What kind of production within. Production types. Comparative characteristics of small-scale production

As mentioned above, small-scale production gravitates towards a single:

• Products are produced in small batches of a wide range, their repeatability in the program of the enterprise is either absent or irregular,
• Series sizes fluctuate. the company constantly develops new products, stops the production of previously developed ones.
• · A wide range of operations is assigned to jobs.
• Equipment, types of movements, forms of specialization and production structure are practically the same as in unit production.

Advantage small-scale production:

• · As you know, small-scale production is the production of products in small batches, it does not require a large number of workers and a huge production facility.
• You can always make some changes: change the shape, color, add some functions, and so on
• more quick payback, according to calculations, as a rule, the costs of implementing and maintaining such industries are fully paid off in 1.5-2 years.

Comparative characteristics of small-scale production

The type of production has a decisive influence on the characteristics of its organization, management and economic performance. Organizational and technical features of the type of production affect the economic performance of the enterprise, the efficiency of its activities.

With an increase in the technical equipment of labor and an increase in the volume of output in the transition from single to serial and mass production, the share of human labor decreases and the costs associated with the maintenance and operation of equipment increase. This leads to a reduction in the cost of production, a change in its structure. Thus, in the mass production of products, the issues of using advanced technological processes, tools and equipment, complex mechanization and automation are solved easier than in individual and mass production.

Consider all the characteristics of production types in comparison:

Table 1. Characteristics of production types.

The movement of parts (products) in workplaces (operations) can be: in time - continuous and discontinuous; in space - direct-flow and indirect-flow. If the jobs are located in the order of the sequence of operations performed, i.e. in the course of the technological process of processing parts (or products), then this corresponds to a direct-flow movement.

Production, in which the movement of products to workplaces is carried out with a high degree of continuity and direct flow, is called in-line production. In this regard, and depending on the form of movement of products at workplaces, mass and serial types of production can be in-line and non-in-line, i.e. there can be a mass, mass-in-line, serial and serial-in-line type of production.

As the degree of specialization of workplaces increases, the continuity and direct flow of movement of products across workplaces, i.e., in the transition from single to serial and from serial to mass types of production, the possibility of using special equipment and technological equipment, more productive technological processes, advanced methods increases. organization of labor, mechanization and automation production processes. All this leads to an increase in labor productivity and a reduction in production costs.

Production

Production:

Contemporary social production includes not only material production, but also the non-material sphere - the production of non-material goods and services (new scientific discoveries, technical inventions, public education, culture, art, healthcare, consumer services, management, financing and lending, sports, etc.) . The development of non-material production and the service sector depends to a decisive extent on the production of material goods - its technical equipment and output.

• agricultural production(and its branches - forestry, cattle breeding, fish farming, etc.) - breeding of animal and plant products with the help of the natural forces of nature;
• industrial production(mining and manufacturing industry) - processing of raw materials into a form suitable for human consumption;

Some economists refer to production as the creation of only material goods, others are also creation and intangible good. Then the production can be attributed to:

• Transfer of the produced product from producers to consumers: logistics and trade;
• Production of services (service sector);
• Financial services: banking and insurance activities
• Spiritual production: new scientific discoveries, technical inventions, culture, art, etc.

Production in the Marxist-Leninist paradigm

The doctrine of production in Marxist economic theory is divided into the following parts:

• the doctrine of the factors of production - nature, labor and capital
• the doctrine of the organization of production.

Production is the process of creating material goods and services necessary for the existence and development of society. Goods created in the process of production complete their movement in the process of consumption. Consumption is the goal of production only in non-market economic systems. In a market economy, the immediate goal of production is to make a profit. The constantly repeating production process is called social reproduction. Society cannot stop consuming, nor can it stop producing; consequently, society cannot exist without constantly reproducing all the elements of production.

The production cycle

The production cycle is the period of stay of objects of labor (raw materials and materials) in the production process from the beginning of manufacturing to the release of the finished product.

• Continuous production cycle available in some industries (metallurgical, chemical) where the production process cannot be interrupted for economic or safety reasons. The workers who serve it are called non-stop production workers.

see also

• Types of stocks in production

Links

• Yuri Semyonov"Production and Society"
• Yuri Semyonov"Primary and Non-Primary Methods of Production"
• Industrial zones (which countries and in what volume produce industrial goods)

Notes

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

Antonyms:

See what "Production" is in other dictionaries:

PRODUCTION, production, cf. 1. only units Action under ch. produce in 1 digit. produce. Work at night. Inquiry production. 2. only units Development, production. Paper production. Steel production. Soviet film... Dictionary Ushakov

- (production) The process of converting resources into finished products. Production is carried out in a wide variety of forms: from natural peasant economy before modern enterprise manufacturing industry, producing ... ... Glossary of business terms

Cm … Synonym dictionary

The process of converting resources into finished products. In the process of production, the means of production are used. Forms of production: from subsistence farming to a modern enterprise that produces large-scale products. By… … Financial vocabulary

- (production) The process of transforming resources into goods or services of value. The expression of the means of production, distribution and exchange tries to subdivide economic activity into species that change the physical form of things, their ... ... Economic dictionary

Production- (production) this well-known term in our dictionary is understood in two senses: the production of material goods and the production of non-material goods. In the first case, we mean the processing of the natural material of the Earth into useful for Man, ... ... Economic and Mathematical Dictionary

The material process of creating material goods, services ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

One of the basic concepts of sociological and economic sciences, reflecting an actively active way of being a person in the world. Under P. understand: 1) P. means of life, satisfaction of needs (material, spiritual); 2) P. of the person himself ... ... The latest philosophical dictionary

PRODUCTION, a, cf. 1. see produce. 2. The social process of creating wealth, covering both productive forces society and the production relations of people. Commodity item. Growth, decline in production. 3. Manufacturing, production, ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

English production; German Produktion/Erzeugung. 1. The process by which people transform natural objects to meet their needs, mediate, regulate and control the metabolism between themselves and ... ... Encyclopedia of Sociology

Brick according to the Ilyich system. Razg. Iron. Obsolete Brick from blown up churches. Sindalovsky, 2002, 150 ... Big dictionary of Russian sayings

In domestic practice, the following are distinguished types of production: single (design), serial, mass.

Under single production understand the form of organization of production, in which various types of products are made in one or more copies (piece production). Each end product is unique in design, tasks, and other important features.

The production process of manufacturing products is discontinuous. It takes a relatively long time to produce each unit of output. The enterprises use universal equipment, assembly processes are characterized by a significant proportion handmade, the staff has versatile skills.

Such production is common in heavy engineering (production of large machines for ferrous metallurgy and energy (turbines)), the chemical industry, and the service sector.

In Western literature, unit production is commonly referred to as design.

Under serial production understand the form of organization of production, which is characterized by the release of products in large batches (series) with an established regularity of release.

It is characterized by the constancy of the release of a fairly large range of products. At the same time, the annual range of manufactured products is wider than the range of each month.

The serial type of production is typical for machine tool building, production of rolled ferrous metals, etc.

Serial production is diverse and is divided into subtypes: small-scale, serial and large-scale.

Small-scale gravitates to the single, and large-scale - to the mass.

This division is conditional. For example, in accordance with the classification proposed by J. Woodward, single and small-scale production are distinguished ( unit production), massive (mass production) and continuous (process production).

Small batch production is transitional from single to serial. Products can be produced in small batches.

At present, one of the competitive factors in mechanical engineering has become the ability of the company to manufacture unique, often of increased complexity, equipment in a small batch according to the special order of buyers.

The introduction of computerization makes it possible to increase the flexibility of production and introduce features into small-scale production mass production. For example, it became possible to produce several types of products on one production line with a minimal amount of time spent on equipment changeover.

Large batch production is a transitional form to mass production.

In large-scale production, products are produced in large batches over a long period. Typically, enterprises of this type specialize in the production of individual products or sets of subject types.

Under mass production understand the form of organization of production, characterized by the constant release of a strictly limited range of products, homogeneous in purpose, design, technological type, manufactured simultaneously and in parallel.

Individual units of manufactured products do not differ from each other (there may be only minor differences in characteristics and equipment).

The transit time for a unit of product through the system is relatively short: it is measured in minutes or hours. The number of product names in the monthly and annual programs is the same.

Products are characterized by high standardization and unification of their components and parts. Mass production is characterized by a high degree of complex mechanization and automation of technological processes. The mass type of production is typical for automobile factories, agricultural machinery factories, footwear industry enterprises, etc.

It should be noted that the attribution of the enterprise as a whole to one type or another is conditional, since it can include sites of various types of production in its composition. Thus, at mass production plants there may be workshops with a serial type of production, and at unit production plants, the manufacture of unified and widely used parts can be organized according to the serial principle.

Depending on the type of production, there are various types of production layouts.

At operational functional planning production resources are grouped according to the work performed. Designated areas for various kinds maintenance (engine section, bodywork section, etc.). Can be used in small batch production.

With this type of layout, there are problems associated with minimizing transport operations.

At fixed positional layout the manufactured product is stationary, and production resources are supplied as needed. This layout is used in the implementation of various projects (for example, construction). This layout is temporary and will be kept until the completion of the project.

Mass production is characterized linear , or in-line , layout , where each manufactured product actually goes through the same processing operations. Thus, in-line production is characterized by the division of the production process into separate relatively short operations performed on specially equipped, sequentially located workplaces - production lines.

production line - a complex of equipment that is interconnected and works in harmony with a given rhythm but in a single technological process. Workplaces are located in accordance with the sequence of the technological process.

The continuity of the production process ensures a high level of specialization and creates conditions for the use of automatic equipment.

The main problem is the correct distribution of the load on jobs to eliminate "bottlenecks".

The flow layout is typical for the chemical industry, automotive industry, Food Industry and etc.

Distinguish between in-line production systems with "push" (push system) and "pull" (pull system) product put into production.

The system with "pushing out" of the product is more often used (Fig. 2.8). It assumes that the manufacture of products begins at one end of the production line, goes through a series of technological steps and ends with processing at the other end of the production chain. At the same time, upon completion of processing in one section, the product is "pushed out" to the next, regardless of whether this section is ready to accept the product for processing or not. Each section has a production plan. However, the creation of a "rigid" technological process, all the parameters of which would be accurately calculated in advance, is impossible. Therefore, enterprises should always have a certain production margin, which increases the flexibility of the system. At the same time, it is known that an increase in reserves is associated with the deadening of capital, and requires significant costs for storage and maintenance of them.

Rice. 2.8. "Push" system

reduction production stocks while increasing the flexibility of production, a system of in-line production with "pulling" products (Fig. 2.9) contributes. This system involves the receipt of products from the previous site as needed. It was first tested in 1972 at the Toyota automobile company.

Rice. 2.9. Pull system

The author of this system used the "last link" principle used in supermarkets to industrial production. In supermarkets, the customer is the source of information required amount, assortment, etc. The impetus for the functioning of the entire system is the demand determined by the buyer. Similar to industrial enterprises the plan has only a final assembly line, hence the information about the need to produce certain parts is sent to previous sections through special KAN-BAN cards (sometimes the term KAM-BAN is used in the literature).

There are two types of cards:

• selection cards;
• production order cards.

The selection card indicates the number of parts that must be taken from the previous processing site.

The production order card specifies the number of parts to be produced in the upstream department.

At the place of storage, the parts are loaded into a forklift in the quantity indicated on the selection cards. At the same time, order cards attached to them are removed from the boxes, which inform about the order for the manufacture of new parts in a strictly defined quantity.

The site plan is formed every day. This provides system flexibility. Any movement of products without cards is unacceptable. Usually the CAN-BAN system is combined with a quality control system. The KANBAN system does not require a total computerization of production, however, it implies a high discipline of deliveries and a high responsibility of the personnel, which limits its implementation in various countries.

• So, at the Aviastar enterprise (Ulyanovsk), the share of manual labor in the assembly of aircraft is 80%. Abroad, at enterprises with a single type of production, the share of manual labor usually does not exceed 50% (Leonov V. Volga wings // Arguments of the week. 2009. No. 23. P. 4).

Serial production is usually understood as a special form of organization of production, which is characterized by the release of various kinds of products in large batches in compliance with certain time periods of production.

Serial production is based on the production of homogeneous products in batches of a certain size. When organizing such production, it strictly observes the quantity of goods produced and focuses on the deadlines indicated in the production plan. Currently, serial production of products has become widespread both among small manufacturing firms and among large corporations.

The specific conditions of mass production contribute to the efficient equipment of the workplaces of the enterprise, each of which is adapted to the performance of a specific technological operation. This approach reduces the cost of manufactured goods by reducing the size of production areas, more profitable use of labor, as well as reducing the cost of raw materials and staff salaries.

The products of the standard type are the products of mass production: vehicles, equipment for the chemical industry and metallurgy, agricultural raw materials, etc.

In general, one can distinguish the following features modern serial production:

- release of products in series, depending on the limited type of nomenclature associated with repetitive goods;
– highest speed production;
– typification of the process of highly specialized goods;
- a special approach to the organization of jobs;
– availability of highly specialized equipment;
- Involvement of medium-skilled employees in the work process;
- implementation of mechanical control over the quality of products.

Types of mass production

Modern serial production is usually divided into three main types:

1. Small-scale production. This type serial production refers to a single: the product manufactured by the enterprise is controlled by a production plan in which the sizes of the series are clearly defined. As for the regularity of release, it can either remain unchanged or change depending on certain conditions of the consumer market. The company is continuously developing new products, in order to eventually get rid of the need to produce obsolete, no longer in demand, goods.

2. Medium production. An enterprise specializing in this type of mass production produces its products in large quantities of a limited range. The release of series is carried out regularly and is controlled by the management and experts of the organization. In medium-scale production, only certain types are used production equipment, allowing to qualitatively organize a parallel-sequential type of movement of objects of labor. Enterprises engaged in this type of activity operate in accordance with all the technological requirements of mass production and have subject-closed areas.

3. Large-scale production. An enterprise specializing in large-scale production, is engaged in the production of large series of products. The production process is built within the framework of a specific program, in accordance with which the priority of production is given to the most significant types of goods. All workplaces in large-scale production must be equipped with technical devices and instruments that allow maintaining both parallel and parallel-sequential types of movements of objects of labor.

The main advantages of serial production are:

– incredibly high efficiency of application innovative technologies and equipment;
– the possibility of detailed development of ways to save on consumables and labor force;
– almost complete absence of the need to reconfigure equipment in order to start production of another type of product.

Among other things, mass production is considered an excellent solution for those companies that are engaged in the wholesale supply of any highly specialized goods and do not want to spend on production. a large number of financial resources. By releasing their products two or three times a year, such enterprises can meet the needs of the market, while avoiding the risks of an overproduction situation.

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Determining the type of production and key indicators

Single production

Mass production

Mass production

Characteristics of production types

Conclusion

List of sources used

Determining the type of production and key indicators

The type of production is understood as a set of features that determine the organizational and technical characteristics of the production process carried out at one or many workplaces, on the scale of a site, workshop, enterprise. The type of production largely determines the forms of specialization and methods of organizing production processes.

The classification of types of production is based on the following factors: the breadth of the nomenclature, the volume of output, the degree of constancy of the nomenclature, the nature of the loading of jobs and their specialization.

Product range represents the number of product names assigned to production system, and characterizes its specialization. The wider the nomenclature, the less specialized the system, and, conversely, the narrower it is, the higher the degree of specialization.

Product output is the number of products of a certain type produced by the production system during a certain period. The volume of output and the complexity of each type of product have a decisive influence on the nature of the specialization of this system.

Degree of nomenclature constancy - this is the repeatability of the manufacture of a given type of product in successive periods. If in one planning period a product of this type is produced, and in other periods it is not produced, then there is no constancy factor. Regular repetition of the release of products of this type is one of the prerequisites for ensuring the rhythm of production. In turn, the regularity depends on the volume of output of products, since a large: volume of output can be evenly distributed over successive planning periods.

The nature of the workload means assigning certain operations of the technological process to the workplaces. If the minimum number of operations is assigned to the workplace, then this is a narrow specialization, and if many operations are assigned to the workplace (if the machine is universal), then this means broad specialization.

The main indicator characterizing the type of production is the coefficient of consolidation of operations Kh. The coefficient of consolidation of operations for a group of workplaces is defined as the ratio of the number of all different technological operations performed or to be performed and within a month, to the number of jobs:

where Toop -- the number of operations performed on i-th worker place;

n- the number of jobs on the site or in the shop.

There are three types of production: single, serial, mass.

Figure 2 - Classification of production types

Other main indicators for determining the type of production are the coefficients of job specialization (Ksp), serialization (Kser) and mass character (Km).

Coefficient of job specialization

Ksp \u003d md.o. / Ref, (3)

where md.o. - the number of detail operations for the technological process performed in this unit (on the site, in the shop);

Spr - the number of jobs (equipment) in a given unit.

The serialization coefficient is calculated by the formula:

Xer=r/tpcs, (4)

where r is the cycle of product release, min/piece;

tpcs - average piece time for the operations of the technological process, min.

The indicators included in formula (4) are determined by the formulas:

r= Feff/Nz; (5)

tpcs=tpcsi/m (6)

where Feff - efficient fund workplace time;

Nz - the volume of parts launched per unit of time;

tshti - piece time on the i-th operation of the technological process, min;

m - number of operations.

The mass coefficient is determined by the formula

Km=tshti/mr(7)

Single production

X It is characterized by the manufacture of piece, as a rule, unique, products of various types and purposes, a wide range and a small volume of production of identical products. Patterns either do not repeat or repeat irregularly. Jobs do not have deep specialization. It is impossible to permanently assign operations to individual workplaces, and the coefficient of specialization is more than 40 detail operations per one workplace. The specialization of such jobs is due only to their technological characteristic and dimensions of processed products. In this production, universal equipment is used, and basically a sequential type of movement of a batch of parts through the operations of the technological process. Factories have a complex production structure, and workshops are specialized in technological principle. Single production is characterized by the presence of a significant work in progress, the lack of assignment of operations to workplaces, the use of unique equipment, frequent reconfiguration of equipment, high qualification of workers, a significant share of manual operations, overall high labor intensity of products and a long cycle of their manufacture, high cost of products. A diverse range of products makes unit production more mobile and adaptable to fluctuating demand for finished products. This type of organization is typical for pilot plants that manufacture prototype products. Such production justifies itself economically only in the manufacture of unique, technically complex products, units of large unit capacity, which require a limited amount (for example, turbogenerators).

Thus, we can distinguish the following features of a single production:

The inconsistent nature of the production process;

Wide and variable range of manufactured products;

Distribution of production by specialized divisions of the enterprise;

Manufacture of products based on individual (for each product) orders;

Use of highly qualified workers in the production process; increased duration of the production cycle;

Quality control of each finished product.

Unit production includes the production of the largest machines, unique instruments, equipment, powerful hydraulic turbines and generators, rolling mills, walking excavators, nuclear reactors and other products, as well as non-standard products for individual orders.

Mass production

It is characterized by the release of batches of homogeneous products within a specified period of time. Serial production is characterized by the production of a limited range of products. Batches (series) of products are repeated at regular intervals. Depending on the size of the series, small-batch, medium-batch and large-batch production is distinguished.

In serial production, it is possible to specialize individual workplaces for performing similar technological operations. The level of production costs is reduced due to the specialization of jobs, wide application labor of workers of average qualification, efficient use of equipment and production areas, reduction, in comparison with unit production, wage costs.

Series products are standard products, such as machines of a steady type, usually produced in larger quantities (metal-cutting machines, pumps, compressors, equipment for the chemical and food industries).

Distinctive features of serial production are:

Series production of a relatively limited range of repetitive products;

Relatively short duration of the production cycle;

Typification of the technological process;

Availability of specialized equipment and jobs;

Use in the production process of workers of medium qualification;

Mechanization of product quality control.

Small batch production tends to be single: products are produced in small series of a wide range, their repeatability in the program of the enterprise is either absent or irregular, and the sizes of the series fluctuate; the company constantly develops new products and stops the production of previously mastered ones. A wide range of operations is assigned to jobs. Equipment, types of movements, forms of specialization and production structure are practically the same as in unit production.

Medium batch production it is characteristic that the products are produced in rather large series of a limited range; series are repeated with a known regularity. A narrower range of operations is assigned to jobs. The equipment is universal and special, the type of movement of objects of labor is parallel-sequential. Factories have a developed production structure, procurement workshops specialize according to the technological principle, and in the machine-assembly shops, subject-closed sections are created.

Large batch production characterized by the manufacture of products in large series of a very narrow range. At the same time, the most important types of products can be produced continuously. Jobs are specialized, the equipment is usually special, the types of movements of objects of labor are parallel-sequential and parallel. Factories have a simple production structure, processing and assembly shops are specialized according to the subject principle, and procurement shops are specialized according to the technological principle.

Mass production advantages:

High efficiency of using advanced equipment and technology;

Detailed development of technology, which is carried out with high efficiency, since the costs of it are spread over a relatively large number of products;

Rare changeover of production from one product to another, which saves a lot of time and costs in comparison with a single production.

Mass production

It is characterized by the release in large volumes of a limited range of products for a long time. Mass production is characterized by the manufacture certain types production in large quantities in highly specialized workplaces over an extended period. Mechanization and automation of mass production can significantly reduce the share of manual labor. Mass production is characterized by an unchanged range of manufactured products, specialization of jobs in the performance of one permanently fixed operation, the use of special equipment, low labor intensity and duration of the production process, high automation and mechanization.

The cost of mass-produced products is minimal compared to single-unit and mass-produced products. This type of production is economically feasible with a sufficiently large volume of output. Necessary condition mass production is the presence of a steady and significant demand for products. In the context of the economic crisis, mass production becomes the most vulnerable.

Examples of such production are the manufacturing of automobiles, computers, consumer electronics, ball bearings; mass service in the service sector - the processes of functioning of the subway, department stores, airports.

Main hallmarks mass production are:

High degree of specialization of production;

Continuity of the production process;

Automation of the technological process;

Standardization and unification of parts, components and assemblies;

Production scheduling;

Automation of product quality control.

At enterprises with mass production, a narrow range of operations is assigned to jobs, all products are manufactured simultaneously and in parallel, special equipment, the type of movement of objects of labor is parallel. Shops and sections are specialized mainly according to the subject principle. Factories have a simple and well-defined production structure.

Compared to serial and single-piece production, this type of production has a number of advantages:

It becomes possible to introduce a pre-developed technological process, use specialized equipment and place it in the course of technological operations;

Conditions are being created to increase the productivity of workers servicing specialized equipment, and to increase their qualifications;

The development of plans and norms in production, the organization of accounting and management are simplified.

Characteristics of product typesguides

Table 8 - Characteristics of the types of organization of production.

Conclusion

AT market conditions the enterprise must be adapted to the constant change in the range of products. To do this, the nature of production must be universal in order to carry out a complete closed cycle: from procurement operations to product packaging. The expansion of the product range leads to a decrease in serial production, and this causes an increase in production costs compared to the costs of narrowly specialized enterprises.

Mass production has a certain conservatism to product renewal. This slows down the development of new products and ultimately affects the satisfaction of consumer needs.

Changing the range of products when changing the type of organization of production from single to serial is focused on the needs of mass consumers, requires an internal restructuring of the enterprise structure, technological process, mode of operation, etc. Improving production efficiency by changing the type of organization of production lies in the correspondence of all elements production structure enterprises and type of production.

The type of organization of production is formed depending on the predominance of specialization of shops and production processes. For example, at enterprises of single and small-scale production, the most progressive forms of organization of production are subject and mixed types of specialization, which provide a closed cycle for the manufacture of parts of the same type.

A characteristic feature of the serial and large-scale type of organization of production is technological specialization based on the allocation of closed large production units. In mass production, there are all types of specialization with their own specifics. A characteristic feature of the specialization of mass production is the separation of enterprises according to the type of final assembly of manufactured products.

Technological specialization is not limited to the separation of assembly plants; in some cases, subdivisions for the manufacture of units, assemblies, etc. are used.

There is a direct correlation: the smaller the range of manufactured products at the enterprise, the more difficult it is to master new technologies and expand the range of products, which means that the costs of preparing production for the production of new products will be higher. Therefore, in the conditions of adaptation of enterprises to new economic conditions the change and improvement of the product range should be carried out within the existing production capacities, due to the flexibility of the production structure and the use of internal reserves for its improvement.

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