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Examples of global problems and ways to solve them. Global problems of the modern world

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………….3

THE CONCEPT OF GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF MODERNITY AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION…………………………………………………………

REASONS FOR THE FORMATION AND EXAMINATION OF THE GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF MODERNITY……………………………………………………………..

PROGRESS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF MODERNITY…………………………………………………………………..

CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………26

LIST OF USED LITERATURE……………………………..27

INTRODUCTION

Each historical epoch, each stage of the development of human society has its own peculiarity, at the same time they are inextricably linked with both the past and the future. At the end of the twentieth century, human civilization enters a qualitatively new state, one of the most important indicators of which is the emergence of global problems. Global problems have brought humanity to the boundaries of its existence and forced to look back at the path traveled. Today, it is necessary to assess the goals that mankind has set for itself, it was necessary to make the necessary adjustments to the "trajectory" of its development. Global problems have put humanity in front of the need to change itself. Now it is necessary to develop such a global system of value orientations that would be accepted by the entire population of the planet.

The global issues of modernity cannot be resolved without a detailed study of them by philosophers and representatives of specific sciences. Specificity global problems lies in the fact that they require a program-targeted organization of scientific research. At present, global problems are being studied by many sciences - ecologists, geographers, sociologists, political scientists, economists, etc. Also, global problems are studied by philosophy in the worldview, methodological, social and humanitarian aspects. The basis of the philosophical analysis of global problems is the results of private sciences. At the same time, this analysis is necessary, in addition to its heuristic value, for further research, as it contributes to the integration of particular sciences that need consistency in coordination in the study of global problems. Philosophy becomes for representatives of various scientific disciplines link, as it is oriented in its analysis to interdisciplinarity.

Each era has its own philosophy. Modern philosophy must first of all become a philosophy of survival. The task of modern philosophy is to search for such values and social systems that would ensure the survival of mankind. The new philosophy is designed to develop a model for solving global problems, to help the practical orientation of a person in the modern world in the matter of the survival of civilization.

The new impetus lies in the development of an applied philosophy dealing with practical problems. Without a philosophical vision of the entire situation as a whole, none of the global problems can be solved in principle.

The specifics of the philosophical understanding of global problems:

1) Philosophy, forming a new worldview, sets certain values that largely determine the nature and direction of human activity.

2) The methodological function of philosophy is that it substantiates private theories, contributing to a holistic vision of the world.

3) Philosophy makes it possible to consider global problems in a specific historical context. It shows, in particular, that global problems arise in the 2nd half. XX century.

4) Philosophy allows you to see not only the causes of the global problems of our time, but also to identify the prospects for their development, the possibility of solutions.

Thus, to the eternal philosophical problems of being, cognition, the meaning of human life, etc. the modern era has added a fundamentally new theme - the preservation of life on Earth and the survival of mankind.

THE CONCEPT OF GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF MODERNITY AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION

Global problems(French g1obа1 - universal, from lat. g1оbus (terrae) - the globe) are a set of human problems, the solution of which depends on social progress and the preservation of civilization: preventing a world thermonuclear war and ensuring peaceful conditions for the development of all peoples; catastrophic pollution prevention environment, including the atmosphere, the oceans, etc.; overcoming the growing gap in economic level and per capita income between developed and developing countries by eliminating the backwardness of the latter, as well as eliminating hunger, poverty and illiteracy in the world; ensuring the further economic development of mankind with the necessary natural resources, both renewable and non-renewable, including food, industrial raw materials and energy sources; stopping rapid population growth ("demographic explosion" in developing countries) and eliminating the danger of "depopulation" in developed countries; prevention of the negative consequences of the scientific and technological revolution. The twenty-first century, having just begun, has already added its own problems: international terrorism, the continued spread of drug addiction and AIDS.

Philosophical understanding of global problems is the study of processes and phenomena associated with the problems of a planetary civilization, the world-historical process. Philosophy analyzes the causes that led to the emergence or exacerbation of global problems, studies their social danger and conditionality.

In modern philosophy, the main approaches to understanding global problems have developed:

all problems can become global;

the number of global problems must be limited to the number of urgent and most dangerous ones (prevention of wars, ecology, population);

exact determination of the causes of global problems, their signs, content and methods for the fastest resolution.

Global problems have common features: affect the future and interests of all mankind, their resolution requires the efforts of all mankind, they require urgent resolution, being in a complex relationship with each other.

Global problems are, on the one hand, natural in nature, and on the other, social. In this regard, they can be considered as the influence or result of human activity, which had a negative impact on nature. The second option for the emergence of global problems is a crisis in relations between people, which affects the entire complex of relationships between members of the world community.

Global problems are grouped according to the most characteristic features. Classification allows you to establish the degree of their relevance, the sequence of theoretical analysis, methodology and sequence of solution.

The most widely used method of classification, which is based on the task of determining the severity of the problem and the sequence of its solution. In connection with this approach, three global problems can be identified:

between states and regions of the planet (prevention of conflicts, establishment of economic order);

environmental (environmental protection, protection and distribution of fuel raw materials, development, space and the oceans);

between society and a person (demography, health care, education, etc.).

The global problems of modernity are ultimately generated precisely by the all-penetrating uneven development of world civilization, when the technical power of mankind has immeasurably exceeded the level of social organization it has reached, political thinking has clearly lagged behind political reality, and the motives for the activities of the predominant mass of people and their moral values are very far from the social, ecological and demographic imperatives of the era.

REASONS FOR THE FORMATION AND EXAMINATION OF THE GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF MODERNITY

The emergence of global problems, the increasing danger of their consequences pose new challenges for science in forecasting and how to solve them. Global problems are a complex and interrelated system that has an impact on society as a whole, man and nature, and therefore requires constant philosophical reflection.

The global problems, first of all, include: the prevention of a world thermonuclear war, the creation of a non-violent world that provides peaceful conditions for social progress all peoples; overcoming the growing gap in the level of economic and cultural development between countries, eliminating economic backwardness throughout the world; ensuring the further economic development of mankind with the natural resources necessary for this (food, raw materials, energy sources); overcoming the ecological crisis generated by human intervention in the biosphere: stopping the rapid growth of the population (population growth in developing countries, falling birth rates in developed ones);

timely foresight and prevention of various negative consequences of scientific and technological revolution and rational and effective use of its achievements for the benefit of society and the individual.

PROGRESS AND ITS IMPACT ON GLOBAL ISSUES OF PRESENT

In the previous topics, the idea of the complexity, versatility of the development process and the significant role that a person plays in it has repeatedly sounded. The result of participation in it was not only the benefits created, but also the numerous difficulties that nature and man himself face as a result of his active transformative activity. At present, it is customary to talk about them as global problems of our time. These include such as environmental, war and peace, demographic, disease, crime and some others.

Let us focus on the above mentioned and, first of all, on the environmental problem, due to the reasons that everything that happens on planet Earth with or without human participation also occurs in nature. The latter is understood as a part of matter with which people directly or indirectly interact, perceive it, i.e. see, hear, touch, etc. It, in turn, in one way or another also affects each of us, society as a whole, affects the results of human activity. In this sense, man himself is a product of nature. It is also present in all creations of human hands.

Therefore, no matter how highly developed and how efficient industrial production becomes, man always depends on nature. The nature of these relationships is very complex and contradictory, because nature is very diverse and has a rather complex structure. It highlights:

1. Geosphere - the surface of the Earth, both uninhabited and suitable for human life.

2. Biosphere - a set of living organisms on the surface, in the bowels and atmosphere of our planet.

3. Cosmosphere - the near-Earth outer space, in which spacecraft created by people are already located, as well as that area of space that can be inhabited by earthlings in a historically foreseeable time and is the object of intensive scientific research.

4. Noosphere ("noo" - mind) - the area of reasonable human activity, which is ultimately determined by the level of human intelligence and the amount of information processed by his brain.

5. Technosphere - (“techne” - art, skill, ability). It is a combination of all processes and phenomena created by man. It intersects with the geo-bio-cosmo- and noospheres at many points. And, according to scientists, it is in this intersection that the secret and cause of the global processes occurring in them, as well as the problems caused by these circumstances, lies.

In order to unravel them, all spheres of the relationship between nature and man were conditionally divided into natural and artificial habitats.

Geo-, bio- and cosmospheres turned out to be included in the natural one. It has a very large diameter, and an artificial habitat is concentrically embedded in it, including the technosphere. In their single center is the man himself, and consequently, the noosphere. The radius of the natural habitat is constantly expanding due to wildlife that has not been mastered by man, as well as the noosphere. And, of course, the impact to which the natural habitat is exposed cannot but cause us to fear for life on Earth, and, first of all, for man himself. After all, he is a biological being, and therefore, cannot live outside of nature.

Feelings for the future of our civilization have made the artificial and natural habitats the object of research by many scientists and, in particular, the outstanding representative of Russian science V.I. Vernadsky (1863-1945). He was primarily interested in the processes taking place in the biosphere and noosphere. Among the ideas expressed by him and of the greatest interest for the topic of our discussion was the assertion that the noosphere is not an independent formation, but the last of many states of the evolution of the biosphere in the geological history of the Earth. This process is exactly what is happening now.

A kind of continuation of the mythical ideas of our ancient ancestors about it as a living being was the statements of some modern scientists about the need to perceive the biosphere as a complex organism that functions intelligently and according to certain laws, and therefore is able to quite actively influence many of the processes occurring on our planet.

One and the other points of view, despite their originality, no doubt carry a great charge of optimism and faith in the ability of MIND to overcome the global problems of our time and, in particular, environmental ones.

Thanks to the approaches discussed above, it is possible to take a completely different look at the interaction of artificial and natural habitats as parts of one whole, and not unacceptable to each other. But, in fairness, it should be noted that there are other points of view on the environmental problem. They openly express concern that the development of the technosphere, no matter what benefits it turns out to be for humans, must have limits beyond which the death of nature may be inevitable. Fears of this kind, of course, have a fairly solid foundation. The genius of a person, his mind, the desire for self-expression and freedom of creativity made it possible, in a relatively short historical period of time, to go through a difficult path from a junior, and more often useless, partner to one who desired to become master over everyone. But how credible are these claims?

The answers to this question are sometimes the most contradictory. For example, a fairly large group of followers of technical scientism associate soil and water pollution, the destruction of forests, and the decrease in the Earth's ozone layer not only with the result of human production activities, but also with the imperfection of nature itself, which has a number of fundamental flaws. Therefore, they associate the way out of the ecological crisis with the organization of ecological production, designed to improve and improve nature in the interests of man, that is, they actually offer the option of creating an artificial environment instead of a natural one that “did not live up to expectations”. The problem with this point of view is:

In the absence of evidence of the imperfection of nature in relation to the activities of people,

In danger of disturbing the delicate balance still existing in nature as a result of ecological production,

In the probability of faster adaptation to the artificial habitat of organisms that are dangerous to human life: viruses, bacteria, etc.

In the absence of methods for accurately predicting and estimating possible consequences active ecological production. Another point of view can be assessed as more balanced, because it comes from the awareness of the need

Conservation and maintenance of the existing habitat,

Recognition of the inevitability of scientific and technological progress, but the desire to develop it in the direction of perfection of resource-saving and waste-free technologies that preserve nature as much as possible.

The advantages of this approach include the awareness by modern researchers of the negative consequences of the development of the technosphere for the person himself, which can even become irreversible. Increasingly, they manifest themselves in changes in heredity, mutations, constant overloads of his body and psyche. After all, the change in life that occurs in people in growing cities, the growth of its pace is accompanied by:

Stress, i.e. extreme excitation of the human nervous system,

Depression, characterized by a decrease in the vital activity of the body, reaching a state of complete indifference to everything, pessimism, apathy. “Falling” into such states is pushing, especially the townspeople, to commit suicide, crime, participation in riots and other violent actions.

Observations on a person exposed to the active negative effects of the technosphere have recorded a decrease in his hearing, a drop in working capacity, a decrease in mental activity, a disease of the nervous system, etc.

But are there the most optimal options for harmonizing the development of a mechanism for the coexistence of natural and artificial habitats? According to V.I. Vernadsky and his followers, humanity should unite its efforts in the following areas: "

1. Population by people of the entire planet, which continues with increasing intensity.

2. A sharp transformation of the means of communication and information exchange between different countries, which is also happening in the world thanks to radio and television.

3. Strengthening political contacts between states.

4. The predominance of the geological impact of man over other geological processes occurring in the biosphere. And this is also the case. For example, the amount of rocks extracted from the bowels of the Earth is 2 times higher than the average volume of lavas and ash brought to its surface by volcanoes. And if the number of natural materials formed on our planet does not exceed 3.5 thousand, then people annually create tens of thousands of their synthetic types.

5. Expansion of the boundaries of the biosphere due to the exit of mankind into space, which has been happening with increasing intensity in recent decades.

6. Discovery of new energy sources. Their number is also growing due to the use of nuclear, solar, wind, thermal sources, etc.

7. Equality of people of all races and religions.

8. Increasing the role of the masses in resolving issues of domestic and foreign policy.

9. Ensuring the freedom of scientific thought and scientific creativity from the pressure of religious, philosophical and political sentiments and the creation in the social and state system of conditions favorable for free scientific thought, for the implementation of which humanity still has to make a lot of efforts.

10. Raising the well-being of the population, creating real opportunities in order to prevent malnutrition, hunger, poverty and the weakening of the impact of disease.

11. Reasonable transformation of the primary nature of the Earth in order to adapt it to meet the ever-increasing material, aesthetic and spiritual needs of a numerically increasing population.

12. Exceptions of wars from the life of society. V.I.Vernadsky considers this condition to be extremely important for the creation and maintenance of the existence of the noosphere.

Almost all of these conditions are being gradually fulfilled, but with varying degrees of efficiency. The synthesis of these processes, proceeding towards the harmonization of the human community and nature, is called co-evolution. Mutual adaptation to each other of man and nature is associated with it, and the biosphere - to man and to the technosphere. But these processes are very complex, and are ambiguously characterized by specialists. In particular, they are seriously concerned about the problems that may arise with the development of biological and information technologies.

The first of them, biological, is associated with genetic engineering, i.e. with the discovery of the possibility of creating new combinations of DNA by a person, thanks to which he will be able to “rewrite” hereditary information and create new genes, and, consequently, “design” fundamentally new living beings that can negatively affect the existence of wildlife.

Information technology makes it possible to create various, including autonomous, systems of artificial intelligence, which are already influencing the formation of a worldview and a system of cultural and spiritual values and orientation among a significant part of the population of our planet. This is also reflected in active research towards the development of models of new generations of robots that can radically change the formula for the course of evolution, which may look like this: "wildlife - humans - 3rd generation robots and artificial intelligence systems."

Thus, the environmental problem is very relevant for all living beings and organisms inhabiting our planet. Its boundaries are very wide and go far beyond its own, which is not difficult to verify when analyzing the above described twelve conditions for the preservation of the Earth's biosphere, named by V.I. Vernadsky.

Let us turn, at least, to the problems of war and peace. It is known that for many centuries wars were perceived by mankind as an integral and objective component of its development. But historical experience, especially of the 20th century, not only confirmed the validity of the statement of I. Kant that the funds spent on them would be enough for the comfortable existence of mankind, but also made it possible to understand that wars are a specific form of violent armed solution of certain social, political, economic, religious and other problems.

In this century, everyone living on our planet and shocked by the horrors of the First and Second World Wars, after their end, had the illusion that such a nightmare should not happen again. In order to prevent new military tragedies, the League of Nations was created in 1922, and in 1945 the United Nations. But in neither case has the danger of war diminished. So, from 1945 to the present, more than 150 major wars have already taken place on the planet. For several decades, the world, split into capitalist and socialist camps, lived in tense expectation of the inevitable 3rd world, but already a nuclear war. And when the communist system collapsed in the second half of the 1980s, the establishment of a new world order based on universal values seemed inevitable to many politicians and ordinary citizens. As practice has shown, in the conditions of scientific, technological and information revolutions, a military conflict even between small and economically weak states can lead to dire consequences. The fact is that at present such means of mass destruction of people as bacteriological and chemical weapons are widely used in the world. For their production and delivery to the place of hostilities, a minimum of funds is required, and their use is fraught with the same catastrophic consequences for man and nature as the explosion of a hydrogen or neutron bomb. It is not for nothing that in a number of mass media the name "nuclear weapons for the poor" has been attached to such weapons. In addition, one should take into account the fact that a conflict between small states can also affect the political, religious, and economic interests of several groups of states at the same time, which will inevitably become involved in a global military confrontation.

Thus, in the current international situation, the ongoing arms race is a reality, accompanied by irreplaceable, colossal costs of labor, material, natural resources, and the intellect of the scientific and technical elite of society. Consequently, the problem of nuclear waste disposal continues to remain relevant, and health care, education, and culture in all countries continue to lack Money.

Among the global problems of our time, one more should be singled out - this is the problem of population growth.

It is interesting that the English economist Malthus spoke about the inevitability of its occurrence as early as the 18th century in his book An Essay on the Law of Population. It outlined the difficult situation that, in the author's opinion, will arise on the planet as a result of a growing disparity between population growth, which is supposedly taking place exponentially, and the amount of food produced, which is increasing in arithmetic progression.

Despite the controversy in the accuracy of such calculations, it should be noted that since the beginning of the 20th century, our planet has experienced a powerful population explosion. As a result, the number of inhabitants of the Earth by now has already exceeded 5 billion people and will reach 6 billion by the beginning of the third millennium. But this process cannot continue indefinitely, because it is limited by quite objective reasons:

The area of soils suitable for agriculture,

The complexity of mastering agricultural technologies and production culture, which takes a long time,

Increasing urban growth,

The limiting possibilities of natural resources: air, water, minerals, etc.

Unproductive costs of states (for wars, liquidation of internal conflicts, fight against crime), the size of which is a significant part of the budgets of most of them.

Without a doubt, the growth rate of the world's population is constrained by numerous factors, in particular, such as wars, diseases, industrial, household and road traffic injuries, crime, hunger. For example, every year in the CIS countries alone, more than one hundred thousand people die at the hands of criminals in accidents on the roads and at workplaces.

At the same time, in other regions of the world, for example, in Asia, Africa and Latin America, the number of newborns is very high, despite the active efforts made by the government of some countries, such as China, to limit the birth rate. In most European countries, in North America and Australia, very different processes are taking place, as a result of which their population is growing at a very low rate.

According to experts involved in the study of these problems, and among them there are philosophers, and economists, and lawyers, and sociologists, the reason for this is:

A significant difference in living standards in highly developed and underdeveloped countries,

historical traditions,

geographic factor,

Religious dogmas.

If we touch on the latter, then they regulate, for example, a whole range of family and marriage relations between spouses. So, both Islam and Catholicism forbid women from having abortions. Islam also allows polygamy.

But the main reason, most likely, should be sought in the difference in the standard of living of people in both parts of the world. Countries with a high standard of living also comply with the standards applicable to:

The quality of medical care,

The structure of nutrition and its culture,

The system of raising children, as well as their education and living conditions.

In countries with a low standard of living, these problems are given less attention. But on the other hand, it is in countries with a developed industry that the percentage of infertility among men and women is high, and in economically weak countries, the mortality rate among children is high and the life of adults is short.

How is it supposed to solve the problem of population and related problems - food and disease? Modern scientists express a number of points of view on this issue, among which it is worth highlighting:

Development of international programs of assistance to peoples experiencing food problems or suffering from mass epidemics;

Assistance to underdeveloped states in their economic development by the world community;

Development of humane methods and technologies for regulating the birth of offspring;

Promotion and implementation of a high culture of family and marriage relations.

The view of this problem by researchers who perceive the Earth's biosphere as an integral living organism, very actively reacting to the influence of a person on its vital activity, is also interesting. They, in particular, argue that the biosphere has many abilities that we still do not know, and, in particular, the regulation of the human population, which will not cross the crisis line of 12 billion. These are called natural disasters, as well as diseases that affect people and were previously unknown to science.

Thus, scientists draw attention to the need for a more cautious and balanced attitude on the part of a person to the world around him, because a conflict with it can tear people away from themselves, destroying them.

In addition to the above-mentioned global problems of our time, the authors consider it necessary to draw the attention of readers to another one that is very relevant for both prosperous countries and those eking out a beggarly existence. It refers to the problem of crime. The variety of activities of modern man has given not only many positive results, but also generated an equally rich set of his illegal actions with varying degrees of negative consequences. They manifest themselves in the sphere of economics, finance, politics, administrative activities, having long passed the line when crimes are committed by individuals or their small groups.

The reasons for the criminal behavior of people are very diverse and therefore are studied by a number of sciences, in particular, criminology, legal psychology. We have repeatedly discussed the philosophical aspect of this problem, for example, in the study of the dialectic of the relationship between the concepts of "freedom - necessity". It began to be perceived as global since it acquired the character of an organized one and went beyond the boundaries of individual states. International syndicates and other associations of criminals involved in the production and sale of drugs, gambling, prostitution, trade in transplants, etc. involved millions of citizens of various states in the scope of their activities. The cash income from their operations is hundreds of billions of dollars.

The negative consequences of organized crime are:

In a threat to the lives and safety of large masses of people,

Undermining the economy of states,

Undermining people's health as a result of drug use and unhealthy lifestyles,

In child molestation,

In the formation of criminal political regimes, etc.

Successful overcoming of this evil is possible only with the combined efforts of governments and law enforcement agencies of the entire world community, which is obliged to realize that such a phenomenon as crime has no boundaries and, first of all, affects the most capable part of the population, removes a lot of money and material resources from public circulation. .

At the end of consideration of the issue, we can conclude that it is precisely those of their large number that are associated with the global problems of our time, so well known to each of us in everyday life, which have taken on a universal character, have become not only the result of the transforming activity of people, but have not yet cosmic processes known to us.

These problems are also called global because they require universal efforts to overcome them. They also extend to the sphere of political, economic, spiritual relations between peoples.

One should hardly hope for the establishment of harmony in such complex systems as: “man - man”, “man - nature”, and in the future also “man - space”, if such a situation persists on our planet when abundance and prosperity reign in one part of it, and children die of hunger in the other when material resources and money will continue to be spent on ensuring ideological and military confrontation between countries, on scientific and technical or social experiments that are unfeasible or dangerous in their consequences.

Thus, the more actively humanity concentrates its efforts towards the successful resolution of the global problems of our time, the more reason it will be able to talk with optimism about the foreseeable and distant future, with a greater degree of probability to make forecasts for them.

CONCLUSION

Awareness of humanity as a planetary factor occurs not only due to the positive aspects of its influence on the world, but also through a whole range of negative consequences of the technogenic path of development. The global nature of these problems does not allow them to be solved regionally, i.e. in terms of one or more states. In organizational terms, the solution of global problems will inevitably require the creation of a special “general staff of mankind”, which should determine the strategy for using knowledge to prevent global catastrophes.

When finding ways to solve global problems, it is necessary to determine a strategy for their solution. Here, as a starting point, we can take their classification into three interrelated groups. Today there are many attempts to develop ways to solve global problems. And here a special place is occupied by the Club of Rome, headed by Aurelio Peccei for a long time. At the initiative of this non-governmental organization, a number of major studies were carried out and published in the form of reports. These include: “Limits to Growth”, “Humanity at the Turning Point”, “Goals of Humanity”, etc. Within the framework of this direction, the unity of modern civilization and the common destinies of all countries and peoples are realized.

Global problems in many ways change the very approach to understanding social progress, forced to reassess the values that have been laid down throughout the history of civilization in its foundation. For many, it becomes obvious what academician V.I. Vernadsky paid attention to half a century ago, who wrote: “For the first time, a person realized that he is an inhabitant of the planet and can - must - think and act in a new aspect, not only in the aspect of an individual, family, clan, state, but also in the planetary aspect. Such a generalized, planetary view of man and his place in the world was important step to the formation of global consciousness on the basis of a person's understanding of his integrity. The next step consists in the moral reorientation of people, in understanding the current situation from these positions and in the search for practical ways out of it.

The crisis of modern society is largely due to the total, global alienation of man. Hence the salvation of mankind lies in the improvement of society and in the education of man himself, and not only in scientific and technological achievements. The system organization of programs for solving global problems involves the use of global modeling.

Global problems require spiritual unity from humanity in the name of saving civilization. They led to the need for qualitative changes in the life support systems of society and its value orientations. They require a fundamentally new relationship between people, as well as the relationship of people to nature.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

Global problems and prospects of civilization: philosophy of relations with the natural environment. – M.: INION, 1994.

Kvasova I.I. Philosophy: Proc. Allowance for universities. - M.: RUDN, 1999.

Klyagin N.V. Man in history. – M.: Institute of Philosophy RAS, 1999.

Kropotov S. L. Economics of text in the non-classical philosophy of art Nietzsche, Bataille, Foucault, Derrida. Yekaterinburg, 1999.

Kochergin A.N. Philosophy and global problems. - M., 1996.

Leibin V.M. Global studies - history and modernity. - M.: Enlightenment, 1992.

Nizhnikov S.A. Philosophy: a course of lectures: a textbook for universities. M.: Publishing house "Exam". 2006.

Theory of Society: Fundamental Problems. - M .: Kanon-Press-C, Kuchkovo field, 1999.

Philosophy: basic terms. Proc. allowance. - St. Petersburg, Aletheya, 1997.

Lorenz K. Eight deadly sins of civilized mankind // Questions of Philosophy. - 1992. - No. 8.

Science and global problems of our time. Round table // Questions of Philosophy. - 1984 - No. 7.

Science and global problems of our time. Round table // Questions of Philosophy. - 1984 - No. 8.

Zelenogorsk 2010

Introduction

2. Ways to solve global problems

Conclusion

Bibliography

Applications

Introduction

Humanity does not stand still, it is constantly evolving and improving. In the course of development, complex problems constantly arose before mankind, many of which are of a global, planetary nature, which affect the interests of all countries and peoples. Humanity has survived the tragedy of two of the most destructive and bloody world wars. Done with colonial empires and colonialism; the collapse of totalitarian regimes opens up the prospect of a civilizational unity of the world; the scientific and technological revolution and the latest technologies have transformed the material and technical basis of modern society, which is acquiring the qualitative features of a post-industrial and information society; new means of labor and household appliances; the development of education and culture, the assertion of the priority of human rights, etc., provide opportunities for human improvement and a new quality of life.

They manifested themselves in full measure in the last quarter of the 20th century, at the turn of two centuries and even millennia. As Gilbert Keith Chesterton, an outstanding English Christian thinker, journalist and writer of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, said: "Progress is the father of problems."

One of the reasons for the diversity of the world is the difference natural conditions, physical habitat. These conditions affect many aspects of social life, but primarily on human economic activity. In the states of the world, the problems of people's lives, their well-being and human rights are solved within the framework of historical features. Each of the sovereign states has its own problems.

The purpose of this essay: to summarize knowledge about the global problems of our time, to highlight their characteristic features, to find out the necessary conditions for their solution. Let's try to determine which problems are of a global nature, into which groups they are divided. Let's discuss what measures people should take to solve these problems.

The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references. The total amount of work ___ pages.

1. Global problems of our time

1.1 The concept of global problems

First of all, it is necessary to decide what problems we can call "global". Global (French Global) - universal, (lat. Globus) - a ball. Based on this, the meaning of the word "global" can be defined as:

1) covering the entire globe, worldwide;

2) comprehensive, complete, universal.

The present time is the boundary of the change of epochs, the entry modern world into a qualitatively new phase of development. The most characteristic features of the modern world (Fig. 1):

information revolution;

acceleration of modernization processes;

"consolidation" of space;

acceleration of historical and social time;

the end of the bipolar world (confrontation between the US and the USSR);

revision of the Eurocentric point of view on the world;

the growth of the influence of the Eastern states;

integration (rapprochement, interpenetration);

globalization (strengthening interconnection, interdependence of countries and peoples);

strengthening of national cultural values and traditions.

Figure 1 - Modern world

Thus, global problems are a set of problems of mankind that confronted him in the second half of the 20th century, and on the solution of which the existence of civilization depends and, therefore, requiring concerted international action to solve them.

Now let's try to find out what they have in common.

These problems are characterized by dynamism, they arise as an objective factor in the development of society, and for their solution they require the combined efforts of all mankind. Global problems are interconnected, cover all aspects of people's lives and concern all countries of the world. It has become obvious that global problems not only concern all of humanity, but are also vital to it. The complex problems facing humanity can be considered global, since (Fig. 2):

firstly, they affect all mankind, touching the interests and destinies of all countries, peoples and social strata;

secondly, global problems do not recognize borders;

thirdly, they lead to significant losses of economic and social character, and sometimes to the threat of the existence of civilization itself;

fourthly, they require a wide international cooperation to solve these problems, since no state, no matter how powerful it may be, is not able to solve them on its own.

Figure 2 - Features of global problems

Until the middle of the 20th century, there was no concept of "global problems" in the political language as the general problems of world civilization. Their appearance was caused by a whole range of reasons that most clearly manifested themselves during this period. What are these reasons?

1.2 Causes of global problems

Scientists and philosophers at the level of generalizations put forward ideas about the relationship of human activity with the state of the biosphere (the environment that supports life on Earth). Russian scientist V.I. Vernandsky in 1944 expressed the idea that human activity is acquiring a scale comparable to the power of natural forces. This allowed him to raise the question of the restructuring of the biosphere into the noosphere (the sphere of activity of the mind).

What gave rise to global problems? These reasons include a sharp increase in the number of mankind, and the scientific and technological revolution, and the use of space, and the emergence of a single world information system, and many others.

The first people who appeared on Earth, getting food for themselves, did not violate natural laws and natural circuits. With the development of tools, man increasingly increased his "pressure" on nature. So, even 400 thousand years ago, synanthropes destroyed significant areas of vegetation in northern China by fire; and in the once wooded Moscow region in the time of Ivan the Terrible there were fewer forests than now - due to the use of slash-and-burn agriculture since antiquity.

The industrial revolution of the 18th-19th centuries, interstate contradictions, scientific and technological revolution of the middle of the 20th century, integration aggravated the situation. Problems grew like a snowball as humanity moved along the path of progress. World War II marked the beginning of the transformation of local problems into global ones.

Global problems are the result of the confrontation between natural nature and human culture, as well as the inconsistency or incompatibility of multidirectional trends in the course of the development of human culture itself. Natural nature exists according to the principle of negative feedback, while human culture - on the principle of positive feedback. On the one hand, it is the huge scale of human activity, which has radically changed nature, society, and the way of life of people. On the other hand, it is the inability of a person to rationally dispose of this power.

So, we can name the causes of global problems:

globalization of the world;

catastrophic consequences of human activity, the inability of mankind to rationally dispose of its mighty power.

1.3 The main global problems of our time

By their nature, global problems are different. These include, first of all, the problem of peace and disarmament, the prevention of a new world war; ecological; demographic; energy; raw materials; food; use of the oceans; peaceful exploration of outer space; overcoming the backwardness of developing countries (Fig. 3).

Figure 3 - Global problems of mankind

There are various approaches to the classification of global problems, but the classification according to the content and severity of the problems has received the greatest recognition. In accordance with this approach, the global problems of mankind are divided into three groups, expressing the essence of the general crisis of civilization:

universal problems (for example, the prevention of an arms race);

problems of human relations with nature (for example, the study and exploration of space);

problems of the relationship between society and man (for example, the elimination of the most dangerous diseases).

However, there is no stable list and unified classification of global problems, however, the most relevant are the following.

The problem of world thermonuclear war. The search for ways to prevent world conflicts began almost immediately after the end of World War II and the victory over Nazism. At the same time, a decision was made to create the UN - a universal international organization, the main purpose of which was the development of interstate cooperation and, in the event of a conflict between countries, to assist the opposing parties in resolving disputed issues peacefully. However, the division of the world into two systems, capitalist and socialist, which soon followed, as well as the beginning of the Cold War and the arms race, more than once brought the world to the brink of a nuclear catastrophe. A particularly real threat of the start of a third world war was during the so-called Caribbean crisis of 1962, caused by the deployment of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. But thanks to the reasonable position of the leaders of the USSR and the USA, the crisis was resolved peacefully. In subsequent decades, a number of agreements on the limitation of nuclear weapons were signed by the world's leading nuclear powers, and some of the nuclear powers assumed obligations to stop nuclear tests. The decisions of governments were influenced by the public movement for peace, as well as the speeches of such an authoritative interstate association of scientists for general and complete disarmament as the Pugwash Movement.

Throughout their existence, people face problems of a global scale. The growth of scientific and technological progress has influenced the fact that there are more negative processes affecting the planet as a whole. Modern Philosophy requires their in-depth understanding in order to predict the consequences of such influence. The global problems of our time and ways to solve them are of concern to all countries on earth. Therefore, not so long ago, a new concept appeared - globalistics, which is based on a scientific and philosophical strategy for eliminating unpleasant phenomena on an international scale.

Many specialists work in the field of global studies, and this is not accidental. The reasons that do not allow humanity to develop harmoniously and move forward are complex in nature, and do not depend on one factor. That is why it is necessary to analyze the slightest changes in the political, social, economic state of states and peoples. The life of all mankind depends on whether the world community can decide in time.

How problems are classified

The problems of humanity, which are of a global nature, affect the lives of all people and lead to serious social and economic losses. When they escalate, they can threaten the existence of the world's population. To solve them, the governments of all countries must unite and act together.

There is a scientific and philosophical classification of problems, formed on the basis of a long study. It consists of three large groups.

The first includes problems that affect the political and economic interests of different countries. They can be conditionally divided into the confrontation of the "East with the West", into backward and developed countries, into the prevention of terrorism and war. It also includes the preservation of peace and the establishment of a fair economic order on the planet.
In the second group there are problems arising from the interaction of mankind with nature. This is a lack of raw materials, fuel and energy, a problem of preserving the World Ocean, flora and fauna of the earth.
The third group includes problems that may be associated with a person and society. The main ones are overpopulation of the earth, education and health care.

Globalistics carefully examines the problems of modernity, based on philosophy and scientific and technical base. Philosophy explains that their occurrence is not an accident, but a pattern associated with progress in society and affecting the development of mankind.

do everything to save the world;
reduce rapid population growth;
reduce the use of natural resources;
stop and reduce the pollution of the planet;
reduce the social gap between people;
eradicate poverty and hunger everywhere.

Scientific and philosophical theory requires not only stating problems, but also giving a clear answer on how to solve them.

Causes and solutions

Understanding global problems is very important for humanity. This is the first step towards eliminating them.

The main condition for the preservation of life is peace on earth, therefore it is necessary to eliminate the threat of a third world war. Scientific and technological revolution gave people thermonuclear weapons, the use of which is capable of destroying entire cities and countries. Ways to solve this problem can be as follows:

stop the arms race, a complete ban on the creation and use of weapons of mass destruction;
strict control over chemical and nuclear warheads;
cutting spending on the army and a ban on the arms trade.

To solve global environmental problems, humanity needs to try hard. A threat hung over the people. This is due to the expected warming that is caused by emissions. If it happens, it will be catastrophic for the earth. The planet's geosystem will begin to change. As a result of the melting of glaciers, the level of the World Ocean will rise, thousands of kilometers of the coastal zone will be flooded. The planet will be subjected to a flurry of hurricanes, earthquakes and other extreme events. This will lead to death and destruction.

The high concentration of harmful substances in the atmosphere leads to another global problem - the violation of the ozone layer and the appearance of ozone holes. They are the cause and detrimental effect on all living things. The concept "is not perfectly studied, but scientists have certain information.

These problems can be solved by reducing environmental pollution.
It is necessary to reduce industrial emissions into the atmosphere, using the novelties of scientific and technological progress, and make every effort to save forests.

The demographic problem has long been relevant for humanity. Today, in most developing countries, there is an explosion in the birth rate, and the population is growing rapidly. In developed countries, on the contrary, this indicator is falling and the nation is aging. Social philosophy suggests looking for a solution in a competent demographic policy, which should be pursued by the governments of all countries.

The fuel and raw material problem threatens the world community with a lack of various resources necessary to ensure the life of people in the modern world. Already, many countries are suffering from insufficient fuel and energy.

To eliminate this disaster, it is necessary to economically distribute natural resources.
Use non-traditional types of energy sources, for example, wind, solar power plants.
Develop nuclear energy and competently use the power of the oceans.

Food shortages have a profound effect on many countries. According to official figures, about 1.2 million people are undernourished in the modern world. There are two ways to solve this global problem of mankind.

The essence of the first method is that it is necessary to increase the area for pastures and sowing crops in order to produce more food for consumption.
The second method recommends not to increase the territory, but to modernize the existing ones. Productivity can be improved by using scientific and technological innovations. For example, biotechnologies, with the help of which frost-resistant and high-yielding plant varieties are created.

The global problem of underdevelopment of underdeveloped countries is carefully studied by social philosophy. Many experts believe that the reason for the slow development of states is the rapid population growth against the backdrop of the lack of a developed economy. This leads to total poverty of people. To support these states, the world community must financial assistance, build hospitals, schools, various industrial enterprises and promote the development of the economy of backward peoples.

Problems of the World Ocean and human health

Recently, the threat to the oceans has been acutely felt. Environmental pollution and the irrational use of its resources have led to the fact that it is on the verge of death. Today, the goal of mankind is to preserve the ecosystem, because without it the planet cannot survive. This requires a certain strategy:

prohibit the disposal of nuclear and other dangerous substances;
to improve the structure of the world economy by creating separate places for oil production and fishing;
protect recreational resources from destruction;
improve industrial complexes located on the ocean.

The health of the inhabitants of the earth is an important global problem of our time. Scientific and technological progress stimulates the emergence of new drugs for serious diseases. Invented the latest equipment for diagnosis and treatment. But despite this, epidemics often occur that claim thousands of lives, so scientists continue to actively develop advanced methods of struggle.

However, medicine is not a panacea. By and large, the health of each individual person is in his own hands. First and foremost, it's about lifestyle. After all, the causes of terrible diseases, as a rule, are:

poor nutrition and overeating,
immobility,
smoking,
alcoholism,
stress,
bad ecology.

Without waiting for the solution of global world problems, everyone can take care of their own health and the well-being of their loved ones - and the population of the Earth will become much healthier and happier. Why not a huge success?

The action plan is simple and clear, and the main thing here is to move from theory to practice. Rethink your diet natural products, fresh vegetables and fruits; if you smoke - as soon as possible, do the same with addiction to alcohol; if your life is full of stress - identify their sources and deal with negative factors eliminating them if possible. Be sure to move more. As for ecology, it also matters on the most local scale - your apartment, workplace. Try to create a healthy atmosphere around you and seriously consider moving to another area if your air is bad. Remember: what we breathe every day (including tobacco smoke) and what we eat every day has a key impact on our health.

Each problem has its own specifics and methods of elimination, but they all affect the common interests of mankind. Therefore, to resolve them, the efforts of all people will be required. Modern philosophy warns that any problems can become global, and our task is to notice and prevent their development in a timely manner.

Speaking about modern interstate problems, it should be borne in mind that in the second half of the twentieth century, humanity faced the problem of survival and self-preservation. Such a threat appeared due to the natural-historical development of the world community, when humanity faced a number of problems, called global ones. Global problems are problems that affect the vital interests of all mankind and require coordinated international actions on the scale of the world community for their solution.

Global problems of mankind can be divided into four main groups:

1. Problems predominantly of a socio-political nature: the prevention of nuclear war; cessation of the arms race, resolution of regional and interstate conflicts; building a non-violent world based on the establishment of trust between peoples, strengthening the system of universal security.

2. Problems predominantly of a socio-economic nature: overcoming underdevelopment and related poverty and cultural backwardness; security efficient production and reproduction of the world gross product; search for ways to resolve the energy, raw materials and food crises; optimization of the demographic situation, especially in developing countries; development for peaceful purposes of the near-Earth space and the World Ocean.

3. Socio-environmental problems caused by further deterioration of the natural habitat of people. With particular urgency, the need arose for measures to improve the gaseous envelope of the atmosphere; on the harmonious development of animate and inanimate nature; on the rational use of the natural potential of the planet; to prevent harmful effects on the nature of military activities.

4. Human problems, including the human dimension of social progress: observance of social, economic and individual rights and freedoms; elimination of hunger, epidemic diseases, ignorance; spiritual development of the personality; overcoming the alienation of a person from nature, society, the state, other people and the results of their own life.

The global problems of our time have arisen as a natural result of the development and social progress of society as a whole. Their single, systemic nature is fully confirmed by practice. Thus, the increased military danger and the buildup of the arms race inevitably exacerbate the raw materials, environmental and other problems. And steps aimed at eliminating the backwardness of the developing countries in the economy will entail a satisfactory solution of such problems as food, energy and raw materials.

Of all global problems, the problem of maintaining peace and preventing a nuclear catastrophe is directly and directly related to politics. This is not accidental, since this problem arose as a result of the confrontation of political forces represented by states. Being a means of achieving the political goals of certain social forces, “a continuation of their policy, in the words of K. Clausewitz, by other means,” war turns into a tragedy for peoples, as evidenced by the entire history of mankind.

The "continuation of politics by other means" plunged peoples into wars and armed conflicts about 15,000 times. Only 292 years of the entire history of mankind did without wars. Over the period of human history studied by science, wars have claimed more than 3.5 billion human lives. Moreover, as the means of destruction improved, the scale of wars also grew. In the twentieth century along with local reality, world wars have also become. If the Thirty Years' War, which was fought in 1618-1648, turned out to be the first war in which almost all the states of Western Europe were involved, claimed 600 thousand human lives, then the First World War of 1914-1918. – about 9.5 million. The total number of victims, including those killed, starved to death, disease and aerial bombardment, in World War II reached 55 million people. In terms of the number of people who died daily (on average), the Second World War surpassed the Crimean (1853–1856) by 119 times, the Russo-Japanese (1904–1905) by 60, and the First World War by 2.6 times.

After the Second World War, unfortunately, the wars did not stop. During the time that has passed since this war, more than 200 local wars and armed conflicts have been unleashed, in which a huge number of people died in different countries: Korea - 1.7 million; Vietnam - 3 million; Algeria - 0.9 million; Bangladesh - 3.5 million, etc. Great amount human lives have been claimed in recent years by armed conflicts on the territory of the former republics Soviet Union, US bombing of Iraq, Yugoslavia.

The policy of confrontation over the past decades has pushed the governments of countries to spend huge amounts of money on the creation of special agencies for conducting wars, on the creation and accumulation of weapons of mass destruction.

State budget spending on defense as a percentage of Israel's gross national product in 1989 was 20%; USSR - 6.6%; Greece - 5.5%, etc. downward trend in military spending. In the 1990s, arms spending increased significantly in many countries. The leaders of a number of countries have openly spoken about this more than once. For example, in January 1999, then US President B. Clinton said in his State of the Union address: "The time has come to reverse the downward trend in military spending that began in 1985." Military spending per capita in 1995 in Russia was $113; in Portugal - respectively 220; in Italy - 351; Belgium - 396; Germany - 430; Greece - 447; the Netherlands - 454; Great Britain - 575; France - 739; Norway - 749; USA - 1054. Daily military spending of all countries today reaches 1.5 billion dollars.

Huge defense appropriations allowed states to accumulate a large number of not only conventional, but also nuclear, chemical, bacteriological and other weapons, newest species which are distributed all over the world. According to scientists, the world has accumulated 10,000 tons of explosives for every living person. There are no reliable guarantees against the creation of nuclear weapons by many countries. The detonators of a new world war can be any local armed conflicts, some of which can be eliminated, but others arise. A world war is fraught not only with innumerable victims, but also with the destruction of the habitat - an almost instantaneous ecological catastrophe and the death of all mankind. Therefore, the most important task is to preserve peace and prevent a thermonuclear catastrophe.

The solution to this problem is realistic if all the subjects of politics, all the people of our planet realize the imminent danger of their destruction in the event of a war, understand that the modern world is one, integral and interconnected. Its achievement is possible on the path of renunciation of wars as a means of resolving political issues in domestic and international relations, general disarmament, recognition of the right of free and independent development of all peoples. It is still too far from the establishment of such a state.

There are forces in the world community that are interested in a different development of events. This, in particular, is evidenced by the speech of US President B. Clinton at a closed meeting of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on October 25, 1995, where he said: “In relation to Russian Federation the following problems are to be solved: the dismemberment of Russia into small states through interregional wars, similar to those that we organized in Yugoslavia, the final division of the military-industrial complex of Russia and the army, the establishment of regimes in the republics that have broken away from Russia, which we need. And on January 22, 2004, US President George W. Bush, speaking to Congress with his annual State of the Union address, reiterated that the United States reserves the right to go to war at any time if the nation is threatened. "America will never ask permission to protect the safety of its citizens," Bush said. "The work is not done," he warned, promising to continue the fight against regimes that "support terrorism at the state level."

Solving the problem of preserving peace and preventing the threat of thermonuclear war is closely connected with the implementation of all other global problems, primarily environmental ones.

Unlike the military problem, which has nothing to do with natural needs humanity and can be solved on the basis of relevant agreements and treaties of interested parties, the problem of preserving the environment is organically conditioned by a sharp increase in economic activity a person dictated by the natural tendencies of social development: an increase in the population, its desire for progress, improvement of material well-being, etc.

Excessive, without looking back, human exploitation of nature has led to massive deforestation, deterioration in the quality of fresh water resources, pollution of the seas, lakes, rivers, destruction of the ozone layer, which poses a great danger to people's lives. As a result of deforestation and an increase in the mass of fuel burned, the proportion of carbon dioxide in the air is increasing. Emissions of other chemical atmospheric pollutants (nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides) are increasing, resulting in “acid rain”. There is a warming of the climate on the planet, leading to the emergence of the so-called "greenhouse effect". The catastrophe at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, which led to great loss of life, radioactive contamination of large areas of land for many years, was menacingly reminded of the enormous responsibility of people for their deeds.

Here are just some of the data that clearly illustrate what has been said. For the twentieth century The world's population has more than tripled to nearly 6 billion people. Over this time industrial production increased by more than 50 times, and the consumption of natural fuel - by more than 30 times.

Over the past 30 years destroyed 50% rainforest Asia and Latin America. Huge forest areas have disappeared in other regions during this time. Along with the reduction of forest area, many species of plants and animals are disappearing. From 1600 to the present, according to the International Survival Commission, 63 species of mammals and 94 species of birds have irrevocably disappeared from the face of the Earth. Much more species of animals and birds are on the verge of extinction today.

From 1800 to 2000 As a result of burning fossil fuels, about 180 billion tons of carbon dioxide are emitted into the atmosphere. As a result, its concentration in the atmosphere has increased by 25% over the past 200 years. Only the countries of the European Economic Community annually emit 18 million tons of sulfur dioxide and 10 million tons of nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.

The use of non-renewable and renewable resources has also approached a dangerous limit. Several million hectares of fertile land are lost every year. These losses are practically non-renewable, since it takes several centuries to restore the destroyed soil. The use of minerals is a serious concern. If the rates of their extraction remain the same as at present, then copper, lead, tin, zinc will last for 20-30 years, the reserves of raw materials for the production of iron, aluminum will disappear in 260-570 years, the situation with the reserves is no better. other minerals. In recent years, the problem of the use of minerals has acquired the most acute forms in the Russian Federation in connection with access to them. foreign companies, a threatening increase in the export of raw materials.

At present, sharpness environmental problem is intensified as a result of its sharp politicization, because the struggle for raw materials, energy resources, spheres of influence, etc., is intensifying. The ecological crisis cannot be overcome by solving some particular problems. Solving the environmental problem is the most urgent task of the entire world community and requires the implementation of a whole range of drastic measures. The implementation of this task will largely relieve the acuteness of all other global problems, primarily energy, raw materials, and food.

The last decades have been marked by the growing concern of mankind, caused by the stream of dangerous diseases and addictions that has fallen upon it. Cardiovascular and oncological diseases, AIDS, alcoholism, drug addiction have acquired an international character and become one of the global problems. The fight against these diseases, given that the secret of their cure cannot be solved quickly, and some of them are capable of infecting healthy people who do not have immune defenses through the source of the infectious agent, becomes extremely important.

The whole world cannot but be disturbed by the deepening difference in the standard of living of the peoples of developed and developing countries. At the beginning of the twentieth century. the share of national income per capita in developed countries exceeded this figure in developing countries by 6 times, in the 1980s by 12 times, and by 2000 this excess had become 13 times. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that if in 1950 2/3 of the entire world population lived in these countries, in the 80s - 3/4, then by the end of the 20th century. its share was 4/5. The growing well-being of some against the backdrop of the hopeless situation of others is a paradoxical picture of the modern world. The underdeveloped countries are often hit by famine, resulting in the death of a large number of people. Every year, 13-18 million people die of starvation in African countries alone. Having gained political independence, they found themselves in direct economic dependence on developed countries (their debts amounted to $1,300 billion). This turns poor countries into a zone of epidemics and social conflicts, fraught with social explosions, dangerous for all mankind.

The situation is aggravated by the fact that the poor countries are not able to overcome their backwardness on their own and their lagging behind the highly developed countries is increasing. It is inhuman and dangerous for highly developed countries to remain on the sidelines, not to help these distressed peoples through joint efforts. They need not only immediate humanitarian assistance, but also serious long-term development support. productive forces. To ensure its success - to eliminate the causes of suffering for people in poor countries - is possible only through the joint efforts of the world community.

Among the global problems of our time that require urgent solutions are also the discrepancy in the ratio between the demographic growth of the population and the dynamics of the productive forces; the growth of crime, especially the drug mafia; international terrorism, among various forms of which the most dangerous is state terrorism directed against the peoples and legitimate authorities of other countries.

These are the main global problems of our time. They are organically linked and intertwined with many others. international problems. The very essence of the global problems of our time, concerning all mankind, requires joint action on a global scale. To solve them, constructive, constructive cooperation on the scale of the entire planet is necessary. Their solution, therefore, requires the joint efforts of all states.

With the development of mankind and under the influence the latest technologies new problems are emerging that previously people did not even think about.

They accumulate and over time begin to destroy modern society spiritually and physically. Everyone has heard about the global problems of modern society, such as the depletion of minerals, the greenhouse effect, overpopulation and the deterioration of the ecological state of our planet. In addition to global difficulties, any citizen can be affected, or are already being affected, by social, moral, economic and political problems. One of them can be attributed to various kinds of dependencies. Deteriorating living standards, job loss and lack of money for many lead to stress and depression. People want to forget and try to relieve nervous tension with alcohol or drugs. However, it is not only about bad habits, alcohol abuse or drug use. Modern society, like a virus, was struck by dependence on loans, computers and the Internet, as well as drugs imposed by advertising. At the same time, it is better to get rid of some modern problems or not have them at all, it remains only to adapt to others. After all, some of them are ordinary difficulties that can be overcome and gain invaluable life experience.

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The most common problems in society

Social inequality. Rich and poor citizens have always been and are. However, now there is a huge gap between these segments of the population: some people have bank accounts with fabulous sums, others do not have enough money even for meat. According to the level of income society can be divided into three groups:

Rich people (presidents, kings, politicians, cultural and art figures, big businessmen)
Middle class (employees, doctors, teachers, lawyers)
The poor (unskilled workers, beggars, unemployed)

Market instability in the modern world has led to the fact that a significant part of citizens live below the poverty line. As a result, the society is criminalized: robberies, robberies, fraud. However, in the absence of strongly pronounced social inequality, the number of crimes is much less.

Credit cabal. Intrusive advertising slogans, calling to take now and pay later, are firmly planted in the minds of the people. Some people sign without looking loan agreement, so they do not know how dangerous quick loans are. Financial illiteracy does not allow you to assess your own solvency. Such citizens have several loans that they cannot repay in a timely manner. Penalties are added to the interest rate, which can become even more than the debt.

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Alcoholism and drug addiction. These diseases are dangerous social problem. The main reasons why people drink are general insecurity, unemployment and poverty. Drugs are usually taken out of curiosity or in company with friends. The intake of these substances leads to the moral degradation of the individual, destroys the body and causes fatal diseases. Alcoholics and drug addicts often have sick children. Antisocial behavior for such citizens becomes the norm. Under the influence of alcohol and drugs, they commit various crimes, which negatively affects the life of society.

Breaking away from traditional family values. The family provides the necessary psychological support to each person. However, in modern society there is a departure from traditional family, which is associated with the promotion of homosexual relations, so popular in Western countries. And the legalization of same-sex marriages in some states destroys historically established gender roles. Indeed, even in the Stone Age, a man was the main earner, and a woman was the keeper of the hearth.

Imposed diseases and medicines. Drug manufacturers need unhealthy people, because the more sick people, the better the product is sold. In order for the pharmaceutical business to bring a stable income, diseases are imposed on citizens and a stir is created. For example, the recent mass hysteria surrounding bird and swine flu was accompanied by daily media reports of new victims of the disease. Panic broke out in the world. People began to buy all kinds of medicines, vitamins, gauze bandages, which increased in price by five or six times. So the pharmaceutical industry is constantly making huge profits. At the same time, some medications do not cure, but only eliminate the symptoms, while others are addictive and help only with constant use. If a person stops taking them, the symptoms return. Therefore, citizens are unlikely to ever be offered truly effective drugs.

Virtual world. Most children with early age have free access to a computer. They spend a lot of time in the virtual world and move away from reality: they do not want to go out, communicate with their peers, and do their homework with difficulty. Even during the holidays, schoolchildren are rarely seen on the streets. Sitting at computers, children can no longer do without a world of illusions in which they feel safe and comfortable. Computer addiction is an emerging problem in the modern world.

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Attacks. Terrorist acts in different parts of the world are a serious social problem. Hostage-taking, shootings, explosions in the metro and airports, undermining planes and trains claim millions of human lives. Terrorism can be global, like ISIS and Al-Qaeda, for example. These groups want to get their hands on weapons of mass destruction, so they use global means to achieve their goal. Acting all over the world, they arrange terrorist attacks in different states with numerous victims. Terrorists can also be loners who are dissatisfied with the policies of their state, such as the Norwegian nationalist Breivik. Both varieties are heinous crimes that result in the death of innocent people. It is impossible to predict a terrorist attack, and absolutely anyone can become its accidental victim.

Military conflicts and interference in the affairs of other states. In Ukraine, Western countries staged a coup d'etat, which they paid in advance, provided informational and political support. After that, the US and the EU ordered to go to war against the inhabitants of Donbass, who did not want to obey the Ukrainian authorities. At the same time, Western countries, which are so fond of shouting about human rights, remained silent in this situation. And the United States financially helped Kyiv and supplied military equipment. When Russia provided assistance to the Donbass with weapons and food, it was instantly criticized by the West and accused of interfering in the affairs of Ukraine. At the same time, it was possible to agree on a truce, but Kyiv, at the suggestion of the US and the EU, chose war. The victims of political games were the inhabitants of Donbass. Thousands of people lived safely and suddenly lost everything, left without a roof over their heads. This is not an isolated case, the United States has repeatedly interfered in the affairs of the countries of the Middle East and other states.

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