Objects of labor in the manufacturing industry. Branches of the manufacturing sector. Classification of industries. definition of production in the manufacturing industry, manufacturing industries

All industries National economy divided into two broad areas: production and non-production. The existence of organizations belonging to the second group (culture, education, consumer services, management) is impossible without successful development enterprises first.

Manufacturing Industries: Definition

This part of the national economy includes enterprises that carry out activities aimed at creating material wealth. Also, organizations in this group sort, move, etc. The exact definition of the production sector is as follows: "The set of enterprises that manufacture a material product and provide material services."

General classification

It plays a very significant role in the development of the national economy. It is the enterprises related to it that create national income and conditions for the development of non-material production. There are the following main industries:

• industry,
• Agriculture,
• building,
• transport,
• trade and catering,
• logistics.

Industry

This industry includes enterprises engaged in the extraction and processing of raw materials, the manufacture of equipment, the production of energy, consumer goods, as well as other similar organizations, which are the main part of such an area as the manufacturing sector. The sectors of the economy related to industry are divided into:

Everybody industrial enterprises classified into two large groups:

• Mining - mines, quarries, mines, wells.
• Processing - combines, factories, workshops.

Agriculture

This is also a very important area of ​​the state's economy, falling under the definition of "industrial sector". The sectors of the economy of this direction are primarily responsible for the production and partial processing food products. They are divided into two groups: animal husbandry and crop production. The structure of the first includes enterprises engaged in:

• cattle breeding. Cultivation of large and small livestock makes it possible to provide the population with such important food products as meat and milk.
• Pig breeding. The enterprises of this group supply lard and meat to the market.
• fur farming. Wearables are mainly made from the skins of small animals. A very large percentage of this production is exported.
• poultry farming. This group supplies dietary meat, eggs and feathers to the market.

Crop production includes such sub-sectors as:

• Growing cereals. This is the most important sub-sector of agriculture, the most developed in our country. Agricultural enterprises of this group of the production sector are engaged in the cultivation of wheat, rye, barley, oats, millet, etc. The degree to which the population is provided with such important products as bread, flour, cereals depends on how effectively this industry is developed.
• vegetable growing. This type of activity in our country is carried out mainly by small and medium-sized organizations, as well as farms.
• Fruit growing and viticulture. It is developed mainly in the southern regions of the country. The agricultural enterprises of this group supply fruits and wines to the market.

Plant growing also includes such sub-sectors as potato growing, flax growing, melon growing, etc.

Transport

Organizations in this area of ​​the national economy are responsible for the transportation of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products. It includes the following industries:

Having originated in the bowels of a subsistence household, the industry has gone through several stages in its development. Gradually, separate groups of production emerged, the focus of which began to be determined by local conditions and largely depended on the availability of appropriate raw materials and materials.

The separation of individual industries took place along with the development of science, technology and the division of labor.

Within the framework of the modern world economy, the entire industry is usually divided into two large groups: mining and processing. The first type is aimed at extracting from a wide variety of raw materials: minerals, wood, fish, animals, and so on.

In the current, focused on combustible fuel, a special role is given to the production of hydrocarbons. In the most developed countries, enterprises in the extractive industries are the property of the state and bring considerable income to the budget.

The manufacturing industries deal with the processing of extracted raw materials. Within the framework of the manufacturing industry, semi-finished products are produced, which then themselves become the starting materials for the manufacture of machines, mechanisms, building structures and other types of industrial products, including those required in the field of high technologies.

Conventionally, the entire industry is also divided into heavy and light. Most of the extractive industries, mechanical engineering, can be attributed to the first type. Light industry It is represented by factories for the manufacture of consumer goods, textile factories, shoe factories.

Modern industries

Actually, industries are called separate parts of the production sector, whose enterprises are aimed at manufacturing specific products. Each industry has its own technologies and features, as well as a different range of consumers. There are dozens of industries today.

Economists predict that some types of industries will disappear over time, and others will come in their place.

The most developed and promising industries in the world economy are considered to be the electric power industry, the fuel industry, and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry, mechanical engineering and metalworking. All departments of the light and food industries, as well as the medical industry, have good development prospects. The importance of the space industry is growing every year.

A new direction in production is the so-called information industry. Its tasks include the production of information and computing facilities, communication equipment and electronic equipment. Development is often singled out as a separate industry. software. Rapid and rapid development information technologies brought these types of industry to a number of industries most in demand in the global economy.

Industry is an important, fundamental part of the economy of every country. Industry is all enterprises engaged in the production of tools, the extraction of raw materials, the production of energy, the processing of products produced by industry and agriculture.

What is the industry like? It consists of two rather large groups or branches:

• Mining
• Processing

Extractive industry

The mining industry, as the name of the industry implies, is engaged in the extraction of raw materials: ores, oil, gas, shale, limestone, and so on. Also, the extractive industry includes water pipes and hydroelectric power plants, enterprises for the extraction of timber and fishing.

Processing

The manufacturing industry includes enterprises engaged in the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, chemical products, mechanical engineering, woodworking, repair, food and light products, thermal power plants and the film industry.

Industries

Now consider all types of industries separately.

Power industry. This type of industry is extremely important, as it is engaged in the production, transmission and marketing of electrical energy.

Fuel industry. It is the base for Russia, as today it is actively involved in both domestic and foreign policy.

• Coal
• Gas
• Oil industry.

Ferrous metallurgy. This is the basis of mechanical engineering. The raw materials for ferrous metals are ores. This industry includes:

Mining and enrichment of ores

• Extraction and enrichment of various non-metallic materials
• Ferrous metal production
• Manufacture of ferrous metal products.

Non-ferrous metallurgy. It is engaged in the extraction and enrichment of non-ferrous metal ores, respectively.

Chemical industry. This industry is engaged in products from mineral and hydrocarbon raw materials, processing them chemically. Chemistry and petrochemistry is a rather extensive industry that combines the following types of chemical industry:

• Production of inorganic chemistry: ammonia, soda and sulfuric acid production.
• Production of organic chemistry: ethylene oxide, acrylonitrile, carbamide, phenol.
• Ceramics or silicate production
• Petrochemistry
• Agrochemistry
• Polymers such as polyethylene and other materials
• Elastomers i.e. polyurethanes and rubber
• Various explosives
• pharmaceuticals
• Cosmetics and perfumery

Engineering. This type of industry is divided into the production of machines for various purposes, including defense ones, instruments, machine tools, etc., and metalworking.

Forestry, woodworking and paper industry. It includes a set of industries specializing in the preparation and processing of wood. Processing of the obtained wood is carried out by:

• The woodworking industry that cleans wood
• Pulp and paper, producing various types of paper products.

Building materials industry. The production of building materials is a widely developing type of industry, which includes the production of various kinds materials:

• Stone materials of natural origin
• Metal building materials
• glass
• Finishing
• Polymer
• cements
• Thermal insulation and other types.

Light industry. This type of industry includes a set of industries engaged in the manufacture of consumer goods. Types of light industry:

• Textile
• sewing
• haberdashery
• Tannery
• Fur
• shoe

food industry. It is engaged in the production of food, tobacco products, soap, as well as detergents. The food industry is closely connected with agriculture as the main producer of raw materials, as well as with trade. Types of food industry:

• bakery
• cannery
• Flour and cereal
• Meat
• Fish
• Soft drinks
• Alcoholic
• Winemaking
• Oil and fat
• Confectionery
• Tobacco, etc.

All these types of industry in Russia are characteristic. Our country is trying to develop industry, and recently its share in GDP has grown significantly, which has a positive effect on the economy of the country as a whole.

definition of production in the manufacturing industry, manufacturing industries

Information on the definition of production in the manufacturing industry, manufacturing industries

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Production in the manufacturing industry (Manufacturing Production) is

Thus, the sector accounts for up to 90% of private investment in R&D, and its share in the global reaches 70%. In developing countries, the manufacturing industry is the main engine of development, the lever for turning poor countries into important global economies.

The global manufacturing sector is currently facing a range of problems and challenges, from shifts towards developing countries to new restrictions on the use of key factors of production such as energy and transport. Like other sectors of the economy, the manufacturing industry is experiencing a shortage of highly skilled labor.

Features of development, the changing nature of the sector are often overlooked. Discussions about the relative importance of manufacturing versus services to the economy ignore the fact that the distinctions between the two are blurring and that the role of clean production in generating innovation and industrial opportunities is complex.

The manufacturing industry is exceptionally diverse in its composition. A unified industrial policy is practically impossible here. Success and efficiency are related to the characteristics of individual industries and even sub-sectors.

The manufacturing industry currently accounts for 16% of world GDP, and the conditionally net production of this sector for 2000-2010. increased (in 2000) from 5.7 to 7.6 trillion dollars. At the same time, rapid growth was observed in both developed and developing countries.

In 2007 (before the start of the global financial and economic) the conditionally net production of the manufacturing industry reached its historical maximum - including in such "post-industrial" countries as. The most rapidly increasing volumes of conditionally net production were large developing countries, such as, and Russia.

Their share in the global manufacturing industry has grown from 21% to 39% over the decade. In ten years, China has moved from 4th to 2nd place in the world in this indicator, Brazil - from 12th to 6th, India - from 14th to 10th, Russia - from 21st to 11th. th, Indonesia - from the 20th to the 13th.

The relative importance of the manufacturing industry in depends on many factors, among which the following should be noted: the level of economic development, the demand for this sector, the degree of individual elements of the manufacturing chains in the service sector, the nature of incentives.

For example, the United Kingdom and the United States have a large service sector and have a relatively smaller share of the manufacturing sector in GNP compared to South Korea, where the development of the latter is exceptionally favorable. In addition, the role of natural resources in the economy affects the development of the manufacturing industry.

As a result of these factors, the share of manufacturing in GNP largest countries world in 2010 ranged from 10% in the UK to 33% in China.

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The mining industry is a complex of industries for the extraction and primary processing of minerals. Main groups: fuel, ore mining, industry of non-metallic minerals, mining and chemical.

Fuel - a set of industries engaged in the extraction and processing of various types of fuel (coal, oil, gas, shale and peat).

Mining - extracting ores of ferrous, non-ferrous metals, rare and trace elements.

The industry of non-metallic minerals extracts Construction Materials, as well as refractories, abrasives, technical and precious stones.

The mining and chemical industry extracts, enriches and carries out primary processing apatite-nepheline and phosphorite ores, natural rock salts, ores containing sulfur, boron, arsenic, barium, barite, and also receives iodine and bromine.

The reserves of mineral deposits, depending on the degree of exploration of the deposit and the knowledge of the quality of the mineral and mining conditions of development, are divided into four categories A, B, C 1 and C 2 . Each category corresponds to a certain degree of knowledge.

Category A reserves are classified, explored and studied in detail, while ensuring full identification of the conditions of occurrence, shape and structure of the bodies of the mineral; complete identification of natural types and industrial grades of mineral raw materials, their ratio and spatial position; complete quality assurance, technological properties minerals and natural factors, which determine the conditions for conducting mining and exploitation work.

The contour of reserves in category A of minerals is established by wells or mine workings. For reserves approved in category A, it is possible to draw up and approve a technical project.

Category B less studied reserves are classified. In this case, the main features of the conditions of occurrence, shape and structure of the bodies of the mineral are determined without an accurate display of their spatial position.

Category C 1 mineral reserves are classified, studied in in general terms. The category C 1 reserve contour is determined on the basis of exploration workings, as well as geological and geophysical data.

Category C 2 reserves are classified that are preliminary estimated on the basis of geological and geographical data, confirmed by the opening of a mineral in separate points, or by analogy with an explored area.

There is an international classification of minerals. It has three categories of resources:

R-1 - resources of the deposits studied in detail, for which the conditions of occurrence, morphology and quality of minerals of individual bodies have been established;

R-2 - resources are estimated in general, geological parameters are measured at some points, they are a reserve for the growth of resources R-1;

R-3 - resources of unidentified types, estimated on the basis of geological extrapolation, geophysical and geochemical data, or using prospecting methods that are used to select the direction of prospecting and assess the prospects of individual areas.

E - resources, the exploitation of which, under the socio-economic conditions existing in a particular country or region and on the basis of existing technologies, is possible and cost-effective;

S - resources, the development of which is not feasible from the point of view of economic interest or due to the lack of industrial mining technology. Depending on changes in the economy and technology of extraction and processing of resources, the categories R-1-S and R-2-S can move into the categories R-1-E and R-2-E.

In the mining industry, the main production facilities are mining enterprises (mines, cuts, quarries), enrichment factories, as well as dumps and tailings, where substandard ores and waste from the entire industrial complex are stored and preserved.

Technological processes The mining industry can be divided into 3 groups:

The movement of matter within the lithosphere,

Reducing the concentration of the element in the lithosphere,

Change in composition during enrichment.

The work that is carried out during the extraction of a mineral or rock is called mining. As a result of their conduct, voids are formed in the thickness of the earth - mine workings. They are diverse in shape, size, purpose, position in space. There are open workings, located on the earth's surface and having an open cross-sectional contour, and underground - with a closed cross-sectional contour, located at a certain depth from the surface.

On the territory of Ukraine, 7.5 thousand mineral deposits have been explored, of which 4.5 thousand are exploited. The volume of mining of the rock mass is 2.7 billion tons/year, of which 1.9 billion tons are overburden and processing waste.

In the former USSR, 2/3 of the increase in national income was provided by the use of additional resources and by about 1/2 - by an increase in the efficiency of resource use. This ratio of extensive and intensive factors of production has developed historically. The extensive development of production has led to the involvement in the economic turnover of significant amounts of natural resources. In connection with the exhaustion of extensive factors of development and the rise in the cost of raw materials, the situation has changed. If in the 70s, for every ruble of the increase in the extracted raw materials, there were 2.4 rubles. capital investments, then in the 80s - more than 7 rubles.

The following patterns were determined in the development of the mineral resource complex:

Mining-geological and mining-technical conditions for the development of deposits are deteriorating due to a decrease in the content of useful components,

The scale of development of new fields is expanding in hard-to-reach areas with difficult development conditions,

Mining deepened to 1500-2000m for underground and 1000m for open pit mining,

The manifestations of rock pressure are increasing (the result of the action of gravitational, tectonic forces and changes in the temperature of the upper layers of the earth's crust), sudden outbursts of rock mass and gases not only on coal, but also on ore deposits,

The completeness of extraction is insufficient, the complexity of the development and use of mineral resources is low, and mining waste is intensively increasing. Now only 8-10% of them are being recycled. In the mining regions of the country, a new type mineral formations from mining waste - man-made deposits, the scale of which is constantly increasing.

Hydrodynamic disturbances:

Overregulation, as a form of disturbance, is manifested in the form of reservoirs and water canals. Caused by the need to drain the surface above the field,

Waterlogging is observed around dumps with an area of ​​more than 200 ha,

Flooding is typical for cases when production has an excess of water and does not use it completely in the water cycle. Water is discharged onto the ground, into streams and reservoirs, and additional areas of land are flooded. Elsewhere, in connection with this, there may be

exhaustion

Drainage - occurs due to the drainage of groundwater by workings and wells. Near each quarry, a depression funnel of groundwater reaches a diameter of 35-50 km,

Water flooding occurs during the disposal of liquid production waste.

Underground mining.

The mine is an independent production and economic unit mining enterprise, which conducts the development of a deposit or its section by an underground method.

Mine - a set of mines of surface shops, united by one administrative, technical and economic management.

Used underground mining systems: room-and-pillar, long-pillar mining and stacked mining system.

The room-and-pillar system is used in the development of horizontal or slightly inclined deposits with stable ores and host rocks. It is characterized by the alternation of parallel mining chambers and permanently supporting pillars, in which more than 15-20% of the reserves of their total value remain. Ore beaten off by explosions is loaded by an excavator into dump trucks, which deliver it to ore passes. The working height depends on the seam thickness and can reach 12 m.

The system of development by long pillars along the strike belongs to the systems with the collapse of the host rocks. Behind the ore excavation, the mined-out space is filled with collapsing host rocks. Only a part of the worked-out space near the face, supported by the lining, remains uncollapsed. This is how flat, layer-like horizontal deposits with a thickness of 2-3.5 m are developed.

The stacked mining system is characterized by filling the goaf with broken ore. During breaking, the volume of ore increases by 30-40%, as it is broken, it has to be partially released. Stored ore is the material of the work site. Such a system is used in the development of steep deposits with a thickness of 0.5-5.0 m with stable ore and host rocks. The minimum dip angle of the ore body for such a system is 55°.

The sinking of mine workings leads to the need to store waste rocks in dumps. The sinking of vertical shafts involves their erection in the form of waste heaps, and when driving adits and inclined shafts, the rocks are most often stored in flat dumps.

During underground mining, sources of impact on environment serves as driving of mine workings, transportation of minerals and waste rock, cleaning works. In this case, shifts of rock masses are possible (smooth without discontinuity or intense with discontinuity). At the same time, subsidence is formed on the surface up to the horizons. Almost all types of rock shifts destroy ground objects and underground communications. Rock shifts can be accompanied by spontaneous combustion of minerals. Fires affect large massifs of rocks, complicate the exploitation of deposits, and exacerbate the processes of collapse. The shear zone involves aquifers, water resources of the area mining are depleted. If groundwater is affected, it turns into sewage, requiring treatment before being discharged. Drying of aquifers may occur. In addition, through the resulting cracks, leakage of firedamps is possible both into the workings and to the surface.

During mining, the main pollutants are gas and dust emissions from underground mine workings - firedamp (a mixture of atmospheric air with various gaseous and dust impurities released from rocks or mine waters). More than 200,000 tons of dust enter the atmosphere from underground mine workings every year. In case of accidental releases, the concentration of gas and dust impurities in firedamp increases many times over.

A certain amount of methane during the degassing of the layers rises along the cracks to the earth's surface, directly polluting the atmospheric air. Every year in the Donbass (364 mines) 3870 mt.m3 of methane and 1200 million m3 of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere.