Head teacher presentation of labor resources and employment. Presentation on the topic "labor resources and employment". The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems

The world's population is currently over 6.7 billion The world's population is now over 6.7 billion By 2050, the world's population could range from 7.7 billion to 11.2 billion. By 2050, the world population may range from 7.7 billion to 11.2 billion people.

Population growth rate, % yy yy yy (прогноз) Мир 1,781,991,571,20 Развитые страны 1,200,810,400,18 Развивающиеся страны 2,052,361,881,41 Африка 2,222,652,812,50 Азия 1,892,441,701,14 Европа 0,790,670,270,14 Латинская Америка 2,702,581,841,18 Северная Америка 1,801,131,060,66

Russia's labor resources Demographic crisis Demographic crisis For 15 years, Russia has not ensured the reproduction of the population For 15 years, Russia has not ensured the reproduction of the population Life expectancy has decreased to 67.02 years: for women to 72.9, for men to 61.3 Life expectancy has decreased to 67.02 years: for women up to 72.9, for men up to 61.3

Directions for overcoming the demographic crisis Changing the population's reproductive behavior Changing the population's reproductive behavior Decreasing mortality, improving the quality of life of people Decreasing mortality, improving the quality of life of people More complete use of the labor potential of the CIS countries More complete use of the labor potential of the CIS countries

Demographic aging of the population of Russia The population of countries is considered old if the proportion of people aged 65 years and older exceeds 7% of the total number of citizens The population of countries is considered old if the proportion of people aged 65 years and older exceeds 7% of the total number of citizens In Russia, this indicator is 12.5 % (every 8th resident) In Russia, this figure is 12.5% ​​(every 8th resident)

Average annual population growth rate Average annual population growth per year growth rate = –––––––––––––––––––––– x 100% of population Population at the beginning of the year Average annual population growth per year rate growth = –––––––––––––––––––––– x 100% of population Population at the beginning of the year

International Migration The process of moving labor Russuurs from one country to another in order to employ the process of more favorable conditions than in the country of origin, determined by the ratio of supply and demand in the labor market, the process of moving labor Russuurs from one country to another in order to employ a more favorable conditions than than IN THE COUNTRY OF ORIGIN, DETERMINED BY THE RATIO OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN THE LABOR MARKET

Due to international migration in years, the population of developed countries increased by an average of 2.2% per year, while the population of developing countries decreased by 0.5% Due to international migration in years, the population of developed countries increased by an average of 2.2% per year, while the population of developing countries declined by 0.5%

The average annual growth rate of the number of international migrants in years among major regions of the world was especially high in South Africa (7.3%) and Southern Europe (5.2%). The average annual growth rate of the number of international migrants in years among major regions of the world was especially high in South Africa (7.3%) and Southern Europe (5.2%).

MAIN REASONS FOR MIGRATION Differences in the level of economic development of individual countries Differences in the level of economic development of individual countries Presence of national differences in the level of wages Presence of national differences in the level of wages Presence of unemployment Presence of unemployment international movement capital and the functioning of TNCs international movement of capital and the functioning of TNCs

Main indicators of migration Departure rate - the number of emigrants who left abroad for employment in a given period of time Departure rate - the number of emigrants who left for employment purposes in a certain period of time Arrival rate - the number of immigrants who arrived in a certain period of time immigrants who arrived within a certain period of time

Main indicators of migration Net migration - net migration, or the difference between the number of arrivals and the number of departures in a country in a given period Net migration - net migration, or the difference between the number of arrivals and the number of departures in a country in a given period of arrivals and departures in a country over a given period of time Gross migration is the total migration, or the sum of the number of arrivals and the number of departures in a country over a given period of time

Factors that determine the intensity of migration The global nature of world economic development and the growing interdependence of countries The global nature of world economic development and the growing interdependence of countries forces to capital, or move their capital to labor-surplus countries

Phases of the economic cycle in which the economy of individual countries and world economy in general The phases of the economic cycle in which the economies of individual countries and the world economy as a whole are located (in the upswing phase, the demand for labor is growing, in the crisis phase it is falling)

Processes economic integration in the world economy, stimulating international labor migration between the merging countries The processes of economic integration in the world economy, stimulating the international migration of labor between the merging countries

Growing awareness among people of the wide economic opportunities that other countries have, development and cheapening Vehicle, extension international system information The growing awareness of people of the wide economic opportunities that other countries have, the development and cheapening of vehicles, the expansion of the international system of information

Effects of international labor migration (positive) For recipient countries For donor countries 1. Increasing the competitiveness of national goods due to a reduction in production costs associated with a lower price of foreign labor 2. Multiplier effect (stimulation of production and employment by foreign labor in the host country) 3. Save on education and training costs (by importing skilled labor) 4. Maintain social stability (in case of crises and unemployment) 5. Maintain social programs at a higher level 1. The influx of hard currency into the country 2. Reducing the pressure of excess labor resources and social tension in the country 3. Free for the country training of the labor force in new professional skills, familiarity with the advanced organization of labor, etc. 4. Participation of international economic organizations and recipient countries in financing social and economic programs of donor countries aimed at creating new jobs

Effects of international labor migration (negative) For recipient countries For donor countries conflicts between the indigenous population and immigrants 1. Economic damage from the loss of part of the labor force at the most able-bodied age and, as a result, the aging of the age structure of the population 2. Loss of costs for general education and vocational training of emigrants

State regulation of migration processes State migration policy certain period with the right of entry of family members A policy that allows permanent residence of migrants and provides for the right to acquire citizenship after a certain period

World Workforce - USA. The number and dynamics of the world population. The problem of employment. Demographic problems of developed countries. World labor market. The concept of demographic transition and its stages. Labor resources of the world economy. The concept of labor resources. Demographic problems of developing countries. The average annual rate of open unemployment.

"Labor resources of Russia" - The population follows production. Forecast balance of labor resources. The relationship between the needs of the economy and the state task. Application (use) of forecasting methodology. balance calculations. The forecast is quantitative. Additional need. Forecast of the balance of labor resources in Russia. Balance calculation of youth involvement.

"Problems of the labor market" - Mobility of labor resources. Low wages. Relationships in the labor market. features of the labor market. An effective tool for economic development. The system of socio-economic and legal relations. Product. The totality of social labor relations. Owners. The labor market in Russia. The emergence of the labor market.

"Demand and supply for labor" - The supply of labor. Comparison of regions. Labor force situation. Labor competition. Demand and supply for labor. Labor resources. Satisfied demand. Job search. The structure of the labor market by profession. Work saves a person from three main evils. Classification of markets. Market volume.

"Employment of the population" - Self-employed. Employment of the population is associated with material functions. Performing work under service contracts. The level of demographic load. Qualitative assessment of the labor potential of the country. underpaid labor activity. qualification structure. Human Development Index.

"Modern labor market" - Diploma of higher vocational education. Questions legal regulation labor relations. labor law. Imbalance of volumes and training profiles. Problem solving options. The problem of labor market interaction. The results of the study of the level of competitiveness of graduates. Examples of personnel policy.

There are 11 presentations in total in the topic

Personnel or labor resources of an enterprise is a set of employees of various professional and qualification groups employed at an enterprise and included in its payroll. The payroll includes all employees hired for permanent, temporary and seasonal work associated with both core and non-core activities.

The labor resources (personnel) of an enterprise are the main resource of each enterprise, the quality and efficiency of the use of which determine the results of the enterprise's activities and its competitiveness. The personnel of the enterprise - the main composition of qualified employees of the enterprise, firm, organization; it is a collection individuals connected by a contract of employment with the enterprise as a legal entity.

1. Depending on participation in the production process, all personnel of the enterprise are divided into two categories: Industrial and production personnel make up the bulk of the workforce of the enterprise. This category includes workers directly related to production and its maintenance - these are workers in the main, auxiliary, auxiliary, side shops and service facilities. This also includes employees of design, technological organizations and laboratories, which are on the balance sheet of the enterprise.

Non-industrial personnel are personnel employed in non-production units. This includes mainly employees of housing and communal services, trade and public catering, children's, educational, cultural and medical institutions on the company's balance sheet.

2. Depending on the functions performed, production personnel are divided into two main categories: workers and employees. 1. Workers - employees directly involved in the creation of wealth and the provision of production, transport and other services (workers of the main and auxiliary production, students, security personnel, junior service personnel).

2. Employees - employees involved in the preparation and execution of documentation, accounting and control, housekeeping Employees - includes the following categories of employees: Managers - these include employees holding positions of heads of enterprises, their structural divisions and their deputies, directors, chiefs, managers, managers, chief specialists ( Chief Accountant, chief mechanical engineer etc.). Specialists - workers employed engineering, economic work (engineers, rate-setters, economists, accountants, legal advisers, etc.).

The ratio of various categories of workers in their total number characterizes the structure of personnel (personnel) of the enterprise, workshop, site. The structure of personnel can also be determined by such characteristics as age, gender, level of education, work experience, qualifications, degree of compliance with standards, etc.

Personnel composition the enterprise and its changes have certain quantitative, qualitative and structural characteristics, which can be measured with a lesser or greater degree of reliability and reflected by the following absolute and relative indicators: payroll and attendance number of employees of the enterprise and (or) its internal divisions, certain categories and groups for a certain date; the average number of employees of the enterprise and (or) its internal divisions for a certain period; the share of employees of individual divisions (groups, categories) in the total number of employees of the enterprise;

The rate of growth (increase) in the number of employees of the enterprise for a certain period; average category of workers of the enterprise; the share of employees with higher or secondary specialized education in the total number of employees and (or) employees of the enterprise; average work experience in the specialty of managers and specialists of the enterprise; staff turnover for the admission and dismissal of employees; capital-labor ratio of workers and (or) workers at the enterprise and others.

There are attendance, payroll and average payroll compositions. The turnout number shows the number of employees who came to work on a certain date. Payroll - all permanent and temporary workers who are registered at the enterprise, both currently performing work, and who are on regular vacations, business trips, performing state duties, who did not come to work due to illness or any other reasons. The headcount is given as of a certain date according to the list, taking into account the employees hired and retired on this date.

In addition to the number of employees, the quantitative characteristic of the labor potential of the enterprise and its internal divisions can also be represented by the fund of time worked out by the employees of the enterprise, which can be determined by multiplying average headcount employees for the average duration of the working period in days or hours:

A profession is a type of labor activity that requires certain knowledge and practical skills to perform a certain type of work. Within the profession, specialties are distinguished - a type of activity that has specific features and requires additional knowledge and skills to perform work at a particular production site (for example, profession: locksmith, specialty: toolmaker, fitter, assembler, etc.; economists (profession) are subdivided marketers, financiers, etc.).

Workers of each profession and specialty differ in the level of qualification. Qualification is a set of knowledge and practical skills that allow you to perform work of a certain complexity, and is reflected in qualification (tariff) categories, categories. Tariff categories and categories are also indicators characterizing the level of complexity of work. According to the level of qualification, workers are divided into: unskilled, low-skilled, skilled, highly skilled.

Labor productivity in an organization is influenced by the following factors: 1. Organizational and economic: increasing the concentration of production, deepening specialization and strengthening cooperation in production processes, improving the organization of labor and production, improving labor rationing, eliminating downtime for organizational reasons, reducing the number of maintenance personnel.

2. Technical and economic factors: improvement of equipment and technology, increase in the level of mechanization and automation of production, elimination of downtime due to technical reasons, improving the quality of work of repair shops. 3. Socio-economic factors: improvement of material and moral incentives for labor, compliance labor discipline, training and retraining of personnel, advanced training of workers, improvement of working conditions, life and rest of workers. 4. Natural factors: climatic conditions, soil fertility, production location, productive potential of farm animals and plants.

To quantify the output and the time required for its production, various indicators are used, which are divided into natural, cost, labor. Natural indicators reflect the production marketable products in pieces, meters or conditionally natural units per one average worker (worker), or for a certain period. In-kind indicators are used mainly in those enterprises where the range of products produced is insignificant.

To labor indicators labor productivity refers to the labor intensity of products, which reflects the cost of working time for the production of a unit of output. The labor intensity of products is understood as the sum of all labor costs for the production of a unit of output per this enterprise: Tr = T / Q

With the cost method of measuring labor productivity, the amount of work is taken in monetary terms. Example: a team of workers consisting of five people completed the amount of work in the amount of 120 million rubles per shift, the labor productivity of each (production) per shift will be: 120: 5 \u003d 24 (million rubles), respectively, per hour of work: 24: 8 = 3 (million rubles).

The cost method of measurement allows you to compare the productivity of workers different professions, qualifications, such as confectioner and baker, turner and driver. But the disadvantage of this method is the influence of the price factor of market conditions and inflation.

The natural method of measuring labor productivity is used in the case of the production (output) of homogeneous products. The volume of work is determined using natural meters, such as: tons, pieces, meters, liters, etc. Example. If 10 shop workers produced 800 parts in a week, then the output of each will be: 800 in a week: 10 = 80 (parts); per day 80: 5 = 16 (details).

The natural method is characterized by simplicity and clarity of calculations. However, the use of the method is limited: it cannot be used when calculating labor productivity in those areas where various products are produced or produced, such as tractors and cultivators.

A variation of the natural method is the conditionally natural method, when the amount of work is taken into account in conventional units of homogeneous products. So, wagons of different capacity are converted into biaxial, tin cans of different capacity into conditional cans. Recalculation into conventional meters is carried out using conversion units (coefficients).

Example: At a dairy plant, 15 workers produced 10 tons of sour cream, 5 tons of cream, 25 tons of milk and 2 tons of butter during a shift. To calculate the average labor productivity, conversion factors for dairy products are used: 1 ton of sour cream is equal to 8.5 tons of milk, 1 ton of cream is 5.7 tons of milk, 1 ton of animal butter is 23 tons of milk. Then the average productivity of 15 workers per shift will be: (10x8.5 + 5x5.7 + 25x1 + 2x23) / 15 = 12.3 (tons of dairy products).

The conditionally natural method is convenient for use, since the production (sale) of many different goods (services) can be brought into a comparable form with the help of conversion factors. For example, the costs of selling flour, bread and pasta can be expressed through conversion factors into the costs of selling one conventional kilogram of bakery products.

When measuring labor productivity by the labor method, the time standards for the production of a unit of output or the sale of a unit of goods are used: Fri = (Volume of production in units of work time) / (Actual work time), where Fri is labor productivity measured by the labor method.

Example: In a workshop, two workers per shift (8 hours) produced 20 parts A, for which the time norm is 30 minutes per unit, and 40 parts B, for which the time norm is 15 minutes. Then the labor productivity (output) of one worker of the workshop per minute will be: Fri \u003d (30 x x15) / 2 x8 x 60 \u003d 1.25 (details).

The advantage of the labor method is the possibility of its application to all types of work and services. But for the wide use of the method, time standards are needed for each type of work, which are not always available. This method cannot be used to calculate the productivity of workers on time wages for whom time standards do not apply.

Labor productivity is influenced by the complexity of work. Labor intensity is an indicator that characterizes the cost of living labor, expressed in working time, for the production of products (services). Labor intensity is measured, as a rule, in standard hours (actual hours) of work spent on the production of a unit of work. The indicator is the inverse of labor productivity and is calculated by the formula T = Pv / Kp where T is labor intensity; Rv working time; Kp the number of products produced.

Example: During the month, 10 units of product A were produced, the labor intensity of which is 20 hours, 20 units of product B, with a labor intensity of 30 hours, and 30 units of product C, with a labor intensity of 15 hours. The average labor intensity of products for the month will be: (10x x x15 ) / () = 20.8 (h per unit of production).

Example: If the labor intensity of producing a tractor is 10 times higher than the labor intensity of producing a cultivator, then you can compare the labor productivity of workers who made two tractors per shift with the labor productivity of workers who made 18 cultivators per shift. 1. Let's determine the labor productivity of workers who manufactured tractors using the labor intensity of the production of cultivators: 2 X 10 \u003d 20 (cultivators). 2. Let's compare the labor productivity of workers who made tractors and cultivators: 20: 18 X 100% = 111.1%.

So, using the conditional labor intensity of products (works), it is possible to estimate the labor productivity of workers employed different types activities. In the above example, the labor productivity of workers in the production of tractors is 11.1% higher than the labor productivity of workers engaged in the production of cultivators.

The use of the indicator of labor intensity allows you to perform more accurate and comparable calculations of labor productivity. Between indicators of labor productivity and labor intensity there is Feedback: the lower the labor intensity, the higher the labor productivity and, accordingly, the greater the volume of work performed.

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Presentation on the topic: Labor resources and employment of the population

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1. The economic nature of labor resources. Workforce is a form of expression human resources, which are one of the types of resources of the economy along with material resources. The peculiarity of human resources lies in the fact that they are both resources for the development of the economy, and people, consumers of material goods and services. However, depending on the social, psychological qualities of people, gender, age, education, health, marital status, their material and moral needs are different. The concept of "labor resources" is a market category, has a wide informative content and makes it possible to use it as effective tool state regulation labor market. Labor resources are the part of the able-bodied population that has the physical and mental abilities and knowledge necessary to carry out useful activities.

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1. The economic nature of labor resources. The entire population, depending on age, is divided into (before 01/01/2012): Persons younger than working age (children under 16 years old inclusive); Persons of working age (in Ukraine: women - from 16 to 54 years old, men - from 16 to 59 years old inclusive); Persons older than working age, upon reaching which an old-age pension is established (in Ukraine: women - from 55, men - from 60).

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1. The economic nature of labor resources. The Ukrainian Rada has approved raising the retirement age for women to 60 The Ukrainian Parliament adopted a pension reform in general, which provides for a gradual increase in the retirement age for women from 55 to 60 years. The law came into force on January 1, 2012. In particular, the pension reform provides for a gradual increase in the retirement age for women from 55 to 60 years. Thus, over the next ten years, the retirement age for women will increase by six months every year. In addition, the retirement age for male civil servants is being raised from 60 to 62 years. The adoption of this reform is necessary to continue Ukraine's cooperation with the International Monetary Fund.

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1. The economic nature of labor resources. Depending on the ability to work, able-bodied and disabled persons are distinguished. Disabled persons of working age are disabled people of the 1st and 2nd groups, and able-bodied persons of disabled age are teenagers and working old-age pensioners. The labor force includes: the population of working age, except for non-working disabled people of the 1st and 2nd groups and non-working persons who receive a pension on preferential terms (women who have given birth to five or more children and are raising them up to eight years, as well as persons who retired early due to hard and harmful conditions labor); working persons of retirement age; employed persons under the age of 16. According to Ukrainian legislation, students of general education schools, vocational and secondary specialized educational institutions can be hired in their free time for part-time work if they reach the age of 15 with the consent of one of the parents or the person who replaces them, provided performing easy work.

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1. The economic nature of labor resources. The entire population is divided into economically active and economically inactive. The economically active population is the part of the population that offers its ability to work for the production of goods and the provision of a variety of services. Quantitatively, this group of the population consists of the employed and the unemployed, who currently do not have a job, but wish to get one. The economically active population includes persons aged 15-70 years. They perform work for wages for hire on a full or part-time basis, work individually (independently) or for individual employers, at their own (family) enterprise. The economically inactive population is that part of the population that is not part of the labor force. These include: pupils, students, cadets who study at a day hospital in educational institutions; persons who receive a retirement pension or on preferential terms; persons who receive a disability pension; persons engaged in housekeeping, looking after children, sick relatives; persons who cannot find work have stopped looking for it, having exhausted all possibilities, but they are able and willing to work; other persons who do not need to work regardless of the source of income.

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2. Phases of reproduction and the system of balances of labor resources. The use of labor resources in the labor process provides for their reproduction, which is interconnected with the reproduction of the social product. The process of reproduction of labor resources is divided into separate phases, namely: the phase of formation, the phase of distribution and redistribution, the phase of use. The formation phase is characterized by: - ​​natural reproduction, that is, the birth of people, and their achievement of working age; - the renewal of the ability to work in existing workers. To do this, they need food, clothing, housing, as well as the entire infrastructure of modern human existence (transport, communications, etc.); - obtaining by people of education, specialty and certain labor qualifications. The phase of distribution and redistribution of labor resources is characterized by their distribution by type of work, type of activity, as well as by organizations, enterprises, districts, regions of the country. The distribution of labor resources is also carried out in accordance with gender, age, level of education and health. The use phase is the use of the economically active population in enterprises, organizations and the economy as a whole. In this phase, the main problem is to ensure employment of the population and to efficient use workers. The demographic factors in the formation of the labor resources of the region are the intensity of population reproduction, which depends on the birth rate, since the higher this level, the faster the labor resources grow, as well as on migration processes, that is, depending on the ratio of the number of entering and leaving, labor increases or decreases. resources. The influence of demographic factors on the use of labor resources is manifested, first of all, through the age structure of the population, which varies in different regions and, in this regard, there is a different distribution of people of working age into working and non-working parts.

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2. Phases of reproduction and the system of balances of labor resources. The formation and use of labor resources in the regions are influenced by such important socio-economic factors as the peculiarities of the structure of production, as well as the economic situation (growth, stabilization or decline in production). These factors determine the number of employed, adolescents and pensioners, the number of unemployed, the distribution of workers by industry, profession, and professional training of the workforce. All phases are organically interconnected. There are extensive and intensive types of labor force reproduction. Extensive reproduction means an increase in the number of labor resources in certain regions and in the country as a whole without changing their qualitative characteristics. Intensive reproduction of labor resources is associated with a change in their quality. This is the growth of the educational level of workers, their qualifications, physical and mental abilities, etc. Extensive and intensive types of reproduction of labor resources mutually complement each other.

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2. Phases of reproduction and the system of balances of labor resources. The main source of replenishment of labor resources is young people who enter the working age. The number of this category depends on the mode of its reproduction (extended reproduction - the excess of the number of births over the number of deaths per 1000 people of the population; simple reproduction - the absence of population growth, that is, the number of births is equal to the number of deaths per 1000 people of the population; narrowed reproduction - not only there is no natural increase, but its absolute decrease occurs - depopulation), which is associated with a decrease in the level of marriage and birth rate in the country, as well as the magnitude of infant mortality. The current demographic situation is characterized by a tendency to reduce the population of Ukraine, its economically active part.

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2. Phases of reproduction and the system of balances of labor resources. The population of Ukraine in November decreased by 10.74 thousand people The population of Ukraine as of December 1, 2011 amounted to 45 million 644 thousand 419 people. Based on these data, it should be noted that in November 2011 the country's population decreased by 10 thousand 744 people.

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2. Phases of reproduction and the system of balances of labor resources. The population of Ukraine as of November 1, 2011 amounted to 45 million 655 thousand 163 people. As a result of October, the population of Ukraine decreased by 10 thousand 118 people. As of December 1, 2011, among the regions, the largest population is in Donetsk (4 million 405 thousand 768) and Dnepropetrovsk (3 million 321 thousand 366) regions. The smallest - in the city of Sevastopol (381 thousand 107) and the Chernivtsi region (905 thousand 225). According to statistics, as of December 1, 31 million 384 thousand 743 people of the urban population and 14 million 259 thousand 676 people of the rural population lived in Ukraine. It should be noted that as of January 1, 2011, the population of Ukraine amounted to 45 million 778.5 thousand people. Thus, the overall decline in the population in January-November 2011 reached 134 thousand 115 people, which was 0.1% compared to the corresponding period in 2010. According to the expectations of the State Statistics Service, the population of Ukraine in 2011 will be 45 million 630, 2 thousand people. Compared to 2010, the population will decrease by 0.3%. The urban population will be 31 million 373.9 thousand people, the rural population - 14 million 256.3 thousand people. The average population in 2011 will be 45 million 704.4 thousand people.

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2. Phases of reproduction and the system of balances of labor resources. According to the UN forecast, while maintaining the dynamics of population decline until 2030, the number of Ukrainians will decrease to 39 million. As noted in the UN demographic report, Ukraine has the world's lowest natural population growth. The Government of Ukraine plans to conduct a population census in 2012. According to the UN rules, a population census is carried out every 10 years. The first all-Ukrainian census was conducted in 2001, so the next one was planned for 2011. However, due to lack of funds, it was postponed, at first for an indefinite period, and only recently the government approved a new date for the 2012 census on October 31, according to a UN report , the 7 billionth inhabitant of the planet was born on Earth. Only 12 years have passed since reaching the milestone of 6 billion people (the bar of 6 billion was reached in 1999). Every year, the population of our planet increases by 80 million people, which roughly corresponds to the population of Germany. According to the UN report, the poorest countries in Africa and Asia account for the bulk of the growth, with such dynamics in the near future they will inevitably face the problem of lack of water, food and jobs for their citizens. According to a UN report, Europe's population will peak at 740 million by 2025 and then begin to decline.

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2. Phases of reproduction and the system of balances of labor resources. The formation of market relations is characterized by a natural movement of employment from production area into the service sector. Of great importance for the rational formation and distribution of labor resources is the development of a system of their balances. The system of balances of labor resources includes: a consolidated balance of jobs and labor resources (reporting and planning); balance of calculation of additional need for workers, professionals, specialists and technical employees and sources of their provision; balance calculation of the need for the training of skilled workers; balance calculation of attracting young people to study and its distribution upon completion of studies; balance calculations of the need for professionals, specialists; intersectoral balance of labor costs; work time balance. The system of balances and balance calculations is being developed for individual regions and for the state as a whole. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account: the conjuncture of the labor market, the dynamics and structure of jobs in the planning period; change in the demographic structure of the population, direction and scale of migration processes; the dynamics of the number and structure of employment of the population of working age; efficiency of use of labor resources; sources and scales of the formation of the professional qualification structure of employees; the rate of increase in labor productivity and the like.

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2. Phases of reproduction and the system of balances of labor resources. The balance of labor resources is a system of interrelated indicators that characterize the formation and distribution of labor resources. It consists of two parts: resource (labor resources) and distribution (distribution of labor resources). AT modern conditions formation of market relations, there is a discrepancy between the availability of resources and the need for them. The efficiency of using labor resources as an economic resource largely depends on the composition of labor resources by gender, age, education, professionalism, health status, etc. Labor resources, which are considered taking into account these parameters, represent labor potential. Labor potential is a set of quantitative and qualitative characteristics, abilities and capabilities of the able-bodied population, which are realized within and under the influence of the existing system of relations. The natural basis of these characteristics of the labor potential is the population, which is assessed depending on the demographic reproduction, life potential and health of different categories and age groups, migratory movements.

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2. Phases of reproduction and the system of balances of labor resources. The labor potential of an employee is his possible labor capacity, his resource opportunities in the labor sphere. In the process practical activities potential opportunities are not always fully exploited. At the enterprise, labor potential is the total working capacity of its team, resource opportunities in the field of work of all employees of the enterprise, based on their age, physical capabilities, knowledge and professional qualifications. Thus, the labor potential expresses, on the one hand, the possibility of participation of an employee or all members of the enterprise team in socially useful activities as a specific production resource, and on the other hand, a characteristic of the qualities of workers that reflect the level of development of their abilities, suitability and readiness to perform work of a certain type and quality, attitude to work, opportunities and readiness to work with full dedication of forces and abilities.

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2. Phases of reproduction and the system of balances of labor resources. The following parameters of the labor potential of the enterprise team are distinguished: 1) parameters of the production components of the labor potential: the number of personnel; the amount of working time that can be worked out at a normal level of labor intensity; professional qualification structure; raising and updating the professional level; creative activity. 2) parameters that characterize the socio-demographic components of the labor potential: gender and age structure; the level of education; family structure; state of health, etc. . Qualitative characteristics include evaluation of: - the physical and psychological potential of employees (the ability and inclination of the employee to work, health status, physical development, etc.); - the volume of general and special knowledge, labor skills and abilities that determine the ability to work of a certain quality (educational, qualification levels etc.); - qualities of team members as subjects economic activity(responsibility, participation in economic activity enterprises, etc.).

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2. Phases of reproduction and the system of balances of labor resources. Some qualitative characteristics can be assessed using quantitative indicators. For example, to assess the state of health, indicators of the frequency and severity of diseases per 100 employees are used, to assess the level of qualification - an indicator of the average category of workers, the level of professional training - an indicator of the proportion of people who have graduated from vocational schools, the number of months of professional training. The labor potential of an enterprise is a variable value. Its quantitative and qualitative characteristics change under the influence of both objective factors and managerial decisions.

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slide number 19

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3. social entity employment. Unemployment problems. The use of labor resources is characterized by the indicator of employment. Employment of the population is the activity of a part of the population aimed at creating a social product (national income). This is precisely its economic essence. Employment of the population is the most generalized characteristic of the economy. It reflects the achieved level of economic development, the contribution of human labor to the achievement of production. Employment combines production and consumption, and its structure determines the nature of their relationship. The social essence of employment reflects a person's need for self-expression, as well as for the satisfaction of material and spiritual needs through the income that a person receives for his work. The demographic essence of employment reflects the interdependence of employment with the sex and age characteristics of the population, its structure, and the like. principles of employment in market conditions are: the right of citizens to dispose of their ability to productive and creative work. the responsibility of the state for creating conditions for the realization of the right of citizens to work, promoting the disclosure of the interests and needs of a person by providing freedom and voluntariness in choosing a sphere of socially useful activity.

slide number 20

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3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems. In accordance with the International Classifier of Employment Status, six groups of the employed population are distinguished: employees; employers; persons who work at their own expense; members production cooperatives; family members who help with work; workers who are not classified by status. According to the Law of Ukraine "On Employment of the Population", the employed population includes citizens of our country who live on its territory in legal grounds, namely: 1. employed on a full or part-time basis (week) at enterprises, institutions, organizations, regardless of ownership, in international and foreign organizations in Ukraine and abroad; 2. citizens who independently provide themselves with work, including entrepreneurs, self-employed people, creative activities, members of cooperatives, farmers and members of their families who participate in production; 3. elected, appointed or approved to a paid position in the bodies state power, management or in public associations; 4. citizens who serve in the Armed Forces, border, internal, railway troops, national security and internal affairs agencies; 5. persons who undergo vocational training, retraining and advanced training with a break from work; students in daytime general education schools, secondary specialized and higher educational institutions; 6. engaged in raising children, looking after the sick, the disabled and elderly citizens; 7. working citizens of other states who are temporarily in Ukraine and perform functions not related to the activities of embassies and missions.

slide number 21

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3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems. The unemployed population is able-bodied citizens of working age who do not have a permanent or temporary job, are not looking for jobs that are not registered in public service employment and have income outside of work. The temporarily unemployed population is able-bodied citizens of working age who do not have suitable job registered with the State Employment Service as looking for a job. It is legally established that a job is considered suitable that meets the education, profession (specialty), qualifications of the employee and is provided in the same area where he lives. Wage must correspond to the level that a person had at a previous job, taking into account its average level, which has developed in the industry of the corresponding region over the past three months. important problem economics, the key task of the socio-economic policy of the state is to achieve full and effective employment. In modern economic theory In practice, full employment is understood as such a state of the economy in which everyone who wants to work has a job with pay at the level of real wages that exists at a given time.

slide number 22

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3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems. Full employment can be achieved at any level of involvement in paid work, if the number of jobs meets the needs of the population. However, not every workplace can satisfy the need for it. This is evidenced by the presence of vacant (unoccupied) jobs along with the presence of the unemployed. Therefore, we should talk about economically viable jobs, that is, productive jobs that enable a person to realize his personal interest, achieve a high level of labor productivity and have a decent income that guarantees the normal reproduction of the worker and his family. Therefore, full employment means matching the demand for economically viable jobs with the supply of labor. Such a balance makes it possible to ensure high results on the scale of the entire economy, since they are based on scientific and technological achievements and high labor productivity.

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3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems. Realization of the interests of society as a whole and each person in particular will be facilitated by: Continuous improvement of jobs, Creation of new ones that meet modern requirements jobs, withdrawal from production process old, not corresponding to the economic feasibility of jobs. In this interpretation, full employment can be called productive. Consequently, further development economics should come out of the interests of both the economy itself and the person (humanization of the economy). In a socially oriented economy, full employment can be effective if it provides a decent income, health, and an increase in the educational and professional level of each member of society based on the growth of social labor productivity.

slide number 24

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3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems. A quantitative assessment of effective employment can be characterized using a system of indicators: 1. The level of occupational employment of the population. The coefficient of employment of the population by professional labor is determined by dividing those employed in professional labor by the total population. This indicator reflects the dependence of employment on demographic factors (birth rate, death rate and population growth). This coefficient is one of the characteristics of the well-being of society. 2. The level of employment of the able-bodied population in the public economy. This indicator is related to the dynamics of the working-age population, depending on changes in demographic and socio-economic factors. It is calculated similarly to the first indicator, that is, as the ratio of the number of people employed in professional work to the number of the entire working-age population (labor resources).

slide number 25

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3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems. 3. The level of distribution of the labor resources of the society in the spheres of socially useful activity. Employment rates in studies, in the household and in other types of socially useful activities are determined similarly to the previous ones in order to establish the necessary proportions in the distribution of labor resources. 4. The level of the rational structure of the distribution of workers across industries and sectors of the economy. This indicator characterizes rational employment and has independent significance. Rational employment is the proportion of the distribution of labor potential by type of occupation, industry, sector of the economy. 5. The level of professional and qualification structure of employees. This indicator characterizes the correspondence of the professional and qualification structure of the working population to the structure of jobs.

slide number 26

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3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems. Distinguish between primary and secondary employment. Primary employment characterizes employment at the main place of work. If, in addition to the main job or study, there is still additional employment, it is called secondary employment. Types of employment characterize the distribution of the active part of labor resources by areas of labor use, professions, specialties. When determining the types of employment, the following are taken into account: the nature of the activity; social belonging; industry affiliation; territorial affiliation; level of urbanization; professional qualification level; gender; age level; type of property. Employment by the nature of activity is: - work in organizations of different forms of ownership and management; - work abroad and at joint ventures; - Military service; - study in daytime educational institutions; - housekeeping; - individual labor activity; - raising children in the family; - looking after the sick, the disabled and the elderly; - other types of activity established by the legislation.

slide number 27

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3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems. Employment by social class: workers; professionals, specialists, technical employees; leaders; farmers; entrepreneurs. Employment by industry: in the sphere of material production; in the non-manufacturing sector; in certain large sectors (industry, Agriculture, construction, transport and communications, etc.). Employment by territorial affiliation: in certain regions; in economic regions. Employment by level of urbanization: in urban areas; in countryside. Employment by type of ownership: state; private; collective; mixed. Employment for personal use of working time: full; incomplete; obvious incomplete; hidden incomplete; partial.

slide number 28

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3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems. Full employment is an activity during a full working day (week, season, year), which provides income in the normal size for a given region. Underemployment characterizes the employment of a particular person or for part-time work or with incomplete pay or insufficient efficiency. Underemployment can be overt or covert. Explicit underemployment is predetermined social reasons, in particular, the need to get an education, a profession, improve qualifications, and the like. Hidden underemployment reflects the imbalance between the labor force and other factors of production. It is associated, in particular, with a decrease in production volumes, the reconstruction of an enterprise and is manifested in low incomes of the population, underutilization of professional competence or low productivity.

slide number 29

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3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems. Part-time work is voluntary part-time work. In addition to these types of employment, there are also so-called non-traditional, which include: seasonal, temporary employment, part-time employment. Today in Ukraine, these types of employment cover a large part of the population. Part-time employment is part-time work due to the inability to provide the employee with work for the full working time or at the request of the employee in accordance with his social needs, as well as in connection with the modernization or reconstruction of production. Temporary employment is work on temporary contracts. Temporary employees are employees who are hired under contracts for a fixed period.

slide number 30

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3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems. Seasonal employment is employment that is associated with the specifics of production. Work is provided for a certain period on a full-time basis and is formalized by an appropriate contract. Under the conditions of the transitional economy in Ukraine, an unregulated form of employment is quite common, which functions both as a primary and as a secondary employment of citizens. Unregulated employment is the activity of the able-bodied population of working age, which is excluded from the sphere of social and labor norms and relations and is not taken into account by state statistics. The expansion of unregulated employment is accompanied by a further depreciation of the labor force, a decrease in motivation to work, primarily in the public sector, and an increase in inflation and prices. Income from such activities is not taxed, so the state incurs certain losses.

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slide number 32

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Labor resources - a part of the country's population with physical development, mental abilities and knowledge necessary for engaging in socially useful work.

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People who are actually involved in material production or non-productive sphere.

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The share of the economically active population varies by country. In the developed countries of the West, about 70% of all labor resources are economically active. This situation is primarily related to unemployment. It sometimes reaches 10 percent or more of the labor force. The share of the economically active population in developing countries is even smaller - 45-55%. This is due to the general economic backwardness, the lack of jobs, the difficulty of involving women in production with the predominance of large families, large masses of young people entering working age. True, unemployment in developing countries does not preclude widespread exploitation of cheap child labor.

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First, a person is an economic resource of a special type. If it is not in demand by the economy now, it cannot be reserved and "put in the refrigerator" until better times. Secondly, even if a person does not work, he cannot stop consuming and he still needs to feed his family. Therefore, society is forced to look for means to save the unemployed from starvation or turning into bandits. Thirdly, rising unemployment reduces the demand for goods in the domestic market. People who do not receive a salary are forced to be content with only the bare minimum of means of subsistence. As a result, the sale of goods on the domestic market of the country becomes more difficult ("the market shrinks"). Fourthly, unemployment exacerbates the political situation in the country. The reason for this is the growing bitterness of people who have lost the opportunity to adequately support their families and spend day after day in exhausting job searches. Fifth, an increase in unemployment can lead to an increase in the number of crimes that people commit in order to obtain the necessary benefits. Unemployment is a global phenomenon: according to the UN, 800 million people are unemployed.

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This is the ratio between the able-bodied part of the population, on the one hand, and the unemployed (children and the elderly), on the other. On average, 100 able-bodied people in the world provide 70 children and pensioners with their earnings. In developing countries - often 100 to 100. Japan - 100 to 41. In Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, the Baltic countries, the demographic burden is approximately equal to the world average.

Slide 7

The balance of labor resources is a system of indicators reflecting the number and composition of labor resources and their distribution among employees by industry National economy and forms of ownership, the unemployed and the economically inactive population.

Slide 8

1st place - agriculture (agrarian countries). 2nd place - the service sector (in Latin America, it even came out on top). 3rd place - industry and construction.

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The proportion of the agricultural population here is immeasurably smaller, while the proportion of workers, employees and intellectuals is greater. The proportion of the population employed in the service sector is also large ( passenger transport, retail, household services). In the UK, Germany, Belgium, France, Sweden, about 40% of the economically active population works in this area, in the USA - more than 50%.