Practical on logistics. Logistics tasks with solution
ROSZHELDOR
State educational institution
Rostov State University means of communication"
(RGUPS)
E. A. Mamaev
WORKSHOP ON LOGISTICS
2nd edition
Rostov-on-Don
UDC 656.2250773(075)
BBK 65.37.T65
Mamaev, E. A.
Workshop on logistics / E. A. Mamaev; Growth. state University of Communications. - 2nd ed. - Rostov n / D, 2009. - 74 p.: ill. – Bibliography: 12 titles.
Brief theoretical information, tasks and options for initial data for performing calculations for various sections of logistics are given. The attachments to the tasks contain instructions for their implementation using the Microsoft Excel office program.
The manual is intended for students studying "logistics" for a wide range of related specialties.
Reviewer: Dr. Econ. sciences, prof. V. A. Makeev (RGUPS)
Educational edition
Mamaev Enver Agapashaevich
WORKSHOP ON LOGISTICS
Editor T. M. Chesnokova
Proofreader T. M. Chesnokova
Signed for publication on February 20, 2009. Format 60x84 /16.
Newsprint paper. Risography. Conv. oven l. 4.1.
Uch.-ed. l. 4.3. Circulation copies. Ed. No. 32. Order No.
Rostov State Transport University
Risography RGUPS
University address: 344 038, Rostov n / a, pl. Rostov Rifle Regiment of the People's Militia, 2
© Rostov State Transport University, 2009
DIV_ADBLOCK307">
2 WAREHOUSES IN LOGISTICS SYSTEMS
2.1 Choosing your own or rented warehouse for the enterprise
2.2 The tasks of locating warehouses in logistics systems
2.3 The task of determining the number and coordinates of distribution warehouses
2.4 Determining the location of the warehouse in a given transport network
2.5 Security questions
3 INVENTORY AND MATERIAL MANAGEMENT
3. 2 Inventory management models with a fixed order size
3. 3 Models of ABC and XYZ analysis
3.4 Security questions
APPS
Appendix 1 Transport problem solution in MS-Excel environment
Appendix 2 Solving the problem of determining the coordinates of the distribution warehouse
Appendix 3 Solving the problem of determining the number and coordinates of distribution warehouses
Appendix 4 Solving the problem of determining the number and coordinates of distribution warehouses, taking into account the costs of their creation
Appendix 5 Solution of a static multi-product inventory management problem
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
Theoretical knowledge of the basics transport logistics can be effectively applied in practice to solving specific problems only after studying the methodology and technology of standard calculations. The variety of problems and factors does not allow, as usual, to present the entire range of applied problems, but the need to use the mathematical apparatus and software in practical research of logistics technologies for organizing material flows becomes undeniable. At the same time, for the effective organization of material flows, different types transport, forms of warehousing and management of stocks and purchases, etc.
This guide provides a number of practical tasks on the basics of transport logistics, assignments for warehouse logistics, stock and order management in logistics systems. Transport logistics is represented by a classic transport problem and its modifications, variants of variant analysis of transportation routing. In the warehouse logistics section, algorithms for locating warehouse complexes are considered, and in the inventory and order management section, different types models in this area.
Tasks are accompanied by data options for individual calculations and guidelines to their implementation.
The appendices contain calculation tables (worksheets) for solving problems using modules from the MicroSoft Excel library, recommended for use when performing the corresponding tasks. Can also be used for other tasks software products to facilitate calculations and find optimal (rational) solutions.
1 TRANSPORT LOGISTICS CHAINS
Theme Structure: Studying options for setting the tasks of transporting goods and routing transportation, determining a plan for transporting products for specific enterprises, choosing the optimal vehicle.
Target: Get knowledge on optimizing transport logistics chains, evaluating the effectiveness of options for transporting enterprise products, choosing a mode of transport for delivering goods.
Equipment: Personal computer, office applications, spreadsheets (MS-Excel).
Order of execution: To study the theoretical material. Choose an option for an individual task, perform calculations, draw conclusions based on the results and in accordance with control questions.
1.1 Transport task for traffic routing
The process of moving goods (transportation) is one of the central elements in supply chains. The presence of many factors and criteria for evaluating solutions determine the class of models and problems of the transport type. A short list of conceptual approaches to the formation of models of transport tasks (traffic routing) is presented in Table 1.1.
Consider transport task, which in the notation of Table 1.1 has the form<Ц1, П1, Ч1, Т1, Р1, М2, У1, Е2, Н1, З1, Г1>. In other words, it is required to determine optimal plan delivering the minimum total transportation costs for the transportation of some homogeneous product from suppliers to consumers. The mathematical model of the problem has the following form
Table 1.1 - Parameters of traffic planning and routing models
Factors and limitations of the conceptual model | Meaning |
Target function (C) | C 1. Minimization of transport costs |
C2. Minimization of cargo delivery time |
|
C3. Minimization of total costs for production location and transportation |
|
C 4. Reliability of fulfillment of the transportation schedule |
|
Availability of production points (P) | P1. Without taking into account the cost of organizing production |
P2. Taking into account the cost of organizing production |
|
Number of products (H) | Ch1. single product |
Ch2. Multi-product |
|
T1. Without taking into account the typology of vehicles |
|
T2. Taking into account the typology of vehicles |
|
Intermediate transshipment (distribution) points | P1. No waypoints |
PN. With many intermediate transshipment points |
|
Restrictions (1 - no or 2 - yes) |
|
At the power of sources of flows (M) | On the processing capacity of the intermediate elements of the transportation chains (N) |
On the bandwidth plots (U) | Interchangeability of goods (products) (Z) |
On the volumes of consumer needs (E) | On the carrying capacity of vehicles (G) |
There is https://pandia.ru/text/80/280/images/image003_105.gif" width="19" height="25">, , and points of receipt of the same product with needs , . Known - transport costs associated with delivery of a product unit from the point of delivery to the point of receipt , , , Figure 1.1.
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URAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC INSTITUTE OF THE ACADEMY OF LABOR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS
Department of Management
LOGISTICS
Workshop
Chelyabinsk
Logistics: workshop / comp. L.B. Vladykin; UrSEI ATiSO. -
Chelyabinsk, 2009. - 60 p.
The workshop is designed in accordance with State standard higher vocational education specialty 080705.65 "Management of the organization" and the program of the training course "Logistics". Designed for practical exercises with the aim of actively using methods, principles, technologies and other logistics tools for students in solving specific situations.
The workshop contains a thematic plan of lectures and practical classes, questions for discussion, assignments, tests, topics for term papers (tests), questions for the exam, a list of recommended literature.
The workshop is intended for students of all forms of education in the specialty 080705.65 "Organization Management".
Compiled by Vladykina L.B., Art. Lecturer, Department of Management UrSEI
Reviewers Ivanov O.P. , cand. tech. Sciences, Professor of the Department of Management UrSEIUsova A.A., Ph.D. economy Sciences, Associate Professor, SUSU
© Ural Socio-Economic Institute of the Academy of Labor and social relations, 2009
© Vladykina L.B., 2009
Foreword………………………………………………………………….. | ||
Thematic plan and grid hours of the course "Logistics"…………………….. | ||
Methods of preparing and conducting practical classes……………… | ||
Section I. Logistics and Market…………………………………………………... | ||
Practical lesson 1. Topic: Logistics as a science and field | ||
professional activity…………………………………………. | ||
Practice 2. Topic: Logistics concepts, | ||
used to form micrologistics systems………… | ||
Practical lesson 3. Topic: Design of logistics systems, |
||
carrying out functional cost analysis……………………... | ||
Section II. Functional areas of logistics…………………………… 21 | ||
Practical session 4. Topic: Inventory logistics……………………… | ||
Practical lesson 5. Topic: Procurement logistics………………….. | ||
Practical lesson 6. Topic: Transport logistics……………….. 32 | ||
Practical lesson 7. Topic: Logistics of warehousing……………… | ||
Practical lesson 8. Topic: Distribution logistics…………. | ||
Section III. Logistics management support……………………... | ||
Practical lesson 9. Topic: Information support | ||
Logistics……………………………………………………………………… | ||
Practical lesson 10. Topic: Service in logistics……………………. | ||
Topics of course (examination) papers………………………………………. | ||
Control questions for the exam (test) on the course "Logistics"………. | ||
FOREWORD
The business of the leader is to see the company not as it is, but as it can be.
J.W. Tits
AT modern economy resource flow management is one of the key competencies. Logistics, although it has deep historical roots, is nevertheless a relatively young and rapidly developing science. Analyzing the role of logistics management in the company from the standpoint of obtaining competitive advantage, it can be argued that by implementing logistics principles and systems, a company in any industry receives significant benefits by optimizing flows and reducing costs. A qualified specialist in the field of logistics must know how to properly and rationally manage all the resources of the enterprise.
Wide application of logistics in practice economic activity due to the need to reduce the time intervals between the acquisition of raw materials and the delivery of goods to the final consumer, as well as the cost of their movement. The scope of logistics is diverse, including: management of transport, warehousing, stocks, personnel; organization information systems, commercial activity etc.
The purpose of the manual is to help students understand the need unified management through material flows, to orient students to a holistic vision of the essence of the processes in the logistics system and the possibility of their optimization.
The application of a logistic approach to management is fixed when solving practical tasks most frequently encountered in the activities of real organizations. The workshop contains a number of business situations illustrating modern logistics concepts. Solving practical problems requires calculating the full cost of business processes and finding ways to reduce costs.
The training manual consists of three sections:
Section I. Logistics and Market– forms an idea of the place of logistics in the field social production, considers logistics concepts and practical use pull and push micro-logistics systems in the field of production, teaches the design of logistics systems and financial cost analysis in the logistics system.
Section II. Functional areas of logistics - contains assignments
covering issues related to inventory management, supply, transportation, warehousing and distribution.
Section III. Support for logistics management - gives pre-
statement, on practical methods for combining the processes of production, supply, marketing and transportation, application various kinds after-sales service taking into account the criterion of efficiency logistics system.
Each section is formed from tasks, the solution of which is aimed at achieving the main goal of logistics - reducing costs associated with optimizing material and related flows in the company's activities.
Consolidation of theoretical knowledge in the process of solving problems will allow you to gain practical skills in managing the logistics system as a whole and its individual logistics links.
In addition, materials for practical exercises contain: questions for discussion and tests to test knowledge.
The main skills acquired by students in the study of the discipline:
∙ independently analyze the state of the logistics system;
∙ find effective ways to improve the company's logistics system.
THEMATIC PLAN AND GRID OF HOURS OF THE COURSE "LOGISTICS" for students of the specialty "Organization Management"
Topic name | |||||
Logistics as a science and field | |||||
professional activity |
|||||
logistics concepts, | |||||
used to form | |||||
logistics systems | |||||
Logistics design | |||||
systems, functional | |||||
cost analysis | |||||
Inventory Logistics | |||||
Purchasing logistics | |||||
Transport logistics | |||||
Warehousing logistics | |||||
Distribution logistics | |||||
Information Support | |||||
logistics |
|||||
Service in logistics | |||||
METHODOLOGY FOR PREPARING AND CONDUCTING PRACTICAL EXERCISES
In the discipline "Logistics" it is planned to conduct classes in
– using the method situational tasks(cases);
– implementation of practical tasks for the construction of micrologistics
systems, flow optimization and cost reduction,
related to the operation of the enterprise;
– executing tests.
Seminars based on the case method help to master the rules:
conducting a discussion teamwork, analysis and comparison various points perspective on the issue at hand.
∙ divide the group into several subgroups 3-4 people in each.
Carry out the distribution of roles in the group (leader, stenographer,
controlling the time of discussion, speaker);
∙ carefully read the entire text in order to form a holistic view of the situation;
∙ describe the situation. Determine the main and secondary factors, details. Record in writing the problem, as well as all factors related to this problem;
∙ formulate criteria for checking the correctness of the proposed solutions;
∙ try to find alternative solutions, if any;
∙ develop a list of practical measures to implement your proposed solution.
When solving cases and practical situations, you can use the method " brainstorming" is the way the group works, in which the primary goal is to find new alternatives
solutions to problem situations. Problems by nature can be divided into three main types: analytical (causal) problems;
synthetic (problems of measures); choice problems.
Stages of brainstorming:
1) a statement of the problem (goal, what it strives for, the most important restrictions, a definition of what needs to be done);
2) expressing ideas (ideas are accepted by everyone and from all participants);
3) selection of ideas (argumentation of the proposed ideas and determination of the possibility of applying them to solve the situation);
4) solution development (development of separate directions).
∙ all tests contain multiple choice questions;
∙ there is a time parameter for test execution;
∙ for thematic tests, a positive assessment will be subject to more
60% correct answers to questions.
Basic knowledge acquired by students in the study
disciplines:
∙ on intra-production and external logistics systems, their links;
∙ logistics chains and networks; optimization criteria and functional
∙ on the links of logistics with other functional areas of the business;
∙ about existing micrologistic concepts and systems;
∙ on the methods and techniques of managing basic and key logistics
activities: order procedures, operational procedures
ramie in production, purchasing, distribution, stocks, transport
tying.
SECTION I. LOGISTICS AND MARKET
Practice 1
Topic: Logistics as a science and professional activity
Purpose: to form an idea of the place of logistics in the sphere of social production.
Issues for discussion:
1. The evolution of logistics. logistics paradigms.
2. Modern economy as a scope of logistics.
3. Variety of definitions of logistics and material flow.
4. Logistic activities, systems, links, supply chains and networks.
5. Principles and requirements for the formation of a logistics system.
6. Logistics mission and logistics environment.
7. Logistic approach to managing flow processes.
8. The concept and types of logistics operations.
9. Interface of logistics management with marketing.
10. Interaction of logistics with other functional areas of business.
11. Prospects for the development of logistics.
Task 1.1
1. Solve the crossword puzzle:
L O G I S T I C A
L O G I S T I C A
Horizontally:
1. The mass of goods moved in space.
2. Goods or items accepted for carriage, sent to the recipient.
3. Reporting the status or location of a shipment.
4. A generic term for a device for moving goods.
5. Delivery of products under a special contract.
6. Keeping a product or product safe and sound.
7. Dedicated storage room anything.
Depending on the specifics of the activity, construct supply chain for the release of one or two goods according to logistics functions.
Task 1.3
Task: Determine the boundaries of the logistics system in terms of traditional and integral approaches, as well as the object and subject of management in logistics systems.
Situation 1.
In the city of Orel, there is a small private manufacturing enterprise, which produces plastic pots and planters for indoor plants. The distribution system of this enterprise is built as follows. The company has a sales department that operates in two directions: retail and wholesale. Retail sales are carried out on their own through sales in three stores of manufactured goods in the city of Orel and in a store of manufactured goods in the city of Romny, Oryol region. The goods are stored on the territory of the enterprise and delivered to the stores by rented vehicles as needed. Wholesales are carried out by small wholesale dealers in the cities of Kursk, Bryansk, Tula, Podolsk. Dealers bring goods to end customers through their own retail outlets or through sales agents. Goods purchased by dealers are stored on their premises. outlets and delivered to the points of sale through their own forces.
Situation 2.
The Orion enterprise in Novokuznetsk produces motors for fans of the X-11 brand. The motors are delivered to Irkutsk, where fans of this brand are assembled at the Gorizont enterprise and sold through independent wholesalers, who, in turn, organize retail sale of this product. Orion carries out cargo transportation on its own, Horizont and wholesalers use rented vehicles.
Situation 3.
The Malysh and Carlson enterprise produces soft toys. The assortment is about 1000 items. Distribution system research this enterprise showed the failure of marketing
processes. It was decided to outsource this function to one of the best distributors with whom the company had previously cooperated. Thus, the sales department was reduced to a minimum and today it has become only a controlling body.
Test to test knowledge on topic 1
1. Where did the term "logistics" come from? a) in ancient India;
b) in the 19th century. in the USA; c) in ancient Greece; d) in the Roman Empire;
e) there is no correct answer.
2. What is meant by logistics in logistics?
a) complex organizationally completed economic system, which consists of elements - links interconnected in a single process of managing material and related flows; b) a set of actions aimed at production finished products or services demanded by the consumer at a certain
time; c) a complex set of functional elements (links),
interconnected in a single process of production and marketing of finished products to the final buyer;
d) organizationally completed economic system, problem solving optimization of the movement of MPs at the macrologistic level;
e) there is no correct answer.
3. Where was the term "logistics" first used?
a) in mathematical science as the name of a theory; b) c economics as a business tool;
c) in military science as the definition of a set of means for the delivery of equipment and ammunition to the place of hostilities;
d) in economics as one of the methods of control; e) there is no correct answer.
4. What is the fundamental novelty of the logistics approach to doing business in modern conditions?
a) in the integration of industrial and financial capital into a single form of economic activity;
b) in the complex use of modern computer technologies;
c) new ways of choosing suppliers and materials;
The examples given show in detail how to solve logistics problems:
An example of solving the problem of procurement logistics No. 1 with the answer
Within a month, the company needs 2 types household appliances for organizing sales. During this time period, for each species, determine:
- the optimal number of purchased household appliances;
- the optimal number of orders;
- optimal variable costs for inventory storage;
- difference between variable costs according to the best option and the case when the purchase of the entire batch is carried out on the first day of the month.
Posted on www.site
Initial data:
- the need for household appliances during the month (pcs.): 1 type - 9; 2nd view - 82;
- cost of ordering a consignment of goods (USD): 1 type - 19; 2nd view - 11;
- costs of storing a unit of goods for a month (USD): 1 type - 13; 2nd view - 8.
An example of solving a procurement logistics problem with explanations and an answer
To determine the optimal value of purchased household appliances within a given period of time, we use the following formula:
where: Cz - the cost of ordering a batch of household appliances, units;
P - the required volume of household appliances for a certain (given) period of time, pieces;
I - the cost of storing a unit of household appliances during a given period of time, f.u.
Let's find the optimal number of purchased household appliances for the first type: K1 = (2 * 19 * 9/13) 0.5 = 5 units. Accordingly, for the second type, the optimal amount of purchased household appliances will be: K2=(2*11*82/8) 0.5 =15 units.
To calculate the optimal number of orders for the required goods within the specified period, you must use the following formula:
Conventions see the previous formula.
Next, we calculate the optimal number of orders for household appliances for the first type: N1=(9*13*/2*19) 0.5 =2. Accordingly, the optimal number of orders for household appliances for the second type will be N2=(82*8*/2*11) 0.5 =5.
To calculate the value of the optimal variable costs for storing inventories for a given period of time, you must use the formula:
Symbols are indicated in the first formula.
Next, we calculate the optimal variable costs for storing stocks of the first type of household appliances: I1=(2*9*13*19) 0.5 =66.68. Similarly, the optimal variable costs for storing stocks of the second type of household appliances are calculated. I2 = 120.13
To calculate the difference between the sum variable costs, which the form carries with the optimal option for purchasing household appliances and the option for purchasing it on the first day of the month, you must use the following formula:
Based on the results of the calculations, the difference between the variable costs for the first type of household appliances will be Р1 = 13*9/2+19 = 10.82 units, for the second: Р2 = 8*82:2+11 = 218.37 units.
An example of solving the problem of procurement logistics No. 2 with the answer
A Dutch company approached your consulting firm with a question: where is it more profitable for it to buy components: in Europe or in South-East Asia?
Initial data:
- unit cost of the delivered cargo - 3000 US dollars / 1 cu. m.;
- transport tariff - 105 US dollars / cubic meter;
- import duty on goods from Southeast Asia - 12%;
- rate on stocks: in transit - 1.9%, insurance - 0.8%;
- cost of goods: in Europe - 108 US dollars, in Southeast Asia - 89.
Give the answer to the Dutch company.
Solution of the logistics problem with explanation and answer: At the first stage, we will find the optimal value of the share of additional costs that are formed in the process of delivering purchased goods from Southeast Asia. For this we use the formula:
conventions in the formula:
Тт - transport tariff;
Y - unit cost of the delivered cargo;
Pi - import duty;
Zp - rate on stocks in transit;
Зс - the rate on insurance stocks.
The calculations are as follows: D=100*105/3000+12+1.9+0.8=18.2%. Next, you need to calculate the difference between the cost of goods in Europe and in Southeast Asia. To do this, apply the following formula:
Let's perform the calculations: Рс=(108-89)*100/89=21.3%. Answer: since the share of additional costs that are generated during delivery from Southeast Asia is less than the difference between the cost of goods in Europe and Southeast Asia, it is beneficial for the company to purchase the components it needs in Southeast Asia, and not in Europe.
An example of solving the problem of distribution logistics No. 3
Condition of the problem and initial data: Choose a distribution system for implementation from the two proposed, if for each of the systems it is known:
- annual operating costs - 1) 7040 units / year, 2) 3420 units / year;
- annual transport costs - 1) CU 4480 / year, 2) 5520 units / year;
- capital investments in the construction of distribution centers - 1) 32534 CU, 2) 42810 CU;
- system payback period - 1) 7.3 years, 2) 7.4 years.
The solution of the problem distribution logistics with the answer:
In this case, the minimum annual value of the reduced costs (costs reduced to one annual calculation) will be the selection criterion for the logistics distribution system, which will allow each logistics system to be analyzed on this basis. To calculate the amount of reduced costs, we use the following formula:
Symbols: Z - the value of the reduced annual costs of the distribution system;
E - the volume of annual costs for the operation of the distribution logistics system;
T - the amount of annual transport costs;
K - the amount of capital costs for construction distribution center;
C is the payback period.
Let's perform calculations for the 1st system: 31 \u003d 7040 + 4480 + 32534 / 7.3 \u003d 15976.71 units.
Let's perform calculations for the 2nd version of the system: 32 = 3420 + 5520 + 42810 / 7.4 = 14725.14 units.
Answer: since Z1 > Z2 (15976.71 > 14725.14), then for implementation it is required to use the second proposed distribution system, which is more economical than the first option.
We can also help you write term papers logistics
An example of solving the problem of transport logistics No. 4
Statement of the problem: A - base, B, C, D, E, F, G - points of consumption. The demand of consumption points is shown in Table 6.
Table 6. Demand of consumption points
Make a rational route if a vehicle with a carrying capacity of 4 tons was chosen for transportation.
Solution of the problem of transport logistics with the answer:
Let's build the shortest connecting network ("minimal tree") according to the principle of minimizing the distances between two points:
Then, for each branch of the network, starting from the point farthest from the starting point A (counting along the shortest connecting network), we group the points into a route, taking into account the amount of cargo being transported and the carrying capacity of the rolling stock unit. Moreover, the points closest in another branch are grouped together with the points of this branch.
Grouping routes based on vehicle capacity
| Paragraph | Delivery volume, kg. |
|---|---|
| AND | 150 |
| B | 675 |
| G | 315 |
| E | 1500 |
| AT | 210 |
| D | 500 |
| Total | 3350 |
Carrying capacity of the car completely covers the total volume of delivery of all points of the route.
We determine the rational order of detour of the points of each route. To do this, we build a matrix table in which we place the points included in the route diagonally and the starting point A, in the corresponding cells - the shortest distances between them.
| BUT | 2 | 3,8 | 7 | 13,4 | 20,4 | 29,4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | D | 1,8 | 5 | 11,4 | 18,4 | 27,4 |
| 3,8 | 1,8 | AT | 3,2 | 9,6 | 16,6 | 25,6 |
| 7 | 5 | 3,2 | E | 6,4 | 13,4 | 22,4 |
| 13,4 | 11,4 | 9,6 | 2,2 | G | 7 | 16 |
| 20,4 | 18,4 | 16,6 | 13,4 | 7 | B | 9 |
| 29,4 | 27,4 | 25,6 | 22,4 | 16 | 9 | AND |
| 76 | 66 | 60,6 | 53,2 | 63,8 | 84,8 | 129,8 |
We build the initial route for three points of the matrix, which have the largest sizes of sums of distances: A-Zh-B-A.
To include subsequent items, select from the remaining items the item with the largest amount, i.e. Let's explore where point D should be included:
ΔAF = 2+27.4-29.4 = 0;
ΔZHB = 27.4+18.4-9 = 36.8.
From the obtained values of the increments, we select the minimum, i.e. 0. Therefore, D must be between points A and G. The route takes the form: A-D-Zh-B-A. Let's examine where item D should be included:
The route becomes: A-D-G-F-B-A. Let's examine where point B should be included:
The route becomes: A-D-C-G-F-B-A. Let's explore where item E should be included:
The route becomes: A-D-B-E-G-F-B-A.
Route length L = 2+1.8+3.2+6.4+16+9+20.4 = 58.8 km.
An example of solving the problem of inventory logistics No. 5
Conditions of the inventory logistics task:
The annual requirement for materials is 1550 pieces, the number of working days per year is 226 days, the optimal order size is 75 pieces, the delivery time is 10 days, the possible delay in delivery is 2 days. Determine the parameters of the system with a fixed order size without supply disruptions.
Free example of solving the inventory logistics problem with the answer. An example of calculating the parameters of a system with a fixed order size.
To calculate the parameters of a system with a fixed order size, the following algorithm is used, which is indicated in the table of an example of solving a logistics problem:
| No. p / p | Index | Calculation procedure |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Need, units | Given |
| 2 | Optimal order size, units | Given |
| 3 | Delivery time, days | Given |
| 4 | Possible delay in deliveries, days | Given |
| 5 | Expected daily consumption, units/day | P.1 / N |
| 6 | Period of spending the order, days | P.2 / P.5 |
| 7 | Planned consumption for the delivery period, units | P.3 * P.5 |
| 8 | Maximum volume of consumption for the period of delivery, units | (A.3 + A.4) * A.5 |
| 9 | The value of the guaranteed stock, units. | P.8 - P.7 |
| 10 | Threshold stock, units | P.9 + P.7 |
| 11 | Maximum desired margin, units | P.9 + P.2 |
| 12 | The period of stock consumption up to the threshold value, days. | (P.11 - P.10) / P.5 |
The following conventions are used in the table: N is the accepted number of working days per year.
Using the indicated algorithm, we will calculate the parameters of the inventory management system with a fixed order size:
Estimated daily consumption: 1550 / 226 = 7 pcs.
Order spend period: 75 / 7 = 11 days;
Planned consumption for the delivery period: 10 * 7 = 70 pcs.
Maximum consumption for the delivery period: (10 + 2) * 7 = 84 pcs.
Guaranteed stock value: 84 - 70 = 14 pcs.
Stock threshold: 14 + 70 = 84 pcs.
Max Desired Supply: 14 + 75 = 89 units
Stock consumption period to the threshold: (89 - 84) / 7 = 1 day.
Next, we will define how to plot the inventory movement in a system with a fixed order size. At the first stage of constructing this graph, we will plot information on the value of the maximum desired stock, the threshold stock level and the guaranteed stock on the graphical model:
An example of determining the location of a warehouse
Condition and initial data for solving the problem of warehouse logistics:
The company, engaged in the sale of products in the sales markets K1, K2, K3, has permanent suppliers P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 in various regions. The increase in sales forces the company to raise the issue of building a new distribution warehouse that ensures the promotion of goods to new markets and the uninterrupted supply of its customers. Determine the optimal place for the construction (location) of the distribution center (warehouse) of your enterprise.
Transport tariffs for suppliers: Tp - 1 c.u./t. km.
Transport tariffs for customers: T k1 - 0.8 c.u./t. km; T k2 - 0.7 c.u. / t. km; T k3 - 0.6 share / t. km.
Suppliers carry out an urgent delivery in the following sizes: Q p1 = 200 tons; Q p2 = 150 t; Q p3 = 125 t; Q p4 = 100 t; Q p5 \u003d 75 tons.
The delivery batch when selling to customers is: Q k1 \u003d 300 tons; Q k2 = 200 t; Q k3 \u003d 100 tons.
To solve the problem, it is necessary to use the center of gravity method (the method of positioning the grid of coordinates on the map of potential locations of customers and suppliers). You can choose the location of suppliers and customers arbitrarily (on your own). The schedule is required.
Solution of the warehouse logistics problem with the answer:
Set the initial coordinates of customers and suppliers:
1. The total cost of transporting a transported consignment of goods from suppliers, taking into account the distance along the X axis:
∑TpiRpiQpi = 30000+41250+50000+50000+45000 = 216250
Along the Y axis: ∑ТпiRпiQпi = 25000+45000+34375+10000+41250 = 155625
2. The total cost of transporting a transported consignment of goods to customers, taking into account the distance along the X axis:
∑ТkiRkiQki = 0+42000+33000 = 75000
Y axis: ∑TkiRkiQki = 138000+70000+36000 = 244000
3. The coordinates of the optimal location along the X axis: (216250 + 75000) / (650 + 440) = 267.2 = 267 km.
Y axis: (155625+244000) / (650+440) = 366.6 = 367 km.
Warehouse coordinates:
X: 267; Y 367.
Answer: thus, the warehouse should be located at the point with coordinates X = 267 km; Y = 367 km.
Warehouse location schedule:
Example of selecting a warehousing system option based on the total cost indicator
Initial data for solving the logistics problem:
1 option. Costs (A) associated with the operation, depreciation and repair of warehouse equipment amount to 5.25 million rubles; cost of warehouse equipment (ST) = 96.5 million rubles; average turnover of goods (n) = 25; weight (mass) of goods (Q) placed in a warehouse, 30,000 tons.
Option 2. Costs (A) associated with the operation, depreciation and repair of warehouse equipment amount to 5.0 million rubles; cost of warehouse equipment (ST) = 102.0 million rubles; average turnover of goods (n) = 25; weight (mass) of the goods (Q) placed in the warehouse, 35000 tons.
Choose a more efficient storage system option based on the total cost indicator.
Solution: determine the amount of current costs for option 1. To do this, use the following formula:
Symbols: A - costs associated with depreciation, operation and repair of the warehouse and its equipment, units;
n - turnover of goods (can be calculated as 365: tz, i.e. the duration of the analyzed period divided by the average duration of the period of storage of goods in the warehouse);
Q is the mass of goods stored in the warehouse, i.e.
Calculations: E1 = 5.25/(25*30000) = 7 rubles/ton.
Calculate the amount of one-time costs for option 1. To do this, use the formula:
Symbols: St - the cost of equipment placed in this warehouse.
K1 = 96.5 / (25 * 30000) = 128.67 rubles / t.
Symbols: E - current costs;
K - one-time costs;
0.29 - coefficient of efficiency of capital investments.
Calculations for option 1: Oz1 = 7+128.67*0.29 = 44.31 rubles/t.
We perform similar calculations for the second option:
Current costs for option 2: 5.71 rubles/t.
One-time costs for option 2: RUB 116.57/t.
Total costs for option 2: 5.71+116.57*0.29 = 39.52 RUB/t.
Answer: since the cost of option 2 is less than the cost of option 1, it is necessary to choose option No. 2 of the storage system.
An example of determining the boundaries of the firm's market
Condition of the problem: manufacturer A, which produces fuels and lubricants, is located at a distance of 200 km from company B, which is the main competitor of company A on the same commodity market. Both firms set their production costs at $5 per item and their shipping costs at $0.2/km. To expand the boundaries of the market, firm A decided to use warehouse S, located at a distance of 120 km from firm B. Delivery to the warehouse is carried out in large quantities and distributed to consumers from there. Warehouse costs are $0.4 per item. Calculate how many kilometers the boundaries of the market of firm A will expand.
Solution: Let's define the market boundaries for manufacturing firms A and B in the absence of warehouse S. The market boundary will be the break-even point for firms A and B, i.e. the territory where the selling price of firm A will be equal to the selling price of firm B. Let's make the equation:
C RA + C TA * X \u003d C RV + C TV * (200-X)
$5+$0.2*X = $5+$0.2*(200-X)
5+0.2X = 5+40-0.2X
X = 100 km. - the boundaries of the sales market of the company "A" without the use of a warehouse.
Now consider the option using warehouse S:
$5+0.4+0.2*X = $5+0.2 * (120 - X)
5.4+0.2X = 5+24-0.2X
X = 59 km. - distance from the warehouse S to the consumer.
The boundaries of the sales market of company A: 200-120 + 59 \u003d 139 km.
Increase in the border of the sales market: 139-100 = 39 km.
Answer: thus, thanks to the use of warehouse S, the boundaries of the market for firm A have expanded by 39 km. and amounted to 139 km.
An example of calculating the warehouse area in logistics
Task condition: Castings from foundry arrive at the warehouse of blanks weekly in the amount of 5t. In addition, the warehouse is stored as a two-week warranty stock of castings. Castings with a density of 7.9 kg / dm3 are stored on one-sided racks with dimensions of 0.6 x 4 m, height 2.0 m. The filling factor of the racks by volume is 0.5. Permissible load per 1 sq.m of floor - 2.5 tons. Determine the required total area for storing castings if the coefficient of its use is 0.9.
The solution of the problem:
1. Determine the maximum stock in the warehouse:
Szm \u003d a + T \u003d 5 + 2 * 5 \u003d 15 t;
2. Calculate the volume of the rack:
V \u003d 0.6 * 4 * 2 \u003d 4.8 m3;
3. Determine the estimated number of racks:
Krs \u003d Szm / Vkq \u003d 15 / (4.8 * 0.5 * 7.9) \u003d 1;
4. Accepted number of racks:
Krs.p \u003d Szm / Sst * dn \u003d 15 / (0.6 * 4) \u003d 2.5; accept 3 racks;
5. Usable area:
Spol \u003d Sst * Krs \u003d 0.6 * 4 * 3 \u003d 7.2 sq.m;
6. Required total area:
S = Spol / ksp = 7.2/0.9 = 8 sq.m.
Answer: thus, the required total area of the warehouse for storing castings will be 8 sq.m.
List of literature for solving problems in logistics
When solving problems in logistics, the following literature is mainly used:
Berezhnaya E.V., Berezhnoy V.I., Lukinskiy V.S. Logistics in examples and tasks. Tutorial
Prosvetov G.I. Mathematical Methods in logistics: tasks and solutions: Educational and practical guide
Nerush Yu.M., Nerush A.Yu. Workshop on logistics. Tutorial
Ryzhova I.O. Workshop on logistics
Gadzhinsky A.M. Workshop on logistics. 8th ed., revised, and additional.
Workshop on logistics. Ed. B.A. Anikina
Dybskaya V.V., Plotkin Yu.K., Anikin B.A. Logistics Workshop: Study Guide
Send the conditions of the tasks to estimate the cost of their solution
Workshop on logistics, Gadzhinsky A.M., 2012.
This workshop has been developed according to the most general topics included in the educational standards for the discipline of Logistics for various specialties, i.e. for warehouses, transport, procurement and distribution. It includes both tasks and business games on the listed topics, as well as test questions throughout the course of this discipline.
For students of higher and secondary specialized educational institutions, as well as practitioners in the field of distribution, procurement, transport, organization of trade and production processes.
ABS method.
Management in logistics is characterized, as a rule, by the presence of a large number homogeneous control objects that affect the result of the final activity in different ways.
In economics, the so-called Pareto rule (20/80) is widely known, according to which only a fifth (20%) of the total number of objects that one usually has to deal with gives approximately 80% of the results of this business. The contribution of the remaining 80% of objects is only 20% of the total result.
For example, in trade, 20% of the items of goods give, as a rule, 80% of the profit of the enterprise and make up 80% of the stock. The remaining 80% of product names are just a necessary addition, a mandatory assortment. Americans call this pattern the “rule of thumb”: the thumb of the right hand raised up symbolizes these same 20% of impact objects, while 4 fingers clenched into a fist indicate the significance of the finger raised up - 80%.
Content
Foreword
Topic 1. Logistics as a science and a field of professional activity
Topic 2. Full cost analysis in logistics
Task 1. Choosing a scheme for transporting petroleum products
Task 2. Rationalization of the distribution of alcoholic beverages
Topic 3. Inventory management using ABC and XYZ analysis
Task 1. Differentiate the assortment using the ABC method
Task 2. Determine the amount of reduction in the cost of maintaining stocks as a result of using differentiated standards for the average stock
Task 3. Differentiate the assortment using the XYZ method
Task 4. Build an ABC-XYZ-analysis matrix, make proposals on inventory management systems for commodity items of groups AX, AY, AZ, as well as groups B and group C
Topic 4. Selection of a geographically remote supplier based on a full cost analysis
Exercise. Based on the analysis of the total cost, make a decision on the advisability of purchasing a particular item in the city N
Topic 5. Control in the field of procurement and decision-making on placing orders
Exercise. Evaluate suppliers No. 1 and No. 2 based on the results of work in order to make a decision to extend the contractual relationship with one of them
Topic 6. Management of material flows based on operational accounting of logistics costs
Task 1. Calculation of the value of the total material flow in the warehouse
Task 2. Calculation of the cost of cargo handling in a warehouse
Task 3. Differentiation of factors that determine the volume of warehouse cargo handling
Task 4. Ranking of factors according to the degree of influence on the cost of warehouse cargo handling
Topic 7. Placement of goods in the warehouse
Task 1. Selection of a significant (in terms of the number of intra-warehouse movements) assortment of the warehouse and its placement in the “hot” zone
Task 2. Definition possible reduction the number of movements in the warehouse as a result of the placement of a significant assortment in the “hot” zone
Topic 8. Determining the size of the warehouse
Task 1. Determine the area of the warehouse based on the data on the need for cargo space and the value of the coefficient of the cargo area of the warehouse
Appendix to Topic 8
Topic 9. Incoming control of the supply of goods in the warehouse
Exercise. Study instructions No. P-6 and No. P-7 and answer questions
Topic 10. Calculation of the break-even point of warehouse activities
Exercise. Calculate the break-even point of warehouse activity
Topic 11
Exercise. Determine the freight turnover at which the enterprise is equally satisfied with whether to have its own warehouse or use the services of a hired warehouse (G6r - “cargo turnover of indifference”)
Topic 12. Determining the location of the distribution warehouse
Task 1. Using the method of determining the center of gravity of cargo flows, find an approximate location for the location of a warehouse supplying stores
Task 2. Determine the node of the transport network of a rectangular configuration, in which the location of the distribution warehouse will ensure a minimum turnover of transport for the delivery of goods to the serviced network
Task 3. Using the partial enumeration method, find the transport network node recommended for the location of the warehouse supplying these stores
Topic 13. Determination of the costs of delivery of various goods by car in case of joint transportation
Exercise. Determine the cost of delivery of various goods by road in the case of their joint transportation
Topic 14. Development of routes and scheduling of delivery of goods by road
business game
Assignments to business game
Topic 15. Determining the optimal period for replacing a vehicle
Exercise. Determine the replacement period of the vehicle using the minimum total cost method
Topic 16. The relationship of procurement and distribution logistics in the process of international deliveries of goods
Exercise. Study the basic terms of supply (see the annex to the task) and fill in the table of the relationship between procurement and distribution logistics in the process of international cargo deliveries
Task application. Basic terms of delivery
Topic 17. Forecasting in logistics
Exercise. Run comparative characteristic“naive” forecast and forecast made by the long-term average method (product A, there is no trend; product B, there is a trend)
Topic 18. Inventory management in logistics
Task 1. Using the table. 18.1 initial data, determine the excess actual expenses associated with the creation and maintenance of stocks, above the minimum costs in the case of a batch order optimal size
Task 2. Using the table. 18.2 with initial data, determine the duration of the consumption period of one delivered consignment of goods (days)
Task 3. Using the table. 18.3 initial data, determine
Topic 19. Inventory management indicators
Task 1. Using the table. 19.1 initial data, determine the size of the average stock for half a year (units)
Task 2. Using the table. 19.2 initial data, determine the time of circulation of stock (days)
Task 3. Using the table. 19.3 with initial data, determine the turnover rate (turnover) for the half year (in times)
Logistics course tests
Test. Should you choose the profession of a logistics manager?
An approximate list of questions for the test (exam) at the logistics course
Approximate topics of essays, term papers
Literature.
