Analysis of the effectiveness of investment and innovation activities of the enterprise. Other writings on this work
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM OF TORSION OF A THIN-WALLED ROD ACCORDING TO THE VLASOV AND SLIVKER MODELS
S.F. DYAKOV, postgraduate student
St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University; 195251, St. Petersburg, st. Politekhnicheskaya 29, PGK, a. 105. [email protected] com
When designing building and bridge structures in the form of complex multi-element systems incorporating thin-walled rods with an open cross-sectional profile, there are problems associated with taking into account the constrained section. The article presents the solution of the differential equation of twisting of the rod, taking into account shear deformations, as well as a comparison of the results obtained with the classical theory of V.Z. Vlasov
Keywords Key words: thin-walled rod, semi-shear theory, twisting differential equation.
1. Introduction
In the theory of thin-walled rods of an open profile V. Z. Vlasov, the thesis about the absence of shifts in the middle surface of a thin-walled rod acts as a fundamental postulate. V. I. Slivker in his monograph proposes a theory that allows one to partially take into account the shear deformation. His main idea is that he proposes to represent shear stresses as the sum of two terms: bending shear stresses generated by transverse forces Qx and Qy and torsional shear stresses caused by the constrained torsional moment Nyu. Further, it is proposed to neglect the tangential bending stresses, classifying them as secondary, while maintaining the tangential torsion stresses. A theory with such a division is called the semi-shear theory of thin-walled rods. Its main advantage in comparison with the shift theory is that it turns out to be much simpler. Consider a thin-walled torsion bar. In the framework of the semi-shear theory, when the angle of twist 0(x) and the measure of warp β(x) are independent functions, the equilibrium equations for the rod have the form:
GIx6"-^±.(6"-0) =
EIaP" +--(6 - 0) = mb
E - Young's modulus; G = ^2(1 + > y - Poisson's ratio; ¡3 - function
deplanation measures; c - angle of twist; I. - sectorial moment of inertia; 1x - torsional moment of inertia; A - cross-sectional area; tx - distributed torque along the length of the rod; t - distributed bi-
moment along the length of the rod; r is the polar radius of inertia.
The torsion problem described by differential equations (1) can be easily reduced to a single third-order equation with respect to the function ¡(x) . As a result, the differential equation for the torsion problem in the semi-shear theory of thin-walled rods of an open profile can be written as:
yE1 ¡ "- GI¡" \u003d tx - sht "b, where (2)
y \u003d 1 N-0M) x - dimensionless geometric parameter; 1g - polar moment
inertia; l .. - coefficient of the section shape.
If shear deformation is not taken into account, the expressions in parentheses in (1) should be set to zero, which implies that:
then, differentiating the second expression in (1) with respect to x, summing it with the first equation in (1) and substituting the expression from (3), we obtain the classical differential equation V.Z. Vlasov. For comparison, the equation from (2) is shown on the right:
Diff. Vlasov's equation V.Z. Diff. Slivker's equation V.I.
v- -k2v "= , where k = 1K ¡"-k2p" = tx -ytb where k =
1 ЕГа "1 №. Р Р уЕ. " The article presents the construction of the stiffness matrix and the subsequent determination of the generalized displacements of the rod using the finite element method. The purpose of this article is to obtain the exact equation of the angles of twist and the measure of warping of the rod at various ways its fastening.
2. Solution of the differential equation with respect to the function
deplanation measures
It is required to find a solution to the linear inhomogeneous equation:
¡3 "- k3" = / (x) where (4)
(h th + ut "b
) (x) \u003d - a continuous function on the section (x0, x) that satisfies
given the initial conditions.
Let us find the fundamental system of solutions of the homogeneous equation
¡¡"" - k3" = 0, (5)
corresponding to equation (4). The general solution of equation (5) has the form:
¡3 = A + B cb(kx) + C sh(kx), where (6)
A, B, C are arbitrary constants, and the functions ¡¡1 = 1; ¡¡2 = L(kx);
¡33 = sh(kx) form a fundamental system of solutions to Eq. (5).
The general solution of the inhomogeneous equation is sought by the method of variation of arbitrary constants in the form:
P \u003d A (x) + B (x) ^ (kx) + C (x) sh (kx), where (7)
functions A(x), B(x), C(x) are determined from the system of equations:
B "(x) to sh (kx) + C "to (x) ch (kx) \u003d 0, where (8)
B" (x) k2 ch (kx) + C "k 2 (x) sh (kx) \u003d f (x) From (8) we find:
A "(x) \u003d - D ^, B" (x) \u003d AxbCda, C (x) \u003d - (9)
f („ (*) cb(k*) ^
A(x) = - Γ" m + a,; B(x) = Γ" 1 (^ + a2
C (x) \u003d -G ( ^ + "3, where
a1, a2, a3 are arbitrary constants.
Substituting (10) into (7), we obtain the general solution of equation (4):
P \u003d a1 + a2 ch (kx) + a3 sh (kx) + |-- (- kx) -1) (11)
Having obtained a general solution for the deplanation measure function Р(х), it is necessary to find a general expression for the twisting angle β(х). To do this, we use the second equation in (1), from which we express in "(x), and, integrating it once over x, we obtain an expression for the angle of twist:
b(x) =1 [ ^ + PP
3. Finding a particular solution for the equations of the swirling
To isolate from common solution obtained in the previous paragraph, it is necessary to know the boundary conditions - the conditions for fixing the rod. Let us consider several different cases of fastening and loading of a bar. For comparison in table. 1 on the right we present particular solutions for the same cases according to the Vlasov theory. Expressions for in (x) are detailed in (Appendix
7), the expressions for P(x) can be partly looked up in , partly obtained by differentiation with respect to x.
Table 1. Solution of the problem according to two theories
Slivker's semi-shear theory | Shearless Vlasov theory
Table 1. Continued
( kxy(b - x)-2b sh (kb/2 - ^) sh (^)
[ k1 x (b - x) -
b b sh (kx - kb /)
c(0) = 0 ¡(0) = 0
uv" (b) - ¡(b) \u003d 0 3 "(b) \u003d 0
GIxk Y si (kb)
[+ L (kh) -1 +
K2 xy1b - x ^ A (kb) --kb sh (kb) + kb sh (kb - kx)]
k12 x I b -I ch (k1 b) +
GIxk12 L (kb) + L (k1 x) -1 - k1b sh (k1 b) + + k1b sh (k1 b - k1 x)]
¡3 01xk si (kb)
[k (b - x) si (kb)
[k1 (b - x) c and (k1b)
(kx) - kb si (kb - kx)]
GIxk1 cI (k1b) + sh (k1 x) - k1b cI (k1b - k1 x)]
Table 1. End
Slivker's semi-shear theory |_Vlasov's shear-free theory
v(0) = 0 P(0) = 0
^v"(b)-P(b)=^
Oh! hku ei (kb)
[ khueI (kb) ■
sh (kb) + sh (kb - kx)]
O1kh ei (kb) + sh (k1b - k1x)]
[k1 x ei (k1b) - sh (k1b)
O1x ei (kb) - si (kb - kx)]
O!x si (kb)
eI (k1 b - k1x)]
v(0) = 0 P(0) = 0
uv" (b) - P(b) = 0
P (b) \u003d Vk2Y Y "v!.
In [si (kh) -1]
In [eI (k1x) -1]
O!x eosh(k1L)
Vku sh (kx) 01x eosh (kL)
v(0) = 0 P(0) = 0
Vk sh (k1x) O!x eosh (k1L)
uv" (b) - P(b) = 0
sh (k1b) - sh (k1 b - k1 x) k1 eosh (k1 b)
sh (k1b) - sh (k1b - k1x) k1 eosh (k1b)
eI (kb - kx) cosh (kb)
eI (k1b - k1x) cosh (k1 b)
Comparing the expressions in the right and left columns, you can see that they are almost identical, and differ only in the presence of the factor y in some terms. Since the shear in the semi-shear theory is taken into account with the help of the coefficient y, it is advisable to investigate what its value depends on and in what intervals they change.
4. Influence of the coefficient y on the value of rod displacements
As noted above, the coefficient y is dimensionless geometric parameter, the expression for which includes the dimensionless coefficient of the section shape, which can be found from the formula:
= ^ r ^ ds , where
Sectoral static moment of the cut-off part of the section; g - wall thickness. Substituting (13) into the expression for the coefficient y, we obtain the following expression:
y = 1 + ^ r^ds 12 r r
For thin-walled rods of an open profile, the values included in (14) can be found as follows:
¡x = - Г r3^ I c =| Ш2ds S0с =| Шds a \u003d | Rds (15)
Using formulas (13) - (15), as well as making the substitution: x = b/b and xr = g/b, we write the expressions necessary for further calculations for rods with a section in the form of an I-beam and a channel:
4 \u003d - (2b + b);
l d2b5 ds = -
1 + 3XX22 (2^1 +1) 10
^ = - (2b + b) ;
Gk2b (3b + 2b) 1w \u003d 12 (b + 6b);
b (23b4b + 31b3b2 - 9b2b3 + 63b5 - 9b4b + 18b5) "
X2 (2/1 + 1) (18/.5 -9/1 -9/3 + 31/G + 23^ + 63)
It is absolutely natural to limit the value of the values % and %2 to the following limits: 0< %, %2 < \ . Но, учитывая критерий тонкостенности, неравенство можно сделать еще более жестким:
0 < % < 0,2
Since the coefficient y is a function of two variables, namely X\ and x2, it is convenient to build a three-dimensional graph (Fig. \) of the dependence
I-beam channel
Rice. \ Dependence of the value of the coefficient y on the dimensionless parameters x and x2 for the bars of the I-beam and channel cross sections.
It can be seen from the graphs that the value of y increases with an increase in the ratio x2 = ?/b, i.e. y increases with decreasing "thinness". It can be seen that the value of y does not exceed the value of ¡.03 for an I-beam and ¡.¡2 for a channel. According to the graph, we choose such a cross section in the form of a channel, so that y is closest to the maximum value. For example, a channel with the following dimensions is suitable: B \u003d 0.032 m; H = 0.05 m; t \u003d 0.007 m, for which y \u003d \, P34. For the selected rod, we determine the maximum displacement values for two different theories and summarize them in Table 2. As can be seen from the table, taking into account the shear gives any worthwhile refinement of the result only if the rod is subjected to a load associated with a bimoment (concentrated or distributed bimoments ). This refinement affects only the value of the deplanation measure function, without affecting the value of the angle of twist.
Despite the fact that taking into account the shear deformation gives only a slight refinement of the result in rather limited cases, and it may seem that taking into account shear deformations when solving problems of statics is redundant, however, the use of the semi-shear theory makes it possible to develop a unified approach to the calculation of thin-walled bars of open and closed profiles [!] .
Table 2. Maximum displacement values
Design scheme
Slivker's semi-shear theory
Shearless Vlasov theory
c \u003d 15.11005 £ \u003d 10.94460
c \u003d 15.05530 £ \u003d 11.02295
c \u003d 16.07645 £ \u003d 12.44343
c \u003d 16.07645 £ \u003d 12.46654
c \u003d 62.47679 £ \u003d 23.52471
c \u003d 62.36727 £ \u003d 23.61907
c \u003d 25.37727 £ \u003d 5.15553
c \u003d 25.35537 £ \u003d 5.15553
c \u003d 0.51555 £ \u003d 6.63832
c \u003d 0.51555 £ \u003d 6.29402
c \u003d 25.33227 £ \u003d 5.73502
c \u003d 25.35537 £ \u003d 5.15553
Literature
1. Slivker V.I. Structural mechanics. variation bases. Tutorial.
M.: Publishing House of the Association of Construction Universities, 2005. - 736 p.
2. Vlasov V.Z. Thin-walled elastic rods. - M.: Fizmatgiz, 1959. - 568 p.
3. Dyakov S.F. Construction and analysis of finite elements of a thin-walled bar of an open profile, taking into account shear deformations during torsion / S.F. Dyakov, V.V. La-lin // Bulletin of the Perm State. technical university. - 2011. - No. 2. - S. 130-140.
4. Bychkov D.V. Structural mechanics of rod thin-walled structures. -M.: Stroyizdat, 1962. - 476 p.
5. Dzhanilidze G.Yu. Panovko Ya.G. Statics of elastic thin-walled rods. - L. State publishing house of technical and theoretical literature, 1948. - 208 p.
R e f e r e n c e s
1. Slivker V.I. Stroitelnaya Mechanika. Variatsionnie osnovi. - M.: Izd-vo ASV. - 2005. - 736 p.
2. Vlasov V.Z. Tonkostennie Uprugie Sterzhni. - M.: Fizmatgiz, 1959. - 568 p.
3. Dyakov S.F., Lalin V.V. Postroenie i analiz konechnih elementsov tonkostennogo sterzhnya ot-kritogo profilya s uchotom deformatsiy sdviga pri kruchenii// Vestnik Permskogo gosudarstvennogo tehnicheskogo universiteta, 2011. - No. 2. - P. 130-140.
4. Bychkov D.V. Stroitelnaya Mechanika Sterzhnevih Tonkostennih Konstruktsiy. - M.: Stroyiz-dat, 1962. - 476 p.
5. Dzhanilidze G.Yu., Panovko Ya.G. Statika uprugih tonkostennih sterzhney. - L.: GITTL, 1948.
COMPARING THE RESULTS OF THE THIN-WALLED BAR TORSION PROBLEM ACCORDING TO VLASOV AND SLIVKER THEORIES
Sankt-Peterburgskiy gosudarstvenniy politehnicheskiy universitet, S.-Peterburg Using complicated multi-element constructions while designing civil structures and bridges consolidated of thin-walled bars with open cross-section faces problems connected with the constricted-torsion. Solution for the differential equation of the twisted thin-walled bar with allowance for shearing is obtained and compared to the classical Vlasov's theory.
KEY WORDS: thin-walled bar, semi-shearing theory, differential equation of the twisted thin-walled bar.
From the publisher
In the second edition of the manual (1st ed. - 2001), one of the sides is considered economic activity- investment in its relationship with production and financial. Methods for evaluating the effectiveness of investments and innovations are studied, a system of comparative analytical indicators of the effectiveness of economic activity, as well as the effectiveness of investments and innovations, is presented. The method of analysis of the impact of the effectiveness of investments and innovations on the efficiency of the enterprise is substantiated. The analysis of influence of time factors, inflation, risk and uncertainty on the efficiency of investments and innovations is given.
For university students studying in economic specialties, it will be useful for financial managers, accountants-analysts, developers of investment and innovative projects.
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for innovation:
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The financial analysis
The writing
Pavel Vlasov is the first image of a worker-communist in literature. In the revolutionary - romantic A.M. Gorky sings of people "who do not know how to feel sorry for themselves", who perform feats. Later, Gorky met the Sormovo worker Pyotr Zalomov, the prototype of the hero of the novel "Mother" by Pavel Vlasov.
Pavel Vlasov is the real embodiment of the heroism and feat glorified by Gorky in revolutionary romantic works. P. Vlasov is the first image of a worker revolutionary of the third stage of the revolutionary liberation movement in Russia. Pavel Vlasov has distinctive features from the revolutionaries of the previous period:
1) P. Vlasov - a native of the people, from the environment of the working class and is inextricably linked with it;
2) P. Vlasov knows the ways of liberation of the working class from oppression, owns the theory of scientific communism; 3) P. Vlasov is a representative of the party created by V. I. Lenin.
The image of Vlasov in the novel is given in development. In the beginning, he followed the usual path of youth. Later, he becomes close to the revolutionary intelligentsia, in contrast to his parents, who shunned them. He reads forbidden literature, actively participates in meetings.
V.I. Lenin says about the workers: “Real heroes stand out among the workers, who, despite the ugly situation, find in themselves so much character, strength and will to learn and develop from themselves Social Democrats, the working intelligentsia.” Pavel Vlasov's circle moves to practical activities. Pavel's first open speech was "the story of the swamp penny" that hardened the people.
The scene of Paul's confrontation with the police is full deep meaning, shows his conviction, fearlessness, talent as an organizer. Paul's speech at the trial speaks of his high culture, devotion, political conviction. At the end of the speech, he says: "We - the workers - won."
At the trial, Paul does not look like an accused, but like an accuser. The ideological and political role of Pavel Vlasov lies in the fact that Gorky reveals the organizing and leading role of the party in the revolutionary struggle. Under the influence of Pavel, Rybin is freed from mistakes, and Nilovna takes the path of revolutionary struggle. Above the doomed capitalist world, the words of P. Vlasov sound: “We won, the workers!”. Paul's speech at the judgment is the speech of an orator freed from pathos; it is full of political slogans. Comparing Vlasov's speech at the trial, in which he outlines the program of the Social Democratic Party, speaks of the inevitability of the victory of the socialist revolution, with a speech about the "swamp penny", you can see that this speech is the speech of an illiterate guy who was not supported by the people. It is the first stage in the development of the revolutionary struggle. The second stage comes during the May Day demonstration. Here Paul's speech is more expressive and vivid than in the story of the "swamp penny". He is supported by the bulk of the workers.
Other writings on this work
Spiritual renewal of a person in the revolutionary struggle (based on the novel by M. Gorky "Mother") Spiritual rebirth of Nilovna in Gorky's novel "Mother" (Image of Nilovna). From Rakhmetov to Pavel Vlasov The novel "Mother" - a realistic work by M. Gorky The meaning of the title of the novel by M. Gorky "Mother". The image of Nilovna The meaning of the title of one of the works of Russian literature of the XX century. (M. Gorky. "Mother".) The hard way of a mother (Based on the novel by M. Gorky "Mother") Artistic originality of the novel by M. Gorky "Mother" Man and idea in M. Gorky's novel "Mother" “You can talk about mothers endlessly ...” Composition based on the novel by M. Gorky "Mother" The idea of M. Gorky's novel "Mother" The image of the heroes of the novel, Paul's mother, Andrei Man and idea in Gorky's novel "Mother" The plot of the novel "Mother" READING M. GORKY'S NOVEL "MOTHER"... The ideological and compositional role of the image of Nilovna in M. Gorky's story "Mother" Techniques for creating a portrait of a hero in one of the works of Russian literature of the 20th century. The image of Pelageya Nilovna in Maxim Gorky's novel "Mother" "Mother" innovative work of M. Gorky The heroes of this novel "Mother" The birth of a new man in the fire of revolutionary struggle "Mother" as a work of realism Nilovna's life path The image and characteristics of Mikhail Rybin in the novel "Mother" “When a person can name his mother and by a spirit, this is a rare happiness”AT study guide a study of the problems of conducting an analysis of the financial results of an enterprise is proposed. The authors consider the economic content of the financial results of the enterprise, form the information base of the analysis, analyze the profit of the enterprise, profitability, carry out a marginal analysis of profit, link the Russian reporting of enterprises with the requirements of international accounting standards and financial reporting. The publication is intended for educational and independent scientific work students enrolled in economic specialties 060400 "Finance and credit", 060500 "Accounting and audit", 060600 " World economy”, 351400 “Applied Informatics (in Economics)” and in the interdisciplinary specialty 351200 “Taxes and Taxation”.
Preface Chapter I. Theoretical and methodological issues analysis of the financial results of the enterprise 1.1. The financial result of the enterprise: economic content, types, methods and tasks of analysis 1.2. Information base and characteristics of regulatory and legislative documents for the analysis of the financial results of the enterprise 1.3. Content, management mechanism and objectives of profit analysis (financial results) 1.3.1. The content and types of profit of the enterprise 1.4. Analysis of the company's profit 1.5. Analysis of profitability of sales and profitability of production assets of the enterprise 1.6. Analysis of the distribution and use of profits of the enterprise Chapter 2. Marginal analysis of profits 2.1. General methodological issues of analysis of the relationship between production volume, cost, profit and break-even point 22. Break-even analysis in evaluating the effectiveness of investment projects 2.3. Marginal analysis of cost, profit and profitability 23.4. Analysis of the impact of changes in production volume (production capacity) on profit 2.4. Rationale management decisions based on marginal analysis 2.5. The content and procedure for compiling reports on financial results enterprises under IFRS 2.6. Analysis of the features of the relationship between Russian financial reporting and reporting in accordance with the requirements of IFRS References
The people depicted in the novel "Mother" are divided into two camps, completely hostile to each other. They stand on opposite sides of the barricade of the class struggle: on the one hand, the workers, the revolutionary intelligentsia, who came to the working class and brought it the revolutionary theory of Marxism, the peasantry, organized by the working class and uniting with it to fight; on the other hand, representatives of the ruling, exploiting classes: the factory director, the shopkeepers, the gendarmerie officer mocking his mother, the bailiff beating Rybin, the judges defending the power of the manufacturers. ( This material will help to correctly write on the topic The image and character of Pavel Vlasov in the novel Mother. Summary does not make it clear the whole meaning of the work, so this material will be useful for a deep understanding of the work of writers and poets, as well as their novels, short stories, stories, plays, poems.) They all oppose the revolution together, full of hatred for it, striving to strangle it in the bud.
In the struggle for liberation, the best traits of human character grow stronger and grow. Concisely and strongly Gorky depicts this growth of the working man together with the growth of the revolutionary movement.
Each image associated with working environment, performs its special role in the novel, has its own special meaning. Pavel Vlasov's father belongs to the most backward representatives of the older generation of workers. He is broken by cruel capitalist exploitation, which has sucked all the vitality out of him. A representative of this generation and Nilovna is Pavel's mother. Only the connection with the revolutionary youth, the example of her son help her to find the true purpose of life, to join the cause of the struggle for its reorganization.
Gorky lovingly draws images of selfless revolutionaries - Pavel Vlasov and his comrades in the struggle: workers Andrei Nakhodka, Samoilov, Sizov, Nikolai Vesovshchikov and many others.
The workers' revolutionary circle, whose participants were Pavel Vlasov, Andrey Nakhodka, Sizov and other workers, set great political tasks. Gorky clearly contrasts it with the social-democratic circles widespread in the late 1990s, which were affected by the bourgeois influence of Economism. As in the revolutionary circle of Sormovo workers, with whom Gorky was associated, the work of the circle of Pavel Vlasov had a militant, Bolshevik character. Agitation among the peasantry, expansion of revolutionary influence on the broad masses of workers, strengthening of ties with the leading underground Social Democratic organizations, leaflets issued not only with the aim of combating abuses in the factory, but also against the entire system of capitalism and autocracy, studying the revolutionary movement for abroad - all this speaks of the political revolutionary tasks that the workers' circle, depicted in the novel "Mother", set for itself.
Pavel Vlasov is a representative of a new generation of workers. A simple working boy, whose dreams are limited to good clothes, Sunday entertainment in the circle of comrades - such is Pavel at the beginning of the novel. But acquaintance with the ideas of socialism transforms it, reveals a lofty goal - serving the people. This goal awakens all the forces of his mighty spirit.
The first unsuccessful attempt in the case of the “bog kopeck” to raise the workers against the “owners” does not disappoint Pavel either in the rightness of his cause, or in the strength of the workers and in their ability to fight. He comes home "gloomy, tired, strangely troubled." He is offended not for the workers, but for himself. “They didn’t believe me, they didn’t follow my truth, which means I didn’t know how to tell it! ..” - he says to his mother. And when the mother, wanting to console, said quietly: “Wait a minute! Today they didn’t understand - tomorrow they will understand ... ”, he exclaims with deep conviction:“ They must understand!
Deep confidence in the rightness of one's cause, the dedication of one's whole life to the struggle for a just cause, conviction in the final victory - the most character traits Pavel Vlasov.
When the soldiers sent to disperse and suppress the May Day demonstration, led by Pavel, moved on the crowd, he exclaims with deep conviction: “Comrades! .. Soldiers are people like us. They won't hit us. Why beat? For the fact that we carry the truth that everyone needs? After all, they need the truth. So far they do not understand this, but the time is near when they, too, will stand beside us, when they will march not under the banner of robbery and murder, but under our banner of freedom. And in order for them to understand our truth sooner, we must move forward. Forward, comrades! Always forward!"
Pavel's whole life is a movement forward through the difficult path of revolutionary struggle. He knows what threatens him to embark on this path. He is ready to give up personal happiness, he warns his mother that a prison awaits him ahead, perhaps even death.
Preparing for the demonstration, Paul decides to carry the banner himself. To the offer to cede this right to another, he answers with a resolute “no!” During the demonstration, Andrei Nakhodka steps forward to shield Pavel, who is walking with a banner, from the soldiers' bayonets with his body, but Pavel throws him: “Next! You have no right! Ahead - the banner!
Pavel Vlasov is a man of great inner beauty and strength; courage, will, nobility, ability to exploit - all these are the best human qualities Paul and his companions are subject to the most high purpose- service to the native people. They find the highest happiness in selfless revolutionary struggle.
Among Pavel's comrades, Gorky shows workers of various levels of development and stamina in the struggle.
Andrei Nakhodka lacks Pavel's will and composure, he did not fully realize the severity of the trials that everyone who has embarked on the path of revolution must subject himself to. Nikolai Vyesovshchikov is a young worker who has just joined the ranks of the fighters for the revolution. There is still no party discipline in him, he is capable of anarchic, rash acts that can harm the common cause. Party leadership from such staunch and seasoned revolutionaries as Pavel Vlasov helps him become a real fighter of the revolution.
About the time when the events of the novel unfold, V. I. Lenin wrote: “We are experiencing extremely important point in the history of the Russian working-class movement... Recent years have been characterized by an astoundingly rapid spread of Social Democratic ideas among our intelligentsia, and this current of social thought is being met by the independently emerged movement of the industrial proletariat, which begins to unite and fight against its oppressors, begins to greedily strive for socialism ".
On a living example of the activities of Pavel, his comrades and Sasha walking hand in hand with them; Natasha, Nikolai Ivanovich and Sophia Gorky illuminated in his novel this important aspect of the revolutionary movement and showed the connection between the workers and the revolutionary intelligentsia, which carried the teachings of Marx to the working masses.
The novel reflected various aspects of the revolutionary struggle of the working class: underground work (self-education circles, printing and distribution of leaflets, illegal publications, secret meetings, revolutionary propaganda in the countryside, among the peasants), the use of economic clashes between workers and entrepreneurs for political struggle (opposition to the collection " swamp penny"), a call for a strike, the organization of demonstrations, the use of the royal court as a platform for revolutionary propaganda.
The novel clearly shows the leading role of the party in the labor movement. In Pavel Vlasov and his comrades, in Yegor Ivanovich and Sofya, we see the Bolsheviks - by their behavior, by the way they resolve the most important questions of leading the revolutionary movement of workers and peasants. In the coverage of these issues in the novel, first of all, the Bolshevik position of Gorky himself had an effect.
In a Bolshevik way, the very important question of the participation and role of the peasantry in the imminent revolution is resolved in the novel. Lenin in his book Two Tactics of Social Democracy in a Democratic Revolution (1905) wrote: “Only the proletariat can be a consistent fighter for democracy. He can prove to be a victorious fighter for democracy only if the mass of the peasantry joins his revolutionary struggle.
Gorky in the novel "Mother" revealed that the workers' movement exerts its influence on the peasantry. A number of images of peasants - Rybin, Ignat, Yefim, Saveliy, Tatyana, Stepan and Pyotr Ryabinin - depict the growing strength of resistance to the oppressors in the peasantry.
The attitude of the peasants towards the beating of Rybin by the bailiff is characteristic: “The crowd buzzed hostilely, swayed, advancing on the bailiff, he noticed this, jumped back and grabbed the saber from the scabbard. "You are so? Rebel? Ah? .. Is that it? .. ”- the bailiff shouts. Instead of the arrested Rybin, Pyotr Ryabinin takes the propaganda literature from Nilovna. “We need books... We will find a place for everything!.. An amazing case, so to speak!.. - he says. - In one place it was torn, in another it was overwhelmed! Nothing! A newspaper, mother, is good, and she does her job - she rubs her eyes!
In his novel, Gorky spoke of the unstoppable growth of solidarity with the working class among the people. Nilovna sees silent sympathy in the eyes of the people who surrounded her in a tight ring at the time of her arrest: "... her eyes did not fade away and saw many other eyes - they burned with a bold, sharp fire familiar to her - a fire native to her heart." And the mother’s words addressed to the assembled people sound inviting: “Gather, people, your forces into one force!”
