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Transportation of goods modes of transport advantages and disadvantages. Transport logistics (analysis of different types of transport: advantages, disadvantages). Advantages and disadvantages of using different modes of transport

MOSCOW, November 22 - RIA Novosti. The share of garbage that will be incinerated in the Russian Federation will not exceed 20% in the future, up to 60% of the waste will be recycled, the special representative of the president said in an interview with RIA Novosti Russian Federation on environmental protection, ecology and transport Sergey Ivanov. “We will burn at most 15-20 percent. Most - 50-60 percent of municipal solid waste - we must recycle. These are paper, cardboard, plastic, glass. It doesn't need to be burned. It's being recycled. And mostly organic matter is burned, something that cannot be recycled: the remains of food waste. On the basis of burning, either compost is obtained, ...

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Tea with additives (lemon, honey, raspberry jam, ginger) This delicious drink much better for a healthy person. Honey contains many useful trace elements: calcium, magnesium, vitamin C. Vitamin C, contained in both lemon and honey, really has a beneficial effect on the body in case of respiratory and inflammatory diseases, but citrus fruits can irritate the mucous membrane inflamed due to SARS, and honey is the strongest allergen. If you are willing to take the risk, then remember that during illness, drinks and food should not be too hot or too cold. And according to WHO recommendations, when you have a cold, you should drink ordinary warm water. Raspberries contain a large amount of salicylic acid, which destroys pathogenic microorganisms and reduces inflammation. This was good news, but bad news: any jam ...

1. It is useful to sleep in a cool place The optimum air temperature for sleep is 17-19 degrees. If you sleep in pajamas, you can overheat. In a cool atmosphere, the body is restored with great effect, and sleep itself becomes deeper and longer. 2. Improves Relationships Skin-to-skin contact is beneficial because it releases the “happiness hormone” oxytocin. Most often, couples who have recently met sleep like this. 3. Helps to lose weight Sleeping naked, as already mentioned above, helps not to overheat, and the body better stores brown fat, which it then burns for energy. 4. Helps Control Insulin Levels A cool environment has a positive effect on the production of the hormones leptin (an appetite regulator) and adiponectin (involved in the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids). Which means…

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Transport is a branch of material production that transports people and goods. Transport is a guide material flow in logistics systems.

Types of transport, their advantages and disadvantages are given in table. 2

Advantages and disadvantages of using different modes of transport

table 2

Kind of transport	Advantages	Flaws
Railway	the possibility of transporting large consignments; high carrying and throughput capacity; regularity of transportation low cost of transportation	low speed of movement; insufficient efficiency of work; geographical limitation of transportation; high percentage of losses (theft, damage); the possibility of long downtime; the need for a developed service infrastructure; low flexibility supply chain
Automotive	operational type of transportation; great maneuverability and mobility; high geographical coverage; possibility of forwarding	average cost of transportation; limited volume of traffic; dependence on climatic conditions; dependence on the situation on the roads and their condition
Water (sea, river)	transportation of large consignments; low cost; unlimited throughput; widespread use in international trade	low speed of movement; seasonality of work (river); climate dependency
Pipeline	large volumes of traffic; long distances	limited by types of cargo; lack of flexibility in the supply chain
Air	high speed of transportation; short route; the possibility of emergency transportation; high flexibility and adaptability of the logistics chain; high geographical coverage	limited traffic volumes; high cost; high dependence on climatic conditions

Choice Vehicle the following indicators are affected:

nature of the cargo (weight, volume, consistency);

the number and frequency of shipments sent;

climatic characteristics;

the distance over which the cargo is transported;

the location of the final destination of the cargo relative to the logistics transport channels;

risks associated with transportation (non-delivery on time, cargo safety, etc.)

Basic concepts and management aspects of transport logistics

Transport logistics - functional subsystem of integrated logistics, which solves the issues of organization and management of transportation.

Transportation- the process of moving the material flow in space.

The following characteristics are used to describe transportation:

speed of cargo movement;

load capacity;

reliability;

frequency of transportation;

availability of vehicles.

The main goal of transport logistics deliver the right product, the right quality, the right quantity, to the right customer, right time with minimal cost.

Transport logistics functions:

1. at the macro level:

1.1. movement of goods;

1.2. cargo storage. It is carried out due to the conscious choice of a slower way to move goods in a limited area storage facilities, as well as due to the direct short-term storage of goods in transport in order to eliminate loading and unloading operations.

2. at the micro level:

2.1. development of transport logistics channels within the given conditions and taking into account other logistics costs;

2.2. research and analysis of the transport services market(in the case of a third party carrier);

2.3. carrier selection and negotiation about the value tariff rates for transportation within the specified conditions based on the calculated optimal values, taking into account the remaining logistics costs (in the case of a third-party carrier);

2.4. scheduling release to the line of rolling stock or agreement on the conditions of transportation (in the case of a third-party carrier);

2.5. tracking and forwarding cargo delivery;

2.6. audit of transport operations and claim work.

Tasks of transport logistics:

determination of the type of transport;

determining the type of vehicle;

choice of transport service provider;

joint planning of transport and warehouse processes;

coordination of transport and loading operations;

determination of optimal routes for the delivery of goods;

determination of the total cost of transportation of goods.

Organizational principles of transportation:

1. economies of scale in transportation. It is achieved by reducing transportation costs per unit of cargo due to its consolidation. The larger the consignment, the lower the cost per unit of cargo. This is especially true for rail and water transport. This effect occurs when the constant component of the cost of transportation is distributed over the entire cargo;

2. savings due to the duration of the route. It is achieved by reducing the cost of transporting goods per unit of distance. The reasons are similar to the previous case.

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Currently, there are several types of vehicles, without which modern life is unthinkable:

· Railway;

Marine;

· River;

· Automotive;

Air.

Each vehicle type has its own characteristics, Advantages and disadvantages.

Railway transport

Rail vehicles include long-distance trains, electric trains running within the same country or city, and subway trains.

Advantages:

1) High carrying capacity and throughput;

2) Independence of railway transport from climatic conditions, time of year and time of day;

3) High regularity of transportation;

4) Convenient organization of loading and unloading operations.

5) Relatively low cost of transportation of goods by rail, as well as the availability of discounts.

Flaws:

1) Large capital investments in the production and technical base;

2) High material consumption and energy intensity of transportation;

3) A significant disadvantage is also the low speed of movement, since freight trains are forced to stand idle for a long time in order to let passenger trains through.

4) In addition, in some areas, the cargo cannot be delivered exclusively by rail and transportation becomes multimodal.

railway maritime road transportation

Sea transport

Marine vehicles are designed to carry passengers and cargo by water. long distance.

Advantages:

1) Maritime transport provides intercontinental transportation;

2) Low cost of transportation over long distances by sea;

3) High carrying capacity maritime transport

Flaws:

1) Limited transportation by sea;

2) Low speed delivery by sea transport;

3) Dependence on geographical, navigational, weather and political conditions;

5) Sea transport imposes strict requirements on the packaging and securing of goods.

6) Low frequency of sendings.

River transport

River transport in its characteristics practically does not differ from sea transport.

Advantages:

1) Inland water (river) transport provides high carrying capacity on deep-water rivers and reservoirs;

2) Low cost of transportation by inland water (river) transport;

3) Low capital intensity of water (river) transport

Flaws:

1) Low speed of delivery by water (river) transport;

2) Seasonality of water (river) transport;

3) Water (river) transport depends on the depths of rivers and reservoirs, navigational conditions;

4) Limited possibility of delivery to consumption points;

5) Low frequency of shipments;

6) Low geographical availability of water (river) transport.

Automobile transport

Cars are one of the most common means of transportation today.

For short distance transportation, the most convenient is automobile transport, which has excellent maneuverability and the ability to deliver in a short period of time.

A large selection of modern vehicles of various carrying capacities allows you to regularly deliver both small-sized and heavy and oversized cargo.

Advantages:

1) Possibility of road transportation of goods "from door to door";

2) High maneuverability, flexibility, dynamism of road transport;

3) The possibility of using various routes and schemes for delivery by road;

4) Possibility of sending cargo in small lots;

5) Ample opportunities to choose the most suitable carrier;

6) Road transport ensures the regularity of delivery;

7) Road transport has the least stringent requirements for the packaging of goods.

Flaws:

1) Low productivity of road transport;

2) The dependence of road transport on weather and road conditions;

3) Relatively high cost of transportation by road;

4) A large number of environmentally harmful emissions and noise of domestic cars;

5) Urgency of unloading;

6) Possible theft of cargo and theft of vehicles;

7) Relatively low carrying capacity of road transport.

Air Transport

Helicopters and airplanes are classified as air vehicles. The advantage of air transport is that it is able to deliver passengers or cargo to their destination very quickly.

In terms of speed, air vehicles are the undisputed leaders.

Advantages:

1) Air transport provides the highest speed of cargo delivery;

2) The highest safety of cargo during the delivery of cargo by air transport;

3) Air transport ensures the delivery of goods to remote and hard-to-reach regions;

4) Low costs for containers and packaging;

5) Low insurance rates.

Flaws:

1) High cost of transportation by air;

2) High capital intensity, material and energy intensity of transportation;

3) Dependence of air transport on weather conditions;

4) Limited volumes and dimensions of the transported cargo.

Due to the fact that certain goods cannot be delivered by any one mode of transport, multimodal transportation has been used in practice.

Multimodal transportation - transportation of goods under one contract, but performed by at least two modes of transport; the carrier is responsible for the entire transport, even if this transport is carried out by different modes of transport (for example: railway, sea and road, etc.).

At the same time, the carrier does not have to have all modes of transport, and in practice this is an extremely rare occurrence.

Such carriage is often carried out by sub-carriers (called actual carriers in maritime law). The carrier responsible for the entire shipment is called a multimodal transport operator (MTO).

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Transport logistics(analysis of different types of transport: advantages, disadvantages)

Transport is a branch of material production that transports people and goods. in structure social production transport belongs to the sphere of production of material services.

It is noted that a significant part of logistics operations on the way of material flow from the primary source of raw materials to final consumption is carried out using various vehicles. The cost of these operations is up to 50% of the total cost of logistics.

By appointment, two main groups of transport are distinguished: Public transport is a branch of the national economy that satisfies the needs of all sectors of the national economy and the population in the transportation of goods and passengers. Public transport serves the sphere of circulation and the population. It is often called the main line (the main line is the main, main line in some system, in this case, in the communication system). The concept of public transport covers railway transport, water transport (sea and river), road, air and pipeline transport).

Non-public transport - intra-industrial transport, as well as vehicles of all types belonging to non-transport organizations.

The organization of the movement of goods by non-public transport is the subject of study production logistics. The problem of choosing distribution channels is solved in the field of distribution logistics.

So, there are the following main modes of transport:

railway

inland water river

automotive

air

pipeline

Each mode of transport has specific features from the point of view of logistics management, the advantages and disadvantages that determine the possibility of its use in logistics system. Different types of transport make up the transport complex. The transport complex of Russia is formed by legal and individuals- entrepreneurs engaged in transportation and forwarding activities on all modes of transport, design, construction, repair and maintenance of railways, roads and structures on them, pipelines, work related to the maintenance of navigable hydraulic structures, water and air communications, carrying out scientific research and training, included in the transport system enterprises that manufacture vehicles, as well as organizations that perform other related transport process work. The TC of Russia is over 160 thousand km of main railways and access roads, 750 thousand km of paved roads, 1.0 million km of sea shipping lines, 101 thousand km of inland waterways, 800 thousand km of airlines. About 4.7 million tons of cargo are transported through these communications only by public transport daily (according to data for 2000), more than 4 million people work in the TC, and the share of transport in the gross domestic product country is about 9%. Thus, transport is an essential part of the infrastructure of the economy and the entire social and production potential of our country.

In table. 1 (4, 295) Comparative logistical characteristics of various modes of transport are given.

Table 1 Characteristics of modes of transport

Kind of transport	Advantages	Flaws
railway	High carrying and carrying capacity. Independence from climatic conditions, time of year and day. High regularity of transportation. Relatively low rates; significant discounts for transit shipments. High speed delivery of goods over long distances.	Limited number of carriers. Large capital investments in the production and technical base. High material consumption and energy intensity of transportation. Low availability to end points of sale (consumption). Insufficiently high safety of cargo.
	Possibility of intercontinental transportation. Low cost of transportation over long distances. High carrying and carrying capacity. Low capital intensity of transportation.	Limited transportation. Low delivery speed (long transit time). Dependence on geographical, navigation and weather conditions. The need to create a complex port infrastructure.
Internal Water (river)	High carrying capacity on deep-sea rivers and reservoirs. Low cost of transportation. Low capital intensity.	Limited transportation. Low delivery speed. Dependence on uneven depths of rivers and reservoirs, navigational conditions. Seasonality. Insufficient reliability of transportation and safety of cargo.
automotive	High availability. Possibility of door-to-door cargo delivery High maneuverability, flexibility, dynamism. High delivery speed. Possibility of using various routes and delivery schemes. High security of cargo. Possibility of sending cargo in small batches.	Low performance. Dependence on weather and road conditions. relatively high cost of transportation over long distances. Insufficient environmental cleanliness.
Air	The highest speed of cargo delivery. High reliability. The highest safety of cargo. The shortest transportation routes.	High cost of transportation, the highest rates among other modes of transport. High capital intensity, material and energy intensity of transportation. Weather dependent. Insufficient geographical accessibility.
pipeline	Low cost. High performance (bandwidth). High security of cargo. Low capital intensity.	Limited types of cargo (gas, oil products, emulsions of raw materials). Insufficient availability of small volumes of transported goods.

So, first of all, the logistics manager must decide whether to create his own fleet of vehicles or use hired transport (public or private). When choosing an alternative, they usually proceed from a certain system of criteria, which include: The cost of creating and operating your own fleet of vehicles. The cost of paying for the services of transport, forwarding companies and other logistics intermediaries in transportation Transportation speed

Quality of transportation (delivery reliability, cargo safety, etc.)

In most cases, manufacturing firms resort to the services of specialized transport companies.

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