Professional labor classification of professions. Classification of professions according to different criteria. Classes of professions by nature of work

2.9 Occupational classification

The most famous system for classifying professions is the system of E.A. Klimov. In it, the whole variety of professions is consistently divided into types, classes, departments and groups. Let us briefly dwell on this approach to the systematics of professions.

Occupation types ( subject of labor).

1. "Man is man"(H).

The main subject of labor is people and groups of people. Examples of professions: waiter, salesman, doctor, psychologist, coach, investigator.

2. "Human - technical systems» (T).

The main subject of labor is technical systems, material objects, materials, energy. Examples of professions: - turner, bricklayer, locksmith, driver, architect, engineer.

3. "Man - nature"(P).

The main subject of labor is living organisms and biological processes. Examples of professions: botanist, zoologist, livestock specialist, beekeeper, ichthyologist, agronomist.

4. "Man is a sign"(Z)

The main subject of labor is conventional signs, numbers, ciphers, codes, formulas, languages. Examples of professions: programmer, proofreader, philologist, mathematician.

5. "Man - an artistic image"(X)

The main subject of labor is artistic images. Examples of professions: poet, sculptor, conductor, artist, designer.

Occupation classes

(according to labor operations or purpose of labor)

According to E.A. Klimov, in accordance with the prevailing labor operations, all professions are divided into three classes:

1. Gnostic(recognizing) specialties (GN),

2. transformative specialty (PR),

3. Survey(creative) specialties (I).

Let's show how the classes of professions correlate with the types of professions (Table 2.7).

Classes professions Types professions	Gnostic (G)	transformative (Etc)	Survey(creative) (AND)
Man - Technique	QCD worker	Locksmith, driver, installer.	Designer, inventor.
Man - Man	Investigator	Teacher, nurse, doctor, salesman.	Psychologist, entrepreneur.
Man - Nature	Acceptor of agricultural products	Field grower, veterinarian.	Breeder
Man - Sign	Corrector	Programmer, accountant, coder	theoretical physicist
Man - Artistic image.	Inspector-acceptor of painting works	Jeweler, painter, decorator.	Composer, writer, sculptor.

Professions departments

(by means of labor)

1. Manual labor(P) - manual (simple and poorly mechanized) tools.

Examples of professions: jeweler, fitter, auto mechanic, surgeon, pianist.

2. mechanized labor(M) - mechanical equipment with manual control.

Examples of professions: driver, turner, seamstress.

3.Automated labor(A) - automated equipment for long-term or continuous technological processes.

Examples of professions: steelmaker, brewer, boiler room operator, nuclear plant operator.

4. Functional tools(F). The main means of labor are the functional means of the body.

Examples of professions: teacher, singer, actor, theoretical scientist, dancer.

Occupation groups (according to working conditions)

1. Household microclimate(work indoors) (B).

Examples of professions: accountant, teacher, manager.

2. Work on outdoors (O)

Examples of professions: - shepherd, farmer, postman, huntsman, soldier.

3. Small enclosed spaces, cabins(TO).

Examples of professions: driver, crane operator, exchange office cashier.

4. Unusual working conditions(H)

Examples of professions: diver, miner, mine rescuer, steelworker, astronaut, stuntman.

According to this classification, you can create formulas for a particular profession. For example, the formula for the profession of an accountant would be - Z: Pr: R: B.

Psychologist - C:R:F:B

Turner - T: Pr: M: B

Locksmith - T: Pr: R: B

Steelmaker - T: Pr: A: N

Artist - X: TV: R: B

Investigator - H: H: F: B

Representatives of this type deal with plant and animal organisms, microorganisms and the conditions of their existence. Examples: master horticulturalist, agronomist, livestock specialist, veterinarian, microbiologist.

2. Man is a technique (and inanimate nature) (T). Workers deal with inanimate, technical objects of labor. Examples: assembly fitter, mechanical technician, mechanical engineer, electrical fitter, electrical engineer, catering technician.

3. Man - man (H). The subject of interest, recognition, service, transformation here are social systems, communities, population groups, people of different ages. Examples: grocery store, hairdresser, production engineer, doctor, teacher.

4. Man is a sign system (3). Natural and artificial languages, conventional signs, symbols, numbers, formulas - these are the objective worlds that occupy representatives of professions of this type. Examples: phototypesetter operator, programmer, cartographer, mathematician, publishing editor, linguist.

5. The person is an artistic image (X). Phenomena, facts of artistic reflection of reality - this is what occupies representatives of this type of profession. Examples: decorator, art restorer, customizer musical instruments, concert performer, ballet dancer, drama theater actor.

The second tier of the classification (classes of professions)

Within each type of profession, the following three classes are distinguished by purpose, determined operationally (i.e., in response to the question "what to do?" recognize in principle what is known, transform something or find the unknown, solve non-standard problems):

1. Gnostic professions (G) (from ancient Greek "gnosis" - knowledge). Examples:

· in the type "man - nature" - fruit controller-receiver, tea taster;

· in the type "man - technology" - pyrometrist, controller finished products in mechanical engineering, master diagnostician of agricultural machinery;

· in the type "person - person" - a forensic medical expert, a medical labor expert, a sociologist;

· in the type "man - a sign system" - a proofreader of a printing house, a controller of semi-finished and finished products in printing, an accountant-auditor;

· in the type "a person is an artistic image" - an art critic, a musicologist, a theater critic.

2. Transformative professions (P). Examples:

· in the type "man - nature" - a master horticulturalist, a master livestock breeder, an operator for growing yeast, an agronomist for plant protection, a zoo engineer;

· in the type "man - equipment" - a repairman, a turner, a rolling mill operator;

· in the type "man - sign system" - a draftsman-cartographer, a typist-stenographer, an accountant;

· in the "man - artistic image" type - a florist-decorator, a porcelain painter, a sculptor of architectural details.

3. Survey professions (I). Examples:

· in the type "man - nature" - a pilot-observer of a fishery, a pilot-observer of a forestry, a biologist-researcher;

· in the type of "man - technology" - a cutter of the top of shoes, a spreader of patterns, a design engineer;

· in the type "man - man" - an educator, an organizer of production, an organizer of trade;

· in the type "man - sign system" - programmer, mathematician;

· in the type of "man - artistic image" - interior design artist, composer.

The third tier of classification (departments of professions)

On the basis of the main means of labor within each class there may (but not always) be four divisions:

1. Professions of manual labor (P). Examples:

· in the class of gnostic professions - laboratory assistant for chemical and bacteriological analysis, supervisor of plumbing and machine work, laboratory assistant;

· in the class of transformative professions - a veterinary paramedic, a locksmith, a cartographer, an artist-painter.

· In the class of surveying professions, manual means can apparently only be auxiliary, such as, for example, a pencil and paper in the hands of a designer.

2. Professions of machine-manual labor (M). Manually controlled machines are created for processing, transforming, moving objects of labor, therefore, typical professions for this division of the classification are an excavator driver, a turner, and a car driver.

3. Professions related to the use of automated and automatic systems (A): operator of incubation shops, operator of machine tools with program control, operator of magnetic recording.

4. Professions associated with the predominance of functional means of labor (F). Here it means psychological means labor - all sorts of mental standards (for example, an acrobat has a mental model of a sequence of actions, a conductor has figurative standards, etc.).

The fourth tier of the classification (groups of professions)

According to working conditions (Of course, very roughly) professions can be divided into four groups. The highlighted groups are not mutually exclusive, but overlap. They are given simply as a possible means of distinguishing professions according to those characteristics that a person considers important to himself. 3. Work in unusual conditions at height, under water, underground, at high and low temperatures, etc. (n): antenna mast operator, diver, mining combine operator, fireman.

Work in conditions of increased moral responsibility for the life, health of people (adults or children), large material values ​​(m): educator kindergarten, teacher, investigator

Lectures on the discipline "Pedagogical psychology"

Profession - this is the genus labor activity, which requires some preparation and is usually a source of material support and joy.

Speciality is a type of occupation within the same profession

Job title- this is official duty, the range of actions assigned to a person within the framework of the profession.

E.A., Klimov proposed a four-tier overview classification of professions according to the characteristics of the subject, goals, means and working conditions.

Working conditions

(where to work?)

Means of labor

(how to work?)

Purpose of labor

(what to do?)

The subject of labor

(what to work with?)

According to the subject of labor, all professions are divided: "Man - Nature", "Man - Technique", "Man - Sign", "Man - Artistic Image", "Man-Man".

1. "Man - wildlife" (P). Representatives of this type of professions deal with plant and animal organisms, microorganisms and the conditions of their existence (master horticulturalist, agronomist, livestock specialist, veterinarian, microbiologist).

2. "Man - man" (H). The subject of interest, service, recognition, transformation here are social systems, communities, population groups, people of different ages (salesman, production engineer, doctor, teacher, Social worker, hairdresser, manager).

3. "Man - technology" (T) and inanimate nature. Workers deal with non-living, technical objects of labor (fitter, mechanical technician, electrician, electrical engineer, production technician).

4. "Man - sign system" (3). Natural and artificial languages, conventional signs, symbols, numbers, formulas - these are the subject worlds that representatives of this type of professions deal with (phototypesetting machine operator, programmer, draftsman-cartographer, mathematician, editor of a publishing house, linguist, translator, accountant, notary).

5. "Man - an artistic image" (X). Phenomena, facts of artistic reflection of reality - this is what occupies representatives of professions of this type (decorator, restorer, designer, tuner of musical instruments, concert performer, ballet dancer, drama theater actor).

Within each type of profession, E.A. Klimov singled out their classes on the basis of goals (second tier): - Gnostic professions (G); - transforming (P); - exploratory (I).

On the basis of the main tools, means of labor within each class, there are four departments (third tier): - manual labor professions (P);

Professions of machine labor (manually operated machines are used to process, move, transform objects of labor, so the typical professions in this unit are the driver, machinist, etc.) (M);

Professions related to the use of automated and automatic systems (A) - CNC machine operators, etc.;

Professions associated with the predominance of functional means of labor (F) \u003d

According to the working conditions, professions can be divided into four groups (the fourth tier in the above diagram):

Work with microclimate conditions close to domestic, "room" (B): laboratory assistants, accountants, computer operators;

Work that is necessary associated with being outdoors in any weather (O): agronomist, steel and reinforced concrete assembler, inspector of the state traffic inspectorate;

Work in unusual conditions (at height, underground, under water, at elevated and low temperatures (-H): mast antenna operator, diver, mining machine operator, firefighter);

Work in conditions of increased moral responsibility for the life and health of people - adults or children, large material values ​​​​(M) (kindergarten teacher, teacher, doctor, investigator).

Profession- this is a limited (due to the division of labor) area of ​​​​applying the physical and / or spiritual forces of a person, giving him the opportunity to exist and develop instead of the labor he applied; a certain type of labor activity, characterized by the sum of requirements for the individual.

Speciality- the type of occupation within this profession.

For example, the profession is a turner. Specialties within this profession: turner-carousel, turner-borer, turner - semi-automatic, turner-revolver. Profession - teacher. Specialties within this profession: teacher of physics and computer science, teacher of Russian language and literature, teacher of Russian and foreign languages, teacher of Russian as a foreign language, teacher of foreign language and literature, teacher of economics and law, teacher visual arts, technology and entrepreneurship teacher, etc.

It should be noted that at present, in everyday and scientific speech, two concepts are used - teacher and teacher. However, traditionally there was an idea that the latter is much broader. Compare the definitions: “A teacher is a person who passes on to others the knowledge he has mastered, skills, experience gained, his understanding of life and attitude towards it. In a narrower sense, the position of a teacher of one or more academic subjects in a general education school.

Teacher is a general term used to refer to persons engaged in various types of educational activities. By social status teachers are divided into two types: a) professionals, i.e. persons working for pay and usually having special training; b) persons who actually perform teaching and educational functions, being specialists in other fields. Informal educators can include parents, mentors of various kinds, leaders of small groups, scientific schools etc., whose knowledge and experience become the property of others.

On the basis of the acquired specialty, the employee is assigned one or another qualification. So, in accordance with the system of personnel training in the Russian State Pedagogical University. A. I. Herzen, graduates can be awarded the following qualifications (degrees, if we mean the graduated system of education at the university): qualification (degree) bachelor can be obtained by a student when he masters the basic educational program(OP) higher vocational education, designed for a four-year period of study; qualification certified specialist(in pedagogical specialties - this is a teacher) can be obtained when a student masters a continuous basic educational program of higher professional education, designed for a five-year period of study or, when mastering a stepwise basic EP of the previous stage and obtaining a bachelor's qualification (degree) (the program is also designed for a five-year term of study, including a bachelor's degree); qualification (degree) master can be obtained by mastering a stepwise basic EP of higher professional education, subject to successful completion of the main EP of the previous stage and obtaining a bachelor's qualification (degree) (the program is designed for a six-year period of study, including a bachelor's degree).

You can navigate the tens of thousands of existing professions and specialties using the classification of professions.

Classification- this is a meaningful order of things, phenomena, their division into varieties according to some important features. The most well-known classifications exist in botany and zoology, in Russian and foreign languages, in chemistry and history, etc. A classification should always be based on one or another classification feature or features. However, different authors can take different signs (grounds) as the basis (attribute) of the classification. There may be several classifications. You will encounter this phenomenon in the future when studying courses in theoretical and practical pedagogy, when different authors will take different bases as the basis for classifying methods (training, education, technology).

The classification of professions for various reasons is presented in Table. 2.

table 2

Classification of professions

No. p / p	The sign taken as a basis	Disadvantages of classification
	First letter of profession name	Inconvenient to use, long list of professions.
	The nature of the work (mental or physical)	Blurring the distinction between mental and physical labor.
	Industry National economy(for example, industry and construction; transport and communications; agriculture; animal husbandry and crop production; trade (with catering and logistics); the science; education; culture; healthcare; control apparatus, etc.	1. Conditional, since some industries, such as healthcare, penetrate into others, such as science. 2. There are intersectoral professions, common in a number of sectors of the national economy, for example, a locksmith.
	A sign of material production (material values ​​are produced or not produced). Produce: industry, agriculture, construction, forestry, industrial transport, communications. Do not produce: healthcare, passenger transport, trade, mass media system, education, etc.	The division cannot be exact, since any labor, if people need it, is a creative activity, regardless of what values ​​- spiritual or material - are obtained (“produced”) as a result.

The components of any type of labor are the subject of labor, the purpose of labor, the tools of labor and the conditions of activity. A person's awareness of these components of labor affects the requirements for a particular profession.

Let us first dwell on the classification of professions proposed by E. A. Klimov ( on the subject of labor), which divided all existing professions (specialties) into five types (groups).

First group professions. The subject of labor is technology. Conventionally, this group of professions is called " man-technician” and denoted by a capital letter T.

This group of professions includes professions related to maintenance, repair, installation, adjustment, management (mechanic-repairman, adjuster technological equipment, driver, technician, mechanic); professions in the production and processing of metals, their mechanical assembly and installation, as well as in the assembly and installation of electrical equipment (mechanic, turner, steelmaker, watch assembler, engineer-physicist, etc.).

If the work of a specialist is aimed at the installation, repair of any structures, structures, then these are professions - architect, builder, plumber, etc.

Second group professions. These are professions like man-man H. The subject of labor in this group of professions is the service of another person and (or) interaction with him. The purpose of labor in this case can be education and training, development, information, service (household, commercial, medical). This group of professions can be associated with management, leadership of teams of people.

This group includes the following professions: a guide, a salesperson, a manager, a teacher, a teacher (in the broad sense of the word, a kindergarten teacher, group extended day, head of the circle, teacher-psychologist, assistant, associate professor, professor, methodologist, etc.). In this case, we are talking about teachers not only of the school, but also of other educational institutions- at home children's creativity, a sports school, a police children's room, a temporary stay center for a child, a center for psychological and pedagogical assistance to parents, a university, a college, a college, etc.

Third group professions. The object of labor here is nature. This group of professions man-nature P.

Any object on earth, including man himself, belongs to nature, but speaking of professions such as "man-nature", we mean by the subject of labor wildlife(plants, animals, microorganisms). Professions of this type may be associated with technology, but it is not an object for them, but a means of labor (microbiologist, fish farmer, veterinary paramedic, operator of livestock complexes and mechanized farms, florist, etc.).

Fourth group professions. The subject of labor here are signs - oral or written speech, numbers, chemical and physical symbols, notes, diagrams, maps, graphs, drawings, road signs etc. These are professions like “ man sign system", denoted by a capital letter 3 . This group of professions includes a proofreader, editor, economist, stenographer-typist, draftsman, notographer, topographer, etc.

Fifth group professions. The subject of labor here is the artistic images formed by the personality in the visual, musical, literary, artistic, and acting activities. This is a group of professions man-art image", denoted by a capital letter X. This includes the professions of a clothing designer, photographer, artist, musician, artist, tuner of musical instruments, journalist, carpet weaver, etc.

Depending on the labor goals, i.e., from the fact that the main thing in the profession is to recognize, transform or seek (to seek), there are, respectively, three classes of professions - gnostic, transformative and research (Table 3).

Table 3

Classification of professions according to the purpose of work

Occupation classes	Professions	Purpose of labor
Gnostic (cognitive), marked with a capital G	Proofreader - 3 Critic - X Sanitary doctor - C Laboratory assistant for chemical and bacteriological analyzes - C Inspector - receiver of finished products - T	Learn, recognize, control, classify, sort, check on previously known features, evaluate, explore
transformative, denoted by a capital letter P and a small r- Pr	Carpenter - T Teacher - C Field grower - P Draftsman - 3 Restorer - X Doctor - C Teacher - C	Change properties, state of objects of labor
Survey, marked with a capital letter I	Cutter in the studio - X	Invent, find an unconventional solution

The next component is tools, means of production. What is a tool, and what is a means of labor for a particular profession? Depending on the tools of labor or means of production (which are divided into manual, machine, automated and functional means of the human body), professions are divided into four departments (Table 4).

Table 4

Classification of professions by instrument of labor

And finally, depending on conditions in which work is carried out(ordinary domestic, open air conditions, unusual, conditions of increased moral responsibility), there are four groups of professions (Table 5).

Table 5

Classification of professions according to working conditions

Working conditions	Professions
Ordinary living conditions - denoted by a small letter b	Draftsman Accountant Radio controller
Open air conditions, when there can be sudden changes in temperature and humidity, are indicated by a small letter o	Field farmer Tractor driver General mechanic
Unusual conditions (under water, at height, underground, at elevated temperature) are denoted by a small letter and	Diver Miner
Conditions of increased moral responsibility (for the health and life of people or for large material values) - denoted by a small letter m	Teacher Judge Seller Prosecutor Lawyer Educator

So, you got acquainted with the types of professions, defined by the subject of labor; classes of professions related to the goals of labor; departments of professions dependent on the instruments of labor (or means of production) with which the profession is carried out, and groups of professions determined by working conditions. This knowledge gives you the opportunity to present the classification of professions in the form of a table. 6, and represent any profession, including the profession of a teacher, in the form of a “pyramid” of a profession (Fig. 2).

Table 6

Classification of professions

Subject of labor (types of professions)	Purpose of work (occupation classes)	Tools of labor (departments of professions)	Working conditions (groups of professions)
Technique Man (T)	D. Recognize, distinguish, determine, evaluate, understand, check	R.Manual (direct function execution)	m. Conditions of increased moral responsibility
Nature Man (P)	M. Mechanized (management of machines, mechanisms)	m. Unusual working conditions
Man-man (H)	Ex. Transform, process, arrange, organize, influence, serve	A. Automated (management of machines, devices)	b. Household conditions
Human sign system (Z)	I. Invent, invent, find new way solutions	F. Using the functional means of the body	r.Working outdoors
Human-artistic image (X)
My future profession
Groups of professions (depending on working conditions - b, o, n, m)
Departments of professions (depend on the tools - P, M, A, F)
Classes of professions (depending on the goals of work - G, Pr, I)
Types (groups) of professions (depending on the subject of labor - P, T, H, 3, X) Figure 2. "Pyramid" of the profession (considered from the bottom up)

Of course, it is not always possible to attribute a profession to one particular type, class, department, etc. It often turns out that a profession belongs to several varieties: each profession of one type necessarily has signs of others, so it must be understood that all classifications are conditional. The question remains which of the features are dominant and which are secondary. As already mentioned, analyzing a particular profession, we can distinguish four main features - the subject of labor, the purpose of labor, tools of labor, working conditions - and according to them symbols write down even the formula of the profession, consisting of several letters.

In the profession formula, each letter corresponds to one or another type, class, department, group of professions. For example, the profession of a turner. According to the subject of labor, it belongs to the type of professions "human-technique", according to the purpose - to the class of transformative ones, according to the means of labor - to the department of professions where machines are used, according to working conditions - to a group of specialists working in living conditions. Therefore, the formula for the profession of a turner may look like this: T, Pr, M, b (it is necessary to write T Pr M b, since punctuation marks are not put between letters in the formula).

From the formula of the profession, one can move on to the requirements that the profession imposes on the personality of a teacher, bearing in mind that this profession contains a number of contradictions. One of the most important contradictions is that, on the one hand, the profession of "teacher-teacher" is one of the most massive, and on the other hand, the tools of labor for this profession are the functional means of the body. Thus, those who want to get the profession of a teacher need to understand that the person who applies for it needs to have health at a certain level, as well as the inclinations necessary for this profession, which over time can develop into the abilities necessary for a teacher, and, of course, the corresponding knowledge and skills.

In our reasoning, we rely on the structure of personality traits developed by the psychologist K. K. Platonov and used in the theory of developmental education (training is recognized as the leading force in a person’s mental development, the formation of a set of personality traits in him).

K. K. Platonov has in mind four levels of personality development, which can be represented figuratively (if desired, depicted graphically) in the form of a well-known model of the structure of the atom.

AT personality models of K. K. Platonov is the core of the personality, which is made up of hereditarily (biologically) determined qualities of the personality. This is a kind of first level in the structure of personality - temperament level(or heredity). The qualities of the first level represent the characteristics of the nervous system, the emotional qualities of the personality, its needs (gender, age, etc.). The second level in the personality model is features of mental processes. We are talking about sensations, perception, imagination, attention, memory, feelings, will, and in general about COURTS - methods of mental actions carried out in the learning process, mental and logical operations, such as association, comparison, abstraction, induction, deduction. The third level is level of experience of the individual; it is represented by well-known ZUNs (knowledge, abilities, skills) and SDP (effective-practical sphere), i.e., personality traits that characterize the effective-practical sphere. These qualities are acquired only in practical activities. And finally, the fourth level is presented personality orientation(level of personality orientation). These are SUMs (self-governing mechanisms of the personality), I-concept, needs, orientation in general and SENs (the sphere of aesthetic and moral qualities of the personality), which are formed on the basis of and together with knowledge, skills and abilities (ZUNs).

The listed levels (1–4) in K. K. Platonov’s model of personality, in addition to the idea of ​​personality as a “frame” of groups of its qualities, carry the idea of ​​personality as a complex system, in which all levels of groups of qualities are interconnected by "radii", like a web. Radii (web) can be such qualities that the author calls the needs of the individual, the nature of her abilities, self-concept.

The concepts of "professiogram" and "psychogram". Types of professiograms. In the second half of the 1920s. domestic psychotechniques intensively developed the principles and methods of analysis professional activity. The generalization of these studies led to the formation of a special approach in psychotechnics - professiography. The essence of this approach is reflected in the name itself (“description of professions”). In general, the concept of professiography includes the process of studying, psychological characteristics and design of a profession. When professiographing, the signs of objects that are the central components of any labor process: subject of labor, subject, tasks, tools and working conditions.

The results of professiography are drawn up in a professiogram, which includes a description of working conditions, the rights and obligations of the employee, the necessary knowledge, skills, professional important qualities, as well as contraindications for health reasons.

It is important for a modern practicing psychologist and professional consultant to understand how a competent description is compiled. various kinds professional work, which General characteristics are used for a complete consideration of professions. In addition to using ready-made descriptions of professions (professiograms), a professional consultant should be prepared to independently identify and describe the features of professions that are specific to the specific conditions of their city or region and are not presented in professiograms for general use. In addition, in some cases, it becomes necessary to independently consider individual (particularly interesting) professions together with the client.

In the very general view professiogram- this is a descriptive and technological characteristic of various types of professional activity, made according to a certain scheme and for solving certain problems.

An important concept in the psychology of labor is a psychogram, understood as the selection and description of the qualities of a person necessary for the successful performance of this labor activity. These qualities are called professionally important qualities.

In modern professionalism, there is another important concept - system professiogram(according to E. M. Ivanova), which is understood as the very technology of psychological study of the subject of labor, it seems to combine the actual professiogram and the psychogram (based on the descriptive and technological characteristics of the profession according to a certain scheme).

Based on goals and objectives, for the solution of which certain descriptive systems of professions are intended, E. M. Ivanova identifies the following types of professiograms:

Information professiograms (intended for use in vocational counseling and career guidance to inform clients about those professions that have aroused their interest);

Showing possible prospects for change in the profession itself;

The orientation of the professiogram to the decision practical tasks(professiogram as a basis for professional selection, vocational training, labor rationalization, etc.);

Identification and description of various non-compensated professional psychological qualities (PPK), as well as those qualities that can be compensated.

Options for compiling professiograms. A. K. Markova analyzes and identifies the following main types of professiograms according to their content and structure:

· complex professiogram(according to K. K. Platonov, Yu. V. Kotelova, etc.), which takes into account a wide range of characteristics (social, technical, economic, medical and hygienic, etc.), and also indicates the subject, goals, method, criteria for evaluating the results etc.;

· analytical professiogram(according to E. M. Ivanova), which reveals not individual characteristics of the components of the profession, but generalized normative indicators of the profession and indicators of the psychological structure of professional activity. At the same time, the objective characteristics of labor and the psychological characteristics of labor are specially analyzed, which ultimately makes it possible to single out the PVK that correspond to these tasks;

· psychologically oriented professiogram(according to E. I. Garber), which highlights: 1) a description of the external picture of labor, labor behavior - a photograph of the working day, the timing of working time when performing specific tasks, the temporal dynamics of production activity, typical mistakes and etc.; 2) the internal picture of labor - typical reactions of the individual to certain professional situations, integral formations of the employee's personality (abilities, learning structures and experience), mental states (intellectual and emotional processes, emotions, will, attention, memory, psychomotor);

· "modular approach" in professiography(according to V. E. Gavrilov). The psychological module itself is "a typical element of professional activity, inherent in a number of professions and distinguished on the basis of the general requirements for a person." Module structure: 1) objective characteristics of a typical element (for example, for a worker - measuring objects without the help of tools and instruments - this is the first, left, part of the module); 2) the psychological characteristics of the requirements for a person imposed by this element (for example, for a worker - a volumetric and linear eye, accuracy - another, right, part of the module). Each profession consists of several modules. The number of possible modules is less than the number of all professions, therefore it is more expedient (and more economical) to study these modules and use them to compose a description of the professions themselves;

· "task-personal modular approach" to professiography . General scheme task-personal professiography involves the analysis of the profession (based on the allocation of professional tasks). The “module of the profession” itself is understood in this case as “a set of units of the object and the subject of labor activity”. The module thus includes “the connection of not just a separate normative labor action and the desired psychological quality, but the combination of a certain task of labor and the subject, conditions, actions, results associated with it (the left part of the module) with a number of psychological qualities (the right part of the module). At the same time, it is advisable to single out: 1) priority, core, core professional tasks and 2) derivative, auxiliary tasks.

A. K. Markova lists basic requirements for a professiogram:

a clear allocation of the subject and result of labor (which is the main effort of a person);

The allocation of not individual components and aspects of labor, but a description of a holistic professional activity;

· demonstration of possible lines of human development in the given profession .

According to the subject of labor (what a person works with), means of labor (what tools or machines he uses), working conditions, labor goals, all professions can be attributed to one type or another. Considering such a typology, in accordance with each profession, you can put some code, or a profile - that is, by what criterion it belongs to what type. Then you can create for yourself the "ideal formula of the profession", the preferred means of labor and the object of labor. Thus, it will not be difficult for yourself to determine which profession is suitable for you and which is not.

Any profession for each of the bases of the line can be attributed either to one of the types or to several. The rows indicate the reasons for the classification - and the corresponding types of occupations.

1. Depending on subject of labor All professions are usually divided into five types.

In fact, this is a rough division. This division is suitable for professions in which one of the five objects of labor is clearly traced. Psychologists determine for each profession which object of labor is closer to it, what a person mainly deals with in the labor process, and there can be three objects of labor that characterize the profession. Such an assessment will make it possible to distinguish professions within a group, determining the secondary object of labor for this profession.

"CH E L O V E K - P R I R O D A"

Professions: livestock specialist, cynologist, master livestock breeder, seed grower, agronomist, laboratory assistant for chemical and bacteriological analysis and others.

Of the professions of this type, there are professions for which the subject of labor will be:

· plants

· animals

microorganisms

These professions are associated with food industry, medicine, agriculture, and scientific research in the field of biology and geography. Some interest in nature, no matter how strange it may seem, must have a manager for hotel business and tourism, psychologist…

Such a division does not mean at all that all human labor is directed only at the mentioned objects of labor. For example, plant growers use different techniques, work in a team, conduct an economic assessment of their work. But still, the main subject of concern and attention of plant growers are plants and their environment.

On the other hand, if you choose a profession such as "man-nature", it is very important to find out your attitude to nature: as a place of rest or as your workplace, where you will give your strength to production.

When choosing a profession, one more thing should be taken into account. The peculiarity of biological objects of labor lies in their complexity, variability (according to their internal laws), non-standard. Animals, plants, microorganisms grow, develop, live, get sick and even die. The worker must not only know a lot about living organisms, but also anticipate possible changes in them, which are sometimes irreversible. A person must possess such qualities as independence in decision-making, foresight, initiative, caring.

"CH E L O B E K - T E H N I C A"

Professions: carpenter, sinker, metallurgical technician, architect, mechanical engineer, radio mechanic, electrician, builder, telecommunications specialist, computer assembler and others.

Naturally, here the work of workers is directed not only to technology, but still the main subject of professional attention is technical objects and their properties.

Professions associated with the extraction and processing of soils and rocks;

professions related to the processing and use of non-metallic industrial materials, semi-finished products, products;

professions in the production and processing of metals, mechanical assembly, installation of machines and devices;

Professions related to the repair, maintenance, adjustment of technological machines, Vehicle, installations;

Professions related to the installation, repair of buildings, structures, structures;

Professions related to the assembly, installation, repair, adjustment, maintenance of instruments, apparatus, electrical equipment;

Occupations in which transport and lifting means are used and managed;

Professions in food processing Agriculture.

In the process of processing, moving, transforming or evaluating technical means the employee must be precise, he is required to perform certain actions. Since technical objects are always developed by man himself, there are many opportunities for innovation, technical creativity, and invention in the technical world. In addition to a creative approach in the matter of technology, a high level of performing discipline is also required from a person.

"CH E L O V E K - CH E L O V E K"

The leading subject of labor in this category of professions are people.

Professions: teacher, psychologist, doctor, tour guide, hairdresser, head of an artistic group, manager and others.

These types of jobs include:

professions in training and education, in organizing and managing children's groups;

Professions in production management, management of people and teams;

Professions in household and trade service;

information service professions;

Professions in information and artistic service to people and leadership of artistic groups;

health care professions.

To work successfully in professions of this category, you need to be sociable, be able to communicate with people and maintain contacts, be able to understand people, understand their characteristics, and also gain knowledge in the relevant field of production, science and art.

Qualities that are important in the job:

good stable mood in the course of working with people;

The need for constant communication

the ability to understand the mood of people, their intentions, thoughts;

the ability to understand people's relationships;

The ability to communicate with different people and find with them mutual language.

"H E L O V E K - Z N A C O V E S T E M S"

Professions: engineer, draftsman, translator, secretary-typist, topographer, programmer and others.

The group of professions of the type "man - sign systems" includes:

Professions related to office work, paperwork, transcoding, text analysis and their transformation;

Professions related to numbers and quantitative relations;

Professions for processing information presented in the form of schematic images of objects or in the form of a system of conventional signs.

For successful work in one of the professions of the “man - sign system” type, you need to have special abilities to immerse yourself in the world of dry designations, be able to be distracted from the outside world and focus on the information contained in the signs. When processing information represented by conventional signs, it will be necessary to solve the problems of verification, control, processing, accounting, information, as well as work on the creation of new signs and sign systems.

"H E L O V E K - H U D J E S T V E N N Y O R A Z"

Professions People: artist, designer, entertainer, musician, literary worker, stone carver.

The group of professions of the type "man - artistic image" combines:

Professions related to the fine arts or musical activity;

Professions of a literary and artistic orientation;

professions of acting and stage activity.

Distinctive feature professions such as "man - an artistic image" is that most of the labor costs are hidden from the outside observer. In addition, special efforts are often made to create an effect of ease and lightness. end result labor.

2. Depending on working conditions All professions are divided into four groups:

· Work in the conditions of a normal microclimate (domestic) - engineer, assistant secretary, accountant, programmer;

· Work in the open air, where sudden changes in temperature and humidity are possible - agronomist, field grower, fireman, builder;

· Work in unusual conditions: under water, in the air, underground, at height, in hot shops and shops with hazardous production - diver, miner, apparatchik, pilot;

· Work with increased moral responsibility for the life and health of people, for material and social values ​​- a doctor, teacher, auditor, safety engineer.

3. By means of labor professions are divided into four categories:

professions where manual labor is used - a surgeon, jeweler, carpenter, musician, radio equipment installer;

Professions where manual machines are used - a machinist, a driver, a telecom operator, a turner;

Professions where automatics, semiautomatic devices, robotic complexes are used, automatic lines- apparatchik, printer, energy system dispatcher, steelmaker;

professions where functional means of labor are used - conductor, actor, teacher, athlete, director.

4. Depending on labor goals There are three groups of professions:

gnostic: distinguish, check, evaluate, recognize - controller, sanitary doctor, merchandiser, investigator, literary critic, expert;

· transforming: transform, move, organize, process - teacher, painter, driver, tailor, locksmith, parquet floorer;

· surveying: come up with, design, invent, find a new option - graphic designer, marker, cutter, breeder.

Job formula example : Lawyer

The subject of labor: PERSON - a lawyer serves people, helps in solving their problems, analyzes them, communicates with people; SIGN SYSTEMS - a lawyer reads and analyzes documents, collections of laws, reference books, statistical data.

Working conditions: WITH INCREASED MORAL RESPONSIBILITY - for the life and honor of a person; HOUSEHOLD - in the case when it is a lawyer-investigator, when a police officer, then in the open air.

Means of labor: FUNCTIONAL - language, facial expressions, gestures, own brains; sometimes AUTOMATED - using a computer.

Labor goals: GNOSTIC - determine which class of situations the client's case belongs to, determine, recognize the cause, classify, sort; EXPLORATION - evidence, find a way to present information, find a way to better protect the defendant.

Psychologists can make an ideal formula for a profession for you with the help of tests. You are asked a series of questions and as a result of the analysis, your preferred means of labor for the chosen professional activity are revealed. Psychologists formulate professions on the basis of professiograms (descriptions of professions, tasks solved in the process of labor activity, requirements of the profession to human qualities). You can use existing computer systems to create your ideal formula. Such services can be provided to you in career guidance centers and psychological support centers, as well as in computer psychological testing centers. But it is always better to be able to analyze the profession yourself - then your choice will really be conscious. You will understand what attracts you to any profession (for example, the profession of a theoretical physicist - exploration goals, the profession of a stuntman - unusual conditions).