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What is the importance of entrepreneurship in economic life. The value of entrepreneurship in the socio-economic life of Russian society. In the discipline "Economic theory"

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FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"ORENBURG STATE UNIVERSITY"

Faculty of Economics and Management

Department of Economic Theory

COURSE WORK

In the discipline "Economic theory"

Entrepreneurship as a necessary element of a market economy

OGU 230700.62.5012.381 OO

Orenburg 2012

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...3

1. Theoretical foundations of entrepreneurial activity in a market economy

1.1 Retrospective analysis of the role of entrepreneurship from the point of view of various economic schools……………………………………..………….5

1.2 The essence and functions of entrepreneurship as a method of managing in a market economy ...……………………………………………………………..10

2. Entrepreneurial activity in foreign countries

2.1 Features of entrepreneurship in countries with a classical market economy (on the example of the economies of the USA, Germany and France…………………………………………)…..…………..……………… fifteen

2.2 The role of entrepreneurship in the economy of developing countries (on the example of the economy of African countries)…………………………………….……...18

3. Features of the formation of entrepreneurial activity in the Russian economy

3.1 Assessment of the role of entrepreneurship in the development of the Russian economy ………………………………………………………………….…………………24

3.2 Problems of Entrepreneurship in the Modern Russian Economy and Ways to Solve Them………………………………………………………………………25

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….30

List of sources used…………………………………..……….32

Application…………………………………………………………………………34

Introduction.

The constitution of most countries of the world enshrines the right of every citizen to freely use their abilities and property for entrepreneurial and other economic activities not prohibited by law. Thus, the free exercise of entrepreneurial activity is an element of the constitutional principle of economic freedom.

The importance of entrepreneurship in a modern market economy can hardly be overestimated, since it is it that is designed to maintain a healthy competitive environment and prevent the monopolization of the market.

Entrepreneurship is becoming an integral link in the structure of the social reproduction process, without which it is impossible to ensure the successful socio-economic development of society and the growth of production efficiency.

Relevance of the research topic

The need to reassess the role of entrepreneurship, taking into account structural changes in mass production industries and a change in orientation in consumer requirements for modern goods, changes in the level of development of modern engineering and technology.

The degree of knowledge

On the one hand, science has accumulated vast experience on such issues as entrepreneurship and the market economy. On the other hand, despite this, its most important aspects remain poorly understood - the mechanisms of self-development of entrepreneurship and its role in ensuring the development of a market economy.

Purpose of the study

Analysis of entrepreneurship as an element of a market economy. In this regard, the paper defines the economic essence of entrepreneurship, shows a systematic understanding of entrepreneurship not only in terms of productive forces, but also property relations and the role of wage labor.

This goal can be achieved by solving a number of tasks, which include the following:

Study and analysis of the general theoretical foundations of entrepreneurship as an economic category;

Consideration of the relationship between entrepreneurship and the state in the aspect of its state regulation;

Coverage of problems and prospects for the development of entrepreneurship in Russia.

Object of study

Entrepreneurship as a method of managing in a market economy.

Subject of study

Forms of entrepreneurship in a market economy.

Work tasks

Consider the essence and forms of entrepreneurship, take into account their features in a market economy, analyze the material, draw conclusions on issues related to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial activity.

Let us take system analysis and synthesis as the methodology used to study this phenomenon.

1. Theoretical foundations of entrepreneurial activity in a market economy.

1.1 Retrospective analysis of the role of entrepreneurship from the point of view of various economic schools.

Entrepreneurship is an essential attribute of a market economy, the main distinguishing feature of which is free competition. Although the history of entrepreneurship goes back centuries, its modern understanding was formed during the formation and development of capitalism, which chose free enterprise as the basis and source of its prosperity.

In the pre-capitalist era, the place of the entrepreneur in society and the attitude of fellow citizens towards him were ambiguous. In ancient times and in the era of the dominance of the Christian church ideology, the activities of a merchant, merchant and any business person were considered unworthy, vile and sinful. Aristotle considered the lifestyle of a philosopher more worthy than the activity of a merchant who lacks inner peace. F. Aquinas argued that the profession of a merchant bears the seal of moral and ethical inferiority.

The negative attitude towards the entrepreneur was also aggravated by the writings of the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus Christ about wealth. However, when evaluating them, it must be borne in mind that wealth in the Bible meant fruitless squandering. Such a view does not correspond to the modern understanding of wealth as the result of a creative contribution to the growth of prosperity based on entrepreneurial initiative. The enrichment of some at the expense of the poverty of others, condemned in the Holy Scriptures, is found today not so much in the countries of developed market economies as in some developing countries, and partly in Russia. There are several explanations for this.

The hostile attitude of many medieval philosophers and theologians to entrepreneurship was due to the fact that at that time the dominant form of production was still subsistence farming and entrepreneurial functions were still assigned an inconspicuous role. In addition, the quiet life and activity of a diligent farmer was considered the ideal of human existence, while an entrepreneur, being in constant search, breaking established habits, was the direct opposite of peasant conservatism.

Richard Cantillon was the first to draw attention to the divergences in supply and demand and the market distortions that allow individuals to extract speculative income. He noted the risky activities of such people, the flexibility of their economic behavior, non-standard decisions.

Around 1800, the great French economist Jean-Baptiste Say described the entrepreneur as follows: "The entrepreneur moves economic resources from an area of lower to an area of higher productivity and efficiency."

Even the founders of classical political economy did not see much sense in the entrepreneur, since, in their opinion, the economic process is carried out by itself, on the basis of the principle of "invisible hand". According to their scheme, an entrepreneur can act as either an owner (A. Smith) or an investor (D. Ricardo). They did not recognize other functions for the entrepreneur.

Only much later, at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, did economists recognize the crucial importance of entrepreneurship for economic progress. A. Marshall added to the three classical factors of production - labor, land, capital - the fourth - organization, and I. Schumpeter in the book "The Theory of Economic Development" (1912) gave this factor its modern name - entrepreneurship.

A colorful description of entrepreneurship can be found in the works of the German economist W. Sombart. An entrepreneur, according to Sombart, is a conqueror (willingness to take risks, spiritual freedom, a wealth of ideas, will and perseverance), an organizer (the ability to connect many people to work together) and a merchant (the ability to convince people to buy their goods, arouse their interest, gain trust ). Describing the goals of an entrepreneur, Sombart highlights the desire for prosperity and growth of his business as the main among them, and the growth of profits as a subordinate, since prosperity is impossible without it.

Next stage development of the theory of entrepreneurship - the work of Knight and Von Thunen. Their merit lies in a detailed description of the entrepreneur himself, as the owner of special qualities. In addition, they analyzed entrepreneurial risk and entrepreneurial income. The same questions were considered by Mises, Hayek and Krishner. In modern interpretations of entrepreneurship, the following points are highlighted:

Ability to organize and manage production;

Initiative, innovative activity;

risky activity;

The most complete modern definition of entrepreneurship is provided by Khizrech and Peters in their book Entrepreneurship. A similar definition of entrepreneurship is given by Studdart in Keys to the World of Business. In general, the linked definition looks like this:

"Entrepreneurship is an innovative initiative activity of property entities aimed at creating economic and organizational conditions for the purpose of producing material goods and services and making a profit."

Thus, the main features of entrepreneurship are:

Initiative activity.

Innovative activity.

Activities for the organization and management of production.

risky activity.

Getting business income.

However, I. Schumpeter made the greatest contribution to the development of the theory of entrepreneurship, the study of its nature and functions. He called the entrepreneur that organizer of production who paves new ways, implements new combinations: "To be an entrepreneur means not to do what others do ... and not in the way others do." I. Schumpeter refers to the functions of an entrepreneur:

Creation of a new material good, not yet familiar to the consumer, or the former good, but with new qualities;

The introduction of a new method of production that has not yet been used in this industry;

The conquest of a new market or the wider use of the former;

Use of a new type of raw material or semi-finished products;

The introduction of a new organization of business, for example, a monopoly position or, conversely, overcoming a monopoly.

Struggling with the routine, carrying out innovations and ensuring economic growth, the entrepreneur becomes, in the words of I. Schumpeter, "a creative destroyer." The idea of a creative entrepreneur developed by I. Schumpeter is the most famous and accurate definition of the essence of entrepreneurship.

This characteristic is of course not exhaustive. Subsequently, G. Briefs formulated another important function of an entrepreneur - tracking prices and costs, as well as their proportional relationship. R. Coase also singled out this aspect of the entrepreneur's activity. In the article "Nature of the Firm" he emphasized that an entrepreneur is a person who directs production in a competitive system, acting as a price mechanism.

Entrepreneurship is the basis of business, because an entrepreneur is a person who, having assessed the profitability of a business, takes the risk and responsibility associated with the organization of a new enterprise or the development of a new idea (product) or service offered to society (consumers).

Entrepreneurship involves creating your own business, and this is always associated with risk and overcoming the resistance that arises when everything new is born.

For successful development Entrepreneurship requires certain conditions and activation factors, which include:

personal interests and benefits;

Reliability of the protective mechanism;

The existence of a niche in the market or the likelihood of increasing market share;

The presence of entrepreneurial rent or profit growth opportunities;

Ability to reallocate resources and manage innovation;

Opportunity to reduce the degree of uncertainty and risk.

Before you start your business, you must first carry out certain analytical work:

Choose the main direction of activity, taking into account your own experience and available potential, the degree of competition and the expected demand;

Determine the business (trade) zone, the size of commercial opportunities, and also form a professional team of performers (team);

Assess financial possibilities, i.e. determine the required level of costs for the functioning of the company, the amount of working capital (primarily cash) to start the business cycle, as well as the size of the authorized capital and possible sources of financing.

The entrepreneur, being the owner and representing the company in the authorities, interacts with various elements external environment.

The elements of the external environment include: buyers, suppliers, creditors, arbitration courts, interest groups, local authorities, legislative and educational institutions, company employees, etc.

Each of the above elements requires the entrepreneur to develop appropriate tactics of behavior (strategic, tactical, operational), on which both the short-term and long-term success of the company will depend.

Entrepreneurship involves the creation of one's own business, and this is always associated with risk and overcoming the resistance that arises when everything new is born, and the birth of entrepreneurial activity in a state with a post-planned economy is this new thing. However, for the successful development of entrepreneurship, certain conditions and factors of active activation are necessary, the birth and formation of which is a long and complex process.

From an economic point of view, entrepreneurship can be considered as an economic category, a method of management, a type of economic thinking.

To characterize entrepreneurship as an economic category, the central problem is the establishment of its subjects and objects. The subjects of entrepreneurship can be, first of all, private individuals (organizers of sole, family, as well as larger productions). The activities of such entrepreneurs are carried out on the basis of both their own labor and hired. Entrepreneurial activity can also be carried out by a group of persons linked by contractual relations and economic interests. Joint-stock companies, rental collectives, cooperatives, etc. act as subjects of collective entrepreneurship. In some cases, the state represented by its relevant bodies is also referred to as business entities. Thus, in a market economy, there are three forms of entrepreneurial activity: state, collective, private, each of which finds its own niche in the economic system.

The object of entrepreneurship is the most efficient combination of factors of production to maximize income. All kinds of new ways of combining economic resources, according to J. Schumpeter, are the main business of an entrepreneur, which distinguishes him from an ordinary business executive. Entrepreneurs combine resources to produce a new good unknown to consumers; discovery of new production methods (technologies) and commercial use of existing goods; development of a new sales market and a new source of raw materials; reorganization in the industry with the aim of creating their own monopoly or undermining someone else's.

For entrepreneurship as a method of managing the economy, the first and main condition is the autonomy and independence of economic entities, the presence of a certain set of freedoms and rights for them to choose the type of entrepreneurial activity, sources of financing, the formation of a production program, access to resources, marketing of products, setting prices for it, profit management, etc. The independence of the entrepreneur should be understood in the sense that there is no governing body over him, indicating what to produce, how much to spend, to whom and at what price to sell, etc. But the entrepreneur is always dependent on the market , the dynamics of supply and demand, the price level, i.e., from the existing system of commodity-money relations.

The second condition for entrepreneurship is responsibility for the decisions made, their consequences and the associated risk. Risk is always associated with uncertainty and unpredictability. Even the most careful calculation and forecast cannot eliminate the unpredictability factor; it is a constant companion of entrepreneurial activity.

The third condition for entrepreneurship is a focus on achieving commercial success, the desire to increase profits. But such an attitude is not self-sufficient in modern business. The activities of many business structures go beyond purely economic tasks, they take part in solving social problems of society, donate their funds to the development of culture, education, health care, and protection environment etc.

Entrepreneurship as a special type of economic thinking is characterized by a set of original views and approaches to decision-making that are implemented in practice. The personality of the entrepreneur plays a central role here. Entrepreneurship is not an occupation, but a mindset and a property of nature. "To be an entrepreneur means not to do what others do," I. Schumpeter believed. "You need to have a special imagination, the gift of foresight, constantly resist the pressure of routine. You need to be able to find something new and use its opportunities. You need to be able to take risks, overcome fear and act independently of ongoing processes - to determine these processes yourself."

The entrepreneur is driven by the will to win, the desire to fight, the special, creative nature of his work.

Thus, in modern scientific literature, an unambiguous view of entrepreneurship as the most important economic resource, setting in motion the rest of the factors of production and providing its contribution to the success of economic development, has been established. For a more complete understanding of entrepreneurship as a factor of production, let us dwell on one more aspect of this problem - the economic content of entrepreneurial activity.

1.2 The essence and functions of entrepreneurship as a method of managing in a market economy.

World experience and practice convince that an important element of a market economy is the existence and interaction of large, medium and small enterprises

The special significance of entrepreneurship in the period of transition to market relations is manifested in the restructuring of the economy, the acceleration of the scientific and technological process, the formation of a new social stratum. Entrepreneurship development creates the prerequisites for accelerated economic growth, contributes to the diversification and saturation of local markets, while at the same time making it possible to compensate for the costs of a market economy, which include unemployment, market fluctuations in production, and other crisis phenomena.

Entrepreneurship contains great potential for optimizing the development of the economy and society as a whole. A characteristic feature of the enterprise is the high intensity of the use of all types of resources and the constant desire to optimize their quantity, to ensure their most rational proportions for given conditions. In practice, this means that the enterprise can not have excess equipment, excess stocks of raw materials and materials, unnecessary employees. This circumstance is one of the most important factors in achieving rational indicators of the economy as a whole.

Thus, the role of entrepreneurship in the overall economy of the country can hardly be overestimated, and its impact on various aspects of social reproduction is significant and beyond doubt.

The market economy, despite its many positive features, is not capable of automatically regulating all economic and social processes in the interests of the whole society and every citizen. It does not ensure a socially equitable distribution of income, does not guarantee the right to work socially, does not aim at protecting the environment, and does not support the vulnerable sections of the population.

An entrepreneur is not interested in investing in such industries and such projects that do not bring a sufficiently high profit, but for society and the state they are simply vital. The market economy does not solve many other actual problems. And the state should take care of all this.

The prerogative of the state is to ensure a reliable law and order in the country, national security, and this, in turn, is the basis for the development of entrepreneurship and the economy.

Thus, entrepreneurship in any country cannot develop normally if the state has not provided the appropriate conditions for this. The state always regulates the modern economy. At the same time, the organizational and legal impact is aimed at stimulating private initiative and helping economic entities by creating the necessary conditions for their successful functioning.

To stabilize market relations and overcome the economic crisis, the state is entrusted with the following main functions:

1. Creation of a legal framework. The state develops and adopts laws that define property rights, regulate business activities, ensure product quality, and so on. With the help of the legal framework, the state provides legitimate "rules of the game" that regulate relations between business entities.

2. Ensuring proper law and order in the country and national security. The state must ensure the rights and security of every citizen, society as a whole and all business entities. If the state does not properly perform this function, then the country creates conditions for the development of a criminal situation: criminality, mafia, corruption, bribery and other negative phenomena, which adversely affects business and the country's economy as a whole.

3. Stabilization of the economy, i.e. sustainable development economy, when the main macroeconomic indicators are achieved and maintained at an optimal level: the volume of the gross national product, national income, inflation and unemployment, budget deficit, etc.

To ensure the stabilization of the economy, the state is obliged to use all the levers and methods at its disposal through the implementation of an appropriate fiscal, financial, credit, scientific, technical and investment policy.

If the state does not seek to stabilize the economy, then this can most significantly and negatively affect entrepreneurial activity, the country's economy as a whole, the social situation and other processes.

4. Security social protection and social security. The state is obliged to pursue an active social policy, the essence of which is the guaranteed provision of all workers with a minimum wage, old-age and disability pensions, unemployment benefits; in providing various kinds helping the poor; in the implementation of indexation of fixed income due to inflation, etc. By pursuing this policy, the state thereby ensures a minimum subsistence level for all citizens of its country and does not allow social tension in society.

5. Protection of competition. In a market economy, competition is one of the main regulatory instruments. Competition is the basis of progress in all spheres of the economy, it forces producers of goods and services to introduce everything new and advanced, improve product quality and reduce production costs. Therefore, one of the functions of the state is the protection of competition.

The legislation of most countries of the world defines the essence of entrepreneurial activity: an independent activity carried out at one's own risk, aimed at systematically making a profit from the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services by persons duly registered in this capacity.

On this basis, several characteristic features and characteristics of entrepreneurial activity can be distinguished:

Independent activity of capable citizens and their associations;

Initiative activity aimed at the realization of one's abilities and satisfaction of the needs of other persons and society;

The activity is risky;

A process aimed at extracting profit in a legal way;

Activities carried out by persons (individuals or legal entities) registered as individual entrepreneurs or legal entities, that is, these are activities carried out in accordance with legal acts.

The main goal of entrepreneurial activity is to make a profit representing the difference between the price that the buyer pays for the relevant goods (services) and the costs of meeting the demand, that is, the excess of revenue from the sale of goods (services) over the costs of their production. The entrepreneur seeks to obtain the greatest profit as a result of the maximum satisfaction of certain social needs. “In case of success in their activities, an entrepreneur receives entrepreneurial profit, in case of failure, he incurs losses, therefore, knowledge, experience, and the ability to take reasonable risks are very important for any company and enterprise.” But an enterprise can make a profit only if it produces products or services that are sold, that is, satisfy social needs. The subordination of these two goals - satisfaction of needs and making a profit - is as follows: you cannot make a profit without studying the needs and without starting to produce the product that satisfies the needs.

It is necessary to produce a product that will satisfy needs and, moreover, at a price that would satisfy solvent needs. And an acceptable price is possible only if the enterprise maintains a certain level of costs, when all the costs of consumed resources are less than the revenue received. In this sense, profit is the immediate goal of the functioning of the enterprise and, at the same time, the result of its activities. If the enterprise does not fit into the framework of such behavior and does not receive profit from its production activities, then it is forced to leave economic sphere, declare yourself bankrupt either voluntarily or at the request of creditors.

Business Functions

General economic function, which is objectively determined by the role of business organizations and individual entrepreneurs as market participants. Entrepreneurial activity is aimed at the production of goods (performance of work, provision of services) and bringing them to specific consumers, which predetermines its general economic function.

resource function. Entrepreneurship involves the efficient use of both reproducible and limited resources. These are labor resources, land, natural resources, means of production, scientific achievements.

Creative search function. it innovative function associated not only with the use of new ideas in the process of entrepreneurial activity, but also with the development of new means and factors to achieve goals.

social function. It manifests itself in the ability of every capable citizen to be the owner of the business. The more efficiently business organizations function, the more significant the receipt of their funds to the budgets of various levels and to state non-budgetary funds, at the same time, this function ensures an increase in the number of jobs, a reduction in unemployment, an increase in the level of social status hired workers.

organizational function. It manifests itself in the adoption by entrepreneurs of an independent decision on the organization of their own business, in the formation of entrepreneurial management. The organizational function is especially clearly manifested in the rapid development of small and medium-sized businesses.

Types of entrepreneurial activity

Taking into account the direction of entrepreneurial activity, the object of capital investment and obtaining specific results, the following types of entrepreneurial activity are distinguished:

1. Industrial entrepreneurship. This is the process of production of specific goods, the implementation of work, the provision of services for their sale (sale) to consumers (buyers). Manufacturing business can be industrial, construction, agricultural, etc.

2. Commercial business. This is an activity at the commodity stage of capital turnover, which covers the exchange, distribution and consumption of products (services). The decisive role here is played by commodity-money and trade-exchange operations and transactions for the purchase and sale of goods.

3. Financial entrepreneurship. This is the activity of entrepreneurs at the monetary stage of capital turnover, when the object of transactions are specific types of goods - cash and non-cash money, currency, securities.

4. Consulting business. The essence of this type of entrepreneurship lies in the fact that certain persons - consultants who are qualified specialists in any field, give advice and recommendations to other entrepreneurs or citizens on their competence on a paid basis.

Thus, entrepreneurship is new type management based on innovative behavior owners of the enterprise, on the ability to find and use ideas, to translate them into specific entrepreneurial projects. This is usually a risky business, but one who does not take risks cannot succeed in the end. An entrepreneur, before deciding to create his own business, must make careful calculations, study the intended market and competitors well, while not neglecting his own intuition.

2. Entrepreneurial activity in foreign countries.

2.1 Features of entrepreneurship in countries with a classical market economy (on the example of the economy of the USA, Germany and France).

Entrepreneurship in the USA.

It began to develop rapidly since the Great Depression, due to which the level of its development is constantly growing. Many of the programs currently being developed in many countries have been introduced in the United States since 1932. At that time, the government provided subsidies to small businesses that suffered losses as a result of the war. Thanks to the functioning of small enterprises, jobs were created, which confirmed the social significance of entrepreneurship.

In the US, entrepreneurship has always played an important role in the development of the economy and has received significant government support. The experience of the United States in the development of entrepreneurship is of great importance, since the entrepreneurship support programs developed by the Government of the country have proven their correctness and ways are provided for their implementation.

It was entrepreneurs who turned the US economy into an economy with a pronounced post-industrialism. Most of the US GDP (79.4% in 2004) is created in the service sector, which primarily includes education, healthcare, science, finance, trade, various professional and personal services, transportation and communications, service public institutions. The share of material production (agriculture, forestry and fishing industry, mining and manufacturing industry, construction), thus, remains 20.6% of GDP. About 0.9% of GDP is created in agriculture, and industry provides less than 20% of GDP.

Among the developed countries of the world, the United States has practically no competitors in terms of its industrial development. In terms of the share of the service sector in the structure of GDP production, the United States overtook the Netherlands and Israel, which, due to certain competitive advantages, specialize in services, second only to Hong Kong (the share of the service sector is 86%). However, Hong Kong is not an independent state, remaining only a special economic region of China, where the share of the service sector is less than 40%.

The general pattern of the ongoing sectoral shifts is a noticeable decrease in the share of raw materials industries and agriculture in the economy. Among the branches of the material sphere, industry remains the most important; as before, it ensures a high level of technical development in other spheres of the economy. It is in it that today, first of all, the latest achievements of scientific and technical progress are accumulated. The United States has one of the most highly efficient farms in the world. A distinctive feature of their economy is the focus on scientific and technical progress and advanced technology. It is a leader in the implementation of the results of scientific and technical progress in production, in the export of licenses for its discoveries, inventions and latest developments. All this often leads to the dependence of other countries on the United States in the field of science and technology.

Entrepreneurship in Germany.

Small business in Germany is one of the most important sectors of the economy. The government provides support for small businesses, both financial and technological. There are specially designed programs for the development of small business in the field of science.

The German government provides incentives for obtaining a loan for the development of small businesses for the following objects:

Entrepreneurs of small and medium-sized businesses engaged in the field of scientific development;

Enterprises developing projects to preserve and improve environmental conditions and take care of the environmental situation in the country;

Small enterprises that are involved in improving the development of underdeveloped regions of the country from an economic point of view;

Entrepreneurs who are engaged in the field of construction and housing solutions;

Small enterprises developing projects in the field of improving production conditions.

The German economy is organized according to the principle of a social market economy, characterized by a combination of social balance and market freedom. This economic model involves a largely free action of market forces, however, the main emphasis is on social security. The concept of a social market economy was first developed and implemented by Ludwig Erhard and Alfred Müller-Armack in 1947-1949 in order to rebuild Germany after the war.

This model represents a compromise between economic growth and an equal distribution of wealth. The entrepreneurial activity of the state, which ensures an even distribution of social benefits in society, is placed at the center of the system. The social partnership between trade unions and employers ensures a sufficiently strong social peace. Reforms in social insurance systems and structural reforms in the labor market are aimed at reducing incidental labor costs and stimulating economic growth.

Recently, Germany has been experiencing certain difficulties in implementing the model of social market economy. The high level of social guarantees has led to the fact that 40% of the net profit of German companies goes to wages and contributions to social funds. Out of 100 euros of net wages, on average, 81 euros are contributed by employers to social funds. To maintain social benefits at the proper level, a powerful fiscal pressure is used on the population and companies.

The second feature of the economic development of Germany is the so-called "Rhine capitalism", characterized by a significant role of banks in the country's economy. Banks are large shareholders in industrial and service companies in Germany, so they actively intervene in the business decision-making process. Thus, the positions of banks in the German economy, taking into account their real impact on business, turn out to be stronger than in other countries of the world.

Also, the German economy is characterized by a high degree of industrialization. Compared with many developed countries of the world, here a very large share in the production of GDP is industry - the main area of specialization of Germany in the world economy.

In Germany, due to historical reasons, there is an uneven economic development within the country. Integration and modernization of the economy of the East of Germany remains a problem that requires time and large financial costs. The federal government contributes about $100 billion annually here.

Entrepreneurship in France.

A traditional feature of French economic policy is a large share of the public sector, especially in strategically important areas - the oil and gas industry, transport. There is planning, but it is not normative, but indicative (targeted indicators are not normative for private enterprises). The share of foreign capital in the economy is large (industry up to 40%, real estate about 27.5%, trade - 20%, services - 9%). More than 20% of workers work at enterprises with foreign capital. The share of foreign capital in informatics and other branches of advanced technologies is especially high (over 50%).

A significant part of GDP comes from industrial production - 20%, it provides more than 30% of jobs, 40% of investments, 80% of exports. France has significant reserves of minerals: iron and uranium ores, bauxites, potash salts, etc. This creates a base for mining and heavy industry. In terms of the level of development of non-ferrous metallurgy, the country occupies a leading position in world rankings, in terms of steel production it is in third place in Western Europe. Main industries: mechanical engineering (2.6% of world production), chemical (fourth place in world exports), aerospace (France plays a leading role in the European Space Agency), automotive (tenth place in the world in car production), food (in terms of exports) in second place in the world after the USA), electronics, computer science, shipbuilding, electrical engineering. A relatively insignificant role in the overall volume of the economy, but important for the prestige of the country, is played by the production and sale of luxury goods. One of the most advanced countries in the development of nuclear energy: over 75% of energy is obtained from nuclear power plants.

Agriculture is the industry most protected by the state, although its basis is private land ownership. The decisive share of production is provided by large farms (with an allotment of 20-100 hectares), but small and medium-sized ones predominate numerically. In terms of production, France ranks first in Western Europe and third in the world after the United States and Canada. It is the largest European producer of wheat, butter, beef, cheese (more than 400 varieties). More than 50% of the production comes from animal husbandry (cattle breeding). The share of wines in exports is traditionally high. French farmers are the main opponents of the introduction of genetically modified products in Europe, as French products are traditionally highly valued for their quality.

France has the most developed railway network in Europe. Since 1981, most cities have been interconnected by a network of high-speed highways, the same branch was laid in a tunnel under the English Channel. The degree of social protection of the population is one of the highest in the world. Approximately 30% of GDP is spent on social needs. In 1998-2008 the 35-hour work week was officially established (the shortest in Europe), but in 2008 it was canceled, now the employer has the right to conclude individual agreements with trade unions and determine the number of working hours and overtime.

In 2007, trade with Russia amounted to 16.7 billion euros according to French statistics, and $16.4 billion according to Russian statistics.

2.2 The role of entrepreneurship in the economy of developing countries (for example, the economy of African countries).

The development of business relations in most of the former colonial countries of Africa was significantly influenced by such factors as the policy of the former metropolises, the scale of production of export raw materials, traditional interethnic and religious relations, etc. It should be noted that in the interests of the metropolitan bourgeoisie, the colonial authorities tried to prevent the formation of a national private sector, and above all, in industry. In sub-Saharan Africa, only in a few countries (Nigeria, Ghana, Tanzania, Côte d'Ivoire) did the national private sector develop in the prewar years.

African entrepreneurs do not have the features inherent in the bourgeoisie of the period of the formation of capitalism in Europe. There are very few economically and technically competent businessmen. Funds accumulated within the national private sector, for a variety of reasons, are often not used in line with pressing development needs. This is primarily because the activities of local capital in most cases are limited to the most profitable areas (trade, usury, construction of houses, etc.), which in modern conditions are not of primary importance for the development of the economy.

The structure of local private capital is very multifaceted and diverse, which corresponds to the forms of entrepreneurship presented in Africa - from pre-capitalist to mature capitalist ones. In most sub-African countries, local private enterprise in industry is in its infancy. At the same time, in a number of countries on the continent, as a result of the concentration and centralization of local private capital, industrial magnates appeared, surrounded by thousands of small entrepreneurs. Strengthening the positions of large industrialists is facilitated by the course of national governments to create a mixed sector with the participation of state, local and foreign private capital. The real owners are large firms controlled by foreign investors, who concentrate in their hands, in addition to capital, technology, patents, market and banking ties.

The vast majority of small entrepreneurs operate in the informal sector, which includes enterprises employing no more than 10 people. With a shortage of capital and a surplus of labor in Africa, small-scale enterprises are able to increase employment and output at relatively low cost. This determines the great socio-economic significance of small business, which is rapidly developing within the national private sector of the economy.

For Africa, the path of a wide overflow into industry of capital accumulated in trade and agriculture. Even a major local industrial capital remains closely associated with commercial capital, not only as the historical form that preceded it, but also as the form most adapted to African conditions. This indicates the specifics of the developing national sector. Merchants are its most prosperous representatives, and they are mainly associated with internal trade. In sub-Saharan Africa, the geography of African trade is limited mainly to rural areas and small towns, in North Africa private trade gravitates towards large cities. With the encouragement of local trade by national governments, the process of concentration of trade operations in the hands of large entrepreneurs accelerated, which began in individual countries (Nigeria, Ghana) as early as the colonial period. Significant success has been achieved by local entrepreneurs in the field of procurement of agricultural raw materials. Nevertheless, despite certain achievements of national private capital in the sphere of circulation, retail trade remains its main area of activity, and a small trader is a typical representative. In the sphere of circulation, as in no other area of business, there is a discrepancy between the large number of Africans employed here and the insignificant share of the turnover of their trade in the total turnover of the country.

Creating a privileged regime for representatives of national entrepreneurship in African countries is impossible without regulating and restricting the activities of foreign capital. Among the government measures designed to implement such regulation, one should single out the “Africanization” of business, which is expressed in the prohibition of the activity of foreign capital in certain sectors of the economy and fixing the quantitative ratio between national and foreign investment in certain sectors. Legislative definition of means, methods and mechanisms of "nigerization", "kenization", "ivuarization", etc. has its own characteristics, but this policy is always aimed at replacing foreign capital with local and involving local politicians and businessmen in the activities of transnational companies.

For example, in Nigeria, 65 percent of the population is employed in agriculture, but the oil industry is the backbone of the Nigerian economy. Oil provides 90 percent of the country's export earnings (in 2002, this amounted to about $8 billion a year). Nigeria is Africa's first and the world's eighth oil exporter. Nigeria produces 2.1 million barrels of oil daily. Oil development is carried out by the Nigerian National Oil Company (75% of oil revenues), as well as by Royal Dutch Shell. Coal is also mined, which at the beginning was the main export product, tin and columbite. The main branches of the manufacturing industry are food and oil refining.

Many countries resorted to "Africanization" of business. This method of economic regulation was most successfully implemented in Nigeria, where back in 1972, in accordance with the Decree "On the Promotion of the Development of Nigerian Enterprise", 22 types of commercial and industrial activities were reserved exclusively for Nigerians, and in 33 other types of activities, the share of Nigerian participation should was to be at least 40%.

Direct government assistance to local entrepreneurs is provided in various forms: provision of short-term and long-term loans (including on favorable terms), distribution of foreign exchange, various training programs in technology, finance, marketing and management, partial exemption from taxes and customs duties.

Specific types state assistance to local entrepreneurs alternate and intertwine, constantly replenished with new incentive measures (in particular, this may be the provision of credit funds to local entrepreneurs who import the equipment necessary for the development of local industry, or the reduction of customs duties and fees for industries supplying products for export ).

For local businesses that are in dire need of funds, the credit policy of the state is of great importance, aimed at redistributing part of the funds available in the country in the interests of local businesses. The reluctance of commercial banks to lend to local entrepreneurs is forcing national governments to establish, with the financial assistance of central banks, various assistance funds that provide loans to small and medium-sized entrepreneurs. In order to alleviate the situation of such enterprises, the government obliges national banks and other financial institutions to provide them with loans, in some cases targeted (the development of handicraft production, the purchase of foreign trade enterprises etc.).

In a number of countries, national development corporations act as conductors of state policy to support African entrepreneurship. In Kenya, for example.

Agriculture in Kenya employs three quarters of the population, it provides 24% of GDP. Most of the country's territory is unsuitable for agriculture. The share of the mining industry in Kenya's GDP is small. Soda, table salt and gold are mined. The development of the manufacturing industry here began even under the colonial regime - earlier than in other countries. The main branches of the manufacturing industry are light, food, textile, chemical, and automobile assembly. The main industrial centers of the country are Nairobi and Mombasa.

Tourism is developed. It provides a significant part of the country's foreign exchange earnings. Tourists are attracted by the climate, animal world and sandy beaches. After the terrorist attack on the US Embassy in August 1998, the number of tourists decreased.

The Trade and Industry Development Corporation attracts foreign and local funds to provide them to citizens for the purchase of enterprises from foreigners, the creation of new enterprises and shops. She also takes part in the financing of facilities, which are then transferred to local businessmen.

The special role of small-scale production in the economic development of African countries led to the interest of the authorities in small business and the transition in the 70s from its sporadic regulation to the development and implementation of programs that include targeted lending, assistance in vocational training, organization of production and marketing of products, etc. d. For example, in Kenya, in one of the associations of small entrepreneurs, all applicants for a loan are required to attend a three-day business course before obtaining a loan; six months later, the owner of the enterprise must master a five-day course on marketing, reporting, pricing.

Seminars for entrepreneurs representing a certain industry (owners of bakeries, sewing workshops, woodworking workshops, etc.) are considered an effective form of training in technical and managerial skills. Similar training centers, sometimes funded by the International Labor Organization, operate in Ghana, Uganda, Malawi and other countries. In the interests of a small entrepreneur, organizations such as the National Center for Assistance to Small Entrepreneurs in Cameroon, the Directorate of Small Industry and Crafts in Sierra Leone, etc.

For example, Ghana's agriculture employs 60% of the able-bodied population, it gives 37.3% of GDP. Industry employs 15% of the able-bodied population, it provides 25.3% of GDP. The manufacturing industry is represented mainly by light and food industry.

Experience shows, however, that the economic insolvency of small entrepreneurs often does not allow them to use the services of the system of credit guarantees created by the state, this is also hampered by the inflated amounts of the initial minimum loans. With regard to government measures to liberalize the tax regime, the majority of African entrepreneurs, having low incomes, do not fall into the sphere of direct taxation and, therefore, cannot benefit from these benefits.

Legal acts adopted in recent years have significantly expanded business opportunities for foreign private entrepreneurs, which inevitably entails a decrease in the effectiveness of the state function of protecting the interests of national private capital. Obviously, under these conditions, the state should expand support for local businesses (the experience of recent years shows that such attempts are being made). It should be noted that in the course of the implementation of the structural adjustment program, new methods of state regulation appear, reflecting the expansion of mixed forms of entrepreneurship. In relations between the state, local business and foreign capital, the role of the latter as a factor determining the functioning of local private capital is growing. There is no contradiction in this phenomenon, since it only reflects different aspects of the process of formation of the national private sector. On the one hand, the state seeks to support and stimulate its growth, on the other hand, the development of this sector is directly related to the integration of the backward national economy into the system of the world capitalist economy.

3. Features of the formation of entrepreneurial activity in the Russian economy.

3.1 Assessment of the role of entrepreneurship in the development of the Russian economy.

One of the main reasons for the crisis of the Soviet economy, along with the exhaustion of extensive reserves of its growth and the hypertrophy of the military-industrial complex, is the deformation of the main productive force - the working people - due to their alienation from property and economic responsibility, power and information. The administrative-command system is characterized by centralization of the main part of the surplus product, minimization of personal incomes of the bulk of citizens, strict regulation of economic behavior, centralized planning of the nomenclature, production volume and prices, payment according to costs, not labor results. Outside of extreme periods associated with war and natural disasters, such a system disaccustoms workers from initiative and readiness for risk, independent preparation and making economic decisions, lethal comparison of their options, and forecasting the consequences of their actions.

main feature market economy does not consist in the use of commodity-money relations (it took place within the framework of the previous system), not in the rejection of planning (marketing only changes the nature of its subjects, object and methods), not in a departure from social production (its most effective form is informatization, and not stateization of property), but in changing the forms of communication between production and consumption, the transition from vertical, centrally controlled to horizontal, direct relations between producers and consumers with the participation of intermediaries representing their interests, associations of owners, entrepreneurs, employees, consumers, environmentalists , national culture, etc.

The main difficulty in the transition to a market economy is associated with the restructuring of economic thinking in the behavior of people, the development of their economic freedom, initiative, and responsibility on the basis of entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurship is the activity of independent economic entities (individuals or legal entities) that assume the financial risk of using property, developing, producing and selling goods, performing work, and providing services in order to make a profit, registered in the prescribed manner.

This definition distinguishes business entities (the owner or title owner of the property who received it for economic management, trust (trust), or operational management); its object (investment, research and development of innovations, production, sale of goods, commercial, information and other services); goal (profit); and principles of organizational activity (presence of separate property, liability, registration with authorities).

Legislative foundations of entrepreneurial activity established Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Its second part, which entered into force on March 1, 1996, establishes a mechanism for protecting the economic rights of entrepreneurs, forms of contracts, liability standards for partners under them (mandatory law), rules for leasing and trust management of any property (without subsequent transfer to ownership ), guarantees for the return of bank deposits through their compulsory insurance etc.

Similar legal acts based on the model code approved by the CIS Interparliamentary Assembly are adopted in other countries of the near abroad. It can be considered that this completes the initial stage of the development of entrepreneurship in modern Russia (1987-1995) and begins its civilized period.

In a few years, Russia has traveled the path that it took Western countries many decades to reach.

3.2 Problems of entrepreneurship in the modern Russian economy and ways to solve them.

In modern Russia, steps have been taken towards democratic reforms and the formation of market relations. It can be said that millions of Russian citizens are engaged in entrepreneurial activities that produce a tangible economic and social effect. However, if we consider the potential of our society, then the share of the business sector in strengthening the market economy is still clearly insufficient. Thus, for every 1,000 Russians, on average, there are only SEs, while in the member countries of the European Union there are at least 30.

The development of entrepreneurship in the regions of the Russian Federation faces numerous problems, which are mostly typical:

1. Lack of effective financial and credit mechanisms and material and resource support for the development of small business.

1. Spaces in current legislation especially the tax one.

3. Lack of resources, primarily financial.

4. Difficulty in accessing business information - information about the product, competitor, etc.

5. Issues related to the protection of the rights of workers employed in small businesses remain unresolved

6. Lack of a positive image of a domestic entrepreneur.

7. Instability of the economic situation in the country.

8. Bad faith of big business.

9. Access to credit resources and high lending rate (22%).

10. Legal illiteracy of entrepreneurs themselves.

11. Lack of explicit development of production.

12. High level of the unified social tax (26%).

13. Insufficiency human resources.

14. Long paperwork, especially for land.

First of all, these are the problems of a wide “shadow” sector of business activity, the complexity and intricacy of regional legislation, high administrative barriers that prevent the emergence of new firms, insufficient tax revenues from small enterprises to regional and local budgets.

Entrepreneurs also note the problem of too high tax rates, the complexity and complexity of the tax system, the complexity and imperfection of the legislation that registers an enterprise that regulates their activities, for example, product certification, licensing, etc. Obstacles to entrepreneurship are called "administrative barriers".

Causes of problems

The revival of entrepreneurial activity in Russia is associated with a number of difficulties and contradictions.

First, the legal framework for entrepreneurship is being slowly and often unsystematically formed. Business in Russia originates and develops in conditions of property confusion and inevitably high tax rates, depriving firms of a significant part of the final result of their activities.

Secondly, the freedom of economic activity, contracts and associations is opposed by the monopoly organization of the economy, which cannot be abolished only by a strong-willed decision, since the economic structures of Russia were created for decades as monopolies.

Thirdly, the commodity-money exchange in Russia is greatly hampered by the imperfection of financial and credit relations, as well as high inflation rates.

The crisis in Russia, like an iceberg for a ship in the ocean, turned out to be uncalculated. The change of governments one after another only confirmed their failure in the struggle for the sustainable development of the country's economy. The main signs of this were the political crisis state system in the pre-perestroika period. Prolonged suppression of the initiative in all sectors of society has led to a complete rejection of it in all respects.

The entrepreneurial spirit must permeate, first of all, the entire organizational and economic system of the regions and all its economic entities. To do this, all heads of regional administrations must learn entrepreneurship.

Small and medium business.

During 2004-2007, the share of small enterprises in Russia's GDP increased from 12.5% to 13.4%. As of January 1, 2009, the contribution of products produced by small enterprises to the total volume of Russia's GDP was 21%, which is 4% more compared to the data as of January 1, 2008.

As of 2007, the number of small enterprises in Russia was 1.14 million, which is 29% more than in 2000. As of January 1, 2009, there were 1.37 million small businesses operating in Russia, which is 20% more than as of January 1, 2008.

In 2009, the number of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia increased by 143.6 thousand.

As of January 1, 2009, the average total number of employees employed by small enterprises in Russia was 11.4 million people, which is 12% more than as of January 1, 2008.

In 2008, the volume of state support for small businesses in Russia amounted to 3.5 billion rubles, in 2009 - almost 50 billion rubles.

The main objective of Russia's economic policy is to support innovative business activities.

In 2007 the share industrial enterprises in Russia, carrying out innovations, was 13%.

In 2008, there were 3,414 innovative organizations operating in Russia. From 2006 to 2008 their number increased by 3.9%.

In 2008, the volume of innovative goods, works and services in Russia amounted to 1.103 trillion rubles.

The cost of technological innovation in Russia in 2008 amounted to 307 billion rubles, in 2009 - 399 billion rubles.

At the beginning of 2011, the American publication Fast Company, which specializes in innovation, ranked the top 10 innovative companies in Russia. The rating included Yandex IT company, manufacturers software Kaspersky Lab and ABBYY, a company in the field of nanotechnology "Rosnano", state corporation nuclear energy company Rosatom, chip company M2M Telematics, ultra-bright LED manufacturer Optogan, integrated circuit company Mikron, gas turbine engine company NPO Saturn, and oil company Lukoil.

In our country, the role of business is constantly and steadily increasing. Entrepreneurship is designed to solve such important problems in today's economy as:

Significantly and without significant capital investment, expand the production of many consumer goods and services using local sources of raw materials.

To create conditions for the employment of the labor force released at large enterprises.

speed up scientific and technical progress.

Make a positive alternative criminal business and many others.

In its activities, small businesses are faced with a very large number of problems that hinder its development. Realizing the importance of the role played by small business in the Russian economy in this period of time, the authorities cannot but support entrepreneurs.

Obviously, the comprehensive support of production and manufacturing enterprises is the most important task of local authorities. The state and local authorities are obliged, to the best of their ability, to pursue a paternalistic (protective) policy towards manufacturing enterprises, in every possible way contributing to their emergence and development in the city and region.

The types and forms of support for manufacturing enterprises include:

A) organizational assistance in the speedy and effective resolution of all issues raised by manufacturing enterprises in power structures, the creation of equal and fair conditions for their competition for the use of state (municipal) resources.

B) Economic support for manufacturing enterprises, which includes:

Support for existing industries. In relation to them, the following forms of support can be used.

1. Tax exemptions (also exemptions on fees and payments), an exceptional form of support that can be provided if the specified amount is used to finance specific socially significant objects (programs) recognized as such by the authorities.

2. Tax incentives. At the same time, discounts should be established for such taxes as VAT, income tax, property tax, tax on the maintenance of housing stock. The established discount should be offset by a) an increase in income tax revenue (based on a clear financial calculation) or b) a corresponding reduction in system costs social support unemployed.

3. A tax credit should be provided to enterprises classified as "promising" and "medium promising". The purpose of the tax credit is to purchase new equipment, expand production, launch new production. The provision of a tax credit should be accompanied by convincing calculations for the planned expansion of the taxable base.

Newly created production enterprises should be exempted from paying taxes (on profit, VAT, on property) for a period of two years. In this case, there must be a system of restrictions.

If an enterprise is created on a production base and with the participation of an old production enterprise as a co-founder, then:

The old enterprise cannot fully become part of the new one (for example, simply by re-registering).

The production capacities transferred to the new enterprise cannot exceed a third of the production capacities of the old enterprise.

On the basis of one old enterprise, no more than two new ones using the granted exemption can be created.

New manufacturing enterprise In order to be able to use the granted exemption, it must either acquire ownership of a plot of land on which it is proposed to build production, or own production facilities (in particular, buildings, structures) where production is supposed to be launched.

Conclusion.

In conclusion of the work done, one should once again note the importance and relevance of entrepreneurship in the economy of any country, including Russia. The dynamism, development and diversification of business forms suggest that this sector of business in advanced economies will continue to develop in the foreseeable future.

I would like to hope that in the near future Russia, taking into account the extensive foreign experience, will follow the path of adapting business enterprises to the current economic conditions in the country. Moreover, having deep roots in economic history Russian small and medium business is not used to the full, both in increasing production volumes and in improving its efficiency and balance. Entrepreneurship leads to the improvement of the economy as a whole. Consequently, the best way out of the crisis situation in Russia would be the state policy of the government, aimed at expanding and developing enterprises.

There is no doubt that the business sector is promising in the modern economy, and great interest in it should not be regarded only as another company in the system of anti-crisis measures, but also as a long-term direction of structural policy that ensures an organic linkage of reproduction and market processes in the Russian economy, the implementation of a modern strategy of economic growth in long-term transition. For, it is enterprises, especially in the case of a satisfactory development of a new state policy in the field of business, that can become the basis of market structures in many industries, ensure the overflow of investments into areas of the most efficient application of resources, and thereby combine the processes of structural policy and the formation all-Russian market.

However, all this is possible only after the elimination of a number of reasons leading to a slowdown in the development of entrepreneurship.

The tax system and tax policy in Russia are a brake on business development at all stages of the life cycle of business entities. Despite the fact that the country has a system of state support for business entities, very few funds are allocated from the state and local budgets for these purposes. The work of the created infrastructure to support business remains only on paper.

The use of a simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting for business entities also cannot solve the problem of economic incentives for entrepreneurship, since the system itself requires changes.

The legal framework for taxation, accounting and reporting should be built in such a way as not to force enterprises en masse to violate the law. In this case, the applied repressive sanctions will be an order of magnitude more justified and effective.

Thus, we can say that entrepreneurship is developing not thanks to, but “in spite of” the concerns of the state, because entrepreneurship makes a significant contribution to the formation of GDP and the revenue side of budgets at all levels, in solving such problems as employment, accelerating scientific and technical progress, becoming so necessary in Russia "middle" class.

A radical change in the situation for the better is possible only with a consistent reduction in the level of taxation, strengthening of the control functions of the state, while providing law enforcement agencies with sufficient guarantees for the safety of doing business. Increasing the number of conscientious taxpayers will bring significant financial flows, which will eventually increase tax revenues from business entities.

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The development of small business is one of the most accurate indicators of the economic and social health of the state.

Small and medium-sized businesses carry a significant semantic load. Small and medium-sized enterprises play a significant role in employment, the production of certain goods, research and development. They create the environment and spirit of entrepreneurship, without which a market economy is impossible, provide the necessary mobility in market conditions, create deep specialization and cooperation, without which its high efficiency is unthinkable. They are able to quickly fill the niches that are formed in the consumer sector, pay off relatively quickly and create an atmosphere of competition Anders Åslund. Conditions for the development of small business // Man and labor. - 2005. - No. 12. S. 17.

So, small and medium business provides:

1. Creation of new jobs, ensuring employment of the able-bodied population and, as a result, reducing the number of people in need of social assistance.

This role seems significant for Russia given the instability of the labor market, the presence of a significant number of unemployed and other similar social problems.

However, the role of entrepreneurship in creating new jobs in Russian conditions has its own characteristics.

The vast majority of small enterprises in Russia have the form of a microfirm, where the number of employees is up to nine people, while less than a quarter of such enterprises remain afloat five years after they were created, while the rest close and lay off workers. And surviving and successfully developing firms in most cases choose a labor-saving development option, and the volume of labor employed by them does not grow or almost does not grow (with the exception of a few cases when enterprises move to another "weight category"). Thus, the dynamism of small business is associated with the reproduction of high social risks for the workers employed in it.

Their weak social protection is an important motive for a sober, euphoria-free assessment of the potential of small business in creating additional jobs. This is also one of the arguments in favor of the thesis shared by all serious economists, according to which the stimulation of small business in no way cancels the need for the rise of a large industry - especially since the massive transition of the workforce from it to small business requires serious shifts in the professional and qualification composition. employed, and shifts, often negative, associated with many moral and psychological problems.

In general, the impact of employment in small enterprises on overall employment in the country and in its regions is ambiguous. In addition to the above, this is due to the modest size of the small business sector, an increase in employment, in which so far it cannot significantly affect the size of overall employment.

Thus, as of January 1, 2005, according to the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, there were more than 900,000 small enterprises operating in Russia, employing more than 8 million people.

The number of jobs replaced at small enterprises in 2005 amounted to 7,436 thousand, of which 6,484 thousand, or almost 13% of the total average number of employees (also no named categories). Taking into account self-employed persons and employees from individuals, the total number of people employed in the "small sector" of the economy should be considered equal to 14 million people, and their share in the total volume of the economically active population - about 20%.

Nevertheless, the current scale of small business development in Russia is usually considered very modest in comparison with countries with a developed market economy, where the share of entrepreneurs can exceed 50%, and the share of small businesses in the number of all economic entities is 90% Gnetov M. In our city, new jobs are provided only by small businesses // Man and labor. - 2004. - No. 6. S. 32 ..

At the same time, another part of the small business sector, individual entrepreneurship, is developing extensively. Number of entrepreneurs without education legal entity in the post-default period is constantly growing, in connection with which it is precisely in this line that small businesses generate a significant, if not the main part of additional jobs.

Further, small business entails the spread of secondary employment, and one should keep in mind the practice of informal payments for certain services. According to official statistics, small enterprises account for over 40% of the total number of external part-time workers and about a third of the total number of employees under civil law contracts (taking into account those employed by individual entrepreneurs, this share is even higher). In general, the spread of secondary forms of employment is more characteristic of the service sector (with the exception of trade and public catering). The share of secondary employment is especially high at the enterprises of the financial and credit sphere and the socio-cultural complex. From these positions, one should, I think, analyze the social role of small business in the regions.

2. Ensuring social stability and reducing poverty.

The issue of social stability is always relevant with the growth of social tension in society. In Russia, a particular danger was caused by the period of formation of market relations, starting from the 90s.

At this time, there was the most noticeable quantitative growth of small business. Thus, the number of small enterprises in 1991-1993. increased from 268 thousand to 865 thousand, average headcount employed - from 5.4 million to 8.6 million people; the ratio of production at small enterprises to Russia's GDP increased from 11.3% to 15.5%.

Thus, the development of entrepreneurship in Russia in the early 1990s contributed to the growth of cash receipts to the budget, some dissipation of unemployment, and so on.

3. The opportunity for energetic and enterprising people to open their own business in industrial, scientific and other activities, realizing their abilities in it.

Thus, the most characteristic feature that distinguishes Russian entrepreneurs from Western businessmen is their level of education.

According to various surveys, the proportion of people with higher education among entrepreneurs exceeds 80%. Among large entrepreneurs, the proportion of people with a Ph.D. is almost 38%, with a second higher education - 6.5%. surveys. If we compare these data with the level of education of entrepreneurs in other countries, it turns out that the Russian entrepreneur is the most intelligent entrepreneur in the world.

Now in Russia the prevailing opinion is that the main qualities of an entrepreneur are initiative, resourcefulness, energy and good organizational skills.

Professionalism has now receded into the background. In our opinion, this is wrong, because further development Entrepreneurship in Russia is possible only if there are highly educated and professional people. Only a professional can correctly assess the state of the market and draw the right conclusions. In this regard, the problem of increasing the proportion of specialists who have received economic higher education arises.

4.Increase in tax revenues.

5. Growth of the share of GDP created by small businesses.

In 2004, enterprises produced goods and services worth about two billion rubles, which accounted for almost 12 percent of domestic gross product There. - S. 62.

6. An increase in the size of the middle class, and, therefore, social and political stability.

If we take income as a basis for dividing into classes, then we can say that no type of wage labor, including the most skilled and managerial, provides income comparable to entrepreneurship.

Let us demonstrate in more detail the gradations of income of entrepreneurs.

A) So, entrepreneurs (these include private owners of predominantly small enterprises and firms, personally managing the latter, not combining this activity with employment, self-employed (persons engaged in the smallest business based on individual labor activity with the help of own funds production) entrepreneurshipmen-managers (hired directors of small and medium-sized enterprises, mainly joint-stock and private sectors of the economy, combining managerial work for hire with running their own business) receive an income exceeding the average income level of the main "workers outside of entrepreneurship" - almost 5 times.

B) Incomes of semi-entrepreneurs (employees, mainly in the joint-stock and private sectors of the economy, who do not perform managerial functions and combine their main work with certain types of entrepreneurship) and co-owner managers (economic managers of small and medium-sized joint-stock enterprises, working for hire, but together with the shareholdings of managed enterprises) is 2 times lower than the income of the 1st group and 2 times higher than the earnings of "workers outside of entrepreneurship".

C) The earnings of "classical" managers (these include economic managers who manage state or private enterprises on the basis of hiring) are only 40% higher than the wages of executive labor workers, which hardly compensates for the difference in the levels of education, qualifications and labor responsibility of those and others.

7. Increasing the sustainability and competitiveness of enterprises. This statement can be explained with the help of the following system of proofs. So, despite the fact that most of the scientific potential is concentrated in large companies, small and medium-sized firms in a wide range of products more often begin the development and production of new products. The success of entrepreneurship in this area can be explained by the following reasons. Deepening specialization in scientific developments led to the fact that in many cases small firms take an easier or riskier path, work in unpromising industries.

Small firms are also willing to take on the development of original innovations, since the release of a fundamentally new product reduces the importance of large laboratories with established areas of research.

Small firms strive to establish mass production as soon as possible. Thus, the significance of the developments carried out by small enterprises is quite important, first of all, from the point of view of expanding the market for the goods and services offered, which, in turn, actively stimulates the production process in order to most quickly meet the demand motivated by the developments carried out by firms and medium entrepreneurship.

If we trace the path of an invention used by large monopolies, then often it turns out to be the result of the work of individual scientists or small firms. However, subsequent implementation is carried out by companies that have the necessary financial and material resources for this.

Large enterprises attract small, highly specialized firms that produce individual parts and assemblies for them. Around the monopolies, especially in the fields of mechanical engineering, electronic industry, usually several tens of thousands of small enterprises are grouped, which use the financial and technical assistance of the monopolies. Smirnov // Innovations. - 2004. - No. 5.-S. 23-29.

The mass production of durable industrial products by large enterprises creates a need for appropriate industrial repair and maintenance services, which are often provided by small enterprises.

Due to competition, they are forced to constantly develop and adapt to the current market conditions, because in order to exist, you need to get a livelihood, which means you need to be better than others so that they get the profit.

Small enterprises have higher labor efficiency, they meet the needs for scarce types of goods and services at a lower cost based on the development of local sources and at the same time provide greater employment. They increase the size of budget revenues, stimulate scientific and technical progress, and perform other important functions for the economy.

Summarizing all of the above, let's pay attention to the fact that small business affects the structure of the market and the expansion of market relations, primarily as a result of a change in the number of market participants, advanced training and the degree of involvement of more and more broad sections of the population in the entrepreneurial system.

8. Interaction between small and large businesses that can help giant enterprises survive in today's market conditions and get on their feet for newly created private enterprises and small enterprises.

In the Russian economy, entrepreneurship is built on the principle of cooperation between large and small enterprises, and large enterprises are guided not by the suppression of small businesses, but, on the contrary, by mutually beneficial cooperation with them. Therefore, large and small enterprises complement each other, especially in the field of specialization of individual industries and in innovative developments.

If large-scale production focuses on mass relatively homogeneous demand, the production of large batches of standard products, then small enterprises operate in small market segments, in their chosen niches with a limited range of products.

Market niches are markets for finished products, primarily high technology, which are formed in cases where demand in a particular market cannot be satisfied by large-scale production due to the small capacity of the market itself or because production cannot reach such a size. , at which it would cover the entire demand for this market. Trends modern production and international trade contribute to the emergence of such niches.

The differentiation and individualization of demand is growing. In the sphere of personal consumption, the specific needs of relatively small groups of buyers play an increasingly important role. Only small firms can satisfy such demand, since for giant companies, when producing multi-series or even custom-made products, this can be unprofitable. When it comes to an expanding market for a new product, a small firm can grow into a large one. If demand is relatively stable, it can control its niche for quite some time.

For large enterprises, it is necessary and beneficial: a capacious market with a stable and long-term demand; mass-produced products that meet market requirements; accumulation of significant financial resources; cheap labor. Small businesses are able to adapt faster and better to the demands of the market and specific consumers due to the simplicity of the management structure, which ensures quick decision-making, including the adjustment of goals. In addition, the cost of production in small enterprises is lower than in large ones, with a higher quality of products and services.

Small enterprises and their technical equipment largely depend on large industrial and economic complexes. In relation to them, small enterprises act as suppliers of components, which allows them to use specialization and cooperation not only in the field of production, but also in the field of marketing products and its Maintenance. Small and medium-sized enterprises - subcontractors of large companies work on the basis of detail, node, modular or other specialization, where they achieve high results due to the effect of the technological division of labor. They often take on the performance of one or two operations in a complex technological process, which is carried out in a complex big company. Within the framework of technical cooperation, large customer firms producing expensive finished products on the basis of components, provide their sub-contractors with lease of premises, initial means of production, supply them with raw materials and materials on preferential terms, ensure the sale of most of the components at their assembly plants, give permission to use their trademark.

In modern conditions, the system of contractual relations based on franchising has become widespread in the cooperation of large and small enterprises. Its essence is that a large firm grants a small firm the exclusive right to use its technological experience and knowledge, as well as trademark. A large firm usually also provides credit on favorable terms, provides various kinds of consulting services and leases equipment. Franchising contributes to the development of new technologies by small firms, expanding the scope of small business.

Therefore, a feature of small business in Russia can be called its integration into the production networks of large industrial structures. Examples are the Pyaterochka, Magnit, etc. chain stores.

9. Participation in the development of the infrastructure of cities and regions.

10. Charitable activities.

At the end of the chapter, we note that present stage the increasing role of entrepreneurial enterprises in the economy of Germany, the United States and other developed countries is not an accident, but a necessary pattern caused by the very course of history.

Understanding these factors has led many countries to come to grips with the development of strategies and programs, state support policies aimed at development and medium-sized enterprises.

State support policy, its forms and content are very diverse. Some of the economic instruments used could be put into practice in our country, but blind copying of the mechanisms for influencing the development of entrepreneurship can not only not give positive results, but lead to negative consequences.

Mismanagement and stagnation. The concept of justice in such a system degenerates into a strict redistribution of the social "pie" and its egalitarian distribution according to the minimum standards of life, because only what has been created can be distributed. In this case, people's interests are reduced not to an increase in the social "pie", but to disputes over the distribution of an obviously insufficient "pie", when the benefit of some should be compensated by the disadvantage of others. The German economist Ludwig Erhard called such a system a "straitjacket" for the economy.

And, indeed, our model of a "forced" economy led to the fact that entrepreneurship was eradicated for decades, and officials took the place of entrepreneurs. The country did not use the most important resource - human potential - entrepreneurial ability.

Now our society, as well as all over the world, has come to understand the role of entrepreneurship in a healthy economy. Entrepreneurship has moved not only to the rank of legal activity, but also receives state support. An understanding of entrepreneurship as the main factor in the development of the economy is being formed in the public mind.

In countries with high entrepreneurial potential (such as the USA, Germany, etc.), an important role is usually played by small and medium-sized businesses, which are the breeding ground for entrepreneurship, a kind of "forge" of entrepreneurial personnel. In the US, for example, 40% of GNP is created by small and medium-sized businesses. 14 The state provides entrepreneurship with broad support. In the country, along with the federal body supporting entrepreneurship - the Small Business Administration, there are 19 thousand regional commissions for economic development under local executive authorities, designed to promote business development in a particular region, increase the production of promising goods and services that are in demand in this area . fifteen

Let us now evaluate the entrepreneurial potential of Russia. The nature of the entrepreneurial potential of our country is due to the transitional state of the Russian economy. On the one hand, Russia has demonstrated the ability to quickly form an entrepreneurial infrastructure and the class of entrepreneurs, especially since these concepts themselves have been perceived extremely negatively over many previous decades. From the end of the 80s. thousands of market institutions were formed in the country, millions of owners arose. On the other hand, many market structures are only taking their first steps, such as the securities market (stock market). The state's share remains very significant both in national wealth and in the ownership of corporatized and partially privatized enterprises. There is every reason to believe that, due to many historical and cultural traditions, Russia will retain a significant public sector in the future. The role of state regulation in the economy will also be very important. At the same time, one of the characteristic features of the transitional economy of Russia is the close interweaving of private and state capital, the significant role of the state apparatus, and hence state entrepreneurship.

The composition of the emerging Russian entrepreneurship is also quite diverse: here are ordinary citizens, primarily young people who are actively working in business (mainly in small retail and shuttle trade, which does not require significant initial capital, in intermediary services), and highly qualified specialists who open advisory firms, (for example, in the field of management, software). Small business in the field of repair, construction and maintenance is expanding. Unfortunately, a large part of the new business came out of the former "shadow" business and is under the direct control of criminal structures. Criminal structures are drawing into their orbit a completely “clean” business, imposing all sorts of fees on it. Racketeering has become almost an integral part of Russian business.

Thus, the starting points for the formation of the Russian entrepreneurial class are far from being the most favorable. It will take many years and efforts to cultivate not only skilled and experienced, but also "civilized" entrepreneurs. Perhaps one of the key factors, along with the continuation of liberal economic reforms, is the education system, which is capable of giving current and future Russian entrepreneurs not only modern managerial knowledge, but also instilling a certain system of moral values, developing a new entrepreneurial ethic that is widespread in developed countries.

CONCLUSION

So, entrepreneurship is the core of any socio-economic system based on the principles of private property and competition. The entrepreneur-owner, as we have seen, is the central figure in civil and commercial circulation, he is the main protagonist of the market, the guarantor of the stability of civil society. The entrepreneur not only organizes the production of goods, but also takes a direct part in this process; further, it organizes the entire movement of masses of commodities and brings them through the market to the final consumer, thus linking the economic life of society into a single whole. Along with the production of goods, it provides a wide variety of services to citizens, sets in motion financial and stock markets, mobilizes the intellectual potential of society for the development of science and the creation of new technologies, thereby creating prerequisites for accelerating scientific and technological progress. In addition, by paying the bulk of taxes to the state, he essentially supports the state and finances its main expenses. This means that it is entrepreneurial activity that allows the state to provide its citizens with a guaranteed material and educational level, appropriate medical care, and the payment of pensions and benefits.

It is obvious that the more actively this activity takes place, the less the energy and enterprise of the entrepreneur is bound and limited by various artificial measures, the more opportunities for the manifestation of free initiative are provided to him by legal norms, legislation, the higher the standard of living and social security of citizens.

Thus, we see that entrepreneurship, without a doubt, occupies a central place in modern society. After all, it is the entrepreneur who is the support and guarantor of stability and sustainable development of both the state and civil society; both economic and political life of its citizens.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

The Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part one).

Law of the RSFSR of December 25, 1990. "On Enterprises and Entrepreneurial Activity"//Vedomosti SND RSFSR and VS RSFSR.-1990.-N30-st. 418.

Comments on the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part One). Moscow, 1997.

Volker G. What and how to do to become an entrepreneur. Minsk-Moscow, 1991.

Dashkov L.P., Danilov A.I., Tyutyukina E.B. Entrepreneurship and business. Moscow, 1995.

Zhiznin S., Krupnov V. How to become a businessman (American experience). Minsk, 1990.

Kamaev V.D. Textbook on the fundamentals of economic theory. Moscow, 1994.

Kumok S.I. Entrepreneur and law Moscow, 1996.

Raizberg B.A. Market economy. Moscow, 1995.

Feldman G.I. In the labyrinths of the market. Moscow, 1993.

Freinkman. E.Yu. Economy and business. Moscow, 1994.

Hisrich R. Peters M. Entrepreneurship or how to start your own business and succeed (Issue 1 Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship). Moscow, 1991.

Economy. / Ed. Bulatova A.S. Moscow, 1997.

1 Hisrich R., Peters M. Entrepreneurship; issue 1. Moscow. 1991, p.21

2 Quot. Quoted from: Ailey R., Hez R. Contours of economics. NY, 1937.// See ibid. S. 22.

3 Cit. Quoted from: Schumpeter D. Can Capitalism Survive? New York, 1952.// See ibid. S. 23.

4 Cit. Cited from: Shapero A. Development of entrepreneurship and economics. Project ISEED, LTD 1975. P. 187.// See ibid. p. 24.

5 Cited. Quoted from: Vesper K. New risky strategies. Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1980, p. 2.// See ibid., p. 25.

6 Cit. by: R. Konstat S. Entrepreneurship. Dover, Mass., Lord Publishing Co., 1984. P. 28.// Ibid.

7 Ibid. S. 26.

8 Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part I) Art. 2 hours 1.

9 Law of the RSFSR of December 25, 1990. "On Enterprises and Entrepreneurial Activity".

10 See Part 2 of Art. 8 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

11 Art. 69 G.K RF.

12 Commentary to part 1, G.K RF. S. 134.

13 Kamaev VD Textbook on the fundamentals of economic theory. M., 1994. S. 140.

14 Bulatov A.S. Economy. M., 1997. S.258.

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One of the fundamental functions of any economic system is to provide the citizens of this community with a high level of well-being. At the same time, the category of "well-being" in its most general form is interpreted as the provision of the population with the necessary material and spiritual benefits, that is, goods, services and conditions for satisfying certain needs of individuals. Welfare, therefore, is an integral, complex criterion that includes a whole system of indicators that characterize the standard of living of society - the level of per capita income, the provision of various goods, services, education, healthcare, social protection.

The problem of the well-being of peoples and states has always been of great interest to scientists, politicians and practitioners; the reasons for the leadership of some countries and the lag of others are constantly studied by many economists and research organizations. The conclusions of most researchers are the same - the country in which:

a) there are large reserves of valuable natural resources with a relatively small population;

b) market entities are provided with sufficient economic freedom and well-developed business;

c) the state creates an adequate legal regime for internal and external market players, avoids excessive interference in economic processes, and supports the competition regime.

If we consider the country's natural resources as a certain gift of nature, then we can state that economic freedom and the development of free enterprise are the key to the welfare of a country. The state's understanding of the need to develop business and create favorable conditions for its functioning is complemented by the first two factors.

The last few centuries of the development of the global economy have given the world a lot of evidence of the special importance of business development. All those countries that refused the institution of entrepreneurship, in every possible way limited the economic freedom of their citizens and enterprises, gradually plunged into the abyss of stagnation and poverty.

People of the same nation, separated by historical cataclysms and functioning in different economic conditions (within the institution of entrepreneurship and without it), showed completely different results in the foreseeable future. In those countries where business was active, the economy flourished, and the level of well-being of citizens increased dynamically. In those countries where business was under a ban or severe pressure from the state, poverty and commodity shortages prevailed. This situation developed with South and North Korea, mainland China and small states populated mainly by Chinese - Hong Kong and Singapore; West and East Germany, and some other states.

This thesis is confirmed by our own history. Thus, the collapse of the USSR, one of the leading world powers of the twentieth century, was due, first of all, to the ban on entrepreneurial activity. Thus, the private initiative of individuals and enterprises was constrained, and the gradual lag of the country in many areas was due.

Why is entrepreneurial activity so important for economic growth and the well-being of citizens? What is the reason for the positive impact of business? The answers to these questions should be sought in the nature of man, the incentives for his activities and economic interests.

If the state creates favorable conditions for the involvement of citizens in entrepreneurial activity, then this can be considered as an increase in the coefficient of performance (COP) of the social economic mechanism. Market entities are beginning to use any opportunity to increase their well-being - to increase the efficiency of production and trade, to intensify innovation, to introduce resource-saving technologies, and so on. Moreover, citizens begin to increase the efficiency of the economy not from high moral principles, but based on their own selfish interests.

Selfish interests require the generation of profit, but it is impossible to obtain it without satisfying the needs of consumers. So these three categories are selfish interest, profit and satisfaction of needs third parties are inextricably linked. Adam Smith wrote about this: “It is not from the kindness of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we hope to get what we need for dinner, but from their concern for their own interests. We appeal not to their philanthropy, but to their selfishness.

Law of Self Interest encourages entrepreneurs to develop their business in order to further increase profits. The realization of this goal is connected with the involvement of additional workers in the business, with the expansion of production and trade, with the implementation of new orders for other entrepreneurs. Thus, the development of business is most directly and directly related to the expansion of employment. And this circumstance, in turn, determines the solution of several important social and economic tasks:

along with the expansion of employment, the production of goods and services for domestic and foreign consumption increases;
enterprises and employees involved in business pay taxes to the state budget, allowing the government to solve many socially significant problems;
social insurance authorities require fewer financial resources to pay unemployment benefits;
business creates innovations of all types to generate more profit. And the created innovative products ensure the progressive development of society, enrich the inner life of people, culture, life, communication.

The development of business in a particular country or region forces a whole range of economic mechanisms to work, called multipliers employment, investment, income. Business revitalization thus leads to a number of positive effects. Therefore, many countries are currently striving to develop large, medium and, especially, small businesses.

Nevertheless, business, like any other phenomenon, has not only advantages, but also disadvantages (on which K. Marx and many other critics of the institution of entrepreneurship focused their attention).

With all the beneficial impact of business on the economy, one should not discount certain destructive areas of entrepreneurial activity, such as criminal and shadow business. In the noted forms of business, the figure of an entrepreneur is transformed from a creator and inventor into an anti-innovator, hindering socio-economic development and destroying the competitive regime. The pursuit of profit pushes entrepreneurs to environmental pollution, inhuman treatment of natural resources, tax evasion, and anti-social actions. In many countries of the world, entrepreneurs abuse their monopoly position, underpay employees, bribe the judiciary, legislative and executive authorities.

Undoubtedly, all these phenomena take place in business. However, one cannot fail to note the trend towards a gradual reduction in the scale of abuse as society and the culture of entrepreneurship develop. The negative traits that we have noted are not an immanent property of business, they are the imperfection of human nature. It is this circumstance that brings to the fore in modern entrepreneurship the problem of the formation of business ethics, the moral values of entrepreneurs, partnerships between society, the state and business.

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