Two ways to calculate opportunity costs. Variable costs. Normative and actual expenses
2.5. imputed costs
There are categories of costs that need to be taken into account when making a decision and data about which is usually not possible to collect within the system. accounting. Information about the costs accumulated within the accounting system, as a rule, is based on information about past payments or payment obligations at a certain time in the future. Sometimes, in order to make a decision, it is necessary to impute or attribute costs that may not represent real cash costs in the future, and these costs are called imputed (alternative) costs. They can be divided as follows: the cost of missed opportunities is a lost profit (loss of profit). It is related to the fact that a limited amount of produced resources can only be used in a certain way, which excludes the use of another possible option that provides profit.
If there are more than two options for the use of productive resources, then the cost of lost opportunities represents the lost benefit for the best possible, but not yet realized option.
Opportunity costs characterize the opportunity that is lost or sacrificed when the choice of one alternative course of action requires the rejection of another.
For example, a company has the ability to enter into a contract for the production of a special part. The production of the latter requires 100 hours of processing on machine X. The machine is working at full capacity on the production of product A, so the contract can only be fulfilled by reducing the output of product A. This will mean a loss in income of 200 thousand rubles. The contract will also require additional variable costs in the amount of 1000 thousand rubles.
If the company enters into a contract, then it will suffer losses in income by 200 thousand rubles. due to a decrease in the output of product A. This amount is an imputed cost and must be taken into account as part of the costs when discussing the terms of the contract. The price of the contract must be set so as to at least cover additional costs in the amount of 1000 thousand rubles. and 200 thousand rubles. imputed costs (which, if the company concludes a contract, will benefit it in a short time).
It is important that the concept of "imputed costs" is applicable only in the case of limited resources. Where resources are not limited, there is no need to sacrifice something (to give up something desired), as is the case in the case of their scarcity. If, in the example, machine X were operating at 80% of its potential capacity, then the decision to enter into a contract would not require a reduction in the level of production of product A. Therefore, there will be no loss in income, and imputed costs will be zero.
Analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise
Analysis of economic activity of KU ZHREP "ZhRET Oktyabrsky district"
For 2009 average headcount employees of the enterprise increased compared to 2008 by 56 people. due to the increase in the number of workers by 40 people, employees by 16 people, including 9 managers and 7 specialists. There is no secondary activity...
Business plan for a newly created enterprise
Depreciation calculation. Since the option of receiving 10 units of rolling stock is the purchase at the expense of a loan, we conclude a contract for a period of 3 years. Depreciation is calculated for the 2nd and 3rd year. Calculated on a straight-line basis...
Enterprise cost classification
These costs are understood as the cost of already acquired resources, when the choice in favor of some alternative cannot affect the amount of these costs. These are costs...
Organization of a business for the production of book products
Organization of repair and tool economy.
Fixed assets and costs of the enterprise
The depreciation deductions and wage costs calculated by us are part of the current costs of the enterprise for the production and sale of goods ...
Industry structure in modern conditions
Solution. Let's introduce the notation: Gross profit - VP, net profit - PE, net profit sales - NRP, net profit margin - NRPr, enterprise sales volume - Op, price - C, total fixed costs - OZ ...
The project of creation of LTD "Happy baby"
Qualification available in addition. categories of replenishment workers per month. cost (month) per project (c.u.) per year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Director 1 - _ 15 thousand rubles. 12 180 thousand...
The project for the creation of the enterprise "Vex" for the production of corrugated cardboard
Expenses - expressed in monetary terms, the costs of enterprises, entrepreneurs, private producers for the production, circulation, marketing of products ...
Cost of products (works and services) JSC "ArtPlast"
Thus, the objectives and goals term paper were done. References 1. Batova T.N., Vasyukhin O.V. Economy industrial enterprise. Textbook. St. Petersburg: GU ITMO, 2010. 324 p. 2. Bolyukh M.A., Burchevskaya V.Z. Economic analysis. Ed...
Statistical study of labor costs
It is generally accepted to define labor costs as the sum of remuneration for work performed and additional costs incurred by the employer in the performance of hired labor, including training costs ...
Economics of the enterprise IP Dubrovina O.G.
"right">Table 3 Fixed costs: Cost item Per month Per quarter Per year Rent 35,000 105,000 420,000 Electricity 1,200 3,600 14,400 Internet 500 1,500 4,500 Telephone 300,900 3,600 TOTAL 37,000 111,000 444,000 Transport ...
Economic Analysis of Mini Brick Factory
Costs are divided into: start-up costs and operating costs. Initial costs - the funds needed to implement the project of a mini-factory for the production of bricks. Operating expenses are the annual cash costs...
Accounting (management) accounting 2010-2011 academic year
1. Management accounting includes:
financial accounting and reporting
dispatching accounting and control
Planning, accounting and analysis of costs and results of the enterprise
2. Management accounting and controlling
Desirable for any enterprise
mandatory in market conditions management
not required for the company
3. Management accounting:
is carried out without allowing options for calculating the final indicators
Assumes variance in cost and benefit calculations
4. The main task of accounting for production costs in the framework of management accounting is:
Information Support administration of the enterprise for making managerial decisions
providing information to interested external users
calculation of the financial results of the enterprise
5. Users of information generated in the system management accounting:
tax authorities
Managers at various levels of intra-company management
credit institutions
6. Management accounting:
nothing to do with accounting
It is a logical consequence of the development of accounting, its evolution
is the use of accounting data to manage
7. Meters used in the management accounting system:
money meter only
only natural measurements
only labor meters
Any meters
8. Use of accounts and double entry in management accounting:
necessarily
Not necessary
impossible
9. Compared to financial accounting, management accounting:
more accurate
Less accurate
the accuracy of financial and management accounting data is approximately the same
10. Management accounting is intended for:
Masters and others management personnel
investors
creditors
11. Departments of management accounting and controlling:
should be part of the company's accounting department
should be allocated to independent departments of the plant management
12. The object of management accounting is:
enterprise as a single economic complex
Market sectors, cost centers, responsibility centers, causes and perpetrators of deviations
13. Frequency of presentation of information in management accounting:
monthly
daily
quarterly
The faster the better
14. Of paramount importance in management accounting are such properties of information as:
precision and versatility
Versatility and speed
speed and accuracy
15. The main purpose of management accounting is:
actual accounting of the value of property
internal management control
Information for decision-making on the management of the enterprise's economy and verification of the effectiveness of their implementation
16. The principle of double entry for management accounting:
obligatory
Not required but preferred
not required
17. Management accounting:
regulated by the state
Not regulated by the state
regulated by the state in terms of the composition of the costs of the enterprise included in the cost
18. Accounting management accounting for the coverage of accounting objects:
Wider financial accounting
already financial (accounting) accounting
equals financial accounting
19. The issue of the need to maintain management accounting at the enterprise is decided by:
Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
enterprise creditors
Enterprise management
20. Expected, predicted, planned values are included in the system:
management accounting
accounting
21. The personal (official) composition of users of information and reporting data should be determined:
in accounting
in management accounting
in tax accounting
22. The most prompt information should be:
in tax accounting
in accounting
in management accounting
23. Orientation to the decision "How it should be" is most consistent with:
management accounting
accounting
24. For management accounting, it is more important:
Correct assessment and comparison of upcoming costs, expenses, revenues and other income
statement of missed opportunities
25. Areas of greatest risk in business, narrow places in the activities of the organization, inefficient or unprofitable types of products and services are more fully identified:
in accounting
in tax accounting
in management accounting
26. By the nature of the application of management accounting:
Universal, possible in any economic organization
only available for limited use
27. The element of management accounting is:
cost accounting
statistical accounting
28. The element of management accounting is:
the financial analysis
Management analysis
technical analysis
29. The element of management accounting is:
the financial analysis
Budgeting
technical analysis
30. The main purpose of the operational management accounting of an enterprise operating under normal conditions is:
reduction of enterprise costs
Ensuring maximum profit
increase in sales
31. Use of financial accounting data for management:
included in the management accounting system
not included in the management accounting system
The issue is resolved at the discretion of the management of the enterprise
32. Accounting management accounting for the content, characteristics of accounting objects:
should be the same with financial (accounting) accounting
May be more informative in terms of the depth of disclosure of indicators
is less informative compared to financial (accounting) accounting
~ Topic 2. The concept and terminology of the classification of costs and results of activities
33. In management accounting, the following costs are accepted for consideration:
only paid
only variables
only recorded on accrual basis
34.Costs of the main and working capital:
necessary only at the initial stage of the enterprise's operation
Necessary throughout the life of the enterprise
35. Between the costs and results of the enterprise, there are:
quantitative relationships
cost dependencies
Quantitative and cost dependencies
36. Costs of the enterprise for the reporting period and the outflow of means of payment associated with entrepreneurial activity:
This is the same
differ in the form of spending
Differ in form, content and amount of costs
37. Value added:
national economic statistical indicator, impossible to determine within the enterprise
taxable indicator without determining its real value
An indicator that can be used in management accounting
38. Marginal cost:
always less than proportional costs
As a rule, equal to the proportional part of the variable costs
39. The edge (border) of financial stability (security) is TD-0.0:
The difference between break-even sales volume and its maximum predicted value
difference between planned and actual sales
40. The stock of financial strength of an enterprise is:
the difference between the maximum sales volume and the sales volume corresponding to the zero profit point
The difference between the actual revenue received and the value of the break-even point in value terms
41. The value of the fixed costs of the enterprise is equal to:
The difference between marginal income and profit from product sales
sum of sales profit and total variable costs
42. The point of zero profit is calculated by dividing the amount of fixed costs:
by the value of the total cost of the product
on the amount of profit from the sale of the product
On the amount of marginal income per unit of production
43. Marginal income of the enterprise is:
Difference between sales revenue (excluding VAT and excises) and total variable expenses
the difference between sales revenue (excluding VAT and excises) and the total fixed costs of the reporting period
44. Marginal income (coverage amount) of an enterprise is equal to:
Sum of sales profit and fixed costs
the sum of profit from sales and the amount of variable expenses
45. Profit from the sale of products is equal to:
the difference between sales revenue (excluding VAT and excises) and total fixed costs
The difference between marginal revenue and total fixed costs
46. The method of extreme points (the method of the highest and lowest points) in the management accounting in the organization is used to:
47. Accounting for expenses by cost items is carried out:
For management purposes (for management accounting purposes)
in the formation of expenses for ordinary activities
such a grouping of expenses in the enterprise is not used
48. With an increase in the volume of production and sales, the unit cost of production decreases due to:
variable costs
fixed costs
fixed and variable costs
relevant expenses
imputed costs
49. Variable costs can be:
costs that may change as a result of new decisions
costs per unit of output that do not change with changes in output
Unit costs that change with changes in output
50. Expenses and expenses of past reporting periods for the enterprise
always relevant
Always irrelevant
partially relevant
51. Imputed costs are included in:
accounting (real) costs
Economic costs of production and marketing of products
52. Costs for the purchase of raw materials, materials, fuel are:
internal costs of the enterprise
External costs for the implementation of core activities
53. Gross costs are:
all expenses of the enterprise for this reporting period
The sum of fixed and variable costs related to the production of products
54.Deferred expenses are formed at the expense of:
sustainable liabilities of the enterprise
Working capital of the organization
enterprise profits
55. Firms with high variable costs typically:
Material-intensive production
high level of automation
56. The costs of raw materials and basic materials belong to the group:
indirect costs
overhead
direct costs
57. Expenses for the internal movement of goods belong to the group:
indirect costs
direct costs
overhead
proportional costs
58. The amount of lost profit affects:
Real costs of the period
average costs
actual expenses of the enterprise
59. Real costs of the reporting period:
always above average cost
always below average
May be above or below average costs
60. Reservation of costs within the reporting year is used in accounting:
real costs
Average cost
expenses of a loss-making enterprise
61. Imputed costs are most often taken into account:
In pricing
to determine the financial result of sales
when determining financial value
~ Topic 3. Basic models of management cost accounting
62. Management accounting information is designed to optimize the ratios:
costs - output
costs - sales revenue
Costs - result
Within short term time (month, quarter, year)
throughout the life of the enterprise
64. Progressive costs increase at the rate of:
Faster than production volume
slower than the growth in output
the growth of production volumes does not affect the amount of progressive costs
65. Degressive costs change at the rate of:
Lower than production volume
higher compared to the volume of production
the volume of production does not affect the amount of degressing costs
66. The most accurate results of dividing costs into fixed and variable are achieved using:
analytical mini-max method
Statistical methods (least squares, correlations, etc.)
67. Calculation of the point of zero profit:
Assumes the invariance of the value of variable and fixed costs in a given period
allows for the possibility of changing these costs
has nothing to do with the amount of fixed and variable costs
68. If the volume of production has increased, then ceteris paribus: (with the method of accounting for full costs)
unit cost finished products increase
The unit cost of finished products will decrease
unit cost of finished products will remain unchanged
69. Marginal profit from a normally functioning enterprise for the same period of time:
Usually higher than the profit from the sale of products
generally lower than sales profit
should be equal to the profit from the sale of products, goods and services
as a rule, below the value of variable costs per unit of output
70. Influence on the amount of revenue in management accounting is achieved by:
minimization of various cost groups
Participation in the regulation of sales prices, calculation of the marginal planned revenue
71. Growth Money at the enterprise by the end of the reporting period:
sure if the business is profitable
Not connected in any way with the results of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise
72. The current costs of the main activity of the enterprise are carried out at the expense of:
fixed assets
working capital
fixed and current assets of the organization
73. Income from sales includes:
bond interest income
Revenue from the sale of finished products
dividend income
74. Marginal costs are:
costs that are attributed to the unit cost of production and WIP (work in progress)
costs that are not the responsibility of a particular manager
The cost of producing an additional unit of output
costs not taken into account when estimating reserves
75. The costs of an enterprise vary in proportion to the volume of activity, while at the same time, these costs per unit are constant. These costs can be expressed as:
fixed costs
variable costs
indirect costs
76. According to the method of inclusion in the cost of production, the costs are divided into:
relevant and irrelevant
Direct and indirect
regulated and unregulated
basic and overhead
77. Relevant costs depend on:
from the age of the enterprise
from the volume of activities and sales
From the management decision
from the scale of the enterprise
78. Fixed expenses of the enterprise:
Unchanged in the total cost
constant per unit of output
79. Variable costs of the enterprise:
always directly proportional to the volume of production and sales
May be partially proportional, progressive or regressive
80. Progressive expenses:
reduce the cost of production
Increase the cost of production
have no effect on the cost of production
81. Degressive expenses:
Contribute to the growth of the company's profits
hinder the increase in profits and profitability
have no effect on the company's profits.
82. The concept of "Economic benefit" and "Income" for the enterprise:
This is the same
they are different, unrelated concepts.
They are related but different concepts.
83. To make a decision on the choice of one of the alternative courses of action, information is needed on:
total income and expenses for each option
Relevant costs and revenues
controllable and non-controllable costs
84. When dividing costs in relation to the volume of changes in production, they distinguish:
direct and indirect costs
standardized and non-standardized costs
Permanent and variable costs
85. The criterion for the allocation of fixed and variable costs is their dependence:
From a change in the volume of production
from applied solutions
from attributing to a specific product or division
86. Direct material costs are:
material costs for the whole enterprise
material costs used in the production process
Raw materials and materials for the manufacture of products used in the production process
87. Payment for rent storage facilities- this is:
variable, overhead, indirect costs
variable, overhead, direct costs
variable, basic, indirect costs
Fixed, overhead, indirect costs
88. In accounting are reflected:
margin cost
opportunity cost
differentiated costs
Indirect costs
89. Grouping costs into fixed and variable is necessary for:
Analysis and forecasting of break-even production
definition of product structure
investment efficiency analysis
90. With an increase in production:
Fixed costs per unit are reduced while variable costs per unit remain unchanged
fixed costs per unit of output remain unchanged, while variables increase
fixed costs per unit of output remain unchanged, while variable costs per unit of output increase
91. Book value of old equipment:
represents relevant costs
Not a relevant expense
depending on the situation can be considered as relevant and irrelevant expenses
92. Imputed (economic) costs are
Relevant costs
irrelevant costs
discrete costs
93. Correlation-regression analysis is used in the framework of:
Allocation of costs to variable and fixed
determining marginal costs
to select the method of cost accounting at the places of their formation
definitions relevant income
94. The analytical method (the method of estimating each cost item) when maintaining management accounting in an organization is used to:
unit cost calculation
Separation of expenses into variable and fixed components
determining the payback period of investments
costing of related products
95. The method of least squares in management accounting in an organization is used to:
unit cost calculation
Separation of expenses into variable and fixed components
determining the payback period of investments
costing of related products
96. With an increase in the volume of activities, gross margin profit:
is increasing
decreases
remains unchanged
97. Discrete expenses include:
Costs for the development of new types of products, R&D
heating and lighting costs for the workshop building
direct material costs
direct labor costs
98. Costs that are not related to the consumption of resources in this reporting period and compensate for past or possible future costs of the enterprise are:
Estimated costs
labor costs
material costs
expenses for the preparation and development of production new products
99. Depending on the management tasks to be solved, the costs are divided into:
Relevant and irrelevant
discrete
direct and indirect
100. If the cost response factor is equal to one, this means:
101. If the cost response factor is equal to one, then the costs are:
proportional variables
permanent
degressive variables
progressive variables
102. If the cost response factor is greater than one, this means:
cost growth lags behind volume growth
Cost Growth Outpaces Volume Growth
cost change equals volume change
103. If the cost response factor is less than one, this means:
Cost growth lags behind volume growth
cost growth outpaces volume growth
cost change equals volume change
104. Accounting for the cost of the amount of interest on equity is necessary because:
Money, even your own, is worth money
there is a desire to increase costs in order to reduce taxable profits
it reduces business risk
105. The amount of lost profit affects:
Choosing one or the other management decision
distribution of indirect costs
reflecting the actual expenses of the enterprise in the accounts
106. If an enterprise sells goods at prices above cost, but does not receive money for it, then it:
Will report profit but no cash
will have neither profit nor money
will have accounts payable
107. Can I economic organization having a lot of money in current and foreign currency accounts, be unprofitable:
no, this is impossible
~ Topic 4. Management cost accounting by type and purpose
108. Calculation of costs at the national economic level is carried out according to the grouping of expenses of enterprises:
by cost items
By cost elements
by cost elements and costing items
109. The composition of costs used at enterprises by calculation items:
regulated by law
regulated tax service
Determined by the company
110. To the greatest extent, the responsibility for the amount of consumption of materials in production provides:
Primary Documentation Method
countdown method
inventory method
111. If prices for raw materials and materials tend to decrease, then the use of the FIFO method by an enterprise will lead in the reporting period to:
reducing the cost of materials used
profit increase
Reducing the value of leftovers material resources
increase in the cost of residual material resources
112. The release of materials into production is strictly limited. This achieves:
Preliminary control
follow-up
113. The consumption of materials in production is reflected:
in the invoice
In the limit-fence card
in the production report
in balance
114. It is advisable to use the reducing balance method when calculating depreciation:
if the fixed asset brings approximately the same income during the entire period of its use
If fixed assets have the highest productivity at the beginning of their useful life, and at the end, the cost of their current repairs increases significantly
115. It is advisable to apply the linear method of depreciation calculation:
If the fixed asset brings approximately the same income during the entire period of its use
if fixed assets have the highest productivity at the beginning of their useful life, and at the end of the cost of their current repairs significantly increase
if the income of the enterprise is highly dependent on the volume of products manufactured on a particular equipment
116. Under equal conditions, the minimum amount of material costs in the reporting period (in the presence of inflation) is provided by:
FIFO method
LIFO method
average price method
117. The amount of depreciation accrued for the reporting period is usually lower:
in management accounting
In tax accounting
118. Depreciation of fixed assets:
increases the company's profit
Reduces potential profit
has no effect on profit
119. The amount of depreciation of the same fixed assets and intangible assets, as a rule:
higher in accounting (financial) accounting
Higher in management accounting
should be the same in financial and management accounting
120. Depreciation of fixed assets is reflected:
in the cash flow statement as an expense
in the cash flow statement as income
in the income statement as a separate line
In the report on the execution of the budget of overhead costs
121. Determination of the amount of raw materials and materials consumed during the reporting period in accumulative registers compiled on the basis of primary documents for the release of materials into production, is the content of:
Cumulative total method (primary documentation)
retrograde method
inventory method
122. Determining the consumption of materials by counting backwards based on the volume of output and specific standard consumption is the content of:
running total method
Retrograde method
inventory method
method of estimating the consumption of materials at the purchase price
123. Estimation of the consumption of material resources after each release into production or sale is carried out using the following methods:
Continuous FIFO or LIFO
periodic FIFO or LIFO
124. The write-off of inventory items to the costs of the enterprise at the highest price, regardless of the sequence of acquisition, is carried out according to the method:
fixed price valuations
125. The write-off of inventory items for the costs of the enterprise at the minimum price, regardless of the sequence of acquisition, is carried out according to the method:
fixed price valuations
126. Calculation of wages by multiplying the number of units of output by the unit rate of its payment is made when:
piecework payment
time payment
calculating disability benefits
127. Calculation of wages by multiplying the number of hours recorded in the working time card by the wage rate is made when:
piecework payment
Time payment
material incentives
128. Minor maintenance costs:
included in deferred expenses
Attributed to cost in the reporting period when they occurred
charged to the income statement as a loss
included in the cost of fixed assets
129. Product development costs are:
single element costs
Complex expenses
period expenses
130. Cost of returnable waste:
Not included in product cost
included in production costs
131. The signal document is:
limit fence card
Requirement with a red line on the diagonal
decision of the tax inspectorate on the payment of a fine
132. Direct labor costs include:
wage shop manager
chief accountant salary
economist salary
The wages of workers and engineering and technical personnel whose activities are related to specific type products
133. Estimated costs are:
Interest on equity
workers' wages
R&D spending
134. Estimated costs are:
Depreciation
workers' wages
R&D spending
135. Estimated costs are:
The cost of risk
workers' wages
R&D spending
136. Primary documents are drawn up:
implicit accrual costs
opportunity cost
137. Estimated expense is:
lost profit
Interest on capital
138.Expenses for the development of mass production of products:
Repaid monthly from the start of production based on cost estimates and planned output
included in the valuation of property, plant and equipment
139. The assessment of the total consumption of material resources without assessing each of their release into production is carried out using the method:
continuous FIFO or LIFO
Periodic FIFO or LIFO
140. Evaluation of consumed materials at current market prices is carried out at:
Method of permanent revaluation
valuation at fixed prices
HIFO method
valuation at average prices
141. Evaluation of consumed resources at predetermined prices is carried out at:
permanent revaluation method
Valuation at fixed (account) prices
HIFO method
valuation at average prices
142.HIFO and LOFO methods can be applied:
in management accounting
in financial accounting
in tax accounting
143. In industries with continuous consumption of raw materials, it is advisable to use the following to determine the amount of consumed raw materials:
cumulative method
Retrograde method
fixed price valuation method
144. For managerial accounting of working time:
enough accounting data
Necessary Additional Information about the time spent on the performance of individual works
145.Incentive payments include:
Compensation payments associated with the mode of work and working conditions
allowances for night work and overtime work
temporary disability benefits
146. The calculation costs include:
director's salary
equipment rental cost
Depreciation of assets and interest on own capital
147. The calculation costs include:
discrete spending
Rent of owner-owned property
the cost of renting public buildings
148. The calculation costs include:
employees' wages
workshop building rental cost
The cost of risk
~ Topic 5. Calculation of costs by places of formation, responsibility centers and budgeting
149. The cost of which grouping will be higher:
Cost fields
spending areas
cost centers
cost center
150. Expenses of the cost center and the responsibility center for the same division of the enterprise:
always equal in cost
never match each other
May be the same, but may be different.
151. Territorial isolation of the place of costs:
Mandatory
desirable
plays no role
152. Territorial isolation of the responsibility center:
obligatory
Desirable
plays no role
153. Should the division of cost places coincide with the division of the enterprise into workshops, departments, laboratories, etc.:
yes, always
No, not necessarily
154. Locations and cost centers with weakly controlled costs have, with production and sales volumes:
Degressive or progressive relationship
proportional relationship
155. The composition of the financial budget includes:
production budget
forecast budget
sales budget
Profit and loss budget
156. The composition of the operating budget includes:
cash flow budget
Overhead budget
forecast balance
investment budget
157. The static (fixed) budget is calculated on:
multiple activity options
Specific activity level
158. Flexible budget is calculated on:
Multiple activity options
specific level of activity
for a set of technical and economic indicators
159. The initial step in the preparation of operational budgets is the development of:
production budget
Sales budget
pro forma income statement
cash flow budget
160. Grouping costs by places of formation is necessary:
To control production and marketing costs
to determine product costs and period costs
to determine the cost of the product
161. Transfer prices at the enterprise are:
settlement prices with suppliers
settlement prices with buyers
Internal prices for settlements between business units
162. In terms of cost locations, it is advisable to plan and take into account:
only direct costs
only indirect costs
direct and indirect costs
The issue is resolved individually for each cost center or their homogeneous groups
163. The total of the costs of the reporting period, taken into account in the context of cost centers and responsibility centers:
will be equal to the total costs for the whole enterprise
There will be more total costs for the enterprise
will be less than the final result for the enterprise as a whole
164. Accounting for costs in the context of the places of their formation:
Helps improve costing accuracy
makes the calculation less accurate
165. The initial value in the system of budgeting the costs of an industrial enterprise is:
volume of production of products, works and services
Volume of sales
production capabilities of the enterprise
166. Subdivisions, the heads of which are responsible only for the proceeds from the sale of products, goods, services and for the costs associated with their sale are called:
sales centers
profit centers
investment centers
167. Achieving the maximum return on invested capital, increasing the value of the enterprise is the main task of the following responsibility center:
profit center
sales center
operating cost center
investment center
168. The accounting department of an enterprise is:
profit center
sales center
cost center
investment center
169. Level of detail by location and cost center for each enterprise:
Individual
can be legally defined
the same for everyone
170. The cost budgeting method is intended mainly to solve the problem of:
Cost control and economy
calculation of financial results
correct distribution of indirect costs
171. When keeping records of costs in the context of the places of their formation, it is recommended to apply next rates allocation of indirect costs:
shop rates
factory rate
detailed rates
172. Budgeting and cost control are necessary and possible
only in commercial organizations
only in budget institutions
Both commercial and budget organizations
173. Methods for distributing the costs of auxiliary production and methods for distributing overhead costs in the budgeting process:
Used for making calculations.
applied to determine contribution margin by products
not applied at all
174. By cost centers, the following should be considered:
All direct and indirect costs associated with the work of this unit
only irrelevant expenses associated with the work of this unit
only general business expenses allocated to departments
only discrete costs associated with the work of this unit
175. Cost centers should only consider:
Indirect (in relation to types of products) costs associated with the work of this unit
relevant costs associated with the work of this unit
general business expenses distributed by departments
discrete costs associated with the work of this unit
176. One of the main principles of cost accounting by responsibility centers is:
Personal responsibility of the head of the responsibility center
responsibility centers should accumulate primary and secondary costs
177. One of the main principles of cost accounting by responsibility centers is:
Development of internal reporting forms for each center
responsibility centers should accumulate variable and fixed costs
responsibility centers should accumulate relevant and irrelevant costs
178. One of the main principles of cost accounting by responsibility centers is:
Linking the responsibility center with organizational structure management
responsibility centers should accumulate variable and fixed costs
responsibility centers should accumulate relevant and irrelevant costs
179. The center of responsibility is:
any factor whose change affects the total cost
Segment of the organization or area of activity for which it is advisable to accumulate costs, income, etc. and which fall under the responsibility of the manager at the appropriate level of management
180. The total cost of the enterprise, regardless of their intended purpose, the degree of completion of processes production activities and production results, is:
cost center
cost field
overhead costs
responsibility center
181. Places of costs involved in the manufacture of products from waste or having a designated purpose as pilot production are called:
Related places of costs
ancillary cost areas
182. Places and cost centers isolate:
in accounting
In management accounting and controlling
in tax accounting
183. The most accurate results of calculating the cost of mutually provided services are achieved if:
the cost of one, the most common service (water, electricity, etc.) is taken at the level of the state tariff
The calculation is made using systems of linear or non-linear equations
184. Cost accounting by places and centers of formation:
Contributes to a more accurate calculation of the unit cost of the final product
makes it difficult to accurately calculate the cost estimate of end products and services
has no effect on the calculation
185. Budgeting is:
the technical side of cost-benefit accounting
Work that allows the enterprise to "make ends meet", i.e. costs and their sources
186. Selling prices and internal transfer prices should be calculated or analyzed according to:
financial (accounting) accounting
management accounting
tax accounting
187. The most common in the enterprise are responsibility centers responsible for:
For spending money, but not for receiving income
for earning income
spending money and making money
~ Topic 6. Accounting and distribution of costs by calculation objects
188. Calculation of the cost of a unit of production is mandatory in the system:
accounting (financial) accounting
management accounting
tax accounting
189. Method of distribution of expenses between reporting periods:
Affects unit cost
has no effect on the costs of the calculation objects
affects only the marginal income of the enterprise
190.More informative are:
Elective Calculations
cumulative costing
parametric calculations
191. If the level of sales is less than the volume of production, the unit cost products sold(using the full cost accounting method):
will be lower than usual due to a decrease in marginal profit
Will be higher due to the allocation of a fixed part of the sales costs to a smaller number of products sold
will remain the same due to the lack of dynamics of the constant part of general production and general business expenses
192. Equivalent calculations are most applicable in:
mechanical engineering
Chemical industry
193. Calculation of the cost of production, calculated on the basis of the cost of a machine-hour of equipment operation:
More accurate than other calculation methods
less accurate than with custom and conversion costing
does not affect the accuracy of the calculation
194. Pricing policy of the enterprise in market conditions:
should be determined on the basis of the ratio of supply and demand for the product without taking into account its cost
Should take into account the company's own costs for production and sale
should come from financial opportunities buyer
195. Calculation of the unit cost of products sold for modern enterprise:
mandatory in management accounting
196.In conditions of material-intensive production, as a basis for the distribution of indirect costs between certain types products to choose from:
the number of manufactured products of each type
The cost of material resources needed to produce each product
the cost of the direct costs required to produce each product
machine time (machine hours, standard hours, etc.)
197. Calculation of the unit cost of production is used:
Only in the management accounting system
in tax accounting and management accounting systems
only in the financial accounting system
only in the tax system
198. Calculation of the cost of production calculated on the basis of the cost of a machine-hour of equipment operation requires:
accounting for all production costs by their types
Accounting for the time spent on the operation of machines and equipment
199. Calculation of the unit cost of sales for a modern enterprise:
mandatory for tax reasons
The matter is purely voluntary, but desirable
not required in management accounting
200. Calculation of unit cost of production:
Can be used in pricing
has nothing to do with pricing
201. With simultaneous production from the same raw material different types products are:
parametric calculations
Cost estimates for related products
do not calculate at all
202. More accurate results of costing calculations of the unit cost of a product are achieved:
with the same basis for the distribution of complex costs
With different bases for the distribution of costs included in the complex of costs
costing accuracy mainly depends on cost forecasting methods
203. The distribution bases for indirect costs are:
only quantitative indicators
only cost indicators
Quantitative and cost indicators
204. When calculating the cost of mutually rendered services, which method is the most accurate?
method using fixed (planned) prices
Method using a system of equations
direct distribution method
serial distribution method
205. When calculating the distribution coefficient, according to the one-sided method (direct distribution method), the costs of primary places are distributed proportionally:
output of final cost centers
wages of primary cost centers
The volume of services consumed in total by all departments of the enterprise
206. The following can be considered as an object of calculation:
Machine-hour of equipment operation
buyer
provider
207. Process and methodology for calculating the unit cost of production:
regulated
Is a voluntary matter
208. Consolidated cost accounting can be organized:
index method
inventory method
Semi-finished and non-semi-finished method
extreme point method
209. The following can be considered as an object of calculation:
Semifinished
buyer
provider
210. In the mass production of homogeneous products for costing, as a rule, the following is used:
Transfer method
custom method
211. At an enterprise producing several types of products, each of which goes through several technological stages of manufacture, it is most advisable to use:
simple one-part costing
simple multipart costing
coefficient one-part calculation
Factor multi-part costing
212. The possibility of attributing costs or part of them to specific separate types of products and services is a hallmark of:
cross-calculation
process costing
Order costing
213. Unit cost will be more accurate when using:
a single rate for the distribution of indirect costs
Differentiated rates (for each type of indirect costs)
214. The cost of a unit of production will be the least accurate when using:
Uniform factory rate for distribution of indirect costs
unified workshop rates for the distribution of indirect costs
differentiated rates (for each type of indirect costs)
215. Equivalent coefficient calculation is used:
When calculating products with similar characteristics, but differing in some properties
216. When using the method of elimination for the purpose of calculating the cost of associated products, by-products are estimated:
at truncated cost
at variable costs
At fixed prices
217. In cases where several main products can be distinguished from related products, and the rest are considered side products, an organization that is going to analyze the profitability of each product uses:
residual value method
cost allocation method
Combined method
218. A detailed list of costs included in the cost of products and services contains:
In the elective calculation
in cumulative costing
in consolidated costing
219. Equivalent calculations are most applicable in:
textile industries
mechanical engineering
220. Custom costing is applied:
in serial production of mass products
In the manufacture of custom-made products or one-of-a-kind
in a continuous production process
221. The purposes of management and financial accounting are simultaneously served by grouping costs according to:
Elements
costing items
factors of production
222. As calculation units of the cost of production, it is preferable to have:
value units
Natural (physical units) measurements
units of measurement of labor intensity, machine intensity of products
223. Scope of application:
manufacture of paints, automobiles, bricks
Aircraft manufacturing, turbine manufacturing
footwear production
production of soft drinks
224. Cost bearer is:
Any factor whose change affects the total cost
segment of the organization or area of activity for which it is advisable to accumulate costs, revenues, etc. and which fall under the responsibility of the manager at the appropriate level of management
this is a division within the enterprise directly related to certain types of expenses
225. The most reasonable for a unit that is characterized by a high degree of automation and mechanization of production is the following base for the distribution of overhead costs:
number of labor-hours (man-hours)
Number of machine hours
wages of key production workers
direct material costs
226. The calculation, which is intended for calculating the coverage rate, is:
design estimate
complete costing
Reduced cost calculation
227. The objects of calculation (cost carriers) can be:
only final for this enterprise products and services
Final products, semi-finished products, services of auxiliary production and service facilities
228. Data for costing a unit of finished products:
have nothing to do with the company's balance sheet
reflected in the company's balance sheet
depending on the selected accounting policy option, are reflected or not reflected in the balance sheet
229. Availability of a detailed regulatory economy at the enterprise:
Influences the accuracy of the calculation actual cost products
does not affect the accuracy of the calculation
230. The most accurate calculation of the actual cost of a unit of production is calculated on the basis of cost information:
reporting month
reporting quarter
reporting year
231. From the preliminary (before the start of production) the most accurate calculation:
estimate (design estimate)
planned
Regulatory
232. Parametric calculations are:
product costing
service costing
Calculation of the cost of one hour of equipment operation, unit of productivity of machines, content of useful substances in the product, etc.
233. Equivalent calculations are:
For homogeneous products
for heterogeneous, disparate products
no such calculations exist.
234. Method of distribution when calculating the cost of related products:
used in all cases
They are used when the products of conjugated production cannot be divided into main and by-products.
not used under any circumstances.
235. The advantage of costing based on the cost of a machine-hour of equipment operation:
In accounting for the labor intensity, machine intensity of the production of certain types of products
in the accuracy of calculation calculations
236. Equivalent calculations are a variety of:
custom
conversion
normative
237. An enterprise-monopolist should make calculations of the total cost of a unit of production:
Necessary
desirable
forbidden
238. The lower limit of the price of the manufacturer's enterprise is:
direct costs
The amount of variable costs
total cost products
239. For newly mastered products, they expect:
Design and estimate costing
standard costing
240. The cost of a machine-hour of equipment operation can be calculated using:
cumulative costing
elective calculation
Parametric costing
241. Attribution of all indirect costs to types of products involves:
Full costing
margin calculation
elective calculation
cumulative costing
242. Determination of coverage rates for each type of product is made when applying:
Abbreviated costing
elective calculation
normative costing
243. Absolutely accurate distribution of the total amount of indirect costs by type of product:
possible with their distribution in proportion to labor costs
possible with their distribution in proportion to the volume of production
possible with their distribution in proportion to the energy consumed
The distribution is always subject to the possibility of inaccuracy.
244. When applying equivalent calculation, the use of conditionally natural indicators:
necessarily
Not necessary
245. For a given reporting period and a certain type of product, the minimum costs should be in:
standard cost estimate
normative costing
actual costing
246. When calculating the cost of individual orders and services, it is advisable to provide for the repayment (compensation) of overhead costs:
In terms of direct costs
by summarizing all overhead costs in one item
ignore overhead costs at all
~ Topic 7. Standard accounting and standard cost based on full costs
247. Lack of strict regulation; accounting for expenses within the limits; attribution of expenses in excess of the norms to the guilty persons or to financial results; lack of current accounting of changes in norms; the use of a variance account for each type of cost is typical for:
order method of cost accounting
standard method of cost accounting
Standard costing method
248. Accounting for expenses within the norms, attributing expenses in excess of the norms to the “Sale” account, using the account for deviations of the actual cost from the standard one is typical for:
order method of cost accounting
Standard cost accounting method
method “standard - costing”
cost accounting method at reduced cost “direct costing”
249. Sales expenses are reflected in the system:
“standard - costing”
standard accounting method
+ “standard - costing” and regulatory accounting
250. Norms (standards) of costs for a product in the standard cost and regulatory accounting are developed according to the articles:
only direct costs
only indirect costs
Direct and indirect costs
251. System accounting for changes in norms (standards) of costs - component:
method "standard - costing"
Regulatory cost accounting
regulatory accounting and the “standard-costing” method
252. Deviations only in the direction of excess costs, in comparison with the norms (standards) of costs, are reflected:
In the system "standard - costing"
in regulatory accounting
in regulatory accounting and the “standard - costing” system
253. For saving direct basic costs for the production and sale of products:
employees should be encouraged
should be punished
It is necessary to analyze the reasons for the savings achieved
254. Documentation of deviations (reflection in accounting registers) from the norms (standards) of costs is a distinctive feature:
Regulatory Accounting
standard-cost
standard-cost and regulatory cost accounting
255. Norms and norms (standards) of costs in normative accounting and in the “standard-costing” system:
should be stable throughout the year
should in without fail change at the beginning of the month, quarter, year
They can only be changed after appropriate organizational events (implementation new technology and technology, rationalization proposals, etc.)
256. Identification of deviations from the norms (standards) in the “standard-costing” system occurs.
Eliminable and non-removable costs
Sometimes the terms "removable" and "non-removable" costs are used instead of the terms "costs taken into account" and "costs not taken into account". Avoidable costs are those costs that can be avoided by choosing an alternative course of action. Sunk costs are costs that cannot be avoided. Thus, only avoidable costs should be considered in decision making. Let us return to the already considered example, illustrating the costs accepted and not taken into account. The cost of materials (raw materials) in the amount of 100 thousand rubles. are irremovable and not taken into account when making decisions, and the cost of processing raw materials into a product in the amount of 200 thousand rubles. -- removable and, therefore, taken into account for decision-making. It is necessary to accept that variant of the decision which creates the income exceeding disposable costs.
Sunk costs, or past period costs
These costs are understood as the cost of already acquired resources, when the choice in favor of some alternative cannot affect the amount of these costs. These are costs that arose as a result of a decision made earlier and that cannot be changed by any decision in the future. Expenses in the amount of 100 thousand rubles, the need for which has disappeared (see the previous example), are just sunk costs. The category of sunk costs also includes the residual value of previously acquired property. If the machine (machine, mechanism) was purchased 4 years ago for 1,000,000 rubles. with an expected service life of 5 years and zero scrap value, then the residual value will be 200,000 rubles. with even depreciation. This residual value must then be written off from the account, regardless of which alternative course of action is taken in the future. If the machine had been turned into scrap, then these 200,000 rubles would still have to be written off from the account.
This cost cannot be changed by any future decision, and therefore the costs in this case are classified as sunk costs.
Sunk costs are not taken into account when making a decision, but there is a difference between this category and the category of not taken into account costs, since not all costs taken into account are sunk costs. For example, when comparing two alternative production methods, it may turn out that the costs of basic materials are the same for both methods, and thus the costs of basic materials can be categorized as non-accountable costs. But the cost of materials will not be irretrievable in this case, as they will be incurred in the future.
imputed costs
There are categories of costs that need to be taken into account when making a decision and data about which is usually not possible to collect within the framework of an accounting system. Information about the costs accumulated within the accounting system, as a rule, is based on information about past payments or payment obligations at a certain time in the future. Sometimes, in order to make a decision, it is necessary to impute or attribute costs that may not represent real cash costs in the future, and these costs are called imputed (alternative) costs. They can be divided as follows: the cost of missed opportunities is a lost profit (loss of profit). It is related to the fact that a limited amount of produced resources can only be used in a certain way, which excludes the use of another possible option that provides profit.
If there are more than two options for the use of productive resources, then the cost of lost opportunities represents the lost benefit for the best possible, but not yet realized option.
Opportunity costs characterize the opportunity that is lost or sacrificed when the choice of one alternative course of action requires the rejection of another.
For example, a company has the ability to enter into a contract for the production of a special part. The production of the latter requires 100 hours of processing on machine X. The machine is working at full capacity on the production of product A, so the contract can only be fulfilled by reducing the output of product A. This will mean a loss in income of 200 thousand rubles. The contract will also require additional variable costs in the amount of 1000 thousand rubles.
If the company enters into a contract, then it will suffer losses in income by 200 thousand rubles. due to a decrease in the output of product A. This amount is an imputed cost and must be taken into account as part of the costs when discussing the terms of the contract. The price of the contract must be set so as to at least cover additional costs in the amount of 1000 thousand rubles. and 200 thousand rubles. imputed costs (which, if the company concludes a contract, will benefit it in a short time).
It is important that the concept of "imputed costs" is applicable only in the case of limited resources. Where resources are not limited, there is no need to sacrifice something (to give up something desired), as is the case in the case of their scarcity. If, in the example, machine X were operating at 80% of its potential capacity, then the decision to enter into a contract would not require a reduction in the level of production of product A. Therefore, there will be no loss in income, and imputed costs will be zero.
Incremental (incremental) and marginal (marginal) costs and revenues.
Incremental (sometimes called differential) costs and revenues are additional costs (income) arising from the production or sale of a group of additional units of production.
Incremental costs may or may not be included in fixed costs. If fixed costs change as a result of some decision, then their increase will be incremental costs (therefore, funds allocated to increase the wages of personnel involved in the direct sale of goods (sellers) should be accounted for as incremental costs). If the fixed costs do not change as a result of the decision, then the incremental costs will be zero. This allows us to say that the incremental cost of renting the premises of the sales department is also equal to zero.
Incremental costs and incomes, in principle, are largely similar to marginal costs and incomes. The main difference is that marginal costs and incomes are additional costs and incomes per unit of product, while incremental ones, being also additional costs (revenues) in their essence, are the result of an increase in production volume. whole group product units.
imputed costs
Imputed costs are incomes for the solution option that we abandoned when making this decision. The decision can be made both taking into account the value of imputed costs, and without them.
Example: a company produces kefir. There is an opportunity to switch to the production of yogurt. Profit from the production of kefir is 100 thousand rubles / year; revenue from the production of yogurt - 320 thousand rubles / year; the cost of yogurt is 200 thousand rubles / year. Capital expenditure is not required. Choose the best option.
Solution: a) without using the concept of "imputed costs". Profit in case of yogurt production: 320-200=120 thousand rubles/year; this is more than, in the case of kefir - 100 thousand rubles / year. It is advisable to switch to the production of yogurt - additional profit in this case will be 20 thousand rubles / year.
b) using the concept of “imputed costs”: if we produce yogurt, then we lose the profit from the production of kefir in the amount of 100 thousand rubles / year - these are imputed costs that must be subtracted from the profit from the production of yogurt (320-200) -100 = 20 thousand rubles / year. The result is the same as in case "a".
Marginal and Incremental Costs
Incremental - these are those costs that fall on the increase in the volume of production of more than one unit. For example, an enterprise produced 100 thousand units. products. As a result of the reconstruction of fixed assets, production volumes increased to 120 thousand units per year. Those costs that fall on an additional 20 thousand units. products are called incremental.
Marginal is the cost incurred by the most recent unit of output produced by the enterprise. This concept is mainly used in microeconomics, not accounting. From a microeconomic point of view, it is difficult to isolate net variable costs. Variable costs can change in comparison with production volumes either progressively or digressively, so the cost of materials, the wages of the main workers per unit of output can change with changes in production volumes. The rule for optimizing the production program of the enterprise can be formulated as follows: if the marginal cost is equal to the price of a unit of production, then in this case the profit of the enterprise will be maximum.
General concepts of production costs
Any production is preceded by costs. They start at the organizational stage. And then they accompany the entire process of production and sale of products. These costs are associated with payments for the purchase or rental of premises and means of production, for the purchase of raw materials, energy resources and hiring workers. In addition, expenses will be required for the storage and marketing of finished products.
Only after the sale of the produced goods, the entrepreneur can compare the correspondence between the income received and the funds spent. By comparing these two indicators, one can judge the profitability or unprofitability of the enterprise.
Definition 1
All costs associated with payments in the production of products are called production costs.
Each entrepreneur before starting his economic activity must take into account the size of possible costs. This will allow to optimize them already at the stage of production planning. Consider options for reducing costs.
Forms and types of costs
Due to the variety of forms and structures production processes There is also a wide variety of forms and types of production costs. But with all their diversity, all types of costs can be combined into several groups. Today, experts distinguish the following types of costs:
- external and internal;
- constants and variables;
- general;
- average and specific;
- imputed, etc.
All of them are closely related and affect the overall performance (profitability) of production. Their accounting and planning are the key to successful economic activity of the enterprise.
Opportunity (imputed) costs
One of the tools economic analysis is the curve production possibilities. It shows that there are several options to choose from to ensure maximum output at minimum cost. In market conditions, there is always the right to choose - the free will of both the producer and the consumer.
There are costs involved in making choices, which are called opportunity costs. opportunity cost. This is the fundamental concept of modern economics. They arise due to limited resources. There are several similar definitions of this type of production cost.
Definition 2
Imputed (opportunity) costs are those costs that characterize the value of the best of the alternative (rejected in the economic choice) options.
Definition 3
An opportunity cost is the cost of producing one good, expressed in terms of the amount of another good that had to be abandoned in the course of an economic choice in order to produce that good.
This means that the economic costs associated with obtaining some good are other benefits that could be produced using the same resources. But the production of these goods had to be abandoned, since the resources will be used in the production of the chosen good (goods).
Remark 1
Any citizen in everyday life repeatedly faces the problem of choice. Consequently, we all face imputed (opportunity) costs - lost profits.
Given the availability of unlimited resources, there would be no need for an economic choice. One desire would not be fulfilled at the expense of another. Therefore, the opportunity cost of any choice or decision would be zero. But when resources are limited, opportunity costs play a positive role, because they force us to analyze the current economic situation and streamline the freedom of choice.
