Presentation of inhabitants trade in the Middle Ages. Presentation on the topic “Trade in the Middle Ages. Problematic question of the lesson

• Lesson Plan

• "What fell from the cart is gone"
• Expansion of trade relations
• Fairs and banks

• Trade in the Middle Ages was profitable, but very difficult and dangerous business. The space between the settlements was covered with huge, impenetrable forests, teeming with predators and robbers. The roads were narrow and unpaved, covered with impassable mud.

• For passage through the possessions of feudal lords, for the use of bridges and crossings, many times had to pay fees. To protect themselves from robbers and help each other, merchants united in trade unions - guilds .

• The city became the center of trade exchange with the surrounding area, with other cities, individual lands, with other countries.
• Subsistence economy in Europe was preserved. But gradually developed commodity economy, in which products were produced for sale on the market and exchanged, including through money.

• More convenient roads were built to improve trade. Trade along the rivers and seas flourished especially. European merchants made long voyages and brought rare and expensive oriental goods(spices, decorations, etc.).

• The busiest trading places in Europe were trade fairs , hundreds of merchants from different countries.
• At international fairs they traded goods from all over Europe and the East.
• The fairs were noisy and crowded.

• At the fairs there were tables of money changers - specialists in money matters. Money changers also lent money at high interest rates. So money changers became usurers. The first owners of banks emerged from money changers and usurers already in the 14th-15th centuries. Bankers took money for safekeeping, transferred money to merchants from one country to another.

• Along with the main property of the Middle Ages - "immovable"(land and buildings on it) "movable property"(money, goods, ships, etc.). Gradually, the money corroded natural economy, and with it they changed the feudal life, the motives of people's behavior.

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• Homework

• 1. Study paragraph 14
• 2. Answer the questions on page 116 (orally)

Trade in the Middle Ages was a very difficult and dangerous business. Large quantities of goods could only be transported or on broken, bumpy dirt roads. For passage through the possessions of each feudal lord, the merchant had to pay a fee. The use of bridges and crossings was also paid. For example, in order to transport goods along the entire course of the French Loire River, it was necessary to pay a duty 74 times. And when the merchant brought the goods to the place of sale, it often turned out that he paid more duties than the cost of the goods themselves. In addition, feudal lords often robbed merchants on the road. And if the cart broke down and the goods fell to the ground, they became the property of the lord of this land. From here came the saying: "What fell from the cart is gone."

There were two main sea trade routes in medieval Europe. One led across the Mediterranean to the East. This route brought many goods to Europe from Asia and Africa - silks, carpets, weapons. Oriental spices, especially pepper, were extremely valued in Europe. It served not only as a seasoning for food, but also as a cure for stomach diseases. At first, Byzantine merchants played the main role in trade with the East. Then it was taken over by the merchants of two Italian port cities - Venice and Genoa.

The second sea trade route passed through the North and Baltic Seas and connected England, France, Northern Germany, Flanders, the Scandinavian countries, Poland, the Baltic States, Russia. A prominent place here belonged to the Russian cities - Novgorod and Pskov. Fabrics and other handicrafts were transported along this route to Russia, Sweden and Poland, and from here bread, ship timber, flax, wax and leather went to the west.

In addition, there were two main river routes. One of them led from the Adriatic Sea along the Po River through the Alpine mountain passes to the Rhine River and into the North Sea. By this road southern and eastern goods got to Northern Europe. The other along the Neman River or along the Neva, Volkhov and Lovat rivers led from the Baltic (Varangian) Sea through the Dnieper to the Black (Russian) Sea and Byzantium. In Russia, this road was called the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks."

Fairs and banks

Merchants from all over Europe gathered several times a year in certain cities for fairs. The lord of the area where the fairs were held made an oath that he would ensure the safety of the merchants and the safety of their goods. For this, the merchants paid him duties. Fairs in the French county of Champagne were especially famous. Here you could buy Indian pepper and Scandinavian herring, English wool and Russian linen, champagne and Arab blades.

These same money changers were given money for safekeeping. This is how bankers appeared (from the Italian word “bank” - the bench on which they sat during fairs). Bankers - the owners of banks, that is, money vaults, quickly turned into very rich people, before whom even kings and princes fawned.

Commodity-money economy

The development of handicrafts, trade, and banks undermined the dominance of subsistence farming. If earlier the peasants produced food only for their own consumption and for the payment of dues, now they also produced them for sale in the city. The feudal lords also began to send products from their estates to the city for sale. And artisans generally produced their products only for sale. Products intended for sale are called goods.

And artisans, and peasants, and feudal lords received money for the sold goods. Subsistence economy began to give way to commodity-money.

With the development of a commodity-money economy, great changes took place in the life of feudal Europe. Trade relations were established between different regions. For example, Southern France now produced olive oil not only for itself, but also for sale in the north of the country. The north of France supplied the southern regions with its cloth, and iron was brought from East France to other regions. South, North and East of France could no longer exist without each other and sought to unite in a single state.

Trade relations between individual countries have also intensified. Residents of different countries got to know each other better, exchanged handicrafts, passed on their knowledge to each other. This means that with the development of the commodity-money economy, the development of culture also moved forward.

But the life of the peasants became even more difficult. The feudal lords needed everything more money in order to buy various items in the city, expensive weapons, fine cloth, wine, spices. They sought to receive this money from the peasants and began to demand payment of dues in cash. Almost all the money that the peasant received from the sale of products in the city, he had to give to the feudal lord. Other feudal lords themselves sought to get more money from selling their own products in the city market. To do this, they increased the quitrent with food or forced the peasants to work more on corvee. Feudal oppression became unbearable. The peasants increasingly rebelled against the feudal lords.

The development of a commodity-money economy led to an intensification of the class struggle between peasants and feudal lords.

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Slides captions:

"Trade in the Middle Ages"

Lesson plan: 1) “What fell from the cart is gone” 2) Expansion of trade relations. 3) Fairs and banks.

Where is it easier to trade? Byzantium and the Arab Caliphate

Why is it more difficult in Europe?

Consequences of feudal fragmentation Borders every 50 km Each principality has its own currency All principalities charge a duty for transporting goods Merchants in shock!

1. "What fell from the cart is gone" Despite all the benefits, trading in the Middle Ages was a dangerous and difficult occupation. There were no roads in the modern sense of the word. They were narrow paths among dense forests and swamps.

Robber attacks were constant. The feudal lords levied tolls for passage through their lands, for the use of bridges and crossings, and quite often robbed merchants themselves. In order to protect their interests, help each other, protect themselves from robbers, merchants began to unite in guilds. 1. “What fell from the cart is gone”

Reasons for merchants to join guilds:

Guild members elected leaders, hired guards, repaired roads from the common treasury, and helped each other. This greatly facilitated overland trade. But it was easier to deliver goods by water. Therefore, the major rivers of Europe, such as the Rhine, Elbe, Luara, Dniester, Danube, became the most important trade arteries. 2. Expansion of trade relations

The main directions of European maritime trade

The Mediterranean was dominated by the merchants of the Italian cities of Venice and Genoa. They controlled almost all trade between Europe, Asia and Africa. Spices, silk, coffee, caviar, luxury items were brought from the East. In return, they gave silver, timber, slaves, wool, iron. 2. Expansion of trade relations

Hanseatic merchants exchanged goods from Western Europe (fabrics, luxury items, spices) for raw materials from Eastern Europe (furs, leather, honey, wood, resin), making huge profits. 2. Expansion of trade relations

The largest shopping centers in the North and Baltic Sea Hanseatic League: Novgorod Bruges London Bergen

3. Fairs and Banks The busiest trading places in Europe were fairs, which were attended by hundreds of major merchants from different countries. In addition to earning money, visitors exchanged news. The fair was entertainment center. It was attended by wandering artists, fortune-tellers, musicians.

At fairs, merchants sought to sell their goods for money. In most states Medieval Europe the money was silver. But in each country, as well as the duchy, county, principality, their own coins were minted. They differed in weight and cost. 3. Fairs and banks

This created confusion in trading calculations. To eliminate confusion, a special profession of specialists in money matters stood out - the money changer. They also lent money at interest. Gradually money changers became usurers, and later - bankers. In Europe, banks spread by the XIV-XV century. 3. Fairs and banks

A guild is a trade union of merchants. Bank - in the Middle Ages, an institution engaged in the storage, transfer and lending of money. A fair is a periodically recurring sale of goods that took place in cities at the intersection of trade routes. Money changers are coin specialists; people who traded money. Let's write definitions

"Banks of the CIS" - The largest banking groups of the CIS. Rice. 1. Dynamics of assets of banks in the CIS countries. Foreign banks are strengthening their positions. CIS banks on the verge of change. The crisis gave impetus to banking reforms in Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine. Penetration of banking systems of the CIS. Inflation has dropped sharply… So the Russian VTB has subsidiaries in six CIS countries.

"Banking system" - Commercial banks. From the shops of money changers, modern banks originate. Lending. Government Banker. Control over the creation and activities of commercial banks. Banking system of the Russian Federation. Banks and their functions. Money changers were already in ancient Greece. Functions of the Central Bank to regulate the economy. The main task of the Central Bank is to fight inflation.

"Money, Banks, Credit" - Making Money central bank. Level (rate) of inflation. Basic concepts. Money supply multiplier. The speed of circulation of money. Balance scheme commercial bank. List of non-banking credit organizations. Essence and forms of credit. Decryption of operations. Terminology. The use of the term "liquidity".

"Bank income" - Fig. 6. Share of the bank's liabilities in 2008, %. Dynamics of the growth rate of the bank's interest expenses in 2008-2009, %. Analysis of the dynamics of the bank's interest expenses for 2008-2009, thousand rubles. Growth rate of interest income on granted loans for 2008-2009, %. General recommendations bank:

Bank System - modern structure banking system of the Russian Federation. Types of deposits. StroyBank USSR (All-Union Bank for Financing Capital Investments). Accountable to the State Duma. Non-bank credit and deposit organizations. Developing, banks increasingly expanded the range of their services. Reforming the banking system Russian Federation in the process of market transformation.

"Banks and banking" - Credit. Payment. Urgency. Commercial Bank. The first banks appeared in ancient East in the 7th-6th centuries BC. Passive. Warranty. Partial. Tasks for independent work. The main operations of commercial banks: "Demand for borrowed money in the class." Storage of money, change business and non-cash payments began to develop.

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Lesson plan “What fell from the cart is gone” Expanding trade relations Fairs and banks

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1. "What fell from the cart is gone" Trade in the Middle Ages was profitable, but very difficult and dangerous business. The space between the settlements was covered with huge, impenetrable forests, teeming with predators and robbers. The roads were narrow and unpaved, covered with impassable mud. For passage through the possessions of feudal lords, for the use of bridges and crossings, many times had to pay fees. To protect themselves from robbers and help each other, merchants united in trade unions - guilds.

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2. Expansion of trade relations The city became the center of trade exchange with the surrounding area, with other cities, individual lands, with other countries. Subsistence economy in Europe was preserved. But a commodity economy also gradually developed, in which products were produced for sale on the market and exchanged, including through money.

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2. Expansion of trade relations To improve trade, more convenient roads were built. Trade along the rivers and seas flourished especially. European merchants made long voyages and brought rare and expensive oriental goods (spices, jewelry, etc.).

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3. Fairs and Banks The busiest trade places in Europe were fairs, hundreds of merchants from different countries took part in them. At international fairs they traded goods from all over Europe and the East. The fairs were noisy and crowded.

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3. Fairs and banks At the fairs there were tables of money changers - specialists in money matters. Money changers also lent money at high interest rates. So money changers became usurers. The first owners of banks emerged from money changers and usurers already in the 14th-15th centuries. Bankers took money for safekeeping, transferred money to merchants from one country to another.

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Along with the main property of the Middle Ages - "immovable" (land and buildings on it), "movable property" created in cities (money, goods, ships, etc.) is becoming increasingly important. Gradually, money corroded the subsistence economy, and with it changed the feudal life, the motives of people's behavior.