home › Housing and communal services › Automation of the gas distribution station of the Sterlitamak linear production department of the main gas pipeline. Generation of electricity and "cold" without fuel combustion Technological scheme and principle of operation of the AGRS

Automation of the gas distribution station of the Sterlitamak linear production department of the main gas pipeline. Generation of electricity and "cold" without fuel combustion Technological scheme and principle of operation of the AGRS

graduate work

1.3 Operating modes and operating parameters of the automated GDS "Energy-1"

GRS operate both autonomously and in permanent presence mode service personnel. In any case, the current state of the station is controlled by the LPU MG, on whose territory the station is located.

For continuous monitoring and control (including automatic) of the state of all local subsystems of the GDS, it is necessary to have a local automated control system for the GDS, connected with the system of dispatch control and management of the entire network of the GDS from the LPU MG.

There are 3 control modes available on the automated GDS:

Fully automatic;

Remote control of actuators from a remote operator workstation;

Remote manual and remote automatic control of actuators from a panel operator workstation built into the ACS cabinet.

Automatic block gas distribution stations "Energy-1" are designed to supply individual consumers with natural, associated, oil, previously purified from heavy hydrocarbons, and artificial gas from main gas pipelines with pressure (1.2--7.5 MPa) by reducing the pressure to a predetermined ( 0.3--1.2 MPa) and maintain it. Energia stations are operated outdoors in areas with a temperate climate at an ambient temperature of minus 40 °C to +50 °C with a relative humidity of 80% at 20 °C.

The nominal throughput of the Energia-1 station is 10,000 m3/h at an inlet pressure Рin=7.5 MPa and Рout=0.3 MPa.

The maximum capacity of the station is 40,000 m3/h of gas at inlet pressure Pin=7.5 MPa and Pout=1.2 MPa. Table 1.1 shows the operating parameters of the automated gas distribution station "Energy-1".

Table 1.1 - Operating parameters of the automated gas distribution station "Energy-1"

Indicators	Values
Throughput, m3/h
Pressure working environment, MPa: At the entrance At the exit	0,3; 0,6; 0,9; 1,2
Temperature, ° С: Environment In the premises of the GRS
Number of gas outlets
Minimum size of mechanical particles held in filters, µm
Thermal power of the heater, kW
Gas consumption, m3/h: For heater "PG-10" For heater "PTPG-30" For the PGA-200 heater
Coolant pressure in the heater, MPa	atmospheric
Heat carrier temperature, °С
Odorizer type	Automatic with discrete feed
Overall dimensions L/W/H, mm Reduction block Switch block Odorization block Instrumentation and A block
Weight, kg Reduction block Switch block Odorization block Instrumentation and A block

1.4 Switching unit

The switching unit is designed to switch the gas flow from one line to another line of the gas pipeline, to ensure trouble-free and uninterrupted operation of the GDS in cases of repair or hot and gas hazardous work. The bypass line connecting the inlet and outlet gas pipelines of the GDS is equipped with temperature and pressure measuring devices, as well as a shut-off valve and a control valve.

The switching unit is designed to protect the consumer's gas pipeline system from possible high gas pressure. Also for supplying gas to the consumer, bypassing the gas distribution station, through the bypass line using manual gas pressure control during repair and maintenance work of the station.

The GDS switching unit should provide for:

Cranes with pneumatic actuator on gas pipelines of inlet and outlet;

Safety valves with switching three-way cocks on each outlet gas pipeline (it is allowed to replace in the absence of a three-way cock with two manual ones with blocking, which excludes simultaneous shutdown of the safety valves) and a candle for gas discharge;

Isolating devices on inlet and outlet gas lines to preserve potential cathodic protection with separate protection of on-site communications of the GDS and external gas pipelines;

A candle at the GDS inlet for emergency gas discharge from process pipelines;

A bypass line connecting the gas pipelines of the inlet and outlet of the gas distribution station, providing short-term gas supply to the consumer, bypassing the gas distribution station.

The GDS bypass line is designed for short-term gas supply for the period of inspection, prevention, replacement and repair of equipment. The bypass line must be equipped with two taps. The first is a shut-off valve, which is located along the gas flow and the second is a throttling valve-regulator. In the absence of a valve-regulator, it is allowed to use a valve with a manual drive.

The switching unit consists of two valves (No. 1 on the inlet and No. 2 outlet gas pipelines), a bypass line and safety valves.

Through the safety valve, the gas (through the high-pressure inlet pipeline with a pressure of 5.4 MPa) enters the switching unit, which includes inlet and outlet pipelines with shutoff valves. Used as stop valves Ball Valves with a lever or pneumohydraulic drive with local control using an electro-pneumatic control unit. A candle valve is also provided for discharging gas into the atmosphere.

Ball valves serve as a shut-off device on main gas pipelines, at gas collection and treatment points, at compressor stations, at gas distribution stations and can be operated in areas with a temperate and cold climate.

The design of the valves provides for operation at the following temperature environment:

In areas with a temperate climate from minus 45 to + 50 ° С;

In areas with a cold climate from minus 60 to + 40 ° С;

while the relative humidity of the ambient air can be up to 98% at a temperature of plus 30 °C.

The transported medium through the valve is natural gas, with nominal pressure up to 16.0 MPa and temperature from minus 45 to + 80 °C. The content of mechanical impurities in the gas - up to 10 mg/nm3, particle size - up to 1 mm, moisture and condensate - up to 1200 mg/nm3. The use of taps to regulate the gas flow is prohibited.

In the absence of pressure or in the case when it is not enough to close the valve with a pneumohydraulic actuator, the shutdown is carried out by a manual hydraulic pump. The position of the spool switch pump handle must correspond to the marking: “O” - opening the valve with a pump, “3” - closing with a pump or “D” - remote control, which is indicated on the pump cover.

Cranes provide the passage of cleaning devices through them. The design of the valves provides the possibility of a forced supply of sealing lubricant to the sealing zone of the annular seats and the spindle in case of loss of tightness. The system for supplying sealing lubricant to the annular seats of underground valves has a double blocking with check valves: one valve in the fitting, and the second on the valve body in the boss. The fittings are of a single design, provide quick connection of the stuffing device adapter.

Annular sealing valve seats provide tightness at pressures from 0.1 to 1.1 MPa.

Pin and Pout from the switching unit is controlled by pressure sensors. To protect low consumer networks, two spring-loaded safety valves are installed on the outlet pipeline, one of which is working, the other is reserve. Valves of the "PPPC" type (spring full-lift safety valve) are used. During operation, the valves should be tested for operation once a month, and in winter - once every 10 days, with an entry in operational log. Valves of this type are equipped with a lever for forced opening and control purge of the gas pipeline. Depending on the setting pressure, safety valves are equipped with replaceable springs.

For the possibility of revision and adjustment of spring-loaded safety valves without disconnecting consumers, a three-way valve of the KTS types is installed between pipelines and valves. The three-way valve of the KTS type is always open to one of the safety valves.

The setting of spring safety valves depends on the requirements of gas consumers, but in general this value does not exceed 12% of the nominal value of the outlet pressure.

Figure 1.2 shows the gas switching unit.

Figure 1.2 - Photograph of the gas switching unit

In the switching unit, there is an opportunity to purge the inlet and outlet pipelines through a spark plug valve, the pipeline of which is located outside the GDS site.

The switching unit must be located at a distance of at least 10 m from buildings, structures or technological equipment installed in an open area.

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1. Purpose and arrangement of the gas distribution station

Gas distribution stations (GDS) are designed to reduce the high inlet pressure of natural gas that does not contain aggressive impurities to a predetermined outlet pressure and maintain it with a certain accuracy. Through gas distribution stations, natural gas from main gas pipelines is supplied to settlements, industrial enterprises and other facilities in a given amount, with a certain pressure, the required degree of purification, taking into account gas consumption and odorization.

Block gas distribution station "Energia-1" provides:

Gas heating before reduction;

Gas purification before reduction;

Reducing high pressure to working pressure and maintaining it with a certain accuracy;

Gas flow measurement with registration;

Odorization of gas before supply to the consumer.

Table 1 shows the main technical characteristics of the AGDS "Energy-1".

Table 1 - Technical characteristics of AGDS "Energy-1"

Characteristic	Meaning
Nominal inlet pressure, MPa, no more
Working pressure, MPa	from 1.2 to 5.5
Inlet gas temperature, °C	-10 to +20
Gas working pressure at the outlet, MPa
Outlet gas pressure maintenance accuracy, %
Rated throughput, m 3 / hour
Maximum throughput, m 3 / hour
Temperature difference at the inlet and outlet at a gas flow rate of 10,000 m 3 / h, ° C, not less than
Number of reducing threads
Type of odorization	drip

Gas distribution station AGDS "Energy-1" consists of separate functionally completed blocks. Gas distribution stations are equipped with units for gas heating, reduction, gas flow measurement with recording in the device memory and indication, gas odorization, heating of the control room building. The technological scheme of the AGDS "Energy-1" is shown in Figure 1.

The high-pressure gas entering the gas distribution station passes through ball valves 2.1 and 3.1 to the gas heater PTPG-10M, where it is heated to prevent the precipitation of crystalline hydrates during reduction. Heating is carried out by the radiation of the burner and the heat of the exhaust gases. The heater has its own reduction unit, in which the fuel gas is reduced to feed the burners to 0.01 - 0.02 kgf/cm 2 .

The heated high-pressure gas enters the reduction unit through ball valves 4.1 and 4.2, where it is preliminarily cleaned of mechanical impurities and condensate, after which it is reduced to low pressure.

From the reduction unit, low-pressure gas passes to the flow line with a diaphragm installed on it. Flow measurement is carried out with a correction for pressure and temperature using the Superflow-IIE calculator.

After the metering unit, the gas enters the switching unit, which consists of inlet and outlet lines (ball valves 2.1 and 2.2), safety valves and a bypass line (ball valve 2.3, KMRO 2.4 regulator valve). Safety valves protect the consumer's system from overpressure.

Figure 1 - Technological scheme of the gas distribution station AGDS "Energy-1"

After the switching unit, the gas enters the Floutek-TM-D automatic gas odorization complex. Gas odorization is performed automatically in accordance with the gas flow rate. When transferring the GDS to bypass operation, the operation of the gas odorizer is transferred to a semi-automatic mode. It is also possible to odorize the gas in manual mode, while control measurements of the odorant consumption are carried out using a measuring ruler according to the calibration table of the odorizer working capacity.

2 . Gas heating unit

Gas heating before reduction is necessary to prevent precipitation of crystalline hydrates on the working elements of the pressure regulator.

The gas is heated in the PTPG-10M heater, which is structurally a housing in which a tube bundle, a heat generator and a separation chamber are built. The technological scheme of the PTPG-10M gas heater is shown in Figure 1.2.

The heater body is filled with an intermediate coolant - a mixture of fresh water and diethylene glycol in a ratio of 2/3, respectively. The heat generator and the tube bundle are immersed in an intermediate heat carrier, the level of which is controlled by the glass of the level indicator frame.

The heater is equipped with an injection burner. A damper is installed at the air inlet to the burner, which allows you to regulate the completeness of gas combustion. A flame sensor and a gas pilot burner are mounted on the shell. For manual ignition of the burner there is a peephole into which a manual ignition burner is inserted. The gas supplied to the burner enters the nozzle holes, at the exit of which it injects the air necessary for combustion, mixes with it, forming a combustible mixture, and then burns out.

The principle of operation of the heater is as follows. Fuel gas enters the heater from the low pressure gas pipeline through the gas control point and is fed to the burner, where it is burned.

Figure 2 - Technological scheme of the gas heater PTPG-10M

Gas combustion products through the heat generator enter the chimney, from where they are removed into the atmosphere. The height of the chimney ensures the dispersion of combustion products to the maximum permissible concentration. The heat of the combustion products through the walls of the heat generator is transferred to the intermediate heat carrier.

Gas from the high-pressure gas pipeline enters the first section of the separation chamber, and then into the two-way tube bundle, where it is heated by an intermediate heat carrier. The heated gas returns to the second section of the separation chamber and enters the process flow diagram of the GDS. Table 2 shows the main technical characteristics of the gas heater PTPG-10M.

Table 2 - Technical characteristics of the gas heater PTPG-10M

Characteristic	Meaning
Rated heat output, Gcal/h
Nominal capacity for heated gas, nm 3 / h
Working pressure in the tube bundle, MPa, no more
Heated gas pressure loss in the tube bundle, MPa, max
Gas temperature, °C: At the heater inlet, not less than At the outlet of the heater, no more
Nominal gas pressure in front of the burner, MPa
Heated medium	Natural gas GOST 5542-87
	Natural gas GOST 5542-87
Nominal gas consumption per burner, m 3 / h
Power supply of devices of the control, signaling and protection system with voltage, V: AC power From the DC network
Response time of protective devices for shutting off gas supply, s, no more With the simultaneous extinction of the flame of the main and pilot burners In the event of a power outage

3 . Gas reduction unit

The gas reduction unit is an important component of the AGDS and performs its main function - reducing the high inlet pressure of natural gas to a predetermined outlet pressure.

The heated high-pressure gas through valves 4.1 and 4.3 (Figure 1.3) enters the reduction unit, where it is preliminarily cleaned of mechanical impurities, after which it is reduced. The reduction block consists of two reducing threads: working and reserve. The reducing lines are equivalent both in terms of their equipment and throughput, which for one reducing line is 100% of the station's throughput.

4.1, 4.3 - ball valves with electro-pneumatic drive; 4.2, 4.4 - ball valves with manual drive

Figure 3 - Technological scheme of the gas reduction unit

Ball valves 4.1, 4.3, located at the inlet of the reducing threads, have an electro-pneumatic drive; ball valves 4.2, 4.4, located at the outlet of the reducing threads, have a manual drive. They are designed to turn off the reducing threads if necessary.

The reduction system on each thread has two regulators arranged in series. The reduction is carried out in one step. The protective regulator RD1, located in series with the working regulator RD2 in the working thread, provides protection against excess regulated pressure in case of emergency opening of the working regulator. Reserve regulators, located in the reserve thread, serve to prevent a drop in outlet pressure in case of emergency closing of one of the regulators of the working thread. The system operates according to the light reserve method.

The working regulator RD2 has a setting for the outlet pressure of the station. The protective regulator RD1 located in series with it and the regulator RD3 of the reserve line are adjusted to a pressure of 1.05 P out and therefore, during the normal operation of the station, their control valves are in a fully open state. The RD4 regulator, located in the reserve line, is adjusted to a pressure of 0.95·P out and therefore is in the closed state during the normal operation of the station.

In the event of an emergency opening of the working regulator RD2, the outlet pressure is maintained at a slightly higher level by the sequentially located protective regulator RD1, and in the event of an emergency closure of one of the regulators of the working line, the outlet pressure is maintained at a slightly lower level by the reserve line.

At the gas distribution station "Energia - 1" in the reduction unit, pressure regulators of the RDU type are installed. Technical characteristics of regulators are given in table 3.

Table 3 - Technical characteristics of RDU regulators

Characteristic	Meaning
Conditional passage, mm
Conditional pressure, kgf / cm 2
Inlet pressure, kgf / cm 2
Output pressure, kgf / cm 2
Conditional throughput coefficient Ku, m 3 / h
Error of automatic maintenance of outlet pressure, %
Gas temperature, °C	-40 to +70
Ambient temperature, °C	-40 to +50
Type of connection to pipelines	flanged
Overall dimensions, mm
Weight, kg

RDU pressure regulators are direct-acting regulators "after themselves" and are designed for automatic regulation of gas pressure at the facilities of main gas pipelines. In regulators of this type, a proportional-integral regulation law is implemented.

4 Gas odorization unit

The gas odorization unit is an automatic complex "Floutek-TM-D". The complex is designed to supply microdoses of odorant to the gas flow, which is supplied to the consumer, in order to give natural gas an odor for timely detection of leaks. Regulation of the degree of gas odorization is carried out by changing the time interval between the issuance of odorant doses, depending on the volume of gas passing through the pipeline. The technical characteristics of the complex are given in Table 4.

Table 4 - Technical characteristics of the "Floutek-TM-D" complex

The odorization complex functionally consists of blocks and devices.

The technological scheme of the complex is shown in Figure 1.4. Designations for the technological scheme are given in table 1.5

The odorant filling unit is used for automatic refilling of the working odorant tank. The gas pressure regulator and the safety valve serve to create excess pressure in the odorant storage tank (0.2-0.7 kgf/cm 2 ) sufficient to supply the odorant to the odorant filling unit.

The filling pump is designed for automatic supply of odorant to the measuring tube of the odorant flow meter. The dosing pump produces automatic delivery of the odorant into the gas pipeline. The odorant flow meter measures the amount of odorant dispensed into the gas pipeline. The control of the flow of odorant into the gas pipeline is carried out through the viewing glass of the dropper. The pumps are controlled by a controller installed in the odorization control panel.

From the control panel, it is possible to issue a command to open or close the filling pump or to issue a series of doses from the dosing pump, the filling pump or the pumping out pump.

A - supply of odorant in the setting mode; B - supply of odorant to the working tank; To-pointer level; D - supply of odorant to the dosing system of the odorization unit; D - gas for balancing

Figure 4 - Technological scheme of the FLOUTEK-TM-D complex

odorization gas reduction

The choice of the operating mode of the complex is carried out using the buttons located on the control panel of the odorization control panel. When you press the button "A" or "P / A" on the control panel, the complex starts working, respectively, in the "Automatic" or "Semi-automatic" mode. The operation of the complex in both modes is similar, except for entering the natural gas flow rate into the complex. In the "Automatic" mode, the complex receives the gas flow rate from the gas metering system at the GDS, and in the "Semi-Automatic" mode, the GDS operator enters a fixed gas flow rate.

The operation of the complex begins with checking the tightness of the odorant supply unit and checking the odorant leakage through the filling pump and the dosing pump. Then the filling pump H3 pumps the odorant from the working tank into the measuring tube (IT). The filling time of the IT is set long enough for the IT to fill up to a level equal to the setting parameter. If the filling pump H3 fills the HP above the level of the specified setting parameter, then this will not affect the operation of the installation, since the calculation of the odorant doses is based on the actual level in the HP. If the filling pump H3 does not fill the IT to the level specified by the settings, then the operation of the odorization unit stops and an error message is displayed.

Sensor PD-1 of the odorant flow meter measures the odorant level in the IT. Thus, after the filling of the IT, the complex fixes the upper level of the odorant in the IT. Then the dosing pump H1 starts to supply the odorant from the IT to the gas pipeline. The frequency of dosing by the dosing pump and, consequently, the amount of odorant dispensed into the gas pipeline is proportional to the natural gas flow rate. The level of the odorant in the IT decreases, and when the difference between the upper actual and current levels of the odorant in the IT reaches the value specified by the settings, the dosing stops and the odorant flow meter measures the mass of the odorant released into the pipeline and the subsequent period for dispensing odorant doses is corrected. Then filling pump H3 is refilled with IT odorant up to the level specified by the settings.

After each filling of IT, the level of odorant in the working tank will decrease, and when the value of this level becomes less than the value specified by the settings (according to the readings of the level gauge sensor LE), the pumping pump H2 will turn on, which will pump the odorant from the odorant storage tank into the working tank. Odorization of natural gas will continue. After increasing the level of odorant in the working tank above the value set by the settings, the H2 injection pump will be stopped.

There is also a manual dropper mode, in which the complex is transferred to fully manual control.

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Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

higher professional education

"Ufa State Oil Technical University"

Department of Automation of Technological Processes and Productions

Graduation project

Gas distribution station automation

Sterlitamak Linear Production Department of the main gas pipeline

Student gr. AG 07-01 A.G. Askarova

Supervisor

Consultants:

cand. tech. Sciences, Assoc. S.V. Svetlakova

cand. tech. Sciences, Assoc. A.A. Gilyazov

Diploma project 109 pages, 26 figures, 26 tables, 19 references, 1 appendix.

GAS DISTRIBUTION STATION, OVERPRESSURE SENSOR, PRESSURE CONVERSION METHODS, METRAN-100-Vn-DI, ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE SENSORS

The object of the study is the automation of the gas distribution station of the Sterlitamak linear production department of the main gas pipeline "Energy - 1".

In the course of the study, an analysis was made of the existing level of GDS automation, and the need to replace overpressure sensors was substantiated.

The aim of the work is to modernize the automation system of the gas distribution station "Energy-1".

As a result of the study, it was recommended for use at the gas distribution station for regulation and measurement of the excess pressure sensor "EJX430A" by Yokogawa. The algorithm of the program for the logical control of the transition of the GDS to the bypass mode has been compiled.

Technical and economic characteristics confirm the feasibility of introducing a modern pressure sensor.

There is no implementation.

The effectiveness of the project lies in the high efficiency of the proposed replacement, since the devices being introduced are much better in terms of metrological characteristics.

Definitions, symbols, abbreviations

Introduction

1.1 Purpose and composition of the SRS

1.4 Switch assembly

1.5 Gas purification unit

1.6 Gas reduction unit

1.7 Gas heating unit

1.8 Gas odorization unit

1.9 Gas metering unit

2. Patent study

2.2 Search rules

2.3 Search results

2.4 Analysis of search results

3.1 Scope of automation

3.2 Information and measuring complex "Magistral-2

3.3 Pressure conversion methods

4. Modernization of the GDS automation system

4.1 Statement of the problem and analysis of the problem

4.2 Rationale for sensor selection

4.3 Sensor selection

4.4 Algorithm for switching the GDS to bypass mode

5. Occupational health and safety

5.1 Analysis potential hazards and industrial hazards at GDS

5.2 Measures to ensure safe and harmless working conditions at the GDS

5.3 Calculation of lightning protection of GDS

6. Evaluation of the economic efficiency of the modernization of the automation system of the gas distribution station "Energia-1"

6.1 Criteria for evaluating economic efficiency

6.2 Justification of the commercial effectiveness of the project

Conclusion

List of sources used

Definitions, symbols and abbreviations

GDS - gas distribution station

LPU - linear production management

MG - main gas pipeline

AWP - automated workplace

ACS - automated control system

RD - pressure regulators

BPG - gas heating unit

APCS - automated process control systems

KIP - instrumentation

TSA - technical means of automation

SCADA - Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition

TR - strain gauge

SNS - technology "silicon on sapphire"

CNC - technology "silicon on silicon"

ADC - analog-to-digital converter

DAC - digital-to-analog converter

PAZ - emergency protection

NPV - net present value

ID - profitability index

GNI - internal rate of return

SO - payback period

Introduction

GDS are designed to supply gas from main and field gas pipelines settlements, enterprises and other large consumers. It is required to supply gas to the consumer in a given quantity and under a certain pressure, with the necessary degree of purification, heating and odorization of gas (if necessary). The control system must be complex enough to take into account all the variety of static and dynamic characteristics of the plant.

With the help of automatic control of the gas distribution station, the highest productivity is ensured with the least expenditure of energy resources, cost reduction and improvement in product quality, the number of maintenance personnel is reduced, the reliability and durability of equipment are increased, working conditions and safety are improved.

The purpose of this graduation project is the technical re-equipment, improvement of the existing automation system of the gas distribution station "Energy-1", the introduction modern means automation.

The objectives of the graduation project are:

Studying the technology of gas preparation for supply to the consumer;

Analysis of the automation system of the GDS "Energia-1";

Modernization of the existing GDS automation system;

Drawing up an algorithm for the program of logical control of the automatic transition of the GDS to the bypass mode.

During the work, materials from the Sterlitamak LPU of GazpromtransgazUfa LLC were used.

1. Technological scheme of GDS and its characteristics

1.1 Purpose and composition of the SRS

The basic technological process of the enterprise Sterlitamak LPU MG OOO GazpromtransgazUfa is the transportation of gas in the south of the Republic of Bashkortostan and its supply to the GDS, which supply gas to the consumer.

The station is a complex and responsible technological object of increased danger. The technological equipment and automation equipment of gas distribution stations are subject to increased requirements for the reliability and safety of energy supply to consumers with gas, as well as for industrial safety, as for explosive and fire hazardous industrial facilities.

Gas distribution stations are designed to supply gas from main and field gas pipelines to the following consumers:

Objects of gas and oil fields (for own needs);

Objects of gas compressor stations;

Objects of small and medium settlements;

power plants;

Industrial, municipal enterprises and settlements.

GDS provide:

Gas purification from mechanical impurities and condensate;

Gas heating;

Reduction of the set pressure and constant maintenance of it with a certain accuracy;

Gas flow measurement with multi-day registration;

Odorization of gas in proportion to its consumption before supply to the consumer.

The GRS includes:

1) station switching;

2) gas purification;

3) prevention of hydrate formation;

4) gas reduction;

5) gas heating;

6) commercial measurement of gas flow;

7) gas odorization;

8) autonomous power supply;

Systems:

1) control and automation;

2) communications and telemechanics;

3) electric lighting, lightning protection, protection against static electricity;

4) electrochemical protection;

5) heating and ventilation;

6) burglar alarm;

7) control of gas contamination.

1.2 Description of the technological scheme

The technological scheme of the automated gas distribution station "Energy-1" is shown in Figure 1.1.

High-pressure gas entering the GDS inlet passes through ball valve No. 1 to the PTPG-15M gas heater, where it is heated to prevent precipitation of crystalline hydrates.

Heating is carried out in the coil by the radiation of the burner and the heat of the exhaust gases.

The heated high-pressure gas through taps No. 6, 7 enters further into one of the reduction lines in the reduction unit, combined with the purification unit, where the pressure is reduced to a predetermined value and the process gas is cleaned from mechanical particles and liquid. The reduction knot consists of two reducing threads: working and reserve.

Figure 1.1 - Technological scheme of AGDS "Energy-1"

In the reduction unit, the fuel gas is reduced to feed the burners from Рout to 0.1-0.2 Pa.

From the reduction unit, low-pressure gas passes to the metering unit.

After the metering unit, the gas enters the odorization unit, and then to the switching unit. The gas enters the switching unit through the inlet valve No. 12 and is ejected through the outlet thread onto the candle.

The prepared gas is supplied to the consumer with Pout = 0.6 MPa.

1.3 Operating modes and operating parameters of the automated GDS "Energy-1"

GRS operate both autonomously and in the mode of constant presence of service personnel. In any case, the current state of the station is controlled by the LPU MG, on whose territory the station is located.

There are 3 control modes available on the automated GDS:

Fully automatic;

Remote control of actuators from a remote operator workstation;

Remote manual and remote automatic control of actuators from a panel operator workstation built into the ACS cabinet.

The nominal throughput of the Energia-1 station is 10,000 m3/h at an inlet pressure Рin=7.5 MPa and Рout=0.3 MPa.

Table 1.1 - Operating parameters of the automated gas distribution station "Energy-1"

Indicators	Values
Throughput, m3/h
Working environment pressure, MPa: At the entrance At the exit	0,3; 0,6; 0,9; 1,2
Temperature, ° С: Environment In the premises of the GRS
Number of gas outlets
Minimum size of mechanical particles held in filters, µm
Thermal power of the heater, kW
Gas consumption, m3/h: For heater "PG-10" For heater "PTPG-30" For the PGA-200 heater
Coolant pressure in the heater, MPa	atmospheric
Heat carrier temperature, °С
Odorizer type	Automatic with discrete feed
Overall dimensions L/W/H, mm Reduction block Switch block Odorization block Instrumentation and A block
Weight, kg Reduction block Switch block Odorization block Instrumentation and A block

1.4 Switching unit

The GDS switching unit should provide for:

Cranes with pneumatic actuator on gas pipelines of inlet and outlet;

Isolating devices on the inlet and outlet gas pipelines to maintain the cathodic protection potential with separate protection of on-site communications of the gas distribution station and external gas pipelines;

A candle at the GDS inlet for emergency gas discharge from process pipelines;

A bypass line connecting the gas pipelines of the inlet and outlet of the gas distribution station, providing short-term gas supply to the consumer, bypassing the gas distribution station.

The switching unit consists of two valves (No. 1 on the inlet and No. 2 outlet gas pipelines), a bypass line and safety valves.

Through the safety valve, the gas (through the high-pressure inlet pipeline with a pressure of 5.4 MPa) enters the switching unit, which includes inlet and outlet pipelines with shutoff valves. Ball valves with a lever or pneumohydraulic drive with local control using an electro-pneumatic control unit are used as shut-off valves. A candle valve is also provided for discharging gas into the atmosphere.

The design of the valves provides for operation at the following ambient temperature:

In areas with a temperate climate from minus 45 to + 50 ° С;

In areas with a cold climate from minus 60 to + 40 ° С;

while the relative humidity of the ambient air can be up to 98% at a temperature of plus 30 °C.

In the absence of pressure or in the case when it is not enough to close the valve with a pneumohydraulic actuator, the shutdown is carried out by a manual hydraulic pump. The position of the spool switch pump handle must correspond to the marking: “O” - opening the tap by the pump, “3” - closing by the pump or “D” - remote control, which is indicated on the pump cover.

Annular sealing valve seats provide tightness at pressures from 0.1 to 1.1 MPa.

Pin and Pout from the switching unit is controlled by pressure sensors. To protect low consumer networks, two spring-loaded safety valves are installed on the outlet pipeline, one of which is working, the other is reserve. Valves of the "PPPC" type (spring full-lift safety valve) are used. During operation, the valves should be tested for operation once a month, and in winter - once every 10 days, with an entry in the operational log. Valves of this type are equipped with a lever for forced opening and control purge of the gas pipeline. Depending on the setting pressure, safety valves are equipped with replaceable springs.

The setting of spring safety valves depends on the requirements of gas consumers, but in general this value does not exceed 12% of the nominal value of the outlet pressure.

Figure 1.2 shows the gas switching unit.

Figure 1.2 - Photograph of the gas switching unit

In the switching unit, there is an opportunity to purge the inlet and outlet pipelines through a spark plug valve, the pipeline of which is located outside the GDS site.

The switching unit must be located at a distance of at least 10 m from buildings, structures or process equipment installed in an open area.

1.5 Gas purification unit

The gas cleaning unit at the gas distribution station helps prevent mechanical impurities and condensate from entering the equipment, process pipelines, control and automation devices of the station and gas consumers.

To clean the gas at the GDS, dust and moisture trapping devices of various designs are used, which provide gas preparation in accordance with the current regulatory documents for operation. The main requirement for the gas purification unit is the automatic removal of condensate into collection tanks, from where it is removed from the territory of the GDS as it accumulates.

The gas purification unit must ensure such a degree of gas purification that the concentration of admixture of solid particles with a size of 10 microns should not exceed 0.3 mg/kg, and the moisture content should not exceed the values corresponding to the state of gas saturation.

After the switching unit, through the inlet valves, the gas enters the gas purification unit, which is combined with the reduction unit.

The gas purification unit mainly uses oil dust collectors, viscin filters and multicyclone separators. Oil dust collectors are used at stations with high hourly productivity.

An underground tank is installed at the GDS to collect and remove moisture and condensate with automatic control systems for the level and amount of condensate in tanks and dust collectors. The inlet and outlet pressure of each dust collector is monitored by pressure sensors.

To clean the gas at the gas distribution station, dust and moisture trapping devices should be used to ensure gas preparation for the stable operation of the gas distribution station equipment and the consumer.

Filters 1 and 2, the location of which is presented in section 3, are designed to purify gas from mechanical impurities, as well as to remove condensate. To signal the level in the filter reservoir, sensors of the lower, upper and emergency levels are installed. When the units are designed with automatic sludge discharge, the design includes a valve with a pneumatic actuator and a shut-off valve that operates at the border of the liquid and gaseous fractions.

The gas purification unit incorporates filter-separators or a block of filter-separators designed to purify gas from solid particles and condensed moisture. The degree of purification is 10 microns, the efficiency is 99.99%. The cleaning products from the storage tank of the filter-separators are automatically discharged into the condensate collection vessel.

The capacity of the tank should be determined from the condition of draining impurities within 10 days.

Tanks must be designed for the maximum possible pressure and equipped with a liquid level indicator.

In order to exclude emissions of condensate and odorant vapors into the atmosphere, it is necessary to apply measures for their disposal.

The technological process of collecting gas cleaning products from tanks should exclude the possibility of spillage and ingress of liquid onto the ground.

Figure 1.3 shows a gas purification unit.

Figure 1.3 - Photo of the gas purification unit

1.6 Gas reduction unit

The reduction unit is designed to reduce high inlet gas pressure Pin = 7.5 MPa to low outlet pressure Pout = 0.3 MPa and automatically maintain the set pressure at the outlet of the reduction unit, as well as to protect the consumer's gas pipeline from unacceptable pressure increase.

Since the reduction unit is combined with the purification unit, here the gas is dried, mechanical impurities are removed and condensate is removed.

The gas reduction unit is one of the most important functions at the GDS. Here, the high pressure gas is reduced to a predetermined value and automatically maintained at a certain level. The reduction unit consists of gas control equipment, shut-off valves, reduction lines, a protective automation system and an alarm. In the diagrams of the reduction node, the following are used:

Steel control fittings conditional pressure 6.3 MPa;

Valves regulating indirect action;

RD direct action.

For pressure control, direct-acting RD or analog-controlled regulators are used. Direct-acting regulators are faster and more reliable, since an intermediate link is eliminated - communication channels and a control device, moreover, they do not require additional energy, since they work due to the energy of the gas flow. domestic producers produce regulators that provide pressure regulation with an accuracy of 2.5%.

Control valves are more often used on gas distribution stations of large capacity, since they allow you to quickly change the regulated pressure at the outlet of the valve and have a large selection of sizes.

As command devices for valves of indirect action, proportional regulators of the RD type are used. There are two types of control valves: normally open (pressure is supplied to the top of the membrane) and normally closed (under the membrane).

All control valves consist of a control body (valve) and a diaphragm actuator connected via a stem to the valve spool. Setting the outlet gas pressure in all types of control valves is carried out by loading the valve stem with a spring.

The reduction unit is designed to reduce the inlet pressure from 5.4 MPa to 0.6 MPa and supply gas through a low pressure pipeline to the linear networks of gas consumers.

In the GDS reduction unit, the number of reducing lines should be taken at least two (one reserve). It is allowed to use three reduction lines of equal productivity (one reserve).

In the reduction unit (Figure 1.4), if necessary, it is allowed to provide a line of low flow rates for operation in the initial period of operation of the GDS.

Figure 1.4 - Photograph of the reduction node

Reducing lines within one reduction unit must be equipped with the same type of shut-off and control valves. Gas reduction lines must be equipped with discharge candles.

Reducing lines must have automatic protection against deviation from operating parameters and automatic switching on of the reserve.

1.7 Gas heating unit

The gas heating unit or GDS is designed for indirect heating of gas to a predetermined temperature; it is used as part of a gas distribution station to prevent hydrate formation during gas reduction and maintain the gas temperature at the outlet of the gas distribution station at a given value, as well as to provide heat carrier for space heating systems or other possible heat consumers.

BPG are designed for operation in areas with a temperate and moderately cold climate, as well as in areas with a cold climate.

The standard size of the heating unit as part of the GDS should be determined from the conditions for ensuring the required gas temperature at the outlet of the GDS, the normal operation of the station equipment and the exclusion of its icing. In the case of using LPG in the heating circuit, the additional heat load must be taken into account.

The gas is heated in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger by means of an intermediate heat carrier heated in a hot water boiler. The heat carrier, depending on the thermal power of the unit, is heated up to 95 °C and is fed to the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, where heat is transferred to the heated body (gas), then the cooled heat carrier from the return heat pipe with a temperature of up to 95 °C is fed to the inlet of the hot water boiler. If there is an additional heating circuit, the coolant is taken from the return heat pipe.

Structurally, the gas heating unit consists of a boiler room unit and a heat exchanger unit.

The equipment of these blocks is placed in a box hermetically divided into two compartments: a boiler room compartment (category D) and a heat exchanger compartment (category B-1a). The box is made of panels, has a removable roof, which allows you to quickly install and repair heavy and large-sized equipment. The stability of the block-box to seismic loads is up to 9 points. The compactness of the assembly and complete factory readiness allow as soon as possible carry out transportation, installation and commissioning.

The required thermal power is provided by two hot water boilers in the boiler compartment to increase the reliability of the unit. In case of failure of one boiler, the second one can ensure the plant's operability in emergency mode.

Circulation pumps are installed at the inlet of hot water boilers and operate under the control of the pump control and protection device in the operating time distribution mode. If one pump fails, a serviceable pump ensures 100% performance. To protect the system from exceeding the internal hydraulic pressure, the boilers are equipped with safety discharge devices (discharge is carried out into the expansion tank).

The power supply of the BPG is carried out from the industrial network 220 V/50 Hz, or 380 V/50 Hz. Power is supplied through an input cabinet equipped with circuit breakers. The inlet cabinet is installed in the boiler compartment.

1.8 Gas odorization unit

The condition for the safe operation of main gas pipelines, vessels, devices, equipment and instruments is the timely detection of gas leaks. The presence of gas in the premises can be detected using automatic instruments and systems. However, the most in a simple way detecting a gas in the air is to identify it by smell. For this purpose, in our country and a number of other countries, gas is given a special unpleasant odor (odorized) by introducing ethyl mercaptan in an amount of 16 g per 1000 m3. The gas is odorized at the head facilities or at the field GDS.

Thus, after the metering station, the gas enters the switching point where it is odorized and then it passes through the pipeline into the low consumer networks.

To maintain a given degree of gas odorization, the odorant is introduced at the outlet of the GDS using various devices. On an automated gas distribution station, a universal gas odorizer of the UOG-1 type is most often used. Below is table 1.4 with technical specifications gas odorizer UOG-1.

Table 1.4 - Technical parameters of the UOG-1 odorizer

The following requirements are imposed on odorants:

Odorants at the concentrations used for odorization should be physiologically harmless;

In a mixture with gas, odorants should not decompose, and also react with materials used on the gas pipeline;

The combustion products of odorants must be completely harmless and non-corrosive;

Odorant vapors should be slightly soluble in water or condensate;

Odorants must be volatile (to ensure their evaporation in a stream with high pressure and low temperature).

Ethyl mercaptan (C2H5SH) largely satisfies these requirements. The amount of odorant required to be introduced into the gas flow is determined by the threshold of its concentration, at which a pungent odor is felt in the room. For natural gas, the signal rate is assumed to be 1% by volume. To maintain a given degree of gas odorization, the odorant is introduced into the flow using special devices called odorization units, which are divided according to the method of introducing the odorant into units with direct introduction of liquid odorant into the gas under pressure or by gravity and units for displacing odorant vapor with the gas flow. The first type includes drip odorizers, in which the odorant is introduced into the gas stream in the form of droplets or jets. The amount of odorant injected is manually adjusted with a needle valve. Control over the operation of the odorizer is carried out through the viewing glass.

Gas supplied to industrial enterprises and power plants, in agreement with the consumer, may not be odorized.

If there is a centralized gas odorization unit located on the main gas pipeline, it is allowed not to provide a gas odorization unit at the GDS.

The odorization unit is installed at the station exit after the bypass line. The supply of odorant is allowed both with automatic and manual adjustment.

At the GDS it is necessary to provide containers for storing the odorant. The volume of containers should be such that they are refilled no more than once every 2 months. Filling containers and storing odorant, as well as gas odorization should be carried out in a closed way without odorant vapor release into the atmosphere or their neutralization.

1.9 Gas metering unit

The gas metering unit is designed for commercial gas metering (measuring its consumption). The number of measurement lines depends mainly on the number of outlet gas pipelines from the GDS.

After the reduction unit, the gas flows through the pipeline to the gas metering unit. Commercial metering of gas consumption for each consumer and metering of gas for own needs is carried out at the gas metering station. The unit provides gas flow measurement, flow rate correction by temperature, pressure and compressibility factor, gas quality analysis, and data logging.

The measurement of gas passing through the gas distribution station is based on the method of measuring the variable differential pressure. This method is characterized by the fact that when a narrowing device is installed in a gas stream, the pressure drop across it depends on the amount of passing gas. The narrowing device can be installed on the high or low side of the GDS.

The pressure drop is measured by a calculator, the type of which is selected simultaneously with the calculation of the restrictor. The narrowing device is connected to the sensors of the calculator by connecting lines.

At present, most of the flowmeter fleet at Gazprom's gas metering units is made up of measuring and computing systems that measure flow using the pressure drop across the diaphragm. Some GDS still use mechanical recorders. But, even despite the high accuracy of computer systems based on microprocessor technology (the error is not more than 0.5%), the total error of the flowmeter assembly due to the diaphragm error is at least 2.5%.

It is possible to reduce the flow measurement error by replacing diaphragms with other types of flow sensors - turbine, rotary or vortex. Such complexes provide a total gas metering error of no more than 1.5-2.5% and do not require frequent replacement, like diaphragms.

When qualifying gas metering at GDS as commercial, it is required to determine not only the quantity, but also the quality of the metered gas in accordance with the requirements for self-supporting gas metering stations. Flow analytical instruments allow obtaining information on gas quality with minimal discreteness.

Humidity and density of the gas are determined, respectively, by in-line moisture meters (dew point temperature meters) and density meters. The calorific value of the gas is measured with an in-line calorimeter. The use of flow chromatographs allows you to obtain complete information on the composition of the gas, calculate the density and calorific value. The content of sulfur and hydrogen sulfide is determined by laboratory seromers.

If it is necessary to regulate the gas flow at the GDS outlet, flow controllers with analog control are used. To implement proportionally integrally differential gas flow control, instead of correctors, so-called “flow computers” are used, which, in addition to regulating and correcting gas flow, can receive information from flow analytical equipment and transmit information in the form of reports to the control room.

2. Patent study

2.1 Selection and justification of the subject of the search

This thesis project discusses the methods of pressure conversion, selection and implementation of the overpressure sensor.

One of the most important measured parameters at the GDS is pressure. At the moment, overpressure sensors Metran-100-Vn-DI are installed at GDS Energia-1, the possibility of replacing this sensor with a modern EJX430A overpressure sensor, the principle of operation of which is based on the resonance method, is being considered. Therefore, when conducting a patent search Special attention was devoted to the search and analysis of overpressure sensors with a resonant method of pressure conversion.

2.2 Search rules

The patent search was carried out using the funds of USPTU according to the sources of patent documentation Russian Federation and foreign funds.

Search depth five years (2007-2011). The search was carried out according to the indices of the international patent classification (IPC):

G01L 9/16 - Measurement of constant or slowly varying pressure of gaseous and liquid substances or bulk materials using electrical or magnetic elements sensitive to mechanical pressure by determining changes in the magnetic properties of bodies under load;

G01L 13/06 - Devices and instruments for measuring the difference between two or more pressures of a liquid by means of electric or magnetic elements,

sensitive to mechanical pressure.

The following sources of patent information were used:

Full descriptions for patents of the Russian Federation;

Documents of reference and search apparatus;

Official Bulletin of the Russian Agency for Patents and trademarks“Inventions. Utility Models” (2007-2011).

2.3 Search results

The results of the patent search are shown in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 - Patent search results

2.4 Analysis of search results

Consider the analogues shown in Table 2.1.

Analogues for patents G01L 9/16 and G01L 13/06 have not been identified.

Yokogawa (Japan) is the developer of DRHarp technology (resonant pressure transducer with a silicon resonator) and therefore there are no analogues in our country today.

3051S sensing element patent: United States patent: 6082199. The new DPHarp sensing element is based on the well-known "resonant frequency" principle, which can be clearly demonstrated on the example of a string: the tension of a string is controlled by its own frequency of oscillation (tone). When the string is stretched, its tone (natural frequency) becomes higher, when weakened, it becomes lower.

A silicon diaphragm is used as an elastic element, on which two sensitive elements are located. Sensing elements - resonators are located so that their deformations differ in sign when a pressure difference is applied to the sensing element.

The change in the natural frequency of the resonators is directly proportional to the applied pressure. The excitation of oscillations and the transfer of the frequency of mechanical oscillations into an electrical frequency signal occurs by placing two-circuit resonators in a constant magnetic field and passing an alternating electric current through the body of the resonator in the excitation circuit.

Due to the effect of electromagnetic induction, an alternating EMF occurs in the measuring circuit with a frequency equal to the oscillation frequency of the measuring circuit resonator. Feedback the excitation circuit along the measuring circuit, together with the effect of the frequency shift of the forced oscillations towards the resonant frequency, ensure that the frequency of the electrical oscillations constantly corresponds to the resonant (natural) frequency of the mechanical oscillations of the resonator body. The natural frequency of such an unloaded resonator is usually about 90 kHz.

To date, DPHarp sensors are the only serious alternative to capacitive and piezoresistive measurement methods. large stock in terms of accuracy and stability of the sensing element, DPHarp confirmed the feasibility of using the EJX430A differential pressure sensors.

3. Automation of GDS "Energy-1"

3.1 Scope of automation

3.1.1 Automation levels

As a rule, control and management systems are two-level systems, since it is at these levels that direct control of technological processes is implemented.

The lower level includes various sensors to collect information about the course of the technological process, electric drives and actuators for the implementation of regulatory and control actions. Sensors provide information to local programmable logic controllers. As a rule, management tasks are solved at this level.

To reduce the human factor associated with the improper operation of complex technological equipment, it is necessary to introduce automation tools based on a human-machine interface that is intuitive to a person, which should generalize, structure and systematize information.

The upper level includes, first of all, one or more control stations, which are the workstations of the dispatcher/operator. Basically, PCs of various configurations are used as workstations.

The workstation of the operator of the GDS is necessary to increase the efficiency of the interaction of the operator (dispatcher) with the system and to reduce to zero his critical errors in management; reducing the time for processing information, for searching for the necessary information; improving the quality of control and accounting of analog and discrete parameters; control of technological equipment, i.e. increase the efficiency of the operator.

All components of the control system are interconnected by communication channels.

The interaction of the workstation with the ACS GDS is carried out via the Ethernet network.

The block diagram is shown in fig. 3.1.

Figure 3.1 - Structural diagram of the GDS control and management system

Functions performed by AWP SAU GRS:

Providing a mechanism for registering users to protect against unauthorized control of technological equipment of the GDS;

Display on the monitor of mnemonic diagrams of crane piping and technological equipment of GDS in the form of video frames made according to the principle of multi-level nesting from general to particular;

Visualization on the monitor of information from sensors and signaling devices about the state of technological equipment of the GDS, as well as information coming from local ACS in real time (gas heaters, etc.);

Display of analog parameters, including in the form of trends for

a given period of time, and control of their reliability;

Displaying the settings of analog parameters with the possibility of changing them;

Displaying the states of actuators and monitoring their serviceability;

Remote control of actuators (cranes, fans, discrete throttle valve);

Registration and archiving of information with an agreed retrospective depth on the state of the GDS crane piping, the state of process equipment, emergency and pre-emergency situations, operator actions (to control process equipment, change the settings of process parameters);

Display and registration of gas consumption accounting for several measuring units (instantaneous, daily, monthly consumption), change of configuration parameters, including taking into account the chemical composition of the gas;

Display of current emergency and warning information in the current alarm log;

Sound notification of the operator about an emergency, including emergency and warning sound alarms;

Automatic generation and printing of operator logs;

Maintaining archives of event logs, trends and operator logs.

The introduction of such systems at gas distribution stations is of particular importance, as it allows to ensure the effective operation of the gas distribution station in the specified modes, improve the quality of work, ensure accident-free and environmental safety, and increase labor productivity.

GDS automation tools are designed to improve the reliable and stable operation of GDS and ensure continuous gas supply to consumers.

3.1.2 Automation functions

Complex technical means automation installed on the process equipment provides:

Switch node management, including:

1) measuring the pressure and temperature of the gas at the inlet of the GDS, comparing the measured values with the specified technological and emergency limits, generating and issuing warning and emergency alarms;

2) measuring the pressure and temperature of the gas at the outlet of the GDS, comparing the measured values with the specified technological and emergency limits, generating and issuing warning and emergency alarms;

3) signaling the position of the valves of the switching unit, the security valve of the GDS; remote (from the local control panel of the GDS and from the control room) control of the valves of the switching unit, the security valve of the GDS and automatic shutdown of the GDS in case of accidents. Management of the gas purification unit, including: measurement of the pressure drop in the separator;

4) signaling the minimum and maximum allowable liquid levels in the separator; remote and automatic control of a valve on the liquid discharge line depending on the liquid level in the filter-separator;

5) warning signaling of the maximum liquid level in collection tanks;

Management of the hydrate prevention unit, including:

1) measurement of gas pressure and temperature at the outlet of the heating unit;

2) signaling the position of valves at the inlet and outlet of the heating unit, the valve on the gas supply line bypassing the heater;

3) automatic and remote control of cranes;

4) signaling about the heater operation from the heater control system;

5) heater failure alarm;

Management of the gas reduction unit, including:

1) control of the position of cranes on reduction lines;

2) automatic and remote switching on / off of reduction lines, including backup and auxiliary ones;

3) gas pressure alarm on the reduction lines between successively installed control devices;

4) automatic regulation of gas pressure supplied to consumers;

Commercial gas metering for each consumer, including:

1) measurement of parameters common to all consumers and introduction of the necessary constants; measurement of gas pressure; gas temperature measurement;

2) gas flow measurement (gas meter with pulse output);

3) calculation of gas consumption;

Management of the gas odorization unit, including:

1) signaling the minimum level in the odorant storage tank;

2) control of the dosed supply of odorant to the gas;

3) signaling the presence of an odorant flow;

4) accounting for the amount of introduced odorant;

Crane control on the bypass line, including:

1) the position of the valve on the bypass line;

2) remote (from the local GDS console and from the control room) control of the crane on the bypass line;

Signaling the state of the power supply unit, including:

1) signaling the disconnection of the main power source; signaling the state of the backup power source;

2) signaling of switching to a backup source;

3) accounting for electricity consumption;

Commercial gas metering for own needs, including measurement of:

1) parameters and introduction of necessary constants;

2) gas pressure;

3) gas temperature;

4) gas flow (gas meter with pulse output);

Monitoring the state of the GDS, including:

1) identification of emergencies according to the appropriate algorithms, the inclusion of emergency protection of the GDS;

2) temperature measurement in the instrumentation unit;

3) signaling the presence of a pre-explosive concentration of natural gas in the GDS premises;

4) fire alarm;

5) signaling of penetration into the territory of the GDS and into the premises of the GRS;

6) odorant leakage alarm;

7) control of operation and management of the cathodic protection station (measurement of voltage, current, potential and regulation of output voltage/current);

Self-diagnosis of the technical condition of the ACS GDS, including:

1) troubleshooting of analog sensors with a unified output;

2) control of the integrity of the circuits of the actuators;

3) failure detection, accurate to a typical I/O module;

4) revealing the lack of communication with the upper level of management;

Presentation of information:

1) generating and issuing information, including warning and emergency alarms, to the local monitoring and control panel, turning on the sounder on the GDS;

2) formation and issuance of warning and emergency signals to a remote control, turning on the sound detector;

3) formation and delivery of information via communication channels to the control room;

4) processing, synchronization and execution of commands coming from the local console and from the control room;

5) remote (from the control room) shutdown of the GDS;

Secondary functions:

1) switching from the main power source to the backup one without violating the operation algorithm and issuing false signals;

2) protection against unauthorized access to information and control;

3) event logging.

3.1.3 SIS system

The reliability of the functioning of safety systems for hazardous industrial facilities depends entirely on the state of electronic and programmable electronic systems related to security. These systems are called PAZ systems. Such systems must be able to maintain their operability even in the event of failure of other functions of the APCS of the GDS.

Consider the main tasks assigned to such systems:

Prevention of accidents and minimization of the consequences of accidents;

Blocking (preventing) intentional or unintentional intervention in the technology of the object, which can lead to the development of a dangerous situation and initiate the operation of the ESD.

For some protections, there is a delay between the detection of an alarm and the safety shutdown.

The gas distribution station continuously monitors a number of process parameters, the emergency values of which require shutdown and blocking of the operation of the GDS facilities. Depending on the parameter or condition on which the protection was triggered, the following can be performed:

Automatic shutdown of GRS;

Closing the taps of the switching unit, security tap;

Crane control on the bypass line;

Switching to a backup source.

For all protection parameters, a test mode is provided. In the test mode, the protection flag is set, an entry in the protection array, and a message is transmitted to the operator, but control actions on the process equipment are not formed.

Depending on which controlled parameter triggers the protection, the system must carry out:

Shutdown of GDS facilities;

Closing valves;

Disabling certain auxiliary systems;

Turning on light and sound signaling devices.

To ensure safe operation, gas pipelines are equipped with shut-off and control valves, safety devices, means of protection, automation, blocking and measurement.

In front of the burners of gas-using installations, the installation of automatic quick-acting shut-off valves with class A seal tightness in accordance with state standard and closing time up to 1 s.

Power outage from external source causes the valve to close without additional energy input from other external sources.

The design of shut-off and control valves, safety devices, electrical circuit protection devices, safety automation, interlocks and measurements comply with the requirements of regulatory and technical documentation agreed with the Russian Gosgortekhnadzor. The design of shut-off and control valves and safety devices ensures the seal tightness of at least class B, resistance to the transported medium during the service life specified by the manufacturer.

Shut-off valves installed outdoors have an electric drive in a design corresponding to the outdoor air temperature range specified in the technical data sheets for electric drives, and must also be protected from atmospheric precipitation.

The design of gas pressure regulators should provide:

Proportional band not exceeding ± 20% of the upper limit of the outlet pressure setting for regulators;

Dead zone, which is not more than 2.5% of the upper limit of the outlet pressure setting;

Time constant (time of the transient control process with sudden changes in gas flow or inlet pressure), not exceeding 60 s.

Relative unregulated gas leakage through closed valves of double-seated regulators is allowed no more than 0.1% of the nominal flow rate; for a single-seat valve, the tightness of the gates must comply with class A according to the state standard.

Permissible unregulated gas leakage when used as control devices for rotary dampers should not exceed 1% of the throughput.

The accuracy of operation of safety shut-off valves should be ± 5% of the set values of controlled pressure for safety valves installed on the GDS.

Safety relief valves must ensure opening when the specified maximum working pressure is exceeded by no more than 15%. The pressure at which the valve closes completely is specified in the appropriate valve standard or specification. Spring relief valves must be provided with a device for their forced opening.

The allowable gas pressure drop across the filter is set by the manufacturer. Filters must have fittings for connecting differential pressure gauges or other devices to determine the pressure drop across the filter.

The aggregate protection of the GDS should ensure its trouble-free operation and shutdown when the controlled parameters go beyond the established limits.

The algorithmic content of the ESD functions consists in the implementation of the following condition: when the values of certain technological parameters characterizing the state of the process or equipment go beyond the established (permissible) limits, the corresponding object or the entire station should be switched off (stopped).

The input information for the SIS function group contains signals about the current values of the controlled technological parameters coming to the logic blocks (programmable controllers) from the corresponding primary measuring transducers, and digital data about the permissible limit values of these parameters coming to the controllers from the operator's workstation. The output information of the SIS functions is represented by a set of control signals sent by the controllers to executive bodies protection systems.

Gas odorization unit

Gas supplied to settlements must be odorized. Ethyl mercaptan (not less than 16 g per 1000 m3) or other substances can be used for gas odorization.

Gas supplied to industrial enterprises and power plants, in agreement with the consumer, may not be odorized.

If there is a centralized gas odorization unit located on the main gas pipeline, it is allowed not to provide a gas odorization unit at the GDS.

The odorization unit is installed, as a rule, at the exit of the station after the bypass line. The supply of odorant is allowed both with automatic and manual adjustment.

Operating modes and operating parameters of the AGDS "Energy-1" Salikhovo

Control modes:

fully automatic control;

- remote control of actuators from a remote operator workstation;
- remote manual and remote automatic control of actuators from the operator's panel workstation built into the ACS cabinet.

Automatic block gas distribution stations "Energy" (Fig. 1) are designed to supply individual consumers with natural, associated, oil, previously purified from heavy hydrocarbons, and artificial gas from main gas pipelines with pressure (1.2-7.5 MPa) by reducing pressure up to the specified (0.3-1.2 MPa) and maintaining it. Energia stations are operated outdoors in areas with a temperate climate at an ambient temperature of -40°C to +50°C with a relative humidity of 80% at 20°C.

The nominal capacity of the Energia-1 station for gas under the conditions in accordance with GOST 2939-63 is 10,000 m 3 / h at an inlet pressure of Pin = 7.5 MPa (75 kgf / cm 2) and P out \u003d 0.3 MPa (3 kgf / cm 2).

The maximum throughput of the station is 40,000 m 3 /h of gas at an inlet pressure Pin = 7.5 MPa (75 kgf / cm 2) and P out = 1.2 MPa (12 kgf / cm 2).

Indicators	Values
Energy-3	Energy-1	Energy-3.0
Bandwidth, nm 3 / h
Working environment pressure, MPa:
At the entrance	from 1.2 to 7.5
At the exit	0.3; 0.6; 0.9; 1.2 (optional)
Working environment temperature, °С:

at the exit	on demand
Temperature, ° С:
env. environments	-40 to +50
in the GRS premises	-40 to +50	at least +5
Number of gas outlets			one or more, as required
	not limited
	not limited
Minimum size of mechanical particles held in filters, µm
Number of boilers, pcs.			2-3 (one reserve)
Thermal power, kW:

heater		235, 350 or 980
Gas consumption, m 3 / h:
To the boiler
For heater (Fakel-PG-5)
For heater (PG-10)
For heater (PTPG-30)
For heater (PGA-200)
Coolant pressure, MPa:
With boilers
From the heating network
In the heater	atmospheric
Heat carrier temperature, °С
Odorizer type	automatic with discrete feed
Overall dimensions, mm	Weight, kg
Reduction block
Switch block
Odorization block
Instrumentation and A block (option)
Gas heater PG-10

Description of the technological scheme

The technological scheme of the AGDS "Energy-1" Salikhovo is shown in Figure 1.4.

The high-pressure gas entering the GDS inlet passes through ball valve No. 1 (see Fig. 1.4) to the PTPG-15M gas heater, where it is heated to prevent the precipitation of crystal hydrates.

Heating is carried out in the coil by the radiation of the burner and the heat of the exhaust gases.

Heated high-pressure gas through taps No. 7,6 enters the reduction unit combined with the purification unit. The reduction knot consists of two reducing threads: working and reserve.

In the reduction unit, the fuel gas is reduced to feed the burners from Pout. up to 100-200 mm. water. Art.

From the reduction unit, low-pressure gas passes to the metering unit.

The prepared gas is supplied to the consumer with an outlet pressure of 0.6 MPa.

Figure 1.4 - Technological scheme of the AGDS "Energy-1" Salikhovo

Short description

The use of gas in the N.Kh. makes it possible to intensify and automate production processes in industry and agriculture, improve sanitary and hygienic working conditions in production and at home, improve the air quality of cities. low cost gas, combined with the convenience of its transportation and the absence of the need for warehousing, provide a high economical effect replacement of other types of fuel with gas. In addition, natural gas is a valuable raw material in the chemical industry. industries in the production of alcohol, rubber, plastics, artificial fibers, etc. The undeniable advantages of gas and the presence of its significant reserves create conditions for further development gas supply of the country.

Introduction………………………..………………………………………
Section 1. Data on the technology of an industrial facility………………………………………………………………….
General information about the industrial facility……………………….
Characteristics of hazardous substances involved in the production process…………………………………………...
Analysis of the technological process of the gas supply facility……..
List of the main technological equipment in which hazardous substances are handled……………………………………..
Section 2. Analysis and assessment of the hazards of an industrial facility ...
Information about known accidents and malfunctions…………………….
Analysis and assessment of the conditions for the occurrence and development of accidents at the facility………………………………………………………………..
Determination of possible causes and factors contributing to the emergence and development of emergency situations…………………
Determination of probable scenarios of occurrence of accidents at the facility…………………………………………………………………..
Calculation of probable areas of action of the main damaging factors under various accident scenarios……………………………………..
Estimation of the possible number of victims, taking into account the fatally affected among the personnel and the population in case of accidents……...
Assessment of the amount of possible damage in the event of an accident…………
Section Conclusions…………………………………………………..
Section 3. Ensuring the industrial safety requirements of the facility………………………………………………………………..
Technical solutions aimed at eliminating equipment depressurization and preventing emergency emissions of hazardous substances……………………………………………
Technical solutions aimed at preventing the development of accidents and localizing releases of hazardous substances……..
Technical solutions aimed at ensuring the explosion and fire safety of the object……………………………….
Systems of automatic regulation, interlocks, alarms and other means of ensuring safety………
Section 4. Conclusions and proposals for the course project…………
List of the most dangerous components of the object……………...
Proposals to improve the safety of the facility and the introduction of measures aimed at reducing the risk of accidents…...
Section 5. Research part of the course project……………
Gas leakage through the water seal ………………………………………
Section 6. List of used literature…………………..

Attached files: 1 file

Activation of a reserve reducing thread in case of failure of one of the workers;

Disconnection of a failed reducing thread;

Signaling about switching of reducing threads.

Each GDS should be stopped once a year to perform maintenance and repair work.

The procedure for admission to the GDS of unauthorized persons and the entry of transport are determined by the subdivision of the production association.

At the entrance to the territory of the GDS, a sign with the name (number) of the GDS, indicating the affiliation with its subdivision and production association, the position and surname of the person responsible for the operation of the GRS should be installed.

The burglar alarm system available at the GDS must be kept in good condition.

ORGANIZATION OF GDS OPERATION

Technical and methodological management of the operation of gas distribution stations in a production association is carried out by the relevant production department.

The technical and administrative management of the operation of gas distribution stations in the subdivision is carried out by the head of the subdivision in accordance with the established distribution of duties.

The direct management of the operation of the GDS is carried out by the head (engineer of the GDS) of the line maintenance service.

Operation, maintenance and overhaul, reconstruction and modernization of equipment and systems, technical supervision should, as a rule, be carried out:

1. line maintenance service - technological equipment, gas pipelines, buildings and structures, heating and ventilation systems, territory and access roads;

2. instrumentation and automation service - instrumentation, telemechanics, automation and signaling, flow metering points;

3. service (section) of electrochemical protection - equipment and devices for electrochemical protection, power supply, lighting, lightning protection, grounding;

4. communication service (section) - means of communication.

The distribution of responsibilities between services can be adjusted by the production association based on the structure of the association and local characteristics.

The forms of operation and the number of personnel for each individual GDS are established by the production association depending on the degree of its automation, telemechanization, productivity, category (qualification) of consumers and local conditions.

The operation of the GDS must be carried out in accordance with the operating instructions for each GDS, developed by the subdivision on the basis of the requirements of these Rules, the operating instructions for the equipment included in the GDS, and other technical documentation.

Equipment, shut-off, control and safety fittings must have technological numbering applied with indelible paint in visible places in accordance with the GDS schematic diagram.

On the gas pipelines of the GDS, the direction of gas movement must be indicated, on the handwheels of the stop valves - the direction of their rotation when opening and closing.

Changing the pressure at the outlet of the GDS is made by the operator only by order of the dispatcher of the unit with a corresponding entry in the operator's log.

The gas distribution station must be stopped (measures are taken to close the inlet and outlet valves) independently by the operator in the following cases:

Rupture of technological and supply gas pipelines;

Equipment failures;

Fire on the territory of the GRS;

Significant gas emissions;

Natural Disasters;

At the request of the consumer.

The gas distribution station must be equipped with alarm systems and automatic protection against excess and decrease in pressure at the outlet.

The order and frequency of checking the alarm and protection should be provided for in the operating instructions for the GDS.

The operation of the GDS without systems and means of signaling and automatic protection is prohibited.

In the absence of automatic protection systems at the operated gas distribution station, the procedure for equipping them with these systems is established by the association in agreement with the local bodies of the Glavgosgaznadzor of the Russian Federation.

The frequency and procedure for changing and checking safety valves should be provided for in the operating instructions for the GDS.

It is allowed to turn off the automation and signaling devices only by order of the person responsible for the operation of the GDS for the period of repair and adjustment work with registration in the operator's log.

Gas control systems at gas distribution stations must be maintained in good condition. The order and frequency of checking the settings of these systems is determined by the operating instructions for the GDS.

The shut-off valves on the GDS bypass line must be closed and sealed. The operation of the GDS along the bypass line is allowed only in exceptional cases when performing repair work and emergency situations.

When working on a bypass line, the constant presence of the operator at the GDS and continuous recording of the outlet pressure are mandatory. The transfer of the GDS to work on a bypass line must be recorded in the operator's log.

The order and frequency of removal of contaminants (liquid) from gas purification devices is determined by the subdivision of the production association. At the same time, the requirements of environmental protection, sanitary and fire safety must be observed, as well as the ingress of pollution into the consumer network is excluded.

Gas supplied to consumers must be odorized in accordance with the requirements of GOST 5542-87. In some cases, determined by contracts for the supply of gas to consumers, odorization is not performed.

The gas supplied for the GDS own needs (heating, operator's house, etc.) must be odorized. The heating system of the GDS and the operator's houses should be automated.

The procedure, accounting for the consumption of the odorant at the GDS are established and carried out in the form and within the time limits established by the production association.

GDS should provide automatic regulation of the pressure of the gas supplied to the consumer, with an error not exceeding 10% of the established working pressure.

MAIN NODES OF THE GDS

1. switching node;

2. gas purification unit;

3. hydrate prevention unit;

4. reduction unit;

5. gas metering unit;

6. gas odorization unit.

The GDS switching unit is designed to switch the high-pressure gas flow from automatic to manual pressure control along the bypass line, as well as to prevent pressure increase in the gas supply line to the consumer using safety valves.

The GDS gas cleaning unit is designed to prevent the ingress of mechanical (solid and liquid) impurities into the technological and gas control equipment and control and automation equipment of the GDS and the consumer.

The hydrate formation prevention unit is designed to prevent freezing of fittings and the formation of crystalline hydrates in gas pipelines and fittings.

The gas reduction unit is designed to reduce and automatically maintain the specified pressure of the gas supplied to the consumer.

The gas metering unit is designed to account for the amount of gas consumption using various flow meters and meters.

The gas odorization unit is designed to add substances with a sharp unpleasant odor (odorants) to the gas. This allows timely detection of gas leaks by smell without special equipment.

action ›› Gas equipment ›› Automatic gas distribution stations ›› Energia-1Gas distribution station Energia-1

Automatic block gas distribution stations "Energy" are designed to supply individual consumers with natural, associated, oil, previously purified from heavy hydrocarbons, and artificial gas from main gas pipelines with pressure (1.2-7.5 MPa) by reducing the pressure to a predetermined (0, 3-1.2 MPa) and maintain it. Energia stations are operated outdoors in areas with a temperate climate at an ambient temperature of -40 °C to +50 °C with a relative humidity of 80% at 20 °C.

TU 51-03-22-85. Permission of the Federal Service for Ecological, Technological and Nuclear Supervision of the Russian Federation No. РРС 00-17765 dated 08.09.2005

The station provides the following main functions: gas heating, additional gas purification from mechanical impurities, reduction of high gas pressure to operating pressure, flow measurement with multi-day registration, gas odorization before supply to the consumer.

The nominal throughput of the Energia-1 station for gas under the conditions in accordance with GOST 2939-63 is 10000 m3 / h at an inlet pressure Pin = 7.5 MPa (75 kgf / cm2) and P out = 0.3 MPa (3 kgf / cm2 ).

The maximum capacity of the station is 40,000 m3/h of gas at inlet pressure Pin=7.5 MPa (75 kgf/cm2) and Pout=1.2 MPa (12 kgf/cm2).

Automatic gas distribution stations (AGDS)

Among the main functions of the AGDS are also: gas heating, gas odorization, gas flow measurement, automatic control of the station operating modes, issuing emergency and warning signals in case of violations of the operating mode to the dispatcher or operator console.

GDS "Energia" are operated outdoors in areas with a temperate climate at an ambient temperature of -40 °C to +50 °C with a relative humidity of 80% at 20 °C.

By purpose, there are several types of GDS:

stations on a branch of the main gas pipeline (at the end section of its branch to a settlement or industrial facility) with a capacity of 5-10 to 300-500 thousand m3 per hour;
field GDS for gas treatment (removal of dust, moisture) produced in the field, as well as for supplying gas to a settlement adjacent to the field;
control and distribution points located on branches from main gas pipelines to industrial or agricultural facilities, as well as to supply the ring system of gas pipelines around the city (capacity from 2-3 to 10-12 thousand m³ per hour);
automatic GDS for gas supply to small settlements, state and collective farm settlements on branches from main gas pipelines (capacity 1-3 thousand m³ per hour):
gas control points (GRP) (capacity from 1 to 30 thousand m³ per hour) to reduce gas pressure and maintain it at a given level in urban gas networks of high and medium pressure;

GDS in accordance with refer to the 3rd class of danger.

The location of the industrial facility is the Rostov region, the city of Taganrog, the number of inhabitants of which is 40,000 people. The remoteness of the GDS from the settlement is 400m. The climatic zone in which the object is located is Rostov-on-Don, the prevailing wind direction is western. The situational map-scheme of the area where the object is located is shown on sheet No. 1 of the graphic part.

Characterization of hazardous substances involved in the production process

The GDS facility is classified as a hazardous production facility as a result of the handling of hazardous substances such as methane, odorant and methanol.

Characteristics of hazardous substances at GDS are presented in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 Characteristics of hazardous substances.

Parameter name	Description, parameter value	The source of information

1. Name of hazardous substance
Chemical	Natural gas
Trade	Natural combustible gas
2. Formula
2.1. empirical	CH 4 + traces
2.2. Structural	(over 97%)
3. Composition, (% volume)
3.1. Main Component: Methane (CH 4)		Annex K
3.1. Main Component: Methane (CH 4)		Annex K
3.2. Impurities:


Isobutane
normal butane
Isopentane
normal pentane

Carbon dioxide
4. General data (for methane)
4.1. Molecular weight
4.2. Density (at t \u003d 20 ° C, P \u003d 101.3 kPa), kg / m 3		Annex K
4.3. Boiling point, °С (at P = 101.3 kPa)
5. Explosion data	combustible gas
5.1. Flash point, °C
5.2. Self-ignition temperature, °С
5.3. Flammability limits in mixture with air (% by volume)
5.4. Calorific value, lower, kJ / m 3		Annex K
5.5. Heat output, °С
5.6. Wobbe number, lowest, kJ / m 3
6. Toxic hazard data	IV hazard class
6.1. MPC in the air of the working area, mg / m 3
6.2. MPC (OBUV) in the atmospheric air of settlements, mg / m 3
7. Reactivity	The chemical properties of natural gas are due to the presence of the corresponding hydrocarbons in it. It ignites when mixed with air. At ordinary temperatures it is chemically inert.
	Odorless unless odorant is applied
9. Corrosion	Corrosive effect due to carbon dioxide content and traces of moisture
10. Precautions	Sealing of the gas pipeline and technological equipment. Compliance with labor safety rules. Use of personal protective equipment
11. Human exposure information	Natural gases that do not have a high content of hydrogen sulfide are usually harmless. The main dangers are related to: With possible leakage and ignition of gas, with subsequent exposure to flame and thermal radiation on people; With suffocation, with a decrease in the oxygen content (up to 15-16%) in the air, displaced by gas
12. Personal protective equipment	At high concentrations of gas - insulating gas masks, at low concentrations and normal oxygen content - filtering gas masks. It is forbidden to use filtering gas masks if the oxygen content in the air is less than 18% by volume
13. Methods for converting a hazardous substance into a harmless state	Due to the low toxicity of natural gas, chemical methods are not provided. In the event of a gas leak in the room, emergency ventilation is activated
14. First aid measures for victims of exposure to a hazardous substance	In case of suffocation, remove the victim to the open air, call a paramedic. Give intermittently (3-4 pillows per hour) oxygen. If breathing stops, apply artificial respiration immediately
15. Name of hazardous substance
15.1. Chemical	Gas condensate
15.2. Trade	Condensate
16. Empirical formula	С n Н 2n (general view)
17. Composition
17.1. main product	Liquid - an analogue of unstable gasoline
17.2. impurities	Mechanical
18. General data
18.1. Molecular weight
18.2. Density (at t \u003d 20 ° C, P \u003d 101.3 kPa), g / cm 3
18.3. Boiling limits, °С
19. Explosion data	flammable liquid
19.1. Flash point, °C
19.2. Self-ignition temperature, °С
19.3. Flammable limits in mixture with air (% volume)
19.4. Heat of combustion, MJ/kg
20. Toxic hazard data	IV hazard class
20.1. MPC m.s. vapors (in terms of carbon), mg / m 3
20.2. MPC s.s. vapors (in terms of carbon), mg / m 3
21. Reactivity	The chemical properties of gas condensate are similar to those of unstable gasoline. It ignites when mixed with air. Dissolves rubbers, fats, varnishes. Condensate vapor can dissolve in water, blood
	The smell of gasoline (depending on the composition)
23. Corrosion	Does not have a pronounced corrosive effect in relation to process equipment
24. Precautions	Sealing of the gas pipeline and technological equipment. Compliance with labor safety rules.
25. Human exposure information	At a high concentration of vapors, poisoning, loss of consciousness, lowering of blood pressure are possible, development of convulsions, slowing of the pulse is characteristic.
26. Means of protection of people	Grade A gas masks, overalls, rubber gloves
27. Methods for converting a hazardous substance into a harmless state	Due to the low toxicity of the condensate, chemical methods are not provided
28. First aid measures for victims of exposure to a hazardous substance	For mild poisoning: fresh air, rest, warmth; in severe: inhalation of humidified oxygen, artificial respiration
29. Name of hazardous substance
29.1. Chemical	Mercaptans
29.2. Trade	Odorant SPM
30. Empirical formula	CH 3 S + C 2 H 6 S + C 3 H 8 S + C 4 H 10 S
31. Composition	A mixture of natural mercaptans: methyl mercaptan, ethyl mercaptan, propyl mercaptan, butyl mercaptan
32. General data
32.1. Boiling point, °С
32.2. Melting point, °С
32.3. Pour point, °С
32.4. Density (at t \u003d 20 ° C, P \u003d 101.3 kPa), g / cm 3
33. Explosion Data
33.1. Flash point, °C
33.2. Self-ignition temperature, °С
33.3. Temperature limits of ignition of odorant vapors, °C
33.4. Flammable limits of vapors mixed with air (% by volume)
34. Toxic Hazard Data	II hazard class
34.1. MPC r.z. (for ethyl mercaptan), mg / m 3
34.2. MPC m.s. in the atmospheric air of settlements (according to ethyl mercaptan), mg / m 3
34.3. OBuv (according to the SPM odorant), mg/m 3
34.4. Lethal toxodosis (when ingested), LD 50, mg / m 3
34.5. Lethal toxodose (through the skin), LD 50, mg / m 3
35. Reactivity	It dissolves well in alcohols, ethers and alkalis, poorly in water. Easily mixes up with organic solvents and gas condensate. Under the influence of weak oxidizing agents or air, it gradually oxidizes. Reacts with olefins, nitriles, aldehydes, ketones
	A sharp, specific disgusting odor that is felt at a concentration of the order of millionths of a volume percent
37. Corrosion	The odorant has a high corrosiveness, as it is a sulfur-containing substance. A set of measures is needed: the use of corrosion-resistant materials, corrosion inhibitors, protective coatings and technological methods to reduce the corrosive activity of media, as well as technical control wall thickness of equipment and pipelines, according to the approved schedule, but at least once a quarter
38. Precautions	Strict observance of safety rules when working with an odorant. Overflow of the odorant is allowed only in a closed way, which ensures: complete tightness of the process, prevention of ejection and signaling in the absence of an odorant. The storage container must be airtight and equipped with a device for remote measurement of the liquid level, a high level alarm and a device for automatically stopping the supply when the limit level is reached.
39. Human exposure information	Odorant is a strong nerve poison that has a narcotic effect, an irritant effect on the mucous membranes of the eyes, upper respiratory tract and skin. The most affected organs and systems: eyes, upper respiratory tract, liver, kidneys, central nervous system, cardiovascular system. At low concentrations, odorant vapors cause nausea and headaches, and at high concentrations, vomiting and muscle stiffness. Severe poisoning: prolonged unconsciousness, convulsions, coma, death from respiratory arrest
40. Means of protecting people	Filtering or insulating gas masks, rubberized overalls and safety shoes, goggles, helmet-mask
41. Methods for converting a hazardous substance into a harmless state	In the event of an odorant spill: neutralize with 10% bleach solution. Do not pour dry bleach, as a fire may occur. Residues of spilled odorant and neutralization products must be disposed of in a closed disposal system. Deodorization in the room is carried out by ventilation and surface treatment with a 1% aqueous solution of potassium permanganate. In case of fire and fire: use foam, carbon dioxide fire extinguishers, sand, asbestos cloth. The earth at the site of the strait after neutralization should be dug up and re-treated with a solution of bleach
42. First aid measures for victims of exposure to a hazardous substance	For mild poisoning: fresh air, rest, warmth, strong tea. With severe nausea: chlorpromazine, triftazin or sedatives, vitamins B 6, PP, C. With persistent vomiting: intramuscularly 2.5% solution of chlorpromazine. In case of loss of consciousness: immediately inhalation of humidified oxygen, inhalation of amyl nitrite, ammonia, intramuscular cordiamine, caffeine. When breathing stops: artificial respiration, then hospitalization. In case of eye contact: rinse with warm water for 20 minutes. In case of irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth and nose: rinse abundantly with 2% soda solution, drip 0.5% dicain solution into the eyes, a few drops of 0.05% naphthyzinum into the nose. In case of contact with skin: wash thoroughly with warm water and soap, lubricate with dermatol ointment
43. Name of hazardous substance
43.1. Chemical	Methyl alcohol
43.2. Trade	methanol, carbinol
44. Empirical formula
45. General data	colorless liquid
45.1. Molecular weight
45.2. Density (at t \u003d 20 ° C, P \u003d 101.3 kPa), g / cm 3
45.3. Boiling point, °С
46. Explosive data	flammable liquid
46.1. Flash point, °C
46.2. Self-ignition temperature, °С
46.3. Flammable limits of vapors mixed with air (% by volume)
46.4. Heat of combustion, MJ/kg
47. Toxic Hazard Data	III class danger
47.1. MPC of the working area, mg / m 3
47.2. MPC max. single, mg / m 3
47.3. MPC average daily, mg / m 3
48. Reactivity	Methanol is soluble in alcohols and a number of organic solvents. It is miscible with water in all respects. Reactions with alkali metals, acids, as well as a dehydration reaction are possible
	Has an odor similar to that of ethyl (wine) alcohol
50. Corrosion	Not highly corrosive
51. Precautions	Compliance with safety regulations in the gas industry. Production processes using methanol must be completely sealed and exclude the contact of workers with methanol. Methanol tanks installed in open areas must be fenced and marked with safety signs and warning signs.
52. Human exposure information	Methanol is a strong poison, acting mainly on the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. Methanol can enter the human body through the respiratory tract and even through intact skin. It is especially dangerous to get methanol into the body: 5-10 g can cause severe poisoning, 30 g is a lethal dose. Symptoms of poisoning: headache, general weakness, irritation of the mucous membranes, flickering in the eyes, and in severe cases, loss of vision and death
53. Means of protecting people	overalls and rubber boots and gloves. At high concentrations of methanol vapors - filtering gas masks with additional cartridges
54. Methods for converting a hazardous substance into a harmless state	Spilled methanol should immediately be covered with sand or sawdust. Sand or sawdust impregnated with methanol is disposed of, and the spill site is washed with a stream of water
55. First aid measures for victims of exposure to a hazardous substance	If methanol gets on the skin, immediately wash the spilled areas with plenty of water. If swallowed: gastric lavage, oxygen inhalation, plenty of fluids, body warming, if necessary: artificial respiration