What is the relationship between global. Global problems of mankind. Global Issues and Social Progress

SOCIETY

Institutes

C5. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "institutions of society"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the institutions of society.

Answer:

The institution of society is a historically established stable form of organizing the joint activities of people who perform certain functions in society, the main of which is the satisfaction of social needs.

There are economic, political, social institutions, institutions operating in the spiritual field. Each institution of society is characterized by the presence of a goal of its activity, specific functions that ensure the achievement of such a goal. The institutions of society are a complex and branched formation: within the fundamental institutions there are very distinct divisions into smaller ones. From the point of view of the organization of society, the key institutions are: inheritance, power, property, family, etc.

Illustrate with three specific examples the relationship and interaction between the areas of society.

ANSWER:

2) The formation of civil society institutions, social movements and initiatives, mainly by representatives of the middle strata with economic independence and prosperity, illustrates the relationship between the economic, social and political life of society;

3) The decline in the standard of living of society and the subsequent decrease in interest in culture, in the cultural heritage of the past, illustrates the links between the social and spiritual spheres of society.

Global problems

C6. Name two reasons why global problems modernity

Answer:

Improvement and development productive forces, i.e. the result of the development of the material culture of society; the result of social progress, etc.

C 7. Regarding the global problems of our time, there is an opinion that humanity is coming to its end, people do not have the strength to save themselves, the doom of the world community is proclaimed. Name three major signs of global problems. Do you agree with the given opinion? Justify your position.

Answer:

Signs:

1. They are generated not by the activities of one country or group of countries, but by humanity as a whole;
2. They threaten the existence of all mankind, the foundations of life on earth;
3. They can be solved only if the efforts of the entire world community are united.

taking place in modern conditions Scientific and technological revolution creates real technical and technological foundations for solving global problems. An economy built on a combination of market mechanisms and state regulation spontaneous economic processes, allowing for effective social protection population, to overcome the conflict between the efficiency of production and the social interests of people. Gradually, the idea of ​​non-violence, the solution of emerging problems not by force, but by negotiations, the search for compromises, and dialogue is becoming a reality in the minds of politicians and the idea of ​​non-violence is becoming a reality. The irreconcilable ideological confrontation, which turned into a psychological war, is becoming a thing of the past. The foundations for tolerance and mutual cooperation within the world community are gradually being strengthened, which creates conditions for joint action to solve global problems.

C 6. Expand on three examples of the global character environmental issues modern world.

Answer:

1) climate warming leads, for example, to the melting of polar ice and an increase in the level of the world ocean, which in the future can change the contours of the continents, swallow islands and archipelagos, i.e., the environment for the existence of mankind is threatened;

2) climate change, which, according to most scientists, is the result of human transformation, affects the population of all countries and continents;

3) extermination certain types animals, such as sea cows, not only affects the local ecosystem, but in its long-term consequences upsets the balance of the global ecosystem.

C6. Illustrate with three examples the relationship between the problems associated with the widening gap between developed and Third World countries and the problem of preventing a new world war.

Answer:

1) a significant number of local weapons of conflicts fall on the countries of the "third world", some of which have nuclear weapons (for example, the Indo-Pakistani conflict);

2) due to the aggravation of the problem of providing raw materials and energy resources, the most developed countries of the world provoke, and sometimes themselves participate in wars for control over sources of raw materials (for example, the war in the Persian Gulf or the American-Iranian war);

3) the poverty of certain regions of the planet contributes to the spread of the most radical, militant ideologies in them, the adherents of which are fighting against developed countries (for example, Islamic terrorist organizations)

C 6. Using three examples, illustrate the relationship of global problems of our time.

Answer:

1) the economic backwardness of developing countries gives rise to the use of technologies that cause great damage to nature;

2) the rapid growth of population in developing countries exacerbates economic problems, increases the backlog from developed countries;

3) the low socio-economic level of a number of developing countries, the lack of developed health systems and education leads to the growth of dangerous diseases, such as AIDS.

C 7. Population growth in developing countries has posed a food problem with all its severity. To solve it, an extensive path of agricultural development is used - the development of new lands. This leads to cutting rainforest over large areas. The intensive path of development of agricultural production, associated with the use of modern technology, is often inaccessible to these states due to their economic backwardness. Interrelation, what global problems can be traced here? List three problems.

Answer:

Demographic;

Ecological;

The gap in the levels of economic development of the countries "North" and "South".

C 6. The modern world is not spared from a number of local wars and armed conflicts. Many thinkers attribute local wars of our time to global problems, threats facing all of humanity. Give three reasons to support your position.

Answer:

1) any local conflict, local war can become an arena for the use of weapons of mass destruction (chemical, bacteriological, nuclear);

2) third countries may be drawn into a local conflict, and then it will develop into a regional or even global one;

3) any local conflict is the basis for the financial support of terrorist organizations, training camps for militants, increasing the danger of international terrorist activities, etc.

Globalization

C7. Do you share the following point of view: “Globalization is another kind of colonization by one part of the planet of another part of it. At the heart of such colonization is the US monopoly on the production of a number of high-tech products: weapons, microprocessors, pharmaceuticals, operating systems, Hollywood products, etc.”? Give the necessary arguments. Can it be argued that globalization is a natural process? Justify your answer.

Answer:

The presented point of view is one-sided and does not reveal the fullness of such a new historical phenomenon on a planetary scale, which is globalization. This is not only the transnationalization of production and consumption, but also the rapid "mixing" of races and nationalities; concentration of "minds" in leading and priority scientific areas; "digestion" of cultural and ideological ways, incl. cooperation and spiritual interpenetration of various religions and confessions; integration of millions of people into new, previously unusual conditions of everyday life for them. Globalization is a natural process. Its objectivity is based on scientific and technical progress and economic growth. The Internet, information and communication technologies, satellite communications - all this determines a huge acceleration in the turnover of financial capital, and hence an increase in the profitability of invested funds, the growth of investments and freely circulating capital on a global scale.

C 7. Analysis current trends world development shows that transnational corporations with their multi-ethnic staff, international professional communities, government organizations, informal interest groups emerging on the basis of the Internet are playing an increasing role in the global economy. In various fields of activity, through the efforts of the most well-trained people, numerous formal and informal associations of “citizens of the world” appear. What phenomenon are we talking about? Give 3 signs of this phenomenon.

Answer:

It's about globalization.

GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF MODERNITY

I. Read the text and complete tasks C1 - C4.

It seems to me that today, when mankind has come close to an ecological catastrophe, when all the terrible consequences of utopian claims to total control are extremely clear social processes, the fate of the humanistic ideal is connected with the rejection of the idea of ​​mastery, suppression and domination. The new understanding of the relationship between nature and man corresponds not to the ideal of anthropocentrism, but to the one developed by a number of modern thinkers, in particular, the famous scientist N.I. Moiseev, the idea of ​​co-evolution, the joint evolution of nature and humanity, which can be interpreted as a relationship of equal partners, if you like, interlocutors in an unplanned dialogue...

This can and should be understood in a broader sense. Freedom as an integral characteristic of the humanistic ideal is conceived not as mastery and control, but as the establishment of equal partnerships with what is outside of a person: with natural processes, with another person, with the values ​​of a different culture, with social processes, even with unreflexible and " opaque” processes of my own psyche.

C5 (1). Name 3 main global problems of our time.

C 6. Illustrate with three examples the relationship between the problems associated with the widening gap between developed and third world countries and the problem of preventing a new world war.

C6 (1). Give three examples of the relationship between global problems of our time.

C7 (1). Today, in connection with the existence of global problems of our time, there are quite loud calls for the rejection of scientific and technological progress, the cessation of research in the field of the latest technologies. Do you share this point of view? Are these calls consistent with the concept sustainable development? Give three reasons to support your opinion.

C7 (2). Speaking at a scientific conference, an environmental scientist said: “It is time to realize that humanity is coming to its end. We do not have the strength and ability to save ourselves. We are doomed". Do you agree with this opinion? Give three reasons to support your position.

C8. You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "The environmental crisis as a global problem of our time." Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

Answers to the tasks of the topic " Global problems of our time»

Part 1

1 - 1
3 – 3
5 – 2
7 – 4
9 – 1
Part 3

1. 
   C1 - C4

C1.

1) realities modern society:

- “Humanity has come close to an ecological catastrophe”;

- "all the terrible consequences of utopian claims to the total control of social processes are extremely clear";

2) the essence of the new understanding humanistic ideal:

"the idea of ​​co-evolution, the joint evolution of nature and humanity, which can be interpreted as a relationship of equal partners, if you like, interlocutors in an unprogrammed dialogue."

1. 
   “Freedom as an integral characteristic of the humanistic ideal is conceived ... as the establishment of equal partnerships with what is outside of a person: with natural processes, with another person, with the values ​​of a different culture, with social processes, even with non-reflective and “opaque” processes of my own psyche";
2. 
   “freedom is understood as such an attitude when I accept the other, and the other accepts me”;
3. 
   "free acceptance based on understanding as a result of communication."

C3. the humanistic ideal present stage ceased to correspond to anthropocentrism the following reasons:

1. 
   the establishment of human dominance over nature has led to irreversible changes external environment;
2. 
   irreversible changes in the external environment have a negative impact on human health, the functioning of society;
3. 
   the amount of resources that the rapidly growing humanity can use for its development has been significantly reduced;
4. 
   the installation of domination extended to the relationship of a person to his own kind, to public interests.

C4. The relationship of people "with what is outside of man":

1. 
   “relationships with natural processes”: the use of nature-saving and resource-saving technologies by man, limiting consumption;
2. 
   “relationship with another person”: recognition of the unconditional value of the personality of another person, respect for his freedom;
3. 
   “relationships with the values ​​of a different culture”: a tolerant attitude towards the values ​​of a different culture and the bearers of these values;
4. 
   "relationships with social processes": rejection of the installation of personal and group egoism, consumerism, striving for social peace;
5. 
   “relationships with non-reflexible and “opaque” processes of my own psyche”: attentive attitude to one’s own psychological state, sparing its adjustment in necessary cases, maximum use in the activity of one's own mental capabilities and states.

1. 
   C1 - C4

C1. The author highlights the following issues:

Limited resources;

The North-South problem;

Demographic;

Consequences of NTR.

C2. Assumptions:

Humanity's scientific knowledge and technical means for global transformational activities (and means of destroying life on the planet);

Formation of a consumer society in which speed and comfort are among the dominant values.

C3. Examples supporting the author's statement:

communist ideologies;

Ideology of the Enlightenment;

The illusion of the omnipotence of science and the possibility of its victory over hunger and disease.

C4. Overcoming the contrasts between "rich" and "poor" countries in the near future is hardly possible, since this is hindered by the following:

The situation of uncontrolled births in conditions of limited resources and adverse conditions life;

A small share of participation in the global division of labor;

Growth of military and other expenditures of developed countries, preventing the redistribution of funds in favor of "poor" countries.

C5 (1). The main global problems of our time:

Ecological;

Demographic;

The North-South Problem.

C6 (1). Examples of the relationship of global problems of our time:

The threat of an ecological crisis forces economically developed countries to transfer harmful, environmentally hazardous industries to third world countries, which exacerbates the North-South problem;

The threat of international terrorism in modern conditions is closely connected with the problem of preventing nuclear war, maintaining peace (terrorists are trying to gain access to technologies for the production of weapons of mass destruction);

The demographic problem in the modern world acts primarily as a problem of rapid demographic growth in third world countries, which increases the gap from developed countries. economic terms countries.

C6 (2). Examples that reveal the global nature of the environmental problems of the modern world:

Climate warming leads to melting polar ice and to a rise in the level of the world ocean, which in the future may change the contours of the continents, swallow islands and archipelagos, i.e. the human environment is threatened;

The population of all countries of the continents suffers from pollution of soils, atmosphere and the World Ocean by industrial and household waste;

The extinction of certain animal species affects not only local ecosystems, but in its long-term consequences upsets the balance of the global ecosystem.

All global problems are closely interconnected (Fig. 4). At the same time, the problem of maintaining peace on Earth, preventing nuclear war is usually called the number one problem, since the very existence of civilization, life on the planet depends on it. The generally accepted universality of this "meta-problem" sometimes serves as a reason for taking it out, as it were, out of brackets. Meanwhile, it is a priority not only because of its "fatal", but also because the release of gigantic funds going into the arms race will provide conditions and means for the successful solution of other problems, can create a fundamentally new situation for a broad international cooperation in a wide variety of areas. According to many experts, in order to achieve, for example, food self-sufficiency of underdeveloped countries, they need targeted external assistance of the order of 5 billion dollars a year, which is less than 1% of today's military spending. I think this is an overly optimistic point of view on the solution of the food problem, but it confirms the vital importance of demilitarization.
The environmental problem can conditionally be put in second place. Other problems can be solved

Rice. 4. Interrelation of the main global problems

for better or worse, more or less complete provision of food, energy and resources, for example, will depend on this, but the state of the environment is most determined by the very conditions of people's lives. At the same time, the environmental problem is closely connected with disarmament, as evidenced, by the way, by the fact that the mass environmental movement in the West (Green parties and other movements), which began with environmental problems, inevitably turned to anti-war, anti-nuclear goals and slogans. .
Let us give other examples of the connection between global problems. Thus, demographic and food problems are associated both with each other and with the protection of the natural environment. After all, “family planning” in developing countries will make it possible to quickly get rid of hunger and malnutrition, and the progress of agriculture, its modern organization relieve pressure on environment. There are deep connections between the food and resource problems and the overcoming of backwardness by many countries and with the environment. Thus, improved nutrition and a more reasonable use of resource, and in particular mineral and raw materials, potential is the main way to improve the living standards of the population of underdeveloped countries. At the same time, the raw material orientation of their economy, the predominance of the "first floors" of processing raw materials and monoculture in agriculture exacerbated by environmental hardships. The development of the World Ocean also reveals wide and varied connections with other problems. The use of its resources will help solve (or mitigate) such problems as raw materials, energy, food.
Extensive channels of interpenetration are also characteristic of global social and cultural problems (interethnic relations, the crisis of culture and morality, the lack of democracy, etc.). In turn, they are closely related to problems of a political, economic and scientific nature.
" Summing up what has been said, we note that in solving the global problems of mankind, the main role is called upon to play social transformations in all countries of the world, a reassessment of previously established economic, political, cultural and ideological values. Much will depend on the change human qualities, life goals, consciousness and morality, the ability to borrow best experience. “If the entire population of the Earth has the productivity of Switzerland, the consumption standard of China, the social alignment of Sweden and the discipline of Japan, then the planet will be able to withstand many times more population than today,” says MIT professor L. Thurow (though he immediately expresses an alternative thesis: “If productivity everywhere is the same as in Chad, and consumption standards, as in the United States, social and class consciousness, as in India, and public discipline, as in Argentina, it will be difficult to sustain even the current population size”).
In the event that peace on Earth lasts, the creative energy of peoples, relying on the achievements of science and technology, will certainly solve many of the issues that are now worrying humanity. However, then new, unknown problems will arise before our descendants. Well, such is the dialectic of life.
QUESTIONS AND TASKS Try, at least schematically, to define the tasks of individual areas of global studies: 1) philosophical; 2) economic; 3) political; 4) prognostic; 5) geographical. Could you name some phenomena or processes in nature or society that have given (or are giving) impulses for the development of scientific research in the field of global studies? It is known that any classification scheme is based on a logical starting point, i.e., a criterion. Try to classify global problems according to the following criteria:
a) severity of manifestation;
b) time (order) of occurrence;
c) the possibility of a positive decision (mitigation). Which of the global issues affect your personal interests? What is the practical power of global geography as scientific direction? Developments in what area of ​​global geography do you think are the most promising? What is the benefit of global modeling? How can one explain the difficulties with the selection of social indicators in global modeling (especially when trying to formalize human qualities and needs)? Check how you have learned the meaning of the following terms and concepts:
global studies; geographic global studies; global geography; geospheric-biospheric models; alarmist models; social indicators in global models.
RECOMMENDED LITERATURE Inozemtsev VL Broken civilization. - M., 1999. King A., Schneider B. The First Global Revolution: Report of the Club of Rome. - M., 1991. Kondratiev K. Ya. Ecodynamics and geopolitics. T. 1: Global problems. - SPb., 1999. Meadows D. Limits of growth. - M., 1991. Meadows D. Beyond growth. - M., 1994. Moiseev N. N. To be or not to be ... for humanity? - M., 1999.
lesson h. The Changing Wild of the Earth
Planet Earth is the habitat of man. So, the human-inhabited Earth is the main object of study of global geography. This is a medium-sized planet, revolving around the average size of the cosmic " nuclear reactor called the Sun. If you "play with scales", then the Sun and the Earth can be imagined in size, respectively, with an orange and a pinhead. The latter, however, is large enough to keep a thin film of gases, called the atmosphere, near its surface with the help of gravitational forces. In addition to gravitational, the Earth has a magnetic and closely related electric field.
Human life takes place on the earth's surface, the total area of ​​which is about 510 million km2. Of these, slightly less than a third (149 million km2) falls on the continents. It is with the earth's surface that the expression that we put in the title of this topic “The Face of the Earth” is associated. It is easy to see that this is the geographic environment - that part of the geographic shell, or geoverse, which is mastered by man, is involved in social production and thus constitutes the material basis for the existence of human society.
Over the 5 billion years of the Earth's existence, nature has tried to create conditions for the development of organic life on the planet, in particular for human habitation, that are close to ideal. Three most important sources of life on Earth can be unmistakably named: the energy of the Sun, air and water. The role of the Sun is especially great. Solar energy is the main "culprit" of the emergence of life on Earth, the basis of many natural processes. Thanks to it, biomass is created (during photosynthesis), air currents move, water in the oceans. It should be remembered that the atmosphere passes to the earth's surface only 67% of the influx of energy, 27% - absorbs, and 6% - reflects. Great amount harmful to all living ultraviolet rays is absorbed by the ozonosphere.
Breathable air for humans and animals is concentrated in the lower part of the atmosphere, which, as you remember, is called the troposphere. Clean air consists of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon and other gases, of which carbon dioxide is the most important (0.03%). To a large extent, thanks to oxygen, the muscles of a person work, his body warms up, the activity of his brain, nervous system, etc. is ensured.
Finally, all forms of life known to us need water, its liquid phase. The basic condition for human life is clean drinking water necessary for cooking, removing waste and toxic substances from the body, etc. The concept of “clean water” is to a certain extent arbitrary, since substances and microorganisms in various concentrations can be water companions.
It can be said that the developed space of the earth's surface (the face of the Earth) is, in essence, a zone of mutual penetration of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and sociosphere. Both are the object around which the ideas of global geography are "grouped". At the same time, we note that the face of the Earth cannot be considered the "patrimony" of geography alone: ​​it serves as an inexhaustible "source of empirical data supplied to many other scientific disciplines.

» The relationship of global problems of mankind

The relationship of global problems of mankind

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Global problems are closely interconnected. On the one hand, one should keep in mind the “horizontal” interconnection and interdependence in the framework of the allocation of groups of global problems affecting the main communities modern civilization(the system "society - society"), as well as the relations "man - society" and "man - nature". Indeed, overcoming, for example, food or raw material difficulties implies, in particular, the solution of the global energy problem, which is associated not only with a more rational use of traditional, but also with the establishment of new energy sources, the practical use of energy resources of outer space and the oceans. If we turn to the system of problems "man - society", which includes, in particular, the problems scientific and technological progress, it is obvious that the development of science, engineering and technology has an impact not only on the progress of material production, but also involves further development human potential, related problems of education, culture, health care, etc. At the same time, the development of the person himself is the most important regulatory factor that society has to identify and implement positive areas of social, scientific and technological progress of civilization. On the other hand, the "vertical" interconnection of global problems between their identified groups is obvious.

In reality, it is difficult to count on a positive resolution of food, energy or environmental problems within the framework of the "man - nature" system, unless we proceed from the need to create adequate socio-economic conditions for the purposeful development of scientific and technological progress. Finally, the problems of the first group (“society-society” system) serve as a general prerequisite for resolving the entire system of global problems. Only a combined "vertical" and "horizontal" consideration of global problems creates objective prerequisites for their analysis. The analysis of this topic will be incomplete without the involvement of modern factual and statistical material illustrating the aggravation of global problems of our time. Let's show this with some examples. One of the global problems of our time is the issues of war and peace. The arms race, despite the "warming" of the international situation, has enormous negative consequences for modern humanity. She impoverishes world economy, provokes aggressive tendencies in the external of individual states, militarizes the spiritual culture, political thinking.

The arms race led to the fact that in the second half of the 1980s, the destructive power of the world's nuclear potential was more than 100 times greater than the total firepower of weapons used by all warring countries in the Second World War.

Let us take another problem: the lag in the development of developing states. Within the framework of the world economy, the division of labor is carried out in such a way that the most economically developed states are assigned the role of world industrial centers, while developing countries play the role of an agrarian and raw materials periphery. various methods exploit natural, labor resources developing countries, hinder the creation of an independent economy in them. With a low level of economic potential in the face of rapid population growth, developing countries were forced to take large loans from international financial institutions. But as the volume of credit grew, so did bondage. At this time, the debt of the countries of the "third world" is 1.25 trillion. dollars and continues to grow. In 1977, the developing countries paid their creditors $15 billion in interest alone; in 1986 - already 70 billion dollars. The debt places a heavy burden on the population of states. In the developing world, there are now 700 million hungry, 1.5 billion deprived medical care, 1 billion people live in extreme poverty. The environmental problem has become extremely aggravated in modern conditions. It is no coincidence that the state of the current ecosystem is characterized as an "environmental bomb" or "environmental heart attack". Among the main reasons that gave rise to the environmental problem can be attributed to the historically traditional approach to material production. It took shape over the centuries and involved the creation of powerful mono-enterprises. Each of them produced one or more basic products, the rest went to waste, which had to be stored somewhere, destroyed, etc.

In modern conditions, only 1-3% of the raw materials mined by mankind are used, and the remaining more than 90% in a deformed form alien to nature become waste that pollutes the environment. What this threatens in the future is not difficult to imagine, given that the volume of industrial production on the planet is doubling every 8-10 years. Over the past two centuries, as a result of the processing of fossil fuels, about 180 billion tons of carbon dioxide have been released into the atmosphere. As a result, its concentration increased during this period by 25% and is increasing at an accelerated pace: since 1960 alone, it has increased by almost 8%. As a result, there are clear signs of changes in the composition of the atmosphere on a global scale. A cap of carbon dioxide appeared over the planet, which gave rise to the so-called "greenhouse climatic effect", which resulted in an increase in temperature in the atmosphere, melting of ice in the Arctic and Antarctic. Global warming will lead to the fact that the air temperature in the next century will rise at a rate of about 0.3 per 10 years. As a result, by 2025 it will increase by 2 degrees, and by 2100. - by 4 degrees. Global warming will be accompanied by an increase in precipitation. As a result of melting eternal ice and increased precipitation, global sea level will rise by 20 cm by 2030 and by 65 cm by the end of the next century. A projected 65 cm sea level rise is putting 800 million people at risk. Scientists note with concern that emissions of chemical compounds into the atmosphere inexorably lead to a decrease in the density of the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere, which acts as a filter. The thinning of this layer will lead to an increase in the penetration of ultraviolet radiation to the Earth's surface. The consequence of this is the spread of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, a decrease in the life expectancy of people, and an increase in the number of handicapped children. Thus, in the mid-1950s, genetically handicapped newborns accounted for approximately 4%; at present, this figure in developed countries has reached 10%. Violation of the ecological balance has a number of important consequences.

Among the global problems in the last decade, one of the most urgent has become the problem of growing external debt, and, as a result, the economic, political and

In order to understand how the interconnection of global problems is expressed, it is important to carefully study each of them. Humanity of the modern world faces the most difficult tasks. Some issues really threaten our existence, however, as well as all life on the "green" planet.

What are called global problems?

Why is the topic of the interconnection of global problems constantly raised at scientific conferences, at UN meetings? Apparently, the previous century became a kind of breaking point in world history into “before” and “after”. Not so long ago, humanity lost confidence in an immortal existence. And even nature seems to be hinting with its massive cataclysms that sooner or later you will have to pay too high a price for the desire to conquer it indefinitely and get the maximum benefit to the detriment of it.

The interconnection of the global problems of our time is a mechanism consisting of individual elements - threats hanging over humanity, and working clearly against life on Earth.

Unlike natural disasters and natural disasters, which are of a temporary passing nature, this chain of dangers has an incomparable scale and concerns the future of an entire civilization. The global problems of mankind affect the destinies and interests of all segments of the population, leading to significant socio-economic losses, and therefore their solution requires close cooperation of interstate importance, the application of efforts of all countries, nations and nationalities.

requiring an urgent solution

Scholars who have explored this topic have presented the world with different understandings of global problems and the relationship between them. They are endowed with inconsistency and disproportion, uncharacteristic for a full-fledged life activity. modern man. Threats looming over the world are usually classified as follows:

• International social difficulties. Here we are talking about such an example of the interrelationship of global problems of our time as militarization in most countries and an increase in the arms race, which in some cases leads to war, inhibition of the formation of states with developing economies.
• Problems of a humanitarian nature. These include the global demographic boom, difficulties in overcoming hunger and incurable diseases, cultural and ethnic issues.
• The result of the negative impact of society on the world. The problems of a low level of environmental protection, food production, lack of natural resources, etc. can be called relevant today.

How Global Issues Are Connected: Obvious Examples

Give examples of the interconnection of global problems. Puzzled? You don't have to be a great scientist to do this. We should start with the most burning problem of interaction between man and the world around him.

As you know, until the middle of the last century, the causes of ecological chaos were considered natural phenomena nature, i.e. natural disasters. At the moment, no one doubts that irresponsible human management is to blame, which, in turn, has led to widespread pollution, not limited locally, but affecting the entire globe.

Another example of the interconnection of global problems is the intersection of the demographic crisis with global indicators of food security due to the growing growth. The number of inhabitants of the planet is increasing every year in a stable progression, which inevitably leads to pressure on natural potential, negative anthropogenic development of the natural environment, but accompanied by an increase in the food base. Thus, an increase in the population, as a rule, occurs in developing countries with a lower cultural and economic level.

The interconnection of the global problems of our time can be continued by the next "link" - the exploration of outer space. Considering how young the industry is, it has made significant progress over a half-century period. One way or another, humanity keeps a steady course towards the prospect of extracting alien resources in order to make up for the shortage of terrestrial reserves. However, the problem lies in the financial inaccessibility of the study of outer space. To date, spending money on research in this industry is beyond the reach of the predominant number of states.

War as the cause of the global world crisis

The above three examples of the interconnection of global problems of our time are not the only ones. No less acute are the issues of war and peace. The confrontation of interstate interests often acquires total features: the number of casualties, crazy financial costs and the destruction of material support. The general damage from the escalation of numerous conflicts, the active phase of hostilities in the last century forced mankind to make a sharp scientific and technological leap forward. However, progress and the establishment of an industrial society gave rise to other negative consequences. The inability to economically competently manage natural resources, the unjustified increase in their spending led to the backwardness of individual states, while other, more successful countries worked to improve weapons production.

The arms race, despite the relative easing of global tension, has colossal negative consequences, impoverishing world economy, constantly provoking aggressive attacks on the international arena of individual countries, levels the culture of spirituality and militarizes political thinking. The desire of individual states to increase their defensive power led to the fact that by the mid-80s, the world's nuclear potential had reached a hundredfold excess of the total firepower of weapons used by all parties during the Second World War.

Interdependence of demographic and social tasks

It is impossible not to mention one more element in the chain of interconnection of global problems - overcoming the backwardness of developing countries. It's no secret: every fifth inhabitant of the earth is starving. Again returning to the problem of disappearing resources, which are consumed by the number of earthlings increasing every year. As a rule, an increase in the birth rate occurs in economically poorly developed countries. It is enough to imagine this situation a little differently. What would happen if all representatives of modern humanity would have a high standard of living? Unfortunately, our planet would not have survived long ago. One of the ways to solve the problem should be to limit the birth rate while reducing mortality rates, accompanied by an increase in the quality of life.

In this context, discord in social relations joins the interconnection of global problems of mankind. Due to the high importance of religious beliefs in most modern states, birth control, which implies, in particular, the absence of a ban on artificial termination of pregnancy, is de facto becoming an inactive and unpopular measure in society. Most religious teachings promote and encourage large families. Today, however, only a few countries in Western Europe and North America are able to give "large" families social guarantees to the extent that is necessary for a full life. Otherwise, primitive forms of farming (community), illiteracy, lack of education, bad manners, the presence of chronic diseases and the absence of any real prospects “win”.

Almost all examples of the interconnection of global problems intersect with each other within the framework of public system relations "man-society" and the plane "man-nature-man". So, in order to overcome the difficulties of providing raw materials, it is supposed to make decisions based on the rational use of energy sources used, including the reserves of the World Ocean. To remove the barriers that impede the development of scientific and technological progress, it is not enough to pay attention only to the material and production segment in the state economy. Since the low indicators of human potential are the result of imperfections in the systems of education, health care and culture, a contribution to their development can be considered the first step for the successful formation of the scientific and technical sphere.

At the same time, examples of the relationship between global problems can be given for a long time. Each of the above prerequisites for the total self-destruction of the modern world can be viewed from a different angle, which will help to find completely different cause-and-effect relationships, and therefore more effective ways solutions. Perhaps, at first glance, the relationship between global environmental problems and the lag in the economic development of some states will seem absurd or completely non-existent. Yet finding evidence of its relevance is not so difficult.

Economically developed and backward countries: what difficulties arise?

To begin with, it is worth paying attention to some regularities. Thus, the division of labor within the world economy is implemented according to the scheme in such a way that it is promising, rapidly developing urbanized countries that are endowed with the role of leading industrial centers. States with a low standard of living "by default" take on the functions of the periphery, aimed at providing the agricultural raw material segment.

And what comes out of all this? Stronger and more confidently standing powers find legal (in accordance with the norms of international law) ways to use the resources of underdeveloped economic countries, thereby blocking the latter's path to self-development and formation, improving economic performance and financial independence.

Poverty and hunger as a result of external public debt

In addition, the conditions of the population boom are forcing countries with low living standards to apply for financial assistance to international financial institutions. Large loans over and over again tightened the knot of bondage around the neck of the borrowers. To date, the problem of external long-term states is acquiring global features: 1.25 trillion dollars is the debt of the powers of the so-called "third world".

Interest and debt payments place a heavy burden on the population of these states, and therefore the numbers demonstrating the global nature of the problem around the globe are, to put it mildly, impressive:

• more than 700 million hungry;
• twice as many people who do not have access to health care;
• Nearly 1.5 billion people live below the extreme poverty line.

The economic stability and financial solvency of the state is inversely proportional to the amount of external debt. For example Russian Federation over the past few years, debt to creditor countries has tripled - from 50 billion to 150 billion dollars.

The scale of the potential environmental threat

Against the backdrop of wholesale industrialization around the world, the problem of ecology has become radically aggravated. The reason for this is the predominant approach to material production. The creation of the most powerful enterprises in a particular industrial branch still entails the manufacture of one or more consumer goods, while the rest, being obsolete or impossible to store, is destroyed.

Scientists call the current situation an "environmental heart attack." More than three examples of the interconnection of global problems originate from this:

1. Of the total mass of raw materials mined by man, only a few percent are used for their intended purpose and are of practical importance. The rest is garbage, waste that is sent back to the environment, but already in a modified, unacceptable and alien form for nature. Considering that the volume of the world industrial production double every decade, the level of pollution of the planet in the near future will become critical.
2. In the process of recycling such waste over the past 200 years, almost 200 billion tons of carbon dioxide have entered the atmosphere. The permissible concentration of a substance is increasing at an unprecedented pace, which has led to a change in the composition of the air envelope and the formation of the so-called greenhouse effect.
3. In turn, the climate "cap" of carbon dioxide has caused a global increase in temperature. Its consequence is the melting of the Arctic and Antarctic ice. Global warming leads to the fact that the air temperature in 70-80 years will increase by several degrees Celsius.
4. Change temperature regime, in accordance with the elementary laws of physics, will lead to an increase in precipitation. Thus, scientists predict that the level of the World Ocean will rise by 65 cm, hiding entire megacities and billions of lives under its waters.
5. Emissions of other chemical compounds into the atmosphere lead to a reduction in the thickness of the ozone layer. As you know, this atmospheric shell plays the role of a kind of filter, retaining ultraviolet rays. Otherwise, i.e., with the thinning of the ozone layer, the human body is threatened by the negative effects of solar radiation, which implies an increase in the number of oncological diseases, pathologies of the heart and blood vessels, genetic abnormalities and a decrease in life expectancy.

AIDS and drug addiction: the misfortune of youth!

Awareness of the interconnection of global problems in the world ecology is terrifying. But, unfortunately, the list of potential threats to human existence does not end there. What is AIDS worth! The disease keeps everyone at bay, and not only because of the loss of the actual human resource- the disease is striking in its geography. The interconnection of the global problem with drug addiction is obvious: a favorable environment for the spread of this "evil" cripple the lives and health of millions of people. The term “drug addiction” among many modern residents is associated with a large-scale catastrophe that has befallen entire generations.

If only there was no nuclear war!

However, not a single disease, not a single substance can be compared with the danger to humans that nuclear weapons carry. The full-scale interconnection of the global problems described above is incomparable with the irreversible consequences of the Third World War. The thermonuclear impact of even an insignificant fraction of the arsenal of superpowers accumulated until today will lead to the final destruction of the planet.

That is why the prevention of the use of nuclear weapons is the primary task of mankind. Only a peaceful compromise that does not involve the use of nuclear weapons will make it possible to find solutions to other global problems within the framework of close international cooperation.