The hardest natural substance. The most durable material in the world is carbine. Wonders of wildlife

The world around us is still fraught with many mysteries, but even phenomena and substances known to scientists for a long time do not cease to amaze and delight. We admire bright colors, enjoy tastes and use the properties of all kinds of substances that make our life more comfortable, safer and more enjoyable. In search of the most reliable and strong materials, man has made many exciting discoveries, and in front of you is a selection of just 25 such unique compounds!

25. Diamonds

If not everyone, then almost everyone knows this for sure. Diamonds are not only one of the most revered gemstones, but also one of the hardest minerals on Earth. On the Mohs scale (a scale of hardness in which an assessment is given by the reaction of a mineral to scratching), diamond is listed on the 10th line. There are 10 positions in the scale, and the 10th is the last and hardest degree. Diamonds are so hard that they can only be scratched with other diamonds.

24. Trapping webs of the spider species Caaerostris darwini


Photo: pixabay

It's hard to believe, but the network of the spider Caerostris darwini (or Darwin's spider) is stronger than steel and harder than Kevlar. This web was recognized as the hardest biological material in the world, although now it has a potential competitor, but the data has not yet been confirmed. Spider fiber was tested for characteristics such as breaking strain, impact strength, tensile strength and Young's modulus (the property of a material to resist stretching, compression under elastic deformation), and in all these indicators, the web showed itself in an amazing way. In addition, the trapping web of the Darwin spider is incredibly light. For example, if we wrap our planet with Caaerostris darwini fiber, the weight of such a long thread will be only 500 grams. Such long networks do not exist, but the theoretical calculations are simply amazing!

23. Aerographite


Photo: BrokenSphere

This synthetic foam is one of the lightest fibrous materials in the world and is a network of carbon tubes only a few microns in diameter. Aerographite is 75 times lighter than polystyrene, but at the same time much stronger and more ductile. It can be compressed down to 30 times its original size without any harm to its extremely elastic structure. Thanks to this property, airgraphite foam can withstand loads up to 40,000 times its own weight.

22. Palladium metallic glass


Photo: pixabay

A team of scientists from the California Institute of Technology and Berkeley Lab (California Institute of Technology, Berkeley Lab) has developed a new type of metallic glass that combines a near-perfect combination of strength and ductility. The reason for the uniqueness of the new material lies in the fact that its chemical structure successfully masks the brittleness of existing glassy materials while maintaining a high endurance threshold, which ultimately significantly increases the fatigue strength of this synthetic structure.

21. Tungsten carbide


Photo: pixabay

Tungsten carbide is an incredibly hard material with high wear resistance. Under certain conditions, this compound is considered to be very brittle, but under heavy load it exhibits unique plastic properties, manifesting itself in the form of slip bands. Thanks to all these qualities, tungsten carbide is used in the manufacture of armor-piercing tips and various equipment, including all kinds of cutters, abrasive discs, drills, cutters, drill bits and other cutting tools.

20. Silicon carbide


Photo: Tiia Monto

Silicon carbide is one of the main materials used to make battle tanks. This compound is known for its low cost, outstanding refractoriness and high hardness, and is therefore often used in the manufacture of equipment or gear that must deflect bullets, cut or grind other hard materials. Silicon carbide makes excellent abrasives, semiconductors, and even inlays in jewelry that mimic diamonds.

19. Cubic boron nitride


Photo: wikimedia commons

Cubic boron nitride is a superhard material, similar in hardness to diamond, but also has a number of distinctive advantages - high temperature stability and chemical resistance. Cubic boron nitride does not dissolve in iron and nickel even under the influence of high temperatures, while diamond under the same conditions enters into chemical reactions rather quickly. In fact, this is beneficial for its use in industrial grinding tools.

18. Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE), Dyneema fiber brand


Photo: Justsail

High modulus polyethylene has extremely high wear resistance, low coefficient of friction and high fracture toughness (low temperature reliability). Today it is considered the strongest fibrous substance in the world. The most amazing thing about this polyethylene is that it is lighter than water and can stop bullets at the same time! Cables and ropes made of Dyneema fibers do not sink in water, do not need lubrication and do not change their properties when wet, which is very important for shipbuilding.

17. Titanium alloys


Photo: Alchemist-hp (pse-mendelejew.de)

Titanium alloys are incredibly ductile and show amazing strength when stretched. In addition, they have high heat resistance and corrosion resistance, which makes them extremely useful in areas such as aircraft, rocketry, shipbuilding, chemical, food and transportation engineering.

16. Liquid metal alloy


Photo: pixabay

Developed in 2003 at the California Institute of Technology, this material is renowned for its strength and durability. The name of the compound is associated with something brittle and liquid, but at room temperature it is actually unusually hard, wear-resistant, not afraid of corrosion and transforms when heated, like thermoplastics. The main areas of application so far are the manufacture of watches, golf clubs and covers for mobile phones (Vertu, iPhone).

15. Nanocellulose


Photo: pixabay

Nanocellulose is isolated from wood fibers and is a new type of wood material that is even stronger than steel! In addition, nanocellulose is also cheaper. The innovation has great potential and could seriously compete with glass and carbon fiber in the future. The developers believe that this material will soon be in great demand in the production of military armor, super-flexible screens, filters, flexible batteries, absorbent aerogels and biofuels.

14. Teeth of snails of the "sea saucer" type


Photo: pixabay

Earlier, we already told you about the trapping web of Darwin's spider, which was once recognized as the most durable biological material on the planet. However, a recent study showed that the limpet is the most durable biological substance known to science. Yes, these teeth are stronger than the web of Caaerostris darwini. And this is not surprising, because tiny sea creatures feed on algae growing on the surface of harsh rocks, and these animals have to work hard to separate food from the rock. Scientists believe that in the future we will be able to use the example of the fibrous structure of the teeth of limpets in the engineering industry and begin to build cars, boats and even aircraft of increased strength, inspired by the example of simple snails.

13. Maraging steel


Photo: pixabay

Maraging steel is a high strength and high alloy alloy with excellent ductility and toughness. The material is widely used in rocket science and is used to make all kinds of tools.

12. Osmium


Photo: Periodictableru / www.periodictable.ru

Osmium is an incredibly dense element, and due to its hardness and high melting point, it is difficult to machine. That is why osmium is used where durability and strength are most valued. Osmium alloys are found in electrical contacts, rocketry, military projectiles, surgical implants, and many other applications.

11. Kevlar


Photo: wikimedia commons

Kevlar is a high-strength fiber found in car tires, brake pads, cables, prosthetics, body armor, protective clothing fabrics, shipbuilding, and drone parts. The material has become almost synonymous with strength and is a type of plastic with incredibly high strength and elasticity. The tensile strength of Kevlar is 8 times higher than that of steel wire, and it begins to melt at a temperature of 450℃.

10. Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene of high density, brand of fibers "Spectra" (Spectra)


Photo: Tomas Castelazo, www.tomascastelazo.com / Wikimedia Commons

UHMWPE is essentially a very durable plastic. Spectra, the UHMWPE brand, is, in turn, a light fiber of the highest wear resistance, 10 times superior to steel in this indicator. Like Kevlar, spectrum is used in the manufacture of body armor and protective helmets. Along with UHMWPE, dainimo spectrum is popular in the shipbuilding and transport industries.

9. Graphene


Photo: pixabay

Graphene is an allotropic modification of carbon, and its crystal lattice, just one atom thick, is so strong that it is 200 times harder than steel. Graphene looks like cling film, but breaking it is an almost impossible task. To punch through a graphene sheet, you have to stick a pencil into it, on which you will have to balance a load with the weight of an entire school bus. Good luck!

8. Carbon nanotube paper


Photo: pixabay

Thanks to nanotechnology, scientists have managed to make paper that is 50,000 times thinner than a human hair. Sheets of carbon nanotubes are 10 times lighter than steel, but the most amazing thing is that they are as much as 500 times stronger! Macroscopic nanotube plates are the most promising for the manufacture of supercapacitor electrodes.

7. Metal microgrid


Photo: pixabay

Here is the lightest metal in the world! The metal microgrid is a synthetic porous material that is 100 times lighter than foam. But don't let its appearance fool you, these microgrids are also incredibly strong, making them great potential for use in all sorts of engineering applications. They can be used to make excellent shock absorbers and thermal insulators, and the amazing ability of this metal to shrink and return to its original state allows it to be used to store energy. Metal microgrids are also actively used in the production of various parts for the aircraft of the American company Boeing.

6. Carbon nanotubes


Photo: User Mstroeck / en.wikipedia

Above, we have already talked about ultra-strong macroscopic carbon nanotube plates. But what kind of material is this? In fact, these are graphene planes rolled into a tube (9th point). The result is an incredibly light, resilient and durable material for a wide range of applications.

5. Airbrush


Photo: wikimedia commons

Also known as graphene airgel, this material is extremely light and strong at the same time. The new type of gel has completely replaced the liquid phase with a gaseous one, and it is characterized by sensational hardness, heat resistance, low density and low thermal conductivity. Incredibly, graphene airgel is 7 times lighter than air! The unique compound is able to regain its original shape even after 90% compression and can absorb up to 900 times the weight of oil used to absorb airbrush. Perhaps in the future this class of materials will help in the fight against environmental disasters such as oil spills.

4. Material without a name, the development of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)


Photo: pixabay

As you read this, a team of scientists at MIT is working to improve the properties of graphene. The researchers said that they have already managed to convert the two-dimensional structure of this material into three-dimensional. The new graphene substance has not yet received its name, but it is already known that its density is 20 times less than that of steel, and its strength is 10 times higher than that of steel.

3. Carbin


Photo: Smokefoot

Even though it's just linear chains of carbon atoms, carbyne has 2x the tensile strength of graphene and is 3x harder than diamond!

2. Boron nitride wurtzite modification


Photo: pixabay

This newly discovered natural substance is formed during volcanic eruptions and is 18% harder than diamonds. However, it surpasses diamonds in a number of other parameters. Wurtzite boron nitride is one of only 2 natural substances found on Earth that is harder than diamond. The problem is that there are very few such nitrides in nature, and therefore they are not easy to study or apply in practice.

1. Lonsdaleite


Photo: pixabay

Also known as hexagonal diamond, lonsdaleite is made up of carbon atoms, but in this modification, the atoms are arranged slightly differently. Like wurtzite boron nitride, lonsdaleite is a natural substance that is harder than diamond. Moreover, this amazing mineral is harder than diamond by as much as 58%! Like wurtzite boron nitride, this compound is extremely rare. Sometimes lonsdaleite is formed during a collision with the Earth of meteorites, which include graphite.

American researchers from Indiana University Bloomington managed to determine the substance, which may be the most durable in the universe. Found this substance in neutron stars. Because of the specific shape, the researchers called it "nuclear paste".

According to scientists, this material is formed about a kilometer below the surface of a neutron star: atomic nuclei are compressed so close that they merge into clumps of matter, a dense mixture of neutrons and protons. They are usually in the form of droplets, tubes or sheets. Even deeper in the neutron star, nuclear matter completely takes over, after which a huge atomic nucleus is formed.

In the process of computer simulation, experts estimated the force that must be expended to stretch the "nuclear paste". It turned out that this substance is stronger than any other known substance in the universe. Physicists are still striving to find real evidence for the existence of nuclear paste. Neutron stars tend to spin very fast, and as a result, they can emit ripples in space - gravitational waves that make it difficult to study the materials that make up stars.

One of the ways that scientists are guided is by leaning research on the internal structures of stars that can support the existence of mountains on the surface of these celestial bodies. Due to strong gravity, mountains are usually no more than a few centimeters high, but "nuclear paste" can contribute to the appearance of larger irregularities several tens of centimeters high.

A world map is a familiar thing for us - since school, we know everything about the climate, division into areas and the location of a particular country. But recently, British scientists at the University of Plymouth made a discovery that will essentially force textbooks to be rewritten.

Durable materials have a wide range of uses. There is not only the hardest metal, but also the hardest and strongest wood, as well as the strongest man-made materials.

Where are the most durable materials used?

Heavy-duty materials are used in many areas of life. So, chemists in Ireland and America have developed a technology by which durable textile fibers are produced. The thread of this material is fifty micrometers in diameter. It is created from tens of millions of nanotubes, which are bonded together with the help of a polymer.

The tensile strength of this electrically conductive fiber is three times higher than the strength of the web of the orb-weaving spider. The resulting material is used to make ultra-light body armor and sports equipment. The name of another durable material is ONNEX, created by order of the US Department of Defense. In addition to its use in the production of bulletproof vests, the new material can also be used in flight control systems, sensors, and engines.

There is a technology developed by scientists, thanks to which durable, hard, transparent and light materials are obtained by converting aerogels. On their basis, it is possible to produce lightweight body armor, armor for tanks and durable building materials.

Novosibirsk scientists have invented a plasma reactor of a new principle, thanks to which it is possible to produce nanotubulene, a heavy-duty artificial material. This material was discovered twenty years ago. It is a mass of elastic consistency. It consists of plexuses that cannot be seen with the naked eye. The thickness of the walls of these plexuses is one atom.

The fact that the atoms are sort of nested into each other according to the “Russian nesting doll” principle makes nanotubule the most durable material known. When this material is added to concrete, metal, plastic, their strength and electrical conductivity are significantly enhanced. Nanotubulene will help make cars and planes more durable. If the new material comes into wide production, then roads, houses, and equipment can become very durable. It will be very difficult to destroy them. Nanotubulene has not yet been introduced into widespread production due to the very high cost. However, Novosibirsk scientists managed to significantly reduce the cost of this material. Now nanotubulene can be produced not in kilograms, but in tons.

The hardest metal

Among all known metals, chromium is the hardest, but its hardness depends largely on its purity. Its properties are corrosion resistance, heat resistance and refractoriness. Chrome is a whitish-blue metal. Its Brinell hardness is 70-90 kgf/cm2. The melting point of the hardest metal is one thousand nine hundred and seven degrees Celsius at a density of seven thousand two hundred kg / m3. This metal is found in the earth's crust in the amount of 0.02 percent, which is quite a lot. It is usually found as chromium ironstone. Chromium is mined from silicate rocks.

This metal is used in industry, smelting chromium steel, nichrome and so on. It is used for anti-corrosion and decorative coatings. Chromium is very rich in stone meteorites falling to Earth.

The most durable tree

There is wood that is stronger than cast iron and can be compared with the strength of iron. We are talking about "Schmidt's Birch". It is also called the Iron Birch. Man does not know a more durable tree than this. It was opened by a Russian botanist named Schmidt, while in the Far East.

Wood exceeds the strength of cast iron by one and a half times, the bending strength is approximately equal to the strength of iron. Due to such properties, iron birch could well sometimes replace metal, because this wood is not subject to corrosion and decay. The ship's hull, made of Iron birch, can not even be painted, the ship will not be destroyed by corrosion, the action of acids is also not afraid of it.

Schmidt's birch cannot be pierced by a bullet, you cannot cut it down with an ax. Of all the birches on our planet, it is the Iron Birch that is long-lived - it lives for four hundred years. Its place of growth is the Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve. This is a rare protected species, which is listed in the Red Book. If not for such a rarity, the heavy-duty wood of this tree could be used everywhere.

But the tallest trees in the world, sequoias, are not very durable material.

The strongest material in the universe

Graphene is the strongest and at the same time lightest material in our universe. This is a carbon plate, which is only one atom thick, but it is stronger than diamond, and the electrical conductivity is a hundred times higher than the silicon of computer chips.

Soon graphene will leave scientific laboratories. All the scientists of the world talk today about its unique properties. So, a few grams of material will be enough to cover an entire football field. Graphene is very flexible, it can be folded, bent, rolled up.

Possible areas of its use are solar panels, cell phones, touch screens, super-fast computer chips.
Subscribe to our channel in Yandex.Zen

Naming the hardest substance in the world is not as easy as it might seem at first. The fact is that the hardness of materials can vary depending on some external factors. In particular, it can, oddly enough, be different when the applied load changes.

For many years, diamond was considered the standard of hardness. However, why was it considered? In the world of materials, its hardness is still the benchmark. Anything that is inferior to diamond in hardness, but approaches it in this indicator, is called superhard. And substances that are harder than diamond bear the proud name of "ultra strong".

And here many readers may doubt. After all, not so long ago, even in schools, they taught that there is nothing harder than a diamond in nature, and many have remembered this truth. But all truths are relative, as the philosophers say. Information about the "hardest diamond" in our time has also changed.

So what is harder than diamond?

Let's start with the fact that diamonds also vary in hardness. The hardness of materials is measured in gigapascals (GPa). So, for different diamonds, this indicator can vary from 70 to 150 GPa. Agree, the spread is very significant! The upper limit of strength belongs to the so-called black diamonds, "carbonado". In their natural form, they are found in extremely small quantities in Brazil and South Africa.

If the "ordinary" diamond consists of one crystal, then the carbonado is made up of a huge number of carbon crystals, between which there are voids. It has been established that these diamonds are formed not at high pressures, but at ordinary ones, and they are found only on the surface of the Earth. A widespread theory is that carbonados were brought to our planet by an asteroid that arose as a result of a supernova explosion.

So, carbonado is much harder than a "regular" diamond, but it's still a diamond. And there are substances that are not diamonds at all, but are harder than them, and even harder than carbonado. Here they are:

• fullerite;
• lonsdaleite;
• wurtzide boron nitride.

This is a completely artificial material that is not found in nature. Its hardness is estimated at 310 GPa. A "pencil" made of this material will easily scratch a diamond plate. Fullerites consist of fullerene molecules synthesized in 1985. For this discovery, its authors received, by the way, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry!

Interestingly, for a long time, fullerite was an incredibly expensive and rare substance, because its synthesis requires monstrously high pressures. But a few years ago, Russian physicists, in collaboration with the French, managed to get around this obstacle. Now the substance can already be created in relatively simple conditions.

This substance is called "hexagonal diamond" because it consists of graphite, only modified. In nature, it is very rarely found in meteorite craters, but there its hardness is even inferior to that of carbonado. It's all about the impurities that are necessarily present in natural samples of lonsdaleite.

In order for this substance to get rid of impurities, and get its maximum hardness, it, in the presence of enormous pressure. The hardness of "pure" lonsdaleite is estimated at 170 - 220 GPa.

Not all scientists believe that it is harder than diamond. In other words, his third place is still disputed. The fact is that in its normal state, boron nitride, although very hard, still does not belong to ultra-strong, but to super-hard substances.

Everything changes when pressure is put on its structure. The atomic bonds of this substance are arranged in such a way that when the pressure increases, they “rearrange”, and then boron nitride becomes harder than diamond!

Thus, by defining the hardest substance in the world, we got acquainted with interesting substances, and at the same time got rid of the usual myth about the “hardest diamond”.

Do you know what material on our planet is considered the strongest? We all know from school that diamond is the strongest mineral, but it is far from being the strongest. Hardness is not the main property that characterizes matter. Some properties may prevent scratches, while others may promote elasticity. Want to know more? Here is a rating of materials that will be very difficult to destroy.

Diamond in all its glory

A classic example of strength, stuck in textbooks and heads. Its hardness means scratch resistance. On the Mohs scale (a qualitative scale that measures the resistance of various minerals), diamond scores at 10 (the scale goes from 1 to 10, where 10 is the hardest substance). The diamond is so hard that other diamonds must be used to cut it.

A web that can stop an airbus

Often referred to as the world's most complex biological substance (although this claim is now disputed by inventors), Darwin's spider web is stronger than steel and more rigid than Kevlar. Its weight is no less remarkable: a filament long enough to encircle the Earth weighs only 0.5 kg.

Airbrush in a regular package

This synthetic foam is one of the lightest building materials in the world. Airbrush is about 75 times lighter than Styrofoam (but much stronger!). This material can be compressed up to 30 times its original size without compromising its structure. Another interesting point: airbrush can withstand a mass of 40,000 times its own weight.

Glass during a crash test

This substance was developed by scientists in California. Microalloyed glass has an almost perfect combination of stiffness and strength. The reason for this is that its chemical structure reduces the brittleness of glass, but retains the rigidity of palladium.

Tungsten drill

Tungsten carbide is incredibly hard and has a qualitatively high stiffness, but it is quite brittle and can be easily bent.

Silicon carbide in the form of crystals

This material is used in making armor for battle tanks. In fact, it is used in almost everything that can protect against bullets. It has a Mohs hardness rating of 9 and also has a low level of thermal expansion.

Molecular structure of boron nitride

About as strong as diamond, cubic boron nitride has one important advantage: it is insoluble in nickel and iron at high temperatures. For this reason, it can be used to process these elements (diamond forms of nitrides with iron and nickel at high temperatures).

Dyneema cable

It is considered the strongest fiber in the world. You may be surprised by the fact that dyneema is lighter than water, but it can stop bullets!

alloy tube

Titanium alloys are extremely flexible and have very high tensile strengths, but do not have the same stiffness as steel alloys.

Amorphous metals easily change shape

Liquidmetal was developed by Caltech. Despite the name, this metal is not liquid and at room temperature has a high level of strength and wear resistance. When heated, amorphous alloys can change shape.

Future paper may be harder than diamonds

This latest invention is made from wood pulp, while having a higher degree of strength than steel! And much cheaper. Many scientists consider nanocellulose to be a cheap alternative to palladium glass and carbon fiber.

saucer shell

We mentioned earlier that Darwin's spiders weave some of the strongest organic material on Earth. Nevertheless, the teeth of the sea limpet turned out to be even stronger than the cobwebs. Limpet teeth are extremely hard. The reason for these amazing characteristics is the purpose: collecting algae from the surface of rocks and corals. Scientists believe that in the future we could copy the fibrous structure of limpet teeth and use it in the automotive industry, ships and even the aviation industry.

Rocket stage in which many nodes contain maraging steels

This substance combines a high level of strength and stiffness without loss of elasticity. Steel alloys of this type are used in aerospace and industrial production technologies.

osmium crystal

Osmium is extremely dense. It is used in the manufacture of things that require a high level of strength and hardness (electrical contacts, tip handles, etc.).

Kevlar helmet stopped the bullet

Used in everything from drums to bulletproof vests, Kevlar is synonymous with toughness. Kevlar is a type of plastic that has extremely high tensile strength. In fact, it is about 8 times greater than that of steel wire! It can also withstand temperatures around 450℃.

Spectra pipes

High performance polyethylene is a really durable plastic. This lightweight, strong thread can withstand incredible tension and is ten times stronger than steel. Similar to Kevlar, Spectra is also used for ballistic resistant vests, helmets and armored vehicles.

Flexible graphene screen

A sheet of graphene (an allotrope of carbon) one atom thick is 200 times stronger than steel. Although graphene looks like cellophane, it is truly amazing. It would take a school bus balanced on a pencil to pierce a standard A1 sheet of this material!

A new technology that could revolutionize our understanding of strength

This nanotechnology is made from carbon pipes, which are 50,000 times thinner than a human hair. This explains why it is 10 times lighter than steel but 500 times stronger.

microlattice alloys are regularly used in satellites

The lightest metal in the world, the metal microgrid is also one of the lightest structural materials on Earth. Some scientists claim that it is 100 times lighter than Styrofoam! A porous but extremely strong material, it is used in many areas of technology. Boeing has mentioned its use in aircraft manufacturing, mainly in floors, seats and walls.

Nanotube model

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be described as "seamless cylindrical hollow fibers" that consist of a single rolled molecular sheet of pure graphite. The result is a very light material. On the nanoscale, carbon nanotubes are 200 times stronger than steel.

Fantastic airbrush is hard to even describe!

Also known as graphene airgel. Imagine the strength of graphene combined with unimaginable lightness. Airgel is 7 times lighter than air! This incredible material can fully recover from over 90% compression and can absorb up to 900 times its own weight in oil. It is hoped that this material could be used to clean up oil spills.

Massachusetts Polytechnic Main Building

At the time of this writing, MIT scientists believe they have discovered the secret to maximizing graphene's 2D strength in 3D. Their as yet unnamed substance may have roughly 5% the density of steel, but 10 times the strength.

Molecular structure of carbine

Despite being a single chain of atoms, carbine has twice the tensile strength of graphene and three times the hardness of diamond.

birthplace of boron nitride

This natural substance is produced in the vents of active volcanoes and is 18% stronger than diamond. It is one of two naturally occurring substances that have now been found to be harder than diamonds. The problem is that there is not much of this substance out there, and it is now difficult to say for sure whether this statement is 100% true.

Meteorites are the main sources of lonsdaleite

Also known as hexagonal diamond, this substance is made up of carbon atoms, but they're just arranged differently. Along with wurtzite and boron nitride, it is one of two natural substances harder than diamond. In fact, Londsdaleite is 58% harder! However, as in the case of the previous substance, it is in relatively small volumes. Sometimes it occurs when graphite meteorites collide with planet Earth.

The future is not far off, so by the end of the 21st century we can expect the appearance of ultra-strong and ultra-light materials that will replace Kevlar and diamonds. In the meantime, one can only be surprised at the development of modern technologies.