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Submarine halibut 877. Submarines of the Russian Navy (diesel-electric). The history of the creation of "Varshavyanka"

Project 877 "Halibut" ships are a series of Soviet and Russian diesel-electric submarines, the development of which began back in the 70s of the last century. The first ship was laid down in Komsomolsk-on-Amur in 1979 and launched in 1982. Project 887 submarines belong to the third generation of diesel-electric submarines.

These submarines are often called "Varshavyanka", although this is not entirely accurate. Officially, Varshavyanka is a Project 636 submarine, which is further development"Halibut", its export modification. The second reason for such confusion in the names is the fact that the Soviet Union originally planned to arm its allies under the Warsaw Pact with these submarines.

Currently, the Russian Navy includes 15 submarines of projects 877, 877LPMB, 877V and 877EKM. They are also in service with the navies of Algeria, Poland, Romania, India, China and Iran.

Submarines of projects 877 and 636 turned out to be so successful that they are still the main non-nuclear submarines of the Russian fleet. Moreover, their production continues today. For its low noise and invisibility in the West, Varshavyanka was called the Black Hole.

History of creation

Back in the early 70s, the Soviet Union decided to create a new diesel-electric submarine. By this time, the development of sonar systems had transferred the Project 641B submarines to the category of obsolete. We needed ships of a new generation, relatively small, quiet, equipped with the latest detection and attack systems. The creation of the submarine was entrusted to the Leningrad Design Bureau Rubin, one of the leading enterprises in the USSR in the design of both nuclear and diesel-electric submarines.

The military demanded that the new ship could be guaranteed to emerge victorious from a combat encounter with any submarine of this class due to the optimal combination of low noise, the effectiveness of enemy detection tools and weapon power. In addition, this project initially laid the groundwork for further upgrades. It was assumed that the new submarine would be in service for several decades.

During the development of this project, there was a decision to supply a new submarine to the allies under the Warsaw Pact. Therefore, the Project 887 submarines received the unofficial name "Varshavyanka".

In 1974, the sailors prepared the terms of reference for the new ship. Compared with the project 641, the designers needed to significantly increase the speed of the underwater course of the ship, improve its seaworthiness, reduce the number of crew, by automating the main control processes. The developers should have paid special attention to the habitability of the new submarine and the comfort of the sailors.

To increase the speed and reduce the noise of the submarine, the developers proposed a completely new hull design. And if the submarines of the 641B Som project were narrow and elongated, then the light hull of the new submarine received a spindle shape, in many respects similar to that used for nuclear submarines. The ratio of the length of the boat to its width was 7.3.

This shape made the hydrodynamic resistance minimal, which has a positive effect on the underwater speed of the ship. The Rubin designers brought the hull of the future submarine to perfection in the test pool and on the stands.

The project was approved by the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy in 1976, it was decided to deploy production in Komsomolsk-on-Amur at the plant named after. Lenin Komsomol. Later, the production of Project 887 submarines was launched in Gorky and Leningrad.

The laying of the lead ship of the series took place in 1979, and a year later the submarine was already accepted into the fleet. In 1981, the second ship of the project, the B-260 Chita, was laid down in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, and in 1983, the B-227 Vyborg. Currently, mainly ships that were launched in the late 80s - early 90s are in operation, for example:

B-445 "St. Nicholas the Wonderworker";
submarine "Vladikavkaz";
submarine "Yaroslavl";
submarine "Magnitogorsk";
submarine "Lipetsk";
submarine B-394 "Nurlat";
B-187 "Komsomolsk-on-Amur".

Based on the basic model, several modifications of the submarine were later developed:

877E and 887EKM. Export versions of the submarine, which differed slightly from the basic version of the part of the equipment and weapons. Project 887E boats were intended for delivery to allies from the Warsaw Pact countries. Two submarines of this project are still in service with the Polish and Romanian navies. Project 887EKM ships were planned to be sold to capitalist countries. When developing this modification Special attention paid attention to ensuring the operation of submarine units and mechanisms in tropical conditions. Currently, the submarines of this project are actively operated by the navies of several countries: India, Iran, China and Algeria. One submarine ("Dimitrov") is part of the Russian fleet;
08773. This modification was specially designed for the Indian Navy. It differs from the base one in the presence of the Club-S missile system, the new MGK-EM sonar system and modernized maintenance and control systems;
877LPMB. A modification that was laid down in 1987 at the Gorky Krasnoye Sormovo plant. The main difference of the only boat of this project is a new propeller made of Aurora alloy. It had seven blades of a special L-shaped shape. In addition, this submarine was equipped with a low-speed main and auxiliary electric motor, which reduced the noise of the submarine. Also, a rescue hatch was installed on the submarine, allowing the crew to leave the ship even from a depth of 250 meters. According to this project, the only submarine was built - the Kaluga submarine, which is still part of the Russian fleet today;
877B. Another experimental project, which differs from the basic one by the presence of a jet propulsion unit, instead of the usual propeller. Thanks to this, the only ship of this project - the Alrosa submarine - is the quietest of the Varshavyanka;
636 Varshavyanka. The most famous modification of the Halibut, which was developed on the basis of the 877EKM modification in the early 90s. The first boat of the project was built in 2005 for the Chinese Navy. At present, the PRC Navy is already operating ten ships of this project, six Varshavyankas have been manufactured for the Black Sea Fleet, and the same number should become part of the Pacific Fleet by 2022. Also, the submarines of this project are operated by the naval forces of Vietnam and Algeria.
Several series of this modification are equipped with Caliber missile systems, in addition, they are equipped with the latest navigation system and an automated information and control system. Compared to Project 877 boats, the Varshavyankas have an even lower noise level, which allows them to be the first to detect the enemy and destroy him.

Design Description

Project 887 submarines are made according to a two-hull single-shaft scheme. Moreover, the shape of the hull is designed in such a way as to minimize water resistance and noise level. The main power plant (GEM) of the submarines of this project is diesel-electric.

The strong hull of the submarine has a cylindrical section with spherical end structures. It is divided into six compartments by watertight bulkheads. The light hull of the ship is spindle-shaped, on top it has a special coating that absorbs hydroacoustic radiation. In the space between the strong and light hull are the main ballast tanks and other equipment. The boat can stay afloat even when one of the compartments and two tanks of the main ballast are flooded.

In the middle of the ship's hull is the fencing of the shafts of retractable devices (what is usually called the wheelhouse). It has a walking bridge. At the same time, all retractable devices, except for the commander's periscope, do not enter the solid hull of the boat. This design made it possible to make the central post more spacious, significantly increasing the convenience of sailors.

Nasal horizontal rudders are made retractable. In addition, in order to reduce interference with the operation of the hydroacoustic complex, the rudders were moved from the bow closer to the middle of the hull. For the same purpose, all mechanisms capable of creating noise were removed from the first compartment.

Six torpedo tubes are placed in the bow compartment of the boat. The second compartment contains the central post and batteries, the third is residential, the fourth contains diesel generators, and the fifth contains electric motors. In the sixth, last compartment, a backup power plant is located.

The main power plant provides the ship with electric propulsion both on the surface and in the submerged position. It consists of a main electric motor with a power of 5500 hp. With. and two diesel generators of 1500 kW each. The boat also has an underwater operation system (snorkel) and two lead-acid batteries, each of which consists of 120 cells. In addition, there is an economical running electric motor and two standby electric motors. They are designed to move the ship in bottlenecks, mooring, they can be used if the main engine is damaged or out of order.

Most of the mechanisms of the Project 887 ships are installed on special shock absorbers or have coatings that reduce vibration levels.

The maximum underwater speed for the submarines of the project is 17 knots, surface speed is 10 knots.

Project submarines are armed with six 533-mm torpedo tubes, two of which can fire remote-controlled torpedoes. Ammunition is 18 torpedoes.

Project 877 boats are equipped with a fast torpedo loader, which increases the rate of fire several times. This gives submarines a significant advantage in a duel situation.

To fight aircraft enemy boats are equipped with a retractable anti-aircraft system developed on the basis of the Strela-3 MANPADS.

The submarines of this project have the Murena BIUS. It allows you to track five targets at the same time, two of them being carried out in automatic mode, and three in manual mode. This system provides corrections in connection with the movement of the target and accurate guidance of torpedoes on it.

The boats of this project are equipped with active and passive radars that can operate in both surface and periscope modes.

In the 1970s, it was decided to replenish the Navy with diesel-electric submarines of a new generation, which needed to act against submarines and surface ships, lay minefields, and conduct reconnaissance. Submarines must be relatively small, fast, low noise, have perfect radio, sonar and electronic equipment. Since such submarines were going to be supplied to the allies under the Warsaw Pact, in addition to the usual project number - 877, she was given a proper name - "Varshavyanka".

Submarine B-871 "Alrosa" project 877V KILO enters the roadstead of Cartagena (Spain) to participate in joint maneuvers with NATO fleets "Bold Monarch 2011". May 25, 2011

Their development in 1974 according to the TTZ approved by the USSR Navy was carried out by the designers of the Rubin Central Design Bureau, headed by Yu.N. Kormilitsyn together with the Research Institute. Krylov. If Project 641 boats were traditionally narrow and long, then the outer and light hull was made spindle-shaped, with a round bow configuration like that of a nuclear submarine. The hull itself was designed in such a way that the hydrodynamic resistance was minimal. Several models have been tested and perfected in the experimental pool and on the benches.

The design of the Project 877 Halibut submarines is double-hulled. The shape of the case is maximally adapted to reduce noise and resistance.

The robust body is made in the form of a cylinder, the cross sections are circular. Body end structures are spherical. Strong watertight bulkheads divide the hull into six compartments:
1st - bow, serves to accommodate torpedo tubes;
2nd - main command post and batteries;
3rd - two-deck, residential, galley and cabins on the upper deck, batteries on the lower deck;
4th - diesel generators;
5th - propeller motors;
6th - reserve power plant and electric motors of economic progress.

For the manufacture of durable housing AK-25 steel was used.

Submarine pr.877EKM serial number 01325 Sindhurakshak of the Indian Navy on tests after repair with modernization at the Zvyozdochka shipyard in Severodvinsk, 11/25/2012

The light body was given a streamlined spindle-shaped "Albacore" shape. A special coating absorbs the radiation of enemy sonar systems. Tanks of the main ballast, other tanks, as well as various equipment are located in the double-hull space. Although, due to the double-hull design, the submarine has a significant underwater volume, in emergency situations this makes it possible to increase survivability by ensuring unsinkability with large flooded volumes of the ship. In the cruising position, the submarine can be afloat even if any compartment and two adjoining tanks of the main ballast of one side are flooded.

The fencing of the shafts of retractable devices is located approximately in the middle of the ship. The navigation bridge is also equipped in it. All retractable devices, with the exception of the commander's periscope, are made not penetrating into the rugged case. Thanks to this, the central post was made more spacious and convenient to control the ship and its combat systems.

Nasal horizontal rudders were also retractable. To reduce the interference caused by them in the operation of the hydroacoustic complex, they were moved from the bow to the middle part of the hull. Also, the scuppers were removed from the bow, and all the mechanisms that emit noise from the first compartment were removed.

The main power plant was designed according to the scheme of full electric propulsion, that is, in the surface and underwater position, the movement is provided by a propeller motor.

The main power plant includes:
- main propulsion motor PG141 (power 5500 hp). A low-speed PG165 engine of the same power is installed on the B-800 submarine and on Project 636 boats.
- 2 diesel generators 4DL-42MH (power of each 1500 kW, on the first two submarines of project 877 installed 2x4DL-42M power of each 1000 kW) with a diesel generator operation system under water. On modifications 877M and 636, a 30DG diesel generator (power of one 1500 kW) is installed, which also works with RDP.
- two groups of lead-acid batteries.

For economy mode the course is provided with a special rowing 190-horsepower electric motor PG142. Starting with the submarine B-800 / project 877V / project 636, a low-speed 190-horsepower PG166 engine was installed.

Submarine B-871 "Alrosa" project 877V KILO and a disassembled water jet propulsion unit. Sevastopol, floating dock PD-30, next repair, January 12, 2006

A design feature of Project 877 submarines is the presence of a pair of backup 102-horsepower PG-168 electric motors. These engines provide the boat with movement in narrow places, allow maneuvering during mooring, and can also be used to move in case of damage to the main shaft and propeller.

A low-speed six-bladed fixed-pitch propeller was used as a propeller. On boats B-470 and B-800 7-bladed from the Aurora alloy with saber-shaped blades. On the sides in the aft part of the hull are thruster water cannons. The process of submersion/surfacing of the submarine is automated.

When moving underwater, the submarine develops a maximum speed of 17 knots, while on the surface - 10 knots. The underwater cruising range at a speed of 7 knots in diesel mode is 6000 miles, the boat can overcome 400 miles at an economical speed at a speed of 3 knots in a submerged position.

Starting with the B-800 submarine, they are equipped with a rescue hatch that allows you to leave the flooded submarine from depths of up to 250 meters (made in the stern).

Energy - two groups of lead-acid batteries with 120 cells each. Project 636M submarines use batteries that have a 2.5 times longer service life while maintaining the same power.

The boats were equipped with an advanced navigation system. On various modifications of the project 877 "Halibut" complexes "Andoga", "Apassionata-EKM", "Apassionata-EKM.1" are installed. To search for surface targets and control air situation serves as a radar station, as well as means that detect the radiation of enemy radars. Hydroacoustic equipment - active and passive. Information from all surveillance equipment and posts enters the multi-purpose BUIS ("Lama" / "Uzel", "Lama-EKM" / "Uzel"), is processed by a computer, and then transferred to the commander, to the command post, which is isolated from other compartments . General ship systems are controlled from the Palladium or Palladium-EM control panel (depending on the modification).

Loading torpedo 53-65KE on the submarine pr.877EKM KILO of the Chinese Navy

Loading a missile of the Club-S complex into the torpedo tube of an Indian submarine pr.08773. For loading, a platform fixed on the hull of the submarine is used (the picture was taken no later than 2009,)

Most of the mechanisms are equipped with vibration-absorbing coatings and mounted on shock absorbers, others are arranged in blocks on special platforms, which, together with a low-noise propeller, streamlined hull, makes the submarine less noticeable compared to other types of submarines.

The armament of the submarine is six 533-mm torpedo tubes located in the bow. Of these, two devices in the upper tier are designed for firing remote-controlled torpedoes. Management and reloading (the Murena quick reloading device was used) - remote from the gearbox. Loading of torpedoes was carried out using a special loading device. Ammunition - 18 torpedoes, 6 of which were in torpedo tubes, 12 - on racks. Torpedoes 53-56B, 53-56BA, 53-65K, SET-53M, TEST-71M, SET-65E, USET-80K could be used. Instead of torpedoes, 24 DM-1 mines could be taken on board: 12 mines in torpedo tubes (2 per tube) and the same amount on racks.

For air defense, Project 877 submarines that were part of the Soviet Navy were armed with the Strela-3 retractable anti-aircraft missile system (in the process of modernization, Strela-3M, Igla-1 9M313 were installed). The ammunition of the complex is 8 missiles.

In projects 08773, 636M / 06361, the Club-S missile system was used with the launch of cruise missiles from the upper tier torpedo tubes from a submerged position. Ammunition - 4 missiles. Project 06363 used the Caliber-PL missile system with the launch of missiles from a submerged position.

A powerful mine-torpedo weapon system can solve multi-purpose tasks. They provide firing of ammunition at any depth of immersion and, together with the CICS, allows you to conduct not only single, but also salvo fire at 2 targets.

In Komsomolsk-on-Amur in 1979, the shipyard began to build the lead submarine of project 877, in September 1982 it entered service. Later, the ships of this project were produced in Leningrad, as well as at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant. After they were spotted by foreign observers in 1981, NATO awarded symbol"Kilo".

The construction of a series for the Navy continued after 1992. During the construction process, the project was constantly improved. So, for example, the B-800 submarine (created according to project 877LPMB) had a saber-shaped seven-bladed propeller made of Aurora alloy. This submarine was the first of the 877 projects to be equipped with an escape hatch and a system that allowed the submarine to exit from a depth of 250 meters. Other equipment in the BS-5 was carried out on a new element base. The submarine received a low-speed main propulsion motor and an ECT and other innovations, as well as additional acoustic equipment from the MGK-400 hydroacoustic complex (the SPK cabin was even reduced for this), new navigational equipment not included in the navigation complex, and so on.

The last eight ships of the series were built according to a slightly modified project. Due to the increase in the hull of the boat by two spacings (2x600 mm), more powerful diesel generators (1.5 times) were mounted on them, with improved platform damping, a Hall anchor that retracted inward, and a low-speed main electric motor. In total, 30 pieces of equipment were replaced with new, more maintainable and low-noise ones. The resource of the equipment has increased by 2 times, the maintainability of the ships has improved.

Submarine project 877 (probably pryu877EKM B-806) with a diesel generator operating under the RDP, Baltic Sea, 09/10/2007

Modifications:

Project 877 "Halibut" (sub-series 08770) - the basic serial version of the submarine, the lead - B-248, B-401. In addition to the 08770 series, there were 08771 or 08772 series - which differed between manufacturing plants.

Project 877E "Varshavyanka" - export modification of the submarine of project 877 of the first series. Supplied to the countries of the Warsaw Pact. It differs mainly in equipment and is not equipped with air defense systems.

Project 877EK - submarines were not built, it is an "export commercial" version adapted to tropical operating conditions.

Project 877EKM is an “export commercial upgraded” version of the Project 877 submarine. Deliveries were made to Algeria, India, Iran and China. The hydroacoustic system MGK-400E was installed. The project was adapted to tropical operating conditions. In 1999, project 08773 was upgraded for the Indian Navy and received the designation Project 08773. Modification of equipment and weapons systems (equipped with Club-S cruise missile launchers). She received the Lama-ER control system, the new MGK-400EM/MGK-EM sonar system, and the Palladium-M combat information and control system. On the modification of the submarine, the rudder propeller group and design are kept similar to the 877EKM project.

Project 877LPMB (B-800 "Kaluga") - equipped with a 7-blade propeller made of Aurora alloy with saber-shaped blades. A rescue hatch was also equipped, which allows evacuation from a depth of up to 250 m. The BCh-5 equipment was redesigned, the economical running engine and the main propulsion motor were slower. Additional navigational equipment was installed on the boat.

Project 877B - equipped with a jet propulsion. According to the main performance characteristics, it is similar to the project 877.

Project 877M "Halibut-M" - 8 last submarines of the series of projects 877 for the Russian Navy. The body is extended by 1.2 m.

Project 877B is a project for the modernization of a submarine of project 877. Research and development work was carried out in the 1980s on the basis of project 877M. According to this project, an experimental submarine B-90 "Sargan" was laid down, later completed according to project 20120.

Projects 877K / 877MK - modernized projects 877 and 877M. after the modernization of equipment (in particular, the combat information and control system).

Project 636 - developed by the Central Design Bureau "Rubin", is an export modification of the project 877M for the Chinese Navy, the equipment is modernized according to the type of project 877M, sound-absorbing technologies are widely used.

Project 636M is a modernized version of project 636. The composition of the equipment has been changed, an inertial navigation system, a periscope with a laser rangefinder, a TV channel and a night vision channel have been installed. Towed communication antenna of HF and VLF bands. Can be used cruise missiles Club-S launched through torpedo tubes from a submerged position. Project 06361 - modification of a submarine for the Vietnamese Navy. Project 06363 - modification of the project with updated equipment. Armed with the Kalibr missile system.

The project of a special submarine based on the project 877 - probably intended for work on laying pipelines on the seabed. Perhaps, after equipping, it can be used for a wide range of jobs.

Project 877 "Halibut" submarines and their modifications were supplied to:
Algeria - 2 submarines of project 877EKM;
India - 9 submarines of project 877EKM (8 modernized 08773) + 1 built according to project 08773;
Iran - 3 submarines 877EKM;
China - 1 project 636M submarine + 2 project 877EKM submarine;
Poland - 1 submarine project 877E;
Romania - 1 submarine project 877E.

Submarine B-464 "Ust-Kamchatsk" project 877 (modernized) in the floating dock

The Russian Navy has 24 Project 877 Halibut diesel-electric submarines and their modifications.

Tactical and technical characteristics: (2000)
Surface displacement - 2300 tons (project 636/636M - 2350 tons);
Underwater displacement - 3040 tons (project 636/636M - 3100 tons);
The greatest length is 72.6 m (projects 877M / 636 / 636M - 73.8 m);
Buoyancy margin - 32%;
Durable hull length - 51.8 m;
The greatest width is 9.9 m;
Draft on design waterline - 6.2 m;
Main power plant:
- number and power of diesel engines - 2x1000 kW, type DL42MH (on the last 8 boats 2x1500 kW, type 30DG);
- the number and power of the HEM - 1x5500 hp, type PG-141 (on the last 8 boats 1x5500 hp of the PG-165 type, on 877EKM - 1x4050 hp)
- quantity and power of EH electric motors - 1x190 hp (PG-166);
- the number and power of standby propulsion engines - 2x102 hp (PG-168);
- propellers - low-noise VFSh;
- fuel reserve - 172 tons;
- number of battery groups, number of cells - 2x120;
Surface speed -10 knots (project 636/636M - 11 knots);
Underwater speed -17 knots (on the last 8 - 19 knots);
Economic underwater speed - 3.0 knots;
Submerged range (speed 7 knots, under RDP) - 7500 miles (projects 636/636M with increased fuel reserve);
Submerged range (speed 3 knots) - 400 miles;
Submerged range (speed 21 knots) - 12.7 miles;
Working immersion depth - 240 m (projects 636/636M/877M - 250 m)
Periscope diving depth - 17.5 m (maximum excitement 5 points);
Maximum immersion depth - 350 m (projects 877EKM/636/636M - 300 m);
Autonomy - 45 days;
Crew - 57 people (projects 877EKM / 877V / 636 / 636M - 52 people), incl. officers - 12;
Armament:
- missile system (project 08773) - Ciub-S;
- bow torpedo tubes - 6 pcs.;
- caliber - 533 mm

On January 21, 1954, a truly significant event took place: in the United States, the world's first nuclear submarine Nautilus was launched from the Groton shipyard. A new era of development has begun submarine fleet. Submarines received a power plant that allowed them to not appear on the surface for months, develop incredible speed under water and dive to unattainable depths. It seemed that the age of diesel-electric submarines (DEPL) was over.

Diesel submarines are still used today, moreover, in many countries, such ships are being actively developed.
The fact is that nuclear submarines have their own significant drawbacks. Firstly, such submarines are noisier. Working atomic reactor impossible to completely drown out, it makes a continuous noise. Secondly, sea water is used to cool it, which after that becomes slightly radioactive, but this allows you to track down the ship. In addition, nuclear-powered ships are usually large, which significantly limits their use in shallow water. In addition, such nuclear submarines are very expensive, and only a few countries in the world can produce them.

The main non-nuclear submarine of the Russian fleet is the Varshavyanka-class submarine - this is the name that combines the ships of two projects at once: 877 and 636, as well as their numerous modifications created in different years.

The history of the creation of "Varshavyanka"

In the late 60s, the command of the Soviet Navy initiated the creation of a new generation diesel submarine with a reduced noise level and powerful weapons. The main tasks of the new submarine were to be countering enemy surface and submarine ships, reconnaissance, and protecting their own naval bases and communications.

The designers were given the task of creating such a diesel-electric submarine that would surpass any similar ship of a potential enemy in a duel confrontation. This should be achieved by reducing noise, increasing the detection range of the enemy, more powerful weapons.

Around the same time, an unusual submarine appeared at a potential enemy - the Albacore nuclear submarine was launched in the United States. This boat had a streamlined hull, very reminiscent of a whale. When designing a new submarine, Soviet designers decided to repeat it.

In 1974, a technical task for the development of a new ship appeared, the work was carried out at the Rubin Central Design Bureau under the leadership of Kormilitsyn. The submarine was developed not only for the Soviet Navy, it was planned to equip all the navies of the countries participating in the Warsaw Pact with it. That is why the submarines of projects 877 and 636 were named "Varshavyanka".

Compared to the Project 641 ships, the new submarine had to develop a higher underwater speed, be more seaworthy, and have a good modernization resource. The military demanded that Varshavyanka be more automated, with fewer crew and the best conditions his habitat.

All Soviet diesel-electric submarines designed earlier were narrow and long, and the new submarines received a light spindle-shaped hull, with a length-to-width ratio of 7.3. The hull shape was carefully calculated and repeatedly tested on the stands, so the boats of projects 877 and 636 have minimal hydrodynamic resistance.

The lead submarine of project 877 was laid down in 1979, the boat entered service in 1982.

A few words should be said about notation. Boats of project 877 were built for the naval forces of the Soviet Union, and ships of two projects were made for export at once: 877E and 636. The submarines of both projects are called Varshavyanka, and project 877 itself is named Halibut.

Project 636 ships are one of the latest and most advanced modifications of the Varshavyanka, their construction began in the mid-90s. Submarines of projects 877 and 636 were built at the shipyards of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Nizhny Novgorod and St. Petersburg.

Project 636 submarine has more than perfect characteristics compared to earlier versions. It has the best combination of noiselessness and detection range of surface and underwater targets, a more advanced automated control system, navigation equipment, more powerful and modern weapons.

Currently, the Varshavyanka submarines are in service not only with the Russian naval forces, but also with the Chinese, Indian, Algerian, Romanian and Polish navies.

For the Soviet Navy, 24 submarines were built, 15 of which were decommissioned before the beginning of this century. In 2010, the first ship of the improved 636.6 series was laid down. To date, four submarines have already been launched and accepted by the fleet. Eight more such ships are planned to be built.

The cost of one Varshavyanka submarine of project 636 is approximately $300 million (as of 2009).

Device submarine projects 636 and 877 "Varshavyanka"

The hull of submarines of projects 877 and 636 has a spindle shape with a minimum number of outboard openings. This form increases the underwater speed of the submarine and reduces its noise, but worsens seaworthiness in the surface position. The hull coating reduces the reflection of the sonar systems of enemy ships. Between the light and strong hull are the tanks of the main ballast.

Bow horizontal rudders - retractable.

The design of the boat is two-hull, it consists of a light and durable hull. In the front upper part of the ship there are torpedo tubes, and in the lower part there is a hydroacoustic complex antenna.

The retractable devices guard is located above the second compartment and performs the usual functions: it serves as a navigation bridge, protects periscopes, antennas and other lifting devices.

The rugged case has six compartments.

The first compartment has three decks: on the upper deck there are torpedo tubes, on the second - living quarters, and on the lower deck - batteries.

The second compartment also holds three decks. On the top is the central post of the boat, below it there is a navigational cabin and a radio cabin.

The third compartment consists of two residential decks and one with batteries.

The fourth compartment contains diesel engine, and in the fifth - electric motors.

In the sixth compartment, there are electric motors for economical travel and rudder drives.

Movement both underwater and on the surface is provided by an electric motor - the Varshavyanka submarine has a full electric propulsion scheme. The main power plant consists of the main electric motor (5500 hp) and two diesel generators 4DL-42MH, 1500 hp each. With. (on the first boats of project 877 - 1 thousand hp each). Diesel engines are provided with a system of work under water, the submarine is equipped with two groups of lead-acid batteries.

An economical move is provided by a special electric motor with a capacity of 190 hp. With. There are two more standby electric motors that are used for maneuvering.

"Varshavyanka" (project 877) develops a speed of 17 knots under water, and 10 on the surface.

The more advanced "Varshavyanka" of project 636 has an underwater speed of 20 knots and accelerates to 17 knots on the surface.

PL mechanisms are equipped with special coatings that absorb vibration, they are mounted on shock absorbers. This, combined with a low-noise propeller and a well-thought-out hull shape, makes the boat unobtrusive.

It must be said that the creators of the ship managed to achieve a very low noise level: the nickname "Black Hole", which was given to the "Varshavyanka" by potential opponents, is a vivid confirmation of this.

"Varshavyanka" has an autonomy of 45 days. On the latest modifications of the boat, a rescue hatch is located in the aft part of the hull, which ensures the evacuation of the crew from a depth of 250 meters.

The crew of the ship is 57 people, 12 of which are officers.

The Murena combat information and control system (CICS) allows you to track targets and conduct effective fire at all depth ranges. The boat can accompany five targets at the same time and conduct single or salvo fire at two targets.

The Andoga navigation system is installed on the submarine, which plots the course and gives the coordinates of the ship to the control panel. There are also passive and active radars, they can operate in periscope and surface positions.

Specifications "Varshavyanka"

Below are the performance characteristics of the Varshavyanka submarine of project 877.

Displacement, t:
surface	2300
underwater	3040
Travel speed, knots:
surface	10
underwater	17
Cruising range (at speed, knots), miles:
underwater	400 (3)
in RDP mode	6000 (7)
Immersion depth, m:
ultimate	350
working	240
Length, m	72,6
Durable hull length, m	51,8
Width, m	9,9
Draft average, m	6,2
Armament
Torpedo tubes, pcs	6
Ammunition, torpedoes/mines	18/24
Ammunition of air defense systems, missiles	8
Armament
Torpedo tubes, pcs	6
Ammunition, torpedoes/mines	18/24
Ammunition of air defense systems, missiles	8

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In the 1970s, it was decided to replenish the Navy with diesel-electric submarines of a new generation, which needed to act against submarines and surface ships, lay minefields, and conduct reconnaissance. should be relatively small, high-speed, low-noise, have perfect radio, sonar and electronic equipment. Since these were going to be supplied to the allies under the Warsaw Pact, in addition to the usual project number - 877, she was given a proper name - "Varshavyanka". NATO classification - Kilo.

Submarine B-871 "Alrosa" pr.877B KILO enters the roadstead of Cartagena to participate in joint maneuvers with NATO fleets "Bold Monarch 2011". May 25, 2011.

Their development in 1974 according to the TTZ approved by the USSR Navy was carried out by the designers of the Rubin Central Design Bureau, headed by Yu.N. Kormilitsyn together with the Research Institute. Krylov. If Project 641 submarines were traditionally narrow and long, then the outer and light hull of the Halibut was made spindle-shaped, with a round bow configuration like that of a nuclear submarine. The hull itself was designed in such a way that the hydrodynamic resistance was minimal. Several models have been tested and perfected in the experimental pool and on the benches.

The design of submarines of the project 877 "Halibut" - two-hull. The shape of the case is maximally adapted to reduce noise and resistance. The robust body is made in the form of a cylinder, the cross sections are circular. AK-25 steel was used for the manufacture of a durable case. Body end structures are spherical. Strong watertight bulkheads divide the hull into six compartments:
1st - bow, serves to accommodate torpedo tubes;
2nd - main command post and batteries;
3rd - two-deck, residential, galley and cabins on the upper deck, batteries on the lower deck;
4th - diesel generators;
5th - propeller motors;
6th - reserve power plant and electric motors of economic progress.

Submarine pr.877EKM serial number 01325 Sindhurakshak of the Indian Navy on tests after repair with modernization in Severodvinsk, 11/25/2012.

Nasal horizontal rudders were also made retractable. To reduce the interference caused by them in the operation of the hydroacoustic complex, they were moved from the bow to the middle part of the hull. Also, scuppers were removed from the bow, and all mechanisms that emit noise from the first compartment were removed.

The main power plant was designed according to the scheme of full electric propulsion, that is, in the surface and underwater position, the movement is provided by a propeller motor. The main power plant includes:
- main propulsion motor PG141 (power 5500 hp). A low-speed PG165 engine of the same power is installed on the B-800 submarine and on Project 636 boats.
- 2 diesel generators 4DL-42MH (power of each 1500 kW, the first two submarines of project 877 installed 2x4DL-42M power of each 1000 kW) with a diesel generator operation system under water. On modifications 877M and 636, a 30DG diesel generator (power of one 1500 kW) is installed, which also works with RDP.
- two groups of lead-acid batteries.

For the economical running mode, a special propeller 190-horsepower PG142 electric motor is provided. Starting with the submarine B-800 / project 877V / project 636, a low-speed 190-horsepower PG166 engine was installed.

Submarine B-871 "Alrosa" pr.877V and disassembled jet propulsion, Sevastopol, another repair, January 12, 2006.

Starting with the B-800 submarine, they are equipped with a rescue hatch that allows you to leave the flooded submarine from depths of up to 250 meters (made in the stern).

Energy - two groups of lead-acid batteries with 120 cells each. Project 636M submarines use batteries that have a 2.5 times longer service life while maintaining the same power.

The boats were equipped with an advanced navigation system. On various modifications of the project 877 "Halibut" complexes "Andoga", "Apassionata-EKM", "Apassionata-EKM.1" are installed. To search for surface targets and control the air situation, a radar station is used, as well as means that detect enemy radar radiation. Hydroacoustic equipment - active and passive.

Information from all surveillance equipment and posts enters the multi-purpose BUIS ("Lama" / "Uzel", "Lama-EKM" / "Uzel"), is processed by a computer, and then transferred to the commander, to the command post, which is isolated from other compartments . General ship systems are controlled from the Palladium or Palladium-EM control panel (depending on the modification).

Loading a missile of the Club-S complex into the torpedo tube of an Indian submarine pr.08773. For loading, a platform fixed on the submarine hull is used..

The armament of the submarine is six 533 mm torpedo tubes placed in the bow.. Of these, two devices in the upper tier are designed for firing remote-controlled torpedoes. Management and reloading (the Murena quick reloading device was used) - remote from the gearbox. Loading of torpedoes was carried out using a special loading device. Ammunition - 18 torpedoes, 6 of which were in torpedo tubes, 12 - on racks. Torpedoes 53-56B, 53-56BA, 53-65K, SET-53M, TEST-71M, SET-65E, USET-80K could be used. Instead of torpedoes, 24 DM-1 mines could be taken on board: 12 mines in torpedo tubes (2 per tube) and the same amount on racks.

In projects 08773, 636M / 06361, the Club-S missile system was used with the launch of cruise missiles from the upper tier torpedo tubes from a submerged position. Ammunition - 4 missiles. The project 06363 used the Caliber-PL missile system with the launch of missiles from a submerged position.

In Komsomolsk-on-Amur, in 1979, the shipyard began building the lead submarine of project 877; in September 1982, it entered service. Later, the ships of this project were produced in Leningrad, as well as at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant. After they were spotted by foreign observers in 1981, NATO assigned the symbol "Kilo".

Submarine project 877 with a diesel generator operating under the RDP, Baltic Sea, 09/10/2007.

Modifications:

Project 877 "Halibut"(sub-series 08770) - the basic serial version of the submarine, the lead ones - B-248, B-401. In addition to the 08770 series, there were 08771 or 08772 series - which differed between manufacturing plants.

Project 877E "Varshavyanka"- export modification of the submarine project 877 of the first series. Supplied to the countries of the Warsaw Pact. It differs mainly in equipment and is not equipped with air defense systems.

Project 877EK- submarines were not built, it is an "export commercial" version adapted to tropical operating conditions.

Project 877EKM- "export commercial modernized" version of the submarine of project 877. Deliveries were made to Algeria, India, Iran and China. The hydroacoustic system MGK-400E was installed. The project was adapted to tropical operating conditions. In 1999, project 08773 was upgraded for the Indian Navy and received the designation Project 08773. Modification of equipment and weapons systems (equipped with Club-S cruise missile launchers). She received the Lama-ER control system, the new MGK-400EM / MGK-EM sonar system, and the Palladium-M combat information and control system. On the modification of the submarine, the rudder propeller group and design are kept similar to the 877EKM project.

Project 877LPMB (B-800 Kaluga)- equipped with a 7-bladed propeller made of Aurora alloy with saber-shaped blades. A rescue hatch was also equipped, which allows evacuation from a depth of up to 250 m. The BCh-5 equipment was redesigned, the economical running engine and the main propulsion motor were slower. Additional navigational equipment was installed on the boat.

Project 877B- equipped with a water jet. According to the main performance characteristics, it is similar to the project 877.

Project 877M "Halibut-M"- 8 last submarines of the Project 877 series for the Russian Navy. The body is extended by 1.2 m.

Project 877B- a project for the modernization of a submarine of project 877. Research and development work was carried out in the 1980s on the basis of project 877M. According to this project, an experimental submarine B-90 "Sargan" was laid down, later completed according to project 20120.

Projects 877K/877MK- modernized projects 877 and 877M. after the modernization of equipment (in particular, the combat information and control system).

Project 636- developed by the Central Design Bureau "Rubin", is an export modification of the project 877M for the Chinese Navy, the equipment is modernized according to the type of project 877M, sound-absorbing technologies are widely used.

Project 636M- a modernized version of project 636. The composition of the equipment has been changed, an inertial navigation system, a periscope with a laser rangefinder, a TV channel and a night vision channel have been installed. Towed communication antenna of HF and VLF bands. Submerged Club-S cruise missiles can be used. Project 06361 - modification of a submarine for the Vietnamese Navy. Project 06363 - modification of the project with updated equipment. Armed with the Kalibr missile system.

The project of a special submarine based on the project 877 - probably intended for work on laying pipelines on the seabed. Perhaps, after equipping, it can be used for a wide range of jobs.

Submarine B-464 "Ust-Kamchatsk" project 877 (modernized) in the floating dock.

Project 877 "Halibut" submarines and their modifications were supplied to:
Algeria - 2 submarines of project 877EKM;
India - 9 submarines of project 877EKM (8 modernized 08773) + 1 built according to project 08773;
Iran - 3 submarines 877EKM;
China - 1 project 636M submarine + 2 project 877EKM submarine;
Poland - 1 submarine project 877E;
Romania - 1 submarine project 877E.

The Russian Navy has 24 Project 877 Halibut diesel-electric submarines and their modifications.

Designs of the light hull of the submarine B-261 "Novorossiysk" pr.06363 at the Admiralty shipyards. St. Petersburg, November 27, 2012.

Launching after repair of the submarine Taregh pr.877EKM Iranian Navy, May 28, 2012.

Main characteristics:

Surface displacement - 2300 tons;
Underwater displacement - 3040 tons;
The greatest length is 72.6 m;
Buoyancy margin - 32%;
Durable hull length - 51.8 m;
The greatest width is 9.9 m;
Draft on design waterline - 6.2 m;

Main power plant:
- the number and power of diesel engines - 2x1000 kW, type DL42MH (on the last 8 boats 2x1500 kW type 30DG);
- the number and power of the HED - 1x5500 hp, type PG-141 (on the last 8 boats 1x5500 hp of the PG-165 type, on 877EKM - 1x4050 hp)
— number and power of EH electric motors — 1х190 h.p. (PG-166);
- the number and power of standby PEMs - 2x102 hp (PG-168);
- propellers - low-noise VFSh;
- fuel reserve - 172 tons;
- number of battery groups, number of cells - 2x120;

Surface speed - 10 knots;
Underwater speed - 17 ... 19 knots;
Economic underwater speed - 3 knots;
Underwater range (speed 7 knots, under the RDP) - 7500 miles;
Submerged range (speed 3 knots) - 400 miles;
Working immersion depth - 240 m;
Periscope immersion depth - 17.5 m;
Maximum immersion depth - 350 m;
Autonomy - 45 days;
Crew - 57 people;

Armament:
- missile system (project 08773) - Ciub-S;
- bow torpedo tubes - 6 pcs.;
- caliber - 533 mm
- number of torpedoes - 18 (SET-65E, 53-65K, TEST-71M, USET-80K);
- the number and type of mines (instead of torpedoes) - 24 pieces, DM-1;
- MANPADS - "Strela-ZM" / "Igla-1";
Radar station of state recognition - "Nichrome-M".

Diesel-electric submarines of project 877 "Halibut" / Photo: army-news.ru

The Russian Project 877 Halibut submarine is considered one of the best diesel-electric submarines in the class. Even the US Navy is not eager to enter into a confrontation with it, the columnist writes magazine National Interest, defense and national security specialist Kyle Mizokami.

The author draws attention to the low hydroacoustic visibility of the Halibut. Thanks to its special design, the submarine emits significantly less noise than its competitors. The life support system allows it to stay under water for up to two weeks, and the cruising range is 7.5 thousand nautical miles (14 thousand kilometers), which exceeds the distance from the base of the Northern Fleet of the Russian Navy to Cuba, the author writes.

"Halibuts", created in the Soviet era, after the collapse of the USSR went for export. India bought ten submarines, three - Iran, two - China. Many samples remained in the countries of the former Warsaw block, RIA Novosti reports.

"Project 877 submarines turned out to be very successful both in technical and export terms," writes K. Mizokami. He is convinced that due to the growth of conflict moods in the Asia-Pacific region, the world community may soon become a witness combat use"Halibuts" and "Varshavyanka".

Technical reference

- is the fifth in a series of seven submarines built at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant in the city of Gorky (now - Nizhny Novgorod) for the Soviet Navy.

The submarine was laid down under the name "B-459", construction number 608, on February 25, 1988. Launched on April 29, 1990. On September 28, 1990, she was accepted into the Navy.

Initially, the submarine was part of the Black Sea Fleet, in 1991 it was relocated to the Northern Fleet.

Project 877 diesel-electric submarines were designed by the Rubin Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering.

Submarines of this project are designed to combat surface and submarine ships, lay minefields, and conduct reconnaissance. They are one of the quietest mass-produced submarines.

On August 2, 1997, the crew of the submarine signed a sponsorship agreement with the administration of North Ossetia and the ship received its current name "Vladikavkaz" in honor of the capital of the republic.

Until 2008, the submarine served in the Red Banner Northern Fleet.

The Vladikavkaz diesel-electric submarine arrived at the Zvezdochka CS for medium repairs and modernization in 2008. The state contract for the repair of the submarine was concluded in 2011, and Zvyozdochka shipbuilders launched full-scale work to return the submarine to service.

On September 19, 2014, the boat was withdrawn from the boathouse and launched. In 2015 at Vladikavkaz mooring trials begin , and at the beginning of summer 2015, with the opening of navigation in the White Sea, the ship will go to sea to carry out the program of factory sea trials.

The transfer of the Vladikavkaz diesel-electric submarine to the navy will take place in 2015, after which the ship will serve for the next ten years.

The main characteristics of diesel-electric submarines of project 877

Displacement, tons:	surface - 2300; underwater - 3040
Maximum length, m	72,6
Maximum width, m	9,9
Average draft, m	6,2
Speed, knots:	surface - 10; underwater - from 17 to 19
Immersion depth, m:	working - 240; limit - 350
Autonomy of navigation, days	45
Crew, man	57
*Power point:*
Diesel-electric with full electric propulsion:	2 diesel generators 1000…1500 kW each; main electric motor 4,050…5,500 hp; 190 hp economical running electric motor; two standby electric motors of 102 hp each; one low-noise six-bladed low-speed fixed-pitch propeller; 2 rechargeable batteries of 120 cells.
*Armament:*
Torpedo-mine armament:	6 bow TA caliber 533 mm, normally loaded, with automatic loading, 18 torpedoes or 24 mines.
Missile armament:	Turquoise ZM-54E1 (Club-S, modification 08773)
Air defense:	"Strela-ZM" or "Needle-1"