Types of applied graphics are. International Journal of Applied and Basic Research. Stages of work on a three-dimensional postcard

Applied graphics bring an artistic element into a person's everyday life. Its tools and methods are used in the development corporate identity, logos, creation of emblems, brand names, advertising design, decorative design of printed materials, etc.

Currently, many organizations are striving to develop their own corporate identity, that is, to find a single solution for artistic and graphic elements related to their activities. Corporate identity is a system of identification of an institution or enterprise, it should embody the essence of the organization's activities. All types of printed materials and advertising can act as a bearer of corporate identity. Its development is the most difficult task of graphic design.

Graphic standards that can express corporate identity include trademarks, or, as they are often called, logos. A brand name is a designation placed on a document, advertisement, product or its packaging, which allows one or another organization, enterprise, firm to be identified at a glance. Often a brand name becomes an indispensable attribute of all business documentation. Sometimes it itself can perform an advertising function, replacing lengthy informational messages.

These symbols, understandable to all viewers, are imperceptibly built into the structure of the sign. The use of modern decorative techniques, the integration of this logo into the world graphic tradition creates, when getting acquainted with the advertising and business materials of the company, a sense of dynamism, new approaches to doing business, which was originally one of the tasks in developing the corporate identity of this organization.

A brand name is perhaps one of the most complex objects in graphic design.

According to the shape of the image, they distinguish verbal (logograms), pictorial and combined signs (Fig. 2.4).

A logogram is a word, letter, number, several words, letters, numbers, or a combination of them (Fig. 2.4a). Wordmarks are very visual, thanks to which they play a significant role in the development of corporate identity, and the fact that not only the font design of the inscription, but also the word itself is protected during the registration of logograms, further contributes to their distribution. So, for example, at dawn market economy almost all the logos of OOO, AOZT, ICHP and other cooperatives were either abbreviations consisting of the surname, name and patronymic of their owners, or oriental, mysterious for the Russian language, or drawn from ancient history words, sometimes even spelled with errors - 8ШЖ&, AIa, etc. Many firms at that time acquired verbal signs that were not pleasing to the eye with their form. Such logos would greatly benefit if their text had a pronounced individual character and, as it were, “growth” into a graphic form, forming a single whole with it. An invaluable quality of such decorative logograms would be a special deliberately careless "man-made", bearing the imprint not only of the personality of their owner, but also testifying to the skill of the designer. This feature is especially pronounced in comparison with those logograms that use an impersonal form of a standard typographic font.

A figurative sign is one that is a drawing, ornament or other graphic solution that is not accompanied by text (Fig. 2.46, c). They have been used since ancient times and in some cases turn out to be more expressive than the text. Figurative signs create a unique and long-lasting image of the organization, which is able to "imprint" forever in the mind of the consumer.

However, the arsenal of simple geometric shapes used as pictorial logos is not endless. Therefore, today combined signs (Fig. 2.4d), which are various combinations pictorial and verbal elements. An example of such a mark was the "Quality Mark" of the former Soviet Union. For many decades this simple mark has successfully testified to the quality of the products to which it has been awarded. Now time and the products themselves have changed, but the need to single out the best domestic goods from the general mass remains. At the turn of the millennium, a worthy replacement for the former pentahedron appeared in Russia - “Quality Mark XXI century." It is a circle, inside of which there is a crosshair of three Roman numerals X, symbolizing the third millennium, as well as the emblem of the State Standard.

Rice. 2.4 Types of brand names (a - verbal; b, c - figurative; d - combined):

a) draft logo of the agency SINTEL (studio "IMA-Design");

c) the sign of the Center environmental policy Russia (studio "Surik-Design");

d) brand name of the customs terminal (studio "IMA-Design")

The sign has four degrees - Bronze, Silver, Gold, Platinum. Only those goods that pass a rigorous selection and authoritative examination at the All-Russian Exhibition Center in Moscow receive it.

It can be said that today a peculiar stereotype of text placement in combined brand names has already been developed. For example, the text is often placed below the graphic element and is like a signature that attracts attention only after getting acquainted with the image. Often the text is located on the side of the image. Of these options, the second is now more popular, emphatically asymmetrical, more contrasting and dynamic. However, there are alternative solutions: symmetrical arrangement of text above or below the pictorial element, or around it in a circle. The last method looks very balanced, it is most often used in the emblems of conferences and events, the names of which are long enough to make the text possible to roll into a ring. In addition to this, the abbreviated name of the event and the date of its holding are often placed in the center of the emblems.

Logos must meet certain artistic requirements. The form of the sign must emphasize its content and main idea, as well as suppress unwanted associations. In this regard, let's cite designer Y. Gordon's humorous and somewhat sad memories of those times when the question of whether to approve the logo or not was decided by the artistic council consisting of the director, the party organizer and other similar "specialists": "Specialists (I'm talking about our, local) looked at the sign mainly for ideological purity (i.e. how not to miss the swastika or the star of David), and also strictly identified the presence of unwanted body parts (signs

in the form of the letter B - do not offer). The logo should be harmonious, compact, recognizable, original, expressive, have the integrity of the form and, moreover, easily fit into any document.

Countless logos are characterized by an abstract form, which is a kind of tribute to the fashion of the late XX century.

The artistic and expressive form of the sign implies a complete relationship between content and artistic embodiment. An important condition for its creation is the artistry of the composition. The composition of a brand name should take into account the specific conditions of its use, since it is applied to a variety of information carriers: documentation, advertising, containers, packaging, souvenirs, etc.

On fig. 2.5 shows a scattering of brand names, illustrating the inexhaustible imagination of their authors.

Bookplates were created by such well-known Russian masters of graphics as V.A. Favorsky, A.I. Kravchenko, N.N. Kupreyanov, N.I. Piskarev and others. The bookplates of artists E.N. , G. A. Kravtsova, N. I. Lapshina, V. I. Frolov, E. Okas, P. Upitas and other graphs. Traditionally, bookplates were created in various graphic techniques: woodcut, linocut, lithography, etching, etc., but recently there have appeared bookplates created using computers that allow you to imitate the artistic effects of various graphic techniques and, in addition, put in the hands of a graphic designer new means of expression.

The best examples of bookplates created by masters of design with the help of computer technology, according to the level of artistic performance, they belong to real works of graphic art.

On fig. 2.6 shows bookplates created using the xylography technique by the famous engraver A. I. Kalashnikov.

Rice. 2.6 Bookplates by A.I. Kalashnikov

Bookplate is considered to be the birthplace of Germany, where it arose almost immediately after the invention of printing. The first bookplates were heraldic in nature, but sometimes portraits of the library owners were placed on them, Images landscapes, houses, castles, monasteries, various emblems, etc. It is generally accepted that in Russia he appeared at Peter I, however, on some hand-drawn bookplates dating back to the end of the 15th century were found in the manuscript books of the library of the Solovetsky Monastery.

Today the role of the ex-libris is expanding, its representation is increasing. The so-called universal bookplates, Suitable to decorate a book, letter, envelope, personal folder, etc.

Monogram(Fig. 2.7) represents the initial letters of the name and surname of the owner, made calligraphically and woven in the form of a monogram. In general, a monogram is a conventional sign replacing a signature in the form of an ornamental composition, a decoratively designed image of a flower, animal, bird, etc.

Rice. 2.7 Monograms

Monograms, as a graphic standard, can be included as an integral part in signs, logos, bookplates, design of personal notebooks, diaries, and should harmoniously fit into them.

In the practice of graphic design, much attention is paid to the development of emblems.

Emblem- a conditional explanation of an abstract concept with the help of a graphic image that has international or at least national recognition. An emblem is, as it were, a drawn idea, expressed through the image of an object or figure, in which its conventional, traditional meaning is encrypted. Often the emblem is seen as a kind of allegory. In a narrow sense, this is a symbol, equipped with a brief motto and more detailed text, often serving as a frame.

By design, emblems are stamp, reproducing the coat of arms of the owner; monograms, representing his ornamentally designed initials; plot, which are an image of landscapes, architectural or other motifs, symbolically telling about the tastes, passions and professions of their owners. Traditionally, artistic emblems were engraved on copper, wood or linoleum, less often they were made by zincographic or litho-graphic methods. Recently, the original mock-ups of emblems have been made using computer technology.

On fig. 2.8 shows an example of the plot emblem that was the symbol of the 1998 World Youth Games. It is characterized by an abstract and allegorical image of young athletes, painted in the Olympic colors of five continents - Europe, Asia, Africa, America and Australia. Emblem accompanied text that reveals the content of the symbol, indicates the place of the event and its date.

Some idea of ​​the history of Russian emblems is given in Fig. 2.9. It shows the emblems of Russian associations of amateur motorists. By 1917, there were almost two dozen automobile clubs in Russia, and each of them had its own emblem.

Recently, due to the increased interest in heraldry, designers have to deal with the development of coats of arms. The coat of arms is an emblematic image that serves as a symbol of tribal, social, family-related, administrative-territorial or corporate continuity. The coat of arms is a set of graphic elements that make up a symbolic image and are located in certain order, which is due to the traditional system of heraldic rules.

The main element of the coat of arms is the image of the shield. Symbols, emblems and figures are applied to this image, designed in one way or another to characterize the owner of the coat of arms. All types of shields are based on simple geometric figures: triangle, square, circle, ellipse, rhombus. The emblems use images of Varangian, early and late Gothic, Spanish, French, Italian, Eastern and German shields, the shape of which differs significantly from each other.

Rice. 2.9 Emblems of Russian car clubs

The composition of the coat of arms largely depends on the location of the coat of arms both on the field of the shield itself and outside it. Coat of arms are divided into heraldic, having a geometric shape, and non-heraldic, representing images of various objects and creatures. In addition, images of a helmet, crown, crest and allegorical figures supporting the shield are often placed on the field of the coat of arms. The motto is usually placed under the image of the shield. Heraldry distinguishes between tribal (mainly noble families), land (coats of arms of cities, regions and other territories that are part of the state), corporate (which are a symbol of medieval workshops) and state emblems.

On fig. 2.10 shows a selection of coats of arms of some Russian cities and towns. They reflect an attempt to successively develop the traditions of the heraldic symbolism of Russia, in which coats of arms were endowed settlements with rich historical traditions.

Rice. 2.10 Coats of arms of Russian cities and towns

Today, Russian heraldry is in its heyday. The authors of the new coats of arms strive to adhere to the classical rules for choosing symbols, colors, arrangement of figures, etc. For an example in fig. 2.11 shows the recently created coat of arms of the Moscow region Dorogomilovo.

Rice. 2.11 Coat of arms of the Moscow region Dorogomilovo

The composition of this emblem is an image of a shield split in two, the left half of which is golden with three diamond (black) bandages, and the right half is scarlet (red) in color. The golden field symbolizes strength, fidelity, wealth, and the diamond bandages remind of the wisdom and memory of the people and are associated with an outpost, a milestone, a sentry box. The red color indicates that here, at the outpost of Moscow, battles with the enemy took place many times, and testifies to the courage of its defenders. On the right half of the shield are two guns, folded in an oblique cross with bayonets up. Above them is a shako with a silver sultan.

1

The socio-ecological processes taking place in the Altai Territory are becoming increasingly important in the regionalization of education. The aggravation of the relationship between man and the environment is due not only to the negative consequences of man-made and natural factors, the issue of revising consumer attitudes towards nature is becoming increasingly important for society. Harmony should become the basis of the relationship between man and nature. Therefore, it is important in the minds of people to form knowledge in the field of environmental protection and the basics of rational nature management. An important role in educational process Geographical studies play a role in this respect. Applied graphics, in particular drawing, is the most accessible and easy way to obtain reliable information about the state of the human environment. Through drawing, you can visually reproduce many properties of nature, which is necessary for the preservation and development of health, physical strength, mental capabilities and human performance.

Altai region

relationship between man and nature

geographic local history

applied graphics

educational process

1. Cheremisin A.A., Vazhov S.V., Fefelova A.Yu., Vazhov V.M. Lakes Kolyvanskoe, Manzherokskoe and Aya: recreation and environmental problems // Contemporary Issues science and education. - 2017. - No. 2; URL: https://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=26293 (date of access: 05/05/2017).

2. Shemanaev V.A. Preparation of the future teacher of geography for the implementation of the local history approach in school geographical education: Author's abstract ... diss. cand. ped. Sciences. - Nizhny Novgorod, 2004. - 19 p.

3. Masters of art about art. - M., 1996. - T. 2. - S. 197.

4. Vazhova E.V. Landscape in the genre works of the Altai folk artist G.F. Borunova // Modern problems of science and education. - 2009. - No. 3. - P. 134-137.

5. Dirin D.A. Landscape and aesthetic resources of mountain territories: assessment, rational use and protection (on the example of the Ust-Koksinsky district of the Altai Republic). - Barnaul: Publishing house "Azbuka", 2005. - 260 p.

6. Vazhova E.V. Genre motifs in landscape painting by V.P. Chukueva // World of science, culture, education. - 2009. - No. 7. - P. 75–76.

7. Rusanov G.G., Vazhov S.V., Bakhtin R.F. Lake Kolyvanskoye: origin, geomorphology, ecology: monograph. - Biysk, 2016. - 168 p.

8. Baklanova S.L. Drawing in teaching geography // Successes of modern natural science. - 2014. - No. 9. - P. 162.

9. Baklanova S.L. The role of pedagogical drawing in the activation of the cognitive activity of the student // Psychodidactics of higher and secondary education: materials of the V All-Russian scientific-practical. conf. - Barnaul: BSPU, 2004. - S. 155-157.

10. Rusanov G.G., Vazhov S.V. Unresolved problems of lakes Manzherokskoe and Aya: monograph. Biysk, 2017. - 168 p.

Social, economic and environmental processes characteristic of Altai Territory are becoming increasingly important in the regionalization of education. It provides for the historical and geographical aspects of the transformation of society, the national and cultural traditions of the peoples inhabiting Altai, the unique nature of the region and its change due to a significant expansion of the tourism sector, etc. Aggravation of relations economic activity human interaction with the environment is due not only to the negative consequences of man-made and natural factors, the transformation of consumer nature management based on the harmony of the relationship between the resource user and the natural environment is becoming increasingly important for society. constitution Russian Federation and other legislative acts, citizens of the country are guaranteed the right to a healthy environment Moreover, man himself must be aware of his role in the protection of nature.

The most important condition for the sustainable existence of man is the knowledge of the laws governing the functioning of all components of nature and the careful use of resources. Therefore, with early age the population needs to form knowledge of the basics of rational nature management. Geography plays an important role in this.

Purpose of the study

Due to the deepening anthropogenic load, as well as natural anomalies, the growing importance of the environmental approach in the school educational process, the focus on the personality of the student, his consciousness in the real socio-cultural space impose new requirements for the preparation of the future teacher of geography. A special role in the educational environment of the university educational process performs a local history approach, the basis of which is geographical specificity, imaginative thinking, life experience of students. Improving geographical education provides the future teacher with involvement in the history, culture, geography of his native land, educates him in the need to implement a specific practical work, expands active citizenship. In this regard, the purpose of the research was to study the significance of applied graphics in geographical local history and justify the need to find ways to improve the educational process.

Materials and methods of research

In the course of the work, system-structural, geographical, statistical methods were used, as well as some author's developments obtained as a result of field and experimental studies.

Research results and discussion

Applied graphics, in particular, drawing, is a fairly accessible and easily implemented method for obtaining multilateral information about a specific state of nature, the environment and human activities. Drawing underlies many types of knowledge for students; drawing makes the knowledge gained more compact, rich and durable. Drawing is an important means of illustration surrounding reality. It can be used to show real phenomena and the processes occurring in nature and society, in color from nature, reproduce on paper the regional feature of natural and anthropogenic landscapes, satisfy the student's need for artistic knowledge of the world, etc. .

In addition to the picture, the poster, in the form of a large-format image of the nature-transforming activities of society, expands the information about nature perceived by a person by including textual accompaniment and pursues educational purposes, in addition to informational and other.

Currently, in cities and large rural settlements, there is a predominance of the evolutionary form of the poster - a banner, which mainly carries the function of advertising, however, there are single inclusions of banners calling for concern for the current generation of people through the preservation of their health and natural resources. Increasingly, these banners are placed along highways near cities on both sides of the road.

At present, the sphere of recreation and tourism is intensively developing in Altai, since the beauty of the nature of the region is unique and is an important motive that attracts recreants, tourists and travelers. This gives the Altai nature, which is still only partially subject to urbanization, not only aesthetic, but also real socio-economic indicators.

The attractiveness and uniqueness of the natural and other landscapes of Altai plays a significant role in people's lives, it involves the development of a creative and active life position. On the territory of the region, many unique picturesque corners of nature are recognized as national treasures and protected, and especially important objects of the Altai Republic are included in the UNESCO World Natural Heritage List.

A feature of the study of geographical disciplines is the formation of spatial images, therefore, when studying geography, it is important to use visual teaching aids. Since many students love to draw, drawing is one of the recognized teaching methods for teaching geography. Drawing in the lesson is used when it is necessary to show geographical phenomena in dynamics, when there is no visual aid, or when there is a visual aid, but it needs to be supplemented or detailed with a specific image on paper.

According to their purpose, drawings in the study of geography can be both explanatory, illustrative, and control. In this case, drawing as creativity has didactic advantages over demonstrating a finished image, such as a slide or a picture. The student makes a drawing on his own and in the process of drawing has the opportunity to select from some of the features of the object the most necessary, essential, characteristic of his area where he lives. It is advisable to use a sketch, a schematic drawing using contour lines, strokes, light spots. The value of the drawing when demonstrated by the teacher on the blackboard is that it is created in stages and in parallel is fixed by the students in the workbook.

Geographical drawings can be perspective, made on the basis of research activities and without reflecting the perspective. Statement of factual data or hypotheses in geography involves the use a large number cartographic material, including those made by a teacher or student. The most demanded cartographic work of an applied nature is a map diagram; it does not contain strict requirements for design and allows for a creative approach to implementation. The freedom of choice of graphic display by students of geographical objects and phenomena is often demonstrated in the implementation of pilot projects, primarily within the framework of geographical local history.

In the lessons, when students draw, a logical sequence of thinking, imagination, observation develops, interest in the material being studied increases, and the cognitive activity of students is activated. They develop the skills of environmentally competent behavior and emotional and valuable attitude to nature.

In our opinion, due attention is not always paid to applied graphics, which would call for the protection of nature. City streets are filled with advertising products that clouded the attention of society. People think that the main thing in their life is achievements in the world of science, technology and fashion, but they often forget about wildlife, which ensures their existence on the planet. The modern city dweller constantly sees advertisements on the streets new products, services, etc., but does not often see the image of the living, breathing energy of life, nature.

The caricature in the drawing most clearly, in a grotesque form, can declare the problems of ecology and the disproportion of human requests to nature. For some reason, very little attention is now paid to caricature. And yet she is in Soviet time broadly reflected the interests of society and helped to solve many problems. Newspapers and magazines with caricature drawings were the most read, therefore, the caricature attracted attention and was in demand. The educational and educational value of the cartoon is that it is easy to understand, it clearly conveys and ridicules the vices of society. Caricature helps to open people's eyes to themselves.

Perhaps, if the media were to pay enough attention to the caricature now, it would help society see its shortcomings and think about whether people are doing the right thing by scooping up limited reserves of irreplaceable natural resources, treating nature in a consumerist way, without any care. When a person takes something from nature without giving anything in return, the centuries-old natural balance is disturbed, which cannot be ignored. Its violation leads to environmental, social and many other problems in society. Nature is a fragile and living organism, the source of life, taking care of us, nature requires attention to itself.

The current worldview in the traditional nature management in Altai does not allow changing the current stereotype of thinking. Reliable facts of ecological troubles of the natural environment make it difficult to understand the essence of modern environmental problems. The economic interests of nature users today are higher than environmental ones, which has no prospects for harmonizing the relationship between man and nature. Applied graphics in geographic local history play an important role in teaching and educating students through the visual perception of information as an objective characterization of the multilateral connections of man with nature. In our opinion, applied graphics can visually reproduce many, primarily landscape and aesthetic properties of nature, which is necessary for education, cultural education, the preservation and development of health, physical strength, mental capabilities and human performance. Visual reproduction of the results of human interaction with the natural environment will help turn society's eyes to the true values ​​of life.

The data given in the article were obtained during the implementation of the research topic: "Implementation of the local history approach in geographical education through research activities", state registration number No. AAAA-A17-117011000005-0.

Bibliographic link

Vazhova E.V., Cheremisin A.A., Vazhov V.M. APPLIED GRAPHICS AS A MEANS OF STUDYING LOCAL STUDIES // International magazine applied and fundamental research. - 2017. - No. 6-2. – S. 278-280;
URL: https://applied-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=11668 (date of access: 07/14/2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"

Applied Graphics- the field of graphic art, including all types of utilitarian graphic works. It includes graphic works designed for practical use at home. The task of applied graphics includes the decoration of household items. Sometimes this type of graphics is called graphics of small forms, art and production. Almost all forms of applied graphics are designed for printing reproduction and are closely related to the text. The works of applied graphics are so numerous that it is difficult to compile even a simple list of them.

Applied graphics include:

• Postal graphics
  • Stamps. Art postage stamp, in connection with its special role, variety of subjects, principles of compositional and decorative solutions, it is rightly called a micro-poster. Similar to it in character is the art of the label for matches. One can only regret that a very beautiful engraved stamp is almost disappearing and that many stamps-photomontages appear, stamps are reduced easel works that have nothing in common with the art of graphics.
  • The envelope. Branded envelopes in business correspondence successfully perform representative functions. Envelopes with a logo stand out against the background of the general faceless correspondence. In our high-tech age, resorting to traditional mailing, the sender emphasizes the special significance of the information, and the appearance and design of the corporate envelope works for the company's reputation.
  • Card. Its design directly depends on the event and the audience to whom it is intended. New Year, March 8, February 23, the 10th anniversary of the company, anniversary CEO- each of the above holidays has its own peculiarity, evokes certain associations, has key visual images.
• Money signs. Metal or paper tokens of value, representatives of real money, which historically arose as tokens of a monetary commodity that are in circulation and in monetary savings. The design of banknotes includes the development of a degree of protection, masterfully connected with the elements of the composition, a vertical layout.
• Information materials: booklets, programs, prospectuses. This separate group of applied graphics is the design of various brochures, theatrical and concert programs, invitation cards, addresses, certificates of honour, booklets for tourists, restaurant menus, etc. It is necessary that these things common in everyday life are designed correctly, that is, their appearance matches their purpose so that all design elements are in harmony with the text .

Applied graphics include graphic works designed for practical use in everyday life. The task of applied graphics includes the decoration of household items. Sometimes this type of graphics is called small-form graphics, art-production graphics, or (not quite accurately) industrial graphics. Almost all forms of applied graphics are designed for printing reproduction and are closely related to the text. The works of applied graphics are so numerous that it is difficult to compile even a simple list of them.

A prominent place is occupied by the artistic design of packaging and the creation of labels for various products. This includes labels for perfumes, wines and drinks, box design for confectionery, tobacco and cigarettes, for shoes and hats, the creation of wrappers for sweets, envelopes for gramophone records and much more. The indispensable requirements for this type of applied graphics are simplicity and elegance, the correspondence of the decoration to the form of packaging and the purpose of the goods, the use modern materials. Not the least important are the simplicity and low cost of manufacture. From the artistic design of goods, it is necessary to decisively expel the ridiculous pomp, rich gilding inherited from the past, the use of color photographs and pictures instead of a simple and noble graphic image.

A separate group of applied graphics is the design of various brochures, theater and concert programs, invitation cards, addresses, certificates of honor, booklets for tourists, restaurant menus, etc. them to match the purpose, so that all design elements are in harmony with the text. It is necessary in every way to avoid old-fashioned methods of embossing and gilding, tasteless monograms, vignettes and flourishes. The same requirements must be met by the design of greeting and anniversary art cards, envelopes, letterheads, telegrams, etc.

The art of a postage stamp, due to its special role, variety of subjects, principles of compositional and decorative solutions, is rightly called a micro-poster. Similar to it in character is the art of the label for matches. One can only regret that a very beautiful engraved stamp is almost disappearing and that many stamps-photomontages appear, stamps are reduced easel works that have nothing in common with the art of graphics.

A very peculiar genre of applied graphics, which has a long history and traditions, is the art of the book sign. A book sign is a small-sized graphic work printed in the form of a label. The book sign is pasted on the inside of the book cover and indicates which library the book belongs to and who owns it. The book sign is often printed from the author's printed form and fits perfectly with the look of the book. The drawing on the book sign reflects the profession, inclinations and tastes of the owner of the book, or indicates the nature and orientation of the library. These features are expressed in the form of a symbol or allegory. The book sign has the inscription "Ex libris" (translated from Latin - "from books"), the owner's surname or initials, and sometimes short aphoristic sayings. In our country, where the collection of libraries has become a ubiquitous phenomenon, the book sign, as an art of high culture, should be widely disseminated. Examples of the creation of a bookmark for collective, public libraries are already known. wonderfully beautiful book signs created by artists of Soviet Estonia - X. Mugasto, A. Laigo, O. Kangilaski, G. Reindorf, E. Lepp, P. Luhtein. The contemporary progressive American artist R. Kent created many excellent book signs (ill. 26).

26.R. Kent. book sign

Graphic artists also work on the creation of factory, publishing and trademarks, emblems various societies and organizations, create original banknotes, bonds, lottery tickets and other government documents. This is by no means a complete list of works of applied graphics.

Soviet graphics developed, affirming the advanced, progressive ideas of the Communist Party, matured and grew stronger in the struggle against trends alien to us in art. At all stages of the history of our Motherland, Soviet graphic artists actively and passionately participated and continue to participate in the life of the country, giving their strength, their talent to the great goals of the victory of communism.

Of course, no descriptions of works visual arts unable to convey what the works themselves will tell the inquisitive viewer. The artist speaks to the people primarily in the language of his art, and everything that he wanted and could say, we will find in his works. Our essay pursues only the task of giving the viewer the most general information, guide him on an exciting journey into the art of graphics.