Financial activity covers. Financial activity is the basis for the successful operation of enterprises. The main indicators of the financial and economic activities of the organization that need to be analyzed

Finance in a society where commodity-money relations exist is objectively necessary. But finance does not arise spontaneously, but in the process of systematic activity of the state.

The content of the category "financial activity of the state" is revealed in the science of financial law. Despite some differences in the definition of the financial activities of the state, which are contained in the legal literature. financial activities of the state can be defined as special kind state activities aimed at the creation, distribution and use of funds Money, both centralized and decentralized, necessary for the financial support of the activities of state bodies, the security and defense of the country, the socio-economic development of society.

Financial activities state - this is a special type of state activity, which includes the legislative activity of the representative bodies of the state in the field of finance (the establishment and introduction of taxes and fees), and managerial activity executive authorities, aimed at the practical implementation of regulatory legal acts in the field of financial relations.

The financial activity of the state is also carried out by the judiciary in the process of creating funds of funds (collecting a state fee when considering statements of claim and complaints).

Thus, financial activities are carried out by state bodies of all three branches of government - legislative, executive and judicial - within their competence. The financial activities of local government and self-government are carried out by local government and self-government bodies within their competence.

Carrying out financial activities, the state solves two interrelated goals - statistical and dynamic.

Statistical the goal implies a certain "conservation" financial condition state, maintaining the already achieved level of stability and balance in the income and expenditure of centralized funds, interbudgetary relations, currency regulation, etc.

Dynamic the goal is to continuous process legal improvement, reform and development of financial relations.

The main goal of the social state is to financially cover the costs of implementing socially ordered programs. This goal involves the implementation of the immediate (intermediate) goals of this activity: the collection by the state of the planned funds to its budget funds and the planned use of funds to solve government problems.

The financial activity of the state is carried out in accordance with certain principles. The main ones are:

1.The principle of legality, which lies in the fact that the entire process of formation, distribution and use of funds of funds is regulated in detail by the norms of financial law, compliance with which is ensured by the possibility of applying measures of state coercion to offenders.

2. The principle of publicity, manifested in the procedure for communicating to citizens, including through the media, the content of drafts of various financial and planning acts, adopted reports on their implementation, the results of inspections and audits of financial activities, etc.

3. The principle of planning, meaning that all financial activity of the state is based on whole system financial and planning acts, the structure of which, the procedure for drawing up, approval, execution are fixed in the relevant regulatory legal acts.

4.Independence of the financial activities of local government and self-government bodies based on Art. 121 of the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, according to which local Councils of Deputies, in particular, approve programs of economic and social development, local budgets and reports on their execution; establish local taxes and fees in accordance with the law.

The above principles are reflected and consolidated in the legislation regulating various aspects of the financial activities of the state and local governments and self-government.

In the process of financial activity, the states solve the following tasks:

1) mobilization of funds:

• taking into account the possibility of obtaining funds;
• increase in funds received in the budget;
• accounting and opportunities for taxpayers;
• establishment of a special procedure for the collection of taxes and fees;
• finding other means of raising money;

2) distribution and use of funds:

• accounting of objects of use of funds and their needs;
• determining the size of each need;
• determining the amount and timing of the use of funds;
• definition legal status distributors of budgetary funds;
• strict accounting and reporting in the use of funds;
• ensuring the safety of funds;
• identification of reserves for spending money.

Financial activity is carried out by the state with the help of various methods. Their difference is determined by the subjects with which the state enters into relations, as well as the specific conditions for the collection and distribution of funds.

To accumulate funds in centralized funds, methods of mandatory and voluntary payments are used. Mandatory payment method is dominant, implemented through the mechanisms of taxation, deductions to off-budget funds, compulsory insurance etc. Voluntary attraction of funds implemented through government loans, lotteries, deposits in credit institutions, charitable donations, etc. The ratio of methods of mandatory and voluntary payments depends on many factors: financial policy, economic relations, the state's needs for financial resources, the standard of living of the population, etc.

When distributing and using public funds, two main methods are used: the financing method and the lending method. Financing expressed in the gratuitous and irrevocable provision of funds. Lending means the allocation of funds on the terms of payment and repayment.

Forms financial activities are varied. By their nature, these forms can be legal and non-legal. Legalforms expressed in the establishment or application of the rules of law. Non-legal- these are forms that are local in nature, i.e., ensuring the implementation of individual procedures (for example, instructing financial service enterprises, holding meetings, explaining financial legislation, etc.). Non-legal forms create prerequisites for the implementation legal forms financial activities, in which the state-imperious nature of the actions of the bodies state power in the financial sector

State bodies within their competence, adopt financial and legal acts, through which, within their powers, they regulate public relations in the field of education, distribution and use of financial resources, control over the fulfillment of financial obligations to the state.

Subjects financial activities are covered mainly by both state bodies and local governments. Naturally, the main task of mobilizing and spending funds falls on the authorized state bodies of all branches of government.

The main role in financial activity belongs to the state itself, because Almost all state bodies, without exception, are engaged in this activity.

Subjects participating in the mobilization of funds to the state revenue:

1. The highest representative and executive bodies of state power. They manage the budget, taxes, the monetary system, organize and implement state insurance, currency circulation, customs regulation and emission (Section VII of the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus).

2. Local self-government bodies provide, within their competence, financial management in the relevant administrative-territorial formations, establish local taxes and fees, etc. Since the country's financial system is unified, all local bodies fulfill their financial obligations in strict accordance with competence. So, in addition to the fact that they approve local budgets, they ensure on their territory the flow of revenues to higher budgets, the formation of credit resources of banks, state insurance funds.

3. State bodies of special competence occupy a special place in the mobilization of funds. These bodies are: a) the Ministry of Finance; b) Ministry of Taxes and Dues of the Republic of Belarus; c) National Bank of the Republic of Belarus.

4. All organizations involved in economic and commercial activities. They act as payers of taxes, fees, duties and other obligatory payments. They may also be government loan borrowers.

5. Citizens as taxpayers can also be creditors of the state by keeping money in branches of the Sberbank of the Republic of Belarus and as buyers of state securities.

Consequently, there are financial entities that are only participants in the expenditure (use) of funds. Typically, these entities are state institutions education (schools, lyceums, gymnasiums, universities), healthcare (polyclinics, hospitals) and many other so-called budget organizations and institutions. They can only participate in the mobilization if they are allowed to engage in a certain type of entrepreneurial activity.

The financial condition of an economic entity is a characteristic of its financial competitiveness (ie solvency, creditworthiness), the use of financial resources and capital, the fulfillment of obligations to the state and other economic entities. The financial condition of an economic entity includes an analysis of: profitability and profitability; financial stability; creditworthiness; use of capital; currency self-sufficiency.

Sources of information for are the balance sheet and annexes to it, statistical and operational reporting. For analysis and planning, the standards in force in the economic entity are used. Each economic entity develops its planned indicators, norms, standards, tariffs and limits, a system for their evaluation and regulation of financial activities. This information is his trade secret, and sometimes know-how.

The analysis of the financial condition is carried out using the following basic techniques: comparisons, summaries and groupings, chain substitutions. The method of comparison consists in comparing the financial indicators of the reporting period with their planned values ​​(standard, norm, limit) and with the indicators of the previous period. Receiving summaries and groupings consists in combining information materials into analytical tables. The method of chain substitutions is used to calculate the magnitude of the influence of individual factors in the overall complex of their impact on the level of total financial indicator. This technique is used in cases where the relationship between indicators can be expressed mathematically in the form of a functional relationship. The essence of the reception of chain substitutions is that, successively replacing each reporting indicator with the base one (that is, the indicator with which the analyzed indicator is compared), all other indicators are considered unchanged. This replacement allows you to determine the degree of influence of each factor on the total financial indicator.

The profitability of an economic entity is characterized by absolute and relative indicators. The absolute rate of return is the amount of profit or income. The relative indicator is the level of profitability. The level of profitability of economic entities associated with the production of products (goods, works, services) is determined by the percentage of profit from the sale of products to its cost. The level of profitability of trade enterprises and Catering is determined by the percentage of profit from the sale of goods (public catering products) to the turnover.

In the process of analysis, the dynamics of changes in the volume of net profit, the level of profitability and the factors that determine them are studied. The main factors affecting net profit are the volume of proceeds from product sales, the level of cost, the level of profitability, income from non-operating operations, expenses on non-operating operations, the amount of income tax and other taxes paid from profits. The impact of revenue growth on profit growth is manifested through cost reduction. All costs in relation to the volume of revenue can be divided into two groups: conditionally fixed and variable. Semi-fixed costs are called costs, the amount of which does not change when the proceeds from the sale of products change. This group includes: rent, depreciation of fixed assets, depreciation of intangible assets, etc. These costs are analyzed by absolute amount. variable costs- these are costs, the amount of which changes in proportion to the change in the volume of proceeds from the sale of products. This group covers the cost of raw materials, transportation costs, labor costs, etc. These costs are analyzed by comparing cost levels as a percentage of revenue.

The dependence of profit on sales is expressed using a profitability graph, where the K point is the break-even point. It shows the maximum amount of proceeds from the sale of products in valuation (om) and in natural units of measurement (on), below which the activity of an economic entity will be unprofitable, since the cost line is higher than the line of proceeds from the sale of products. Profitability charts represent a very simple and effective method, which allows you to approach such complex problems as: what happens to profit if output decreases: what happens to profit if price is increased, production costs are reduced, and sales fall? The main task of constructing a profitability graph is to determine the break-even point - the point for which the revenue received is equal to cash costs.

Any society to ensure a normal (quite comfortable) level of his life activity, he performs many types of specific labor. For this purpose, they create certain organizations who jointly carry out a particular mission and act on the basis of certain rules and procedures. An enterprise (organization) is an organizationally separated and economically independent main (primary) link production area National economy that manufactures products, performs work, or provides services.

In the practice of management, each enterprise, as a complex production and economic system, carries out a lot of specific types activities. Each enterprise independently plans its activities and determines the prospects (strategy) of development, based on the demand for manufactured products (work, services performed) and the need to constantly increase its own profits, and also provides logistics for production.

The functioning of the enterprise is accompanied by a continuous circulation of funds, carried out in the form of resource costs and income generation, their distribution and use.

Every business has a specific goal. There may be several goals, they are usually set by the owners, and to achieve them, material and human resources are used, with the help of which financial and economic activities are carried out. That is, in essence, financial and economic activity is a tool for achieving hierarchical, economic and other goals facing a particular enterprise.

Financial and economic activity is a purposefully carried out process of practical implementation of the functions of an enterprise related to the formation and use of its financial resources to ensure economic and social development. It is carried out at all stages life cycle enterprise: from the moment of its birth to the moment of its liquidation as an independent business entity. The process of carrying out the financial and economic activities of an enterprise is characterized by a wide range of its financial relations with various subjects of the country's financial system.

The financial and economic activity of the enterprise is characterized, first of all, by the number and range of products, as well as the volume of its implementation. The volume of manufactured products directly depends on the availability and quality of production facilities, the availability of the necessary raw materials, materials or components, personnel of appropriate qualifications, and product sales markets.

In turn, the volume of manufactured products affects all other aspects of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise - the cost of products, the amount of profit received, profitability production, the financial condition of the enterprise.

The financial and economic activity of enterprises is a purposeful activity based on decisions made, each of which is optimized based on intuition or calculations. The risk of making a decision is understood as the probability that the results of the implemented decision do not correspond to the set goals.

There are a lot of factors influencing the financial and economic activity of an enterprise or organization. Not all of them can be analyzed. The most important are the available resources - financial, material, personnel.

Purpose of financial and economic activity- getting the best possible results. The tasks that are solved when the goal is achieved are: ensuring production process resources and their management; organization of the production and technological process; formation positive results. The objectives of the management of financial and economic activities are: planning, control, adjustment, analysis, efficiency improvement.

Financial and economic activity acts as an activity, first of all, about its basis - the finances of the enterprise. However, the effectiveness of the organization of finance acts as the financial condition of the enterprise. The latter depends on the effective organization of the entire cash flow. Therefore, financial and economic activity as a concept covers a wide range of activities within the enterprise, consisting of control over the provision of cash settlements, the receipt of cash income and expenses, the formation and distribution of cash savings and financial resources.

The diverse financial and economic activities of the enterprise are carried out on the basis of planned and forecast current and operational financial documents. The objects of planning, regulation and control in them are monetary and financial relations, materialized into the corresponding indicators. The main objects of financial and economic activity are those diverse monetary and financial relations of enterprises that constitute the content of enterprise finance.

The efficiency of the financial and economic activity of an enterprise should be understood as its result, obtained or potentially possible in the process of converting certain resources into the final product (work, service). The level of efficiency of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise is characterized by the level of its costs, results and financial condition. That is why, in order to determine the level of efficiency of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise, it is necessary to calculate a set of indicators characterizing its cost intensity, performance and financial condition.

To determine the essence of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise, it is necessary to define the main components of its elements. Such elements are: the finances of the enterprise, the structure of the funds of the enterprise, the structure of the property of the enterprise, the goals financial analysis, subjects of analysis.

Savitskaya G.V. writes that under market conditions, the finances of enterprises are of particular importance. The growing role of enterprise finance should be seen as a worldwide trend.

The main goal of assessing the financial and economic activities of an enterprise, according to Strazhev V.P., is to obtain a small number of key (most informative) parameters that give an objective and accurate picture of the financial condition of the enterprise, its profits and losses, changes in the structure of assets and liabilities, in settlements with debtors and creditors, which will be discussed in the next paragraph of the final qualifying work.

Financial activity of the state - this is the implementation by him of functions for the systematic formation (formation), distribution and use of monetary funds (financial resources) in order to implement the tasks of socio-economic development, ensure the country's defense capability and security, as well as the use of financial resources for the activities of state bodies.

Financial activities municipalities , carried out through local self-government bodies, is aimed at solving problems of local importance, determined by the legislation on local self-government. It represents the implementation of the function of systematic formation (formation), distribution and use of municipal (local) monetary funds in order to implement socio-economic tasks of local importance and provide financial resources for the activities of local governments. A feature of municipal financial activity is the provision of financial resources for the fulfillment of the goals and objectives envisaged by the local community, and the delegated powers of the state.

The financial activity of the state must be considered from two sides:

1. as a special kind economic activity;
2. as a variety government controlled.

Financial activity of the state as a special type of economic activity

Signs characterizing the financial activity of the state as a special type of economic activity:

• issue of banknotes (issue);
• organization and regulation of money circulation in the country;
• making calculations.

Money acts as a measure of the cost of goods and services, is a universal equivalent that helps to quickly and efficiently exchange one product for another, contributes to the normal operation of economic mechanisms in the sphere of both public and private business, and helps to satisfy one’s needs in the most convenient form.

In the process of carrying out financial activities, the state collects (mobilizes) funds, distributes mobilized funds (redistributes) and creates budgetary, off-budgetary, reserve and other monetary funds. This is a very significant sign of the financial activity of the state. At the same time, the state uses various methods: the establishment of taxes and fees, the voluntary attraction of funds from the population through state loan, lotteries, etc.

In this regard, the creation of the federal budget as a centralized fund is of great importance for the functioning of the state. Russian Federation, intended to finance the functions and tasks of national importance (defense, foreign affairs), as well as for the redistribution financial resources between the subjects of the Russian Federation in order to equalize the conditions for their socio-economic development.

The Budget Code of the Russian Federation provides for the creation of the main state off-budget funds, which include the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, the social insurance Russian Federation, the Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund and other funds. Financial funds discipline the state, oblige officials use the funds legally and for the purposes specified in the law. The creation of monetary funds in the process of mobilizing funds, their distribution and redistribution is the main direction in the financial activities of the state.

In the process of financial activity, the state spends money. From the federal budget, the state spends on the army and defense; from the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation pays pensions to citizens; from reserve funds restores the losses incurred by cities and villages as a result of natural Disasters, etc.

By spending money, the state:

• applies budget financing, i.e. targeted, gratuitous, irrevocable release of public funds;
• applies bank lending, i.e. the issuance of repayable loans, for the use of which citizens and legal entities pay interest;
• pays insurance indemnities, etc.

Thus, the financial activity of the state is formed primarily by such types of it as emission, tax, budgetary, expenditure activities. However, the panorama of the financial activity of the state also shows its other components (types): currency, credit, insurance, financial control, etc.

Financial activity of the state as a kind of management activity

The financial activity of the state is a "special branch of public administration". In this capacity, the financial activity of the state is:

• imperious, based on the instructions of state (public) authorities;
• state planning, carried out within a precisely defined time (quarter, year);
• coordinating;
• controlling.

Managerial character financial activity is manifested in the fact that it is carried out on the basis of legal management decisions, both representative and executive bodies authorities. In the hierarchy of such decisions leading place belongs to acts of representative bodies, primarily federal laws and laws of the subjects of the Federation on budgets, taxes, etc.

The largest part management decisions in the field of financial activities of the state, acts of executive authorities are drawn up, and this is natural, because these bodies mainly carry out financial activities (Ministry of Finance of Russia, tax services). Moreover, in each specific case, the implementation of financial activities is a hierarchical relationship of two subjects: one of them commands, implements a directing, coordinating, controlling influence, and the other subject falls under his authority. Such an impact is most noticeable in the tax legal relationship (tax authority - taxpayer), in the budgetary procedural legal relationship (legislature - body).

Financial activity is a managerial activity coordinating character, during the implementation of which, depending on the circumstances, an expedient ratio of the expenditure side with the revenue side of the budgets of various levels is established through budgetary regulation: percentage deductions from taxes to certain budgets, the provision of subsidies, subventions and subsidies, etc. However, coordination as a managerial impact on coordinating the actions of various financial bodies can hardly be limited only to the budgetary sphere. It extends to issue, tax, currency and other spheres of financial activity of the state.

Planning is immanently inherent in financial activity as a management activity. For example, the execution of the budget, both in terms of income and expenditure, is carried out strictly according to the plan: each income and each expenditure of the budget are provided for by law and are implemented at the time established by law. In other words, any financial activity state organization carried out not arbitrarily, but on the basis of any financial and planning act: estimates of income and expenses budget institution, balance of income and expenses of the enterprise, cash plan, etc.

Thus, the financial activity of the state is a planned process of mobilizing funds, creating financial funds, and spending money for the effective fulfillment by the state of its tasks and functions.

An integral part of the financial activity of the state as a management category is financial control activities which is carried out by the competent authorities of the state (Ministry of Finance of Russia, Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation) in the process of mobilizing funds to state financial funds and using them in the interests of society and the state.

State financial control applies to both state and municipal financial structures, as well as for private entrepreneurial activity. Thus, the bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state power of the subjects of the Russian Federation exercise control over the observance by local governments of tax and budgetary legislation.

So, the financial activity of the state is the activity of issuing banknotes and organizing money circulation in the country, mobilizing funds to state and municipal funds, using them in the interests of society and the state, and this activity is carried out on the basis of management decisions, financial planning and control over the correctness of all financial transactions of both state (public) and private structures.

There is one more sign of the financial activity of the state, which should be mentioned separately: this activity is carried out on a strictly legal basis.

PEI HE "Kazan Innovative University. V.G. Timiryasov" (IEUP)

Antoshkin Dmitry

Mikhailovich

Correspondence course

Accelerated learning times

Faculty of Law

Gr. 261

Test

By financial law

Option number 1

For the 3rd semester 2017/2018 academic year of the year

Phone (89083472151)

Kazan-2017

1. What is meant by the financial activities of the state? What is its constitutional basis…………………………………………………………………3

2. Name the criteria by which it is possible to restrict financial law from administrative and civil law, give examples……………..….7

3. What are the subjects (residents and non-residents) and objects of currency relations…………………………………………………………………………......11

4. Expand the reporting stage of the budget process………………………….17

5. Task: Individual entrepreneur O. got into a car accident, as a result of which he spent 2 months in the hospital and did not pay the amount of tax on time. The tax authority found that there was a arrears in the amount of 50 thousand rubles, and made a decision to bring the entrepreneur to tax liability. O. refused to pay the fine, referring to the fact that this offense was committed by him due to a painful condition. How, in your opinion, should the conflict be resolved?

6. List of used regulatory legal acts, special and educational literature………………………………………………………………..22

What is meant by the financial activity of the state. What is its constitutional basis.

The need to use finance (financial system) led to the implementation by the state and municipalities of special, namely financial activities. In the course of financial activity, systematic and purposeful formation (formation), distribution and use of state and municipal centralized and decentralized monetary funds is carried out.

So, the financial activity of the state is the implementation of its functions for the systematic formation (formation), distribution and use of monetary funds (financial resources) in order to implement the tasks of socio-economic development, ensure the country's defense and security, support the activities of state bodies.

The financial activity of municipalities, carried out by local governments, is aimed at solving problems of local importance, determined by the legislation on local self-government.

The financial activity of municipalities is the implementation of functions for the systematic formation (formation), distribution and use of municipal (local) monetary funds in order to implement socio-economic tasks of local importance and ensure financial resources activities of local governments.

The financial activity of public authorities and local self-government is associated with a general focus on the needs of society, is of a public nature, although it differs in specific tasks.

The content of the financial activities of the state and municipalities is expressed in numerous and diverse functions that operate in the above general areas: the formation (formation), distribution and use of state or municipal (local) funds. An integral element of each of them is the control function, which follows from the essence of finance. This control is also financial in accordance with the content of all this activity.

The financial activity of the state and local self-government bodies is based on certain principles, i.e. on the fundamental rules and requirements expressing its most essential features and purposefulness. By virtue of their content and consolidation in the norms of financial law, they are principles of financial law. The main content of these principles is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The main ones are federalism, legitimacy, publicity, planning.

Through financial activity, a material basis is created that is necessary for the functioning of public authorities and administration, law enforcement agencies, ensuring the country's defense capability and security.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation has great importance for all sources of law as a fundamental document. Many of its norms have a direct financial and legal focus. This is, for example, the norm of Art. 57, establishing the obligation of everyone to pay legally established taxes and fees, as well as the provision that laws establishing new taxes or worsening the position of the taxpayer do not have retroactive effect; norm part 3 art. 75, defining that the system of taxes levied in federal budget, and the general principles of taxation and fees in the Russian Federation are established by federal laws; norms of Art. 71, fixing in the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation financial, currency, credit, customs regulation, money issue, the basics of pricing policy, federal economic services, including federal banks; federal budget, federal taxes and fees, federal funds regional development; norm part 4 art. 75, which establishes that government loans are issued in the manner determined by federal law and are placed on a voluntary basis; 5 st. 101, giving the Accounts Chamber the right to control the execution of the federal budget; Part 3 Art. 104, which establishes that bills on the introduction or abolition of taxes, exemption from their payment, on the issuance of state loans, on changing the financial obligations of the state, other bills providing for expenses covered from the federal budget, can be introduced only if there is a conclusion of the Government of the Russian Federation; Art. 106, which establishes the rule that (for example, federal laws adopted by the State Duma on issues of: a) the federal budget are subject to mandatory consideration in the Federation Council; b) federal taxes and fees; c) financial, currency, credit, customs regulation, money issue; in Art. 114, it is established that the Government of the Russian Federation develops and submits to the State Duma the federal budget and ensures its execution; submits to the State Duma a report on the execution of the federal budget.

Financial and legal norms are also contained in the legislative acts of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, primarily in some federal constitutional laws (i.e. those adopted on issues stipulated by the Constitution of the Russian Federation). Among them - the federal law"On the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation" dated April 5, 2013, adopted in accordance with Part 5 of Art. 101 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and defining the competence and procedure for the activities of the state financial control body.

Also important for financial and legal regulation are, for example, the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, fixing the federal structure of Russia (Articles 1, 5, 65, 66), delimiting the competence between the authorities of the federal, regional and municipal levels (Articles 12, 71-73 , 130-133), defining the forms and content of property rights (Art. 8, 35, 36), establishing the powers of the President of the Russian Federation (Art. 80, 84, 90), Federal Assembly(Art. 101, 104, 106), Governments (Art. 114, 115) in the field of financial activities, fixing the duties and rights of a citizen in the field of taxation (Art. 57).

The constitutional foundations have an impact on the entire legal system, but in particular on legislation.