount of work performed.

3.6. Military-Industrial Commission under the Government of the Russian Federation.

The Military-Industrial Commission under the Government of the Russian Federation is a permanent body that organizes and coordinates the activities of federal executive bodies in the implementation of state policy on military-industrial issues, as well as military-technical support for the country's defense, law enforcement and state security.

The main tasks of the military-industrial complex are the organization and coordination of the activities of federal executive bodies on the following issues:

a) implementation of the Fundamentals of the Military-Technical Policy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2015 and beyond and the Fundamentals of the Policy of the Russian Federation in the field of development of the military-industrial complex for the period up to 2010 and beyond; b) development of concepts, programs and plans in the field of military-technical support of the country's defense, law enforcement and state security, implementation of these concepts, programs and plans and control over their implementation;

c) development, production and disposal of weapons, military and special equipment;

d) mobilization preparation of the state;

e) development of the military-industrial complex, science and technology in the interests of ensuring the country's defense, law enforcement and state security;

f) export-import deliveries of military and dual-use products.

5. In order to implement the tasks assigned to it, the military-industrial complex performs the following main functions:

a) consider issues related to the implementation of the military-technical policy of the Russian Federation and the policy of the Russian Federation in the development of the military-industrial complex, as well as the efficiency of using federal budget funds to ensure the country's defense, law enforcement and state security, including those allocated for current content and equipment of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies;

b) coordinates the activities of the federal executive authorities on the formation of the state armament program, the state defense order, federal target and special programs carried out in the interests of ensuring the country's defense, law enforcement and state security, as well as to ensure export-import supplies of military and dual-use products, organizes control over their implementation;

c) considers proposals from federal executive bodies on the volume of financing of expenditures for ensuring the country's defense, law enforcement activities and state security in the process of forming initial data for the development of draft state armaments programs, programs and plans in the field of military development, as well as projects of the federal budget, basic indicators of the state defense order, federal targeted programs implemented by organizations of the military-industrial complex, and the federal targeted investment program;

d) considers proposals and makes decisions on the composition of the main indicators of the state defense order for the next financial year;

e) consider and agree on proposals on the planned volumes of financing the costs of developing, purchasing, repairing and disposing of weapons, military and special equipment, special programs carried out in the interests of ensuring the country's defense, law enforcement and state security, as well as on tasks to be solved within the budget of current and assumed obligations, simultaneously with the consideration of the results of the implementation of the state defense order for the reporting year;

f) forms on the basis of proposals from state customers and approves the financing indicators for the most important research, development and technological work related to the creation of modern weapons, military and special equipment, approves the schedules for the implementation of these works and monitors the implementation of these plans -schedules, makes decisions on the appointment of general designers of weapons, military and special equipment;

g) promptly makes decisions on the development and production of weapons, military and special equipment, considers proposals for the production of weapons, military and special equipment with a long production cycle, as well as fundamental and exploratory research in the interests of ensuring the country's defense, law enforcement and state security ;

h) reviews and approves materials on the draft state defense order before submitting them to the Government of the Russian Federation;

i) considers proposals for the implementation of scientific, technical and innovation policy in the field of armaments, military and special equipment, for the preservation and development of production facilities, experimental base, test benches, ranges, and other facilities designed to ensure the development, testing and production of weapons , military and special equipment, high-tech products civil and dual-use, produced by organizations of the military-industrial complex, as well as for the reform and development of the military-industrial and nuclear weapons complexes, approves the schedules for the creation of integrated structures and federal state-owned enterprises;

j) considers proposals for the preservation and development of the production of strategic materials and electronic components used to create modern types of weapons, military and special equipment and high-tech competitive products for civilian and dual-use, as well as for the rational use of the scientific, technical and production potential of defense organizations industrial complex;

k) considers issues related to the formation and implementation of the mobilization plans of the Russian Federation, the consolidated plan for creating stocks of material assets of the mobilization reserve, including determining the range and volumes of accumulation of these assets, and, based on the results of consideration, develops appropriate proposals;

l) coordinates the activities of federal executive bodies to implement measures aimed at training scientific, engineering and working personnel for organizations of the military-industrial complex, as well as improving their skills;

m) considers issues personnel policy in relation to the heads of organizations of the military-industrial complex, including in relation to candidates for election to the positions of heads of executive bodies and representatives of the Russian Federation to the boards of directors ( supervisory boards) and audit commissions joint-stock companies included in consolidated register organizations of the military-industrial complex, and in relation to candidates for participation in competitions for filling the positions of heads of strategic federal state unitary enterprises included in the consolidated register of organizations of the military-industrial complex, as well as questions about the dismissal of these heads from their posts;

n) considers, in accordance with the established procedure, proposals for the appointment by the President of the Russian Federation of scholarships for employees of organizations of the military-industrial complex;

o) considers proposals for improving the regulatory framework for the development, production, supply, repair, operation, disposal, export and import of weapons, military and special equipment, as well as for the functioning of organizations of the military-industrial and nuclear weapons complexes;

p) considers proposals on improving the legal regulation of relations in the field of federal property management of organizations of the military-industrial complex, on preventing the bankruptcy of these organizations, as well as on amending the list of strategic enterprises and strategic joint-stock companies approved by the President of the Russian Federation, and in a list of strategic enterprises and organizations approved by the Government of the Russian Federation;

c) consider proposals for improving the system for ensuring the quality of weapons, military and special equipment supplied under the state defense order, cataloging and standardizing these products;

r) considers proposals for improving the pricing of products supplied under the state defense order;

s) considers proposals to ensure the fulfillment of the obligations of the Russian Federation under international treaties in the field of arms reduction and limitation, conventional problems of chemical and biological weapons, on the implementation of agreements within the framework of the G8 global partnership against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction;

t) considers proposals on issues of legal protection of the interests of the state in the process of economic and civil law turnover of the results of research, development and technological work for military, special and dual purposes, obtained, inter alia, in the implementation of military-technical cooperation between the Russian Federation and foreign states and fulfillment of the state defense order;

x) considers proposals on the allocation of funds received from the implementation of agreements concluded with the involvement in the economic and civil law circulation of the results of research, development and technological work of military, special and dual-use and credited to the federal budget, for the preparation of projects relevant decisions in the prescribed manner;

v) considers disagreements between federal executive bodies on issues related to draft acts of the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as on other issues within the competence of the military-industrial complex, and, based on the results of the consideration, makes appropriate decisions.

The chairman of the military-industrial complex is approved by the President of the Russian Federation.

The chairman of the military-industrial complex manages the activities of the military-industrial complex and is personally responsible for the fulfillment of the tasks assigned to it.

The chairman of the military-industrial complex has the right to submit, in accordance with the established procedure, to the President of the Russian Federation draft decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation on issues within the competence of the military-industrial complex.

The VPK includes:

a) the chairman of the military-industrial complex;

b) as permanent members of the military-industrial complex:

First Deputy Chairman of the Military Industrial Complex - Minister of the Russian Federation;

chairman of the scientific and technical council of the military-industrial complex - deputy chairman of the military-industrial complex;

Head of the Office of the Military-Industrial Complex - Deputy Head of the Office of the Government of the Russian Federation;

members of the military-industrial complex replacing the positions of the federal state civil service under a service contract;

Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - First Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation;

Minister of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation;

Minister of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation;

Minister of Finance of the Russian Federation;

director of departments of the Office of the Government of the Russian Federation;

c) as members of the military-industrial complex:

heads of federal executive bodies and organizations;

representatives of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation (as agreed);

representatives of the chambers of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (as agreed);

representatives of the Russian Academy of Sciences (as agreed).

The personnel composition of the military-industrial complex is approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.

The composition of the scientific and technical council of the military-industrial complex is approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.

The scientific and technical council of the military-industrial complex is headed by the chairman who replaces the position of the federal state civil service of the chairman of the scientific and technical council of the military-industrial complex - deputy chairman of the military-industrial complex.

The Chairman of the Scientific and Technical Council of the Military Industrial Complex - Deputy Chairman of the Military Industrial Complex is appointed to and dismissed by the Government of the Russian Federation at the suggestion of the Chief of Staff of the Government of the Russian Federation - Minister of the Russian Federation on the basis of the presentation of the First Deputy Chairman of the Military Industrial Complex - Minister of the Russian Federation.

The chairman of the scientific and technical council of the military-industrial complex - the deputy chairman of the military-industrial complex plans its activities and manages it, is responsible for the analytical and expert support of the military-industrial complex, as well as for the scientific and technical justification of the decisions of the military-industrial complex in the field of creating weapons, military and special equipment. On behalf of the military-industrial complex, it organizes the performance of expert work and attracts, in the prescribed manner, representatives of interested federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the Russian Academy of Sciences, organizations of the military-industrial complex and other organizations.

A section on advanced research and technologies is formed in the military-industrial complex, headed by the first deputy chairman of the military-industrial complex - the Minister of the Russian Federation.

The regulation on the advanced research and technology section and its composition are approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.

The activities of the military-industrial complex are carried out in accordance with the plan of meetings of the military-industrial complex, approved by its chairman. If necessary, issues on the development and production of weapons, military and special equipment that require a prompt decision by the military-industrial complex are considered within the framework of meetings of the permanent members of the military-industrial complex.

Planning, preparation and holding of meetings of the military-industrial complex are carried out in the manner established by the Regulations of the Government of the Russian Federation regarding the preparation and holding of meetings of the Government of the Russian Federation.

Heads (general and chief designers) of organizations of the military-industrial complex, leading scientists and specialists may be invited to meetings of the military-industrial complex.

Decisions of the meetings of the military-industrial complex, including within the framework of meetings of the permanent members of the military-industrial complex, are adopted based on the results of consideration of issues by a simple majority of votes of the members of the military-industrial complex present at the meeting, and are drawn up in a protocol approved by the chairman of the military-industrial complex.

All members of the military-industrial complex have equal rights in making decisions.

Decisions of the military-industrial complex adopted within its competence are binding on all federal executive bodies. In order to implement the decisions of the military-industrial complex, if necessary, draft resolutions or orders of the Government of the Russian Federation are prepared and submitted in accordance with the established procedure.

Support for the activities of the military-industrial complex is carried out by the Office of the Government of the Russian Federation. To this end, a permanent military-industrial complex apparatus is being formed within the structure of the Office of the Government of the Russian Federation, which ensures the activities of the military-industrial complex and the scientific and technical council of the military-industrial complex.

The activities of the military-industrial complex apparatus are managed by the head of the military-industrial complex apparatus - the deputy head of the apparatus of the Government of the Russian Federation, who fills the position of the federal state civil service under a service contract. The Chief of Staff of the Military-Industrial Complex - Deputy Chief of Staff of the Government of the Russian Federation is appointed and dismissed by the Government of the Russian Federation at the suggestion of the Chief of Staff of the Government of the Russian Federation - Minister of the Russian Federation on the basis of the proposal of the First Deputy Chairman of the Military-Industrial Complex - Minister of the Russian Federation.

Chief of Staff of the Military-Industrial Complex - Deputy Chief of Staff of the Government of the Russian Federation:

coordinates and controls the work of departments of the Staff of the Government of the Russian Federation in accordance with the distribution of duties between the Deputy Chiefs of Staff of the Government of the Russian Federation approved by the Head of the Staff of the Government of the Russian Federation - the Minister of the Russian Federation;

interacts to ensure the activities of the military-industrial complex with other departments of the Administration of the Government of the Russian Federation, in whose areas of jurisdiction are issues considered by the military-industrial complex;

organizes the preparation of a draft plan of meetings of the military-industrial complex, control over the timely submission of materials for consideration by the military-industrial complex, the preparation of expert opinions on the materials received, the development of projects and the execution of protocols and decisions of the military-industrial complex, and also organizes control over their implementation.

The military-industrial complex has a seal and forms with the image of the State Emblem of the Russian Federation and its name.

4. Expert Council on the problems of legislative support for the development of the military-industrial complex under the chairman of the Federation Council.

As a segment of the economy engaged in the production of military products, the defense industry forms the material basis of the state's military security, accumulates advanced scientific and technological achievements, and determines the effectiveness of the functioning of high-tech sectors of the country's economy.

The formation and development of the defense industry is based on the accepted conceptual and doctrinal guidelines, long-term programs, and the activities of enterprises and organizations are regulated by many legislative and other regulatory legal acts.

The most important of these guidelines are: Fundamentals of the policy of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology development for the period up to 2010 and beyond; Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation; Maritime Doctrine of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020; The concept of national security of the Russian Federation; The concept of state property management and privatization in the Russian Federation; Fundamentals of the policy of the Russian Federation in the field of development of the military-industrial complex for the period up to 2010 and beyond; The concept of foreign policy of the Russian Federation, etc.

Various federal programs- such as: "National technological base for 2002 - 2006"; "Global Navigation System"; "Development of civil aviation technology for 2002 - 2010. and for the period up to 2015”; "Electronic Russia (2002 - 2010)"; "National technological base for 2007 - 2011"; "World Ocean" (subprograms "Creation of technologies for the development of resources and spaces of the World Ocean" and "Creation of high-tech installations, machines and equipment for offshore oil and gas production and development of hydrocarbon deposits on the continental shelf of the Arctic for 2003 - 2012"); "State Armaments Program (2001 - 2010)"; (2007 - 2015 - project); Comprehensive program for equipping formations and military units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation for 2006-2015.

The list of key documents shows that the executive branch is making certain efforts to promote the reform and development of the defense industry. But without the legislative branch of power, it is hardly possible to solve problems in this segment of the country's economy, and there are still a lot of problems here.

The Federation Council pays great attention to the analysis of the state of the defense industry and the development of measures to improve its functioning. In its activities to reform and develop the defense industry, the Federation Council approves federal laws, adopts resolutions, holds meetings of committees of the Federation Council, round tables at the St. Petersburg and Baikal Economic Forums, and representatives of the executive authorities are heard at meetings of the chamber. The Chairman of the Federation Council, members of the Federation Council regularly visit defense industry enterprises, meet with their leaders and developers of military and civilian products. Problematic issues functioning of the defense industry are covered in the analytical bulletins of the Analytical Department of the Office of the Federation Council.

Under the Chairman of the Federation Council, there is a public, permanent advisory body - the Expert Council on Problems of Legislative Support for the Development of the Military-Industrial Complex (hereinafter referred to as the Expert Council). The Chairman of the Expert Council is Sergey Mikhailovich Mironov. The Expert Council includes members of the Federation Council, scientists, heads of major production associations defense industry, scientific institutions.

The Expert Council on Problems of Legislative Support for the Military-Industrial Complex under the Chairman of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Expert Council) is a public, permanent advisory body under the Chairman of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.

The Expert Council in its activities is guided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the legislation of the Russian Federation, resolutions of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Federation Council), decisions of the Council of the Chamber, Regulations of the Federation Council, orders of the Chairman of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, as well as these Regulations.

The main tasks and functions of the Expert Council are:

Comprehensive expert assessment of trends in the development of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation, forecasting the development of this area in the Russian Federation and in the world;

Studying the state of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the military-industrial complex and developing a strategy for the prospects for its development;

Preparation of the concept of priority areas of legislative activity of the Federation Council in the field of the military-industrial complex;

Providing the Chairman of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation with information and materials containing expert assessment processes taking place in the country and the world in the field of the military-industrial complex;

Interaction with scientific organizations, foundations, advisory and expert councils, other organizations on issues of their activities;

Preparation for the Federation Council of comments and proposals on draft laws affecting the activities of enterprises of the military-industrial complex, submitted to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation;

Interaction with the Government of the Russian Federation in the implementation of measures state support enterprises of the military-industrial complex;

Analysis of the proposals of the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on the state of development of enterprises of the military-industrial complex, as well as measures for their reform;

Preparation on behalf of the Federation Council of draft laws on issues within the competence of the Expert Council.

The Expert Council consists of the Chairman of the Expert Council, two Deputy Chairmen of the Expert Council, the executive secretary of the Expert Council and members of the Expert Council, who are appointed by order of the Chairman of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. The Expert Council includes members of the Federation Council and, as agreed, representatives of the Russian Academy of Sciences, branch academies of sciences, heads of the largest industrial associations of the military-industrial complex, and scientific institutions.

The performance of the duties of the Chairman of the Expert Council and members of the Expert Council is carried out on a voluntary basis.

To organize the work of the Expert Council in the periods between meetings, the Chairman of the Expert Council forms 8 members from among the members.

The Expert Council is created, reorganized and abolished by the order of the Chairman of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.

Meetings of the Expert Council are held as necessary, but at least twice a year. Organizational and technical support for the preparation and holding of meetings of the Expert Council is assigned to the Executive Secretary.

The work of the Expert Council is carried out according to the plan approved by the Chairman of the Expert Council. In its activities, the Expert Council interacts with committees and commissions of the Federation Council, the Office of the Federation Council, scientists, specialists, representatives of state authorities, the public, as well as with other councils under the Chairman of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on issues within its competence.

To discuss topical issues of legislative support for the development of the military-industrial complex, the Expert Council, together with committees and commissions of the Federation Council, may hold scientific and practical conferences, symposiums, seminars and other events with the invitation of members of the Federation Council, deputies of the State Duma, representatives of state authorities, heads of enterprises of the military-industrial complex, entrepreneurs, scientists, representatives public organizations, mass media.

For the implementation of analytical and expert work carried out in accordance with the work plan of the Expert Council, third-party organizations and specialists may be involved, including on a contractual basis.

Organizational, legal, documentation, information-analytical and other support for the activities of the Expert Council is carried out by structural subdivisions of the Administration of the Federation Council.

Conclusion

Thus, in this paper, the basics of state management of the military-industrial complex at the federal level were considered.

О The defense-industrial complex occupies a special place and plays a significant role in the development of the economy, ensuring national security, which consists in protecting its independence, sovereignty, state and territorial integrity, in preventing military aggression against Russia and its allies, in providing conditions for a peaceful, democratic development of the state.

The state of the modern Russian defense industry in the 80-90s. 20th century was distinguished by a difficult financial and economic situation, was largely due first to "perestroika", and then to the ill-considered, scientifically unfounded implementation of the so-called reforms. Defense enterprises of Russia, focused on the production of weapons and military equipment, have undergone profound deformations in recent years, associated with a sharp reduction in defense orders, and with rapid, not always justified privatization, and with a reduction in the volume and concentration of material and financial resources intended for the production of military products, in the absence of a stable demand for civilian products.

The main task of the functioning of the defense industry of Russia in 2000-207. was defined as the creation and production of modern competitive AMSE, ensuring the rearmament of the Armed Forces, other troops and formations of Russia and strengthening positions in the global arms market.

In this regard, the defense industry is one of the priority areas in the development of the Russian economy. The system of state administration of this complex is rather complicated. However, we can conclude that it is closed mainly to the federal executive authorities (in particular, the Government of the Russian Federation and subordinate structures) and the President of the Russian Federation. However, without interaction with the legislature, the management of the defense industry would be simply impossible. Therefore, along with the functions prescribed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, additional structures are being created under the legislative bodies to improve the coordination of various branches of power in this area.

Because many of structural divisions federal management bodies of the defense industry of the Russian Federation are quite new, and some of them are still planned to be created, the author concluded that this area has a wide space for improving the public administration system.

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