Woodcarving of geometric shapes. Occupation with geometric woodcarving, sketches and an album. Work materials

Already in ancient times, geometric woodcarving, consisting of rectilinear, arcuate and wavy grooves that form an ornament, was widely used as an element of interior and furniture decor. Today, the popularity of this style is due to its decorative effect and ease of execution. To perform geometric wood carving, it is enough for a carver to have a joint knife and a set of small chisels (5 ... 10 units) with a semicircular blade.

Types and features of geometric ornaments

Ornaments (drawings) of the thread are formed from geometrically regular elements, most of which have straight sides - rhombuses, squares, rectangles and trapezoids. Due to the simplicity of cutting a single element, the operations do not require the use of a special tool, and the cutter does not need to know the basics of the theory of drawing composition. In addition, even with an insignificant cutting depth, it is possible to create quite decorative ornaments with a rich play of penumbra.

On a note!

When drawing a marking pattern on a wooden surface, only the main lines are drawn, and the position of each individual element is determined “by eye”.

When making dihedral grooves, initially parallel lines are cut obliquely along and across the fibers. After that, between them, with a suitable chisel, a sample of wood is made to a depth of 2.0 millimeters. Thanks to this, the simplest “cup” (“scaly”) pattern is obtained. If a chisel with a straight blade is used to select wood between parallel cuts, a “ladder” pattern is formed.

Not a single geometric, carved ornament on a tree is unthinkable without the use of elements in the form of trihedral recesses. One of the following two techniques is usually used:

• carving with a recess at the top, which forms "chips", "small places" and "corners";
• the central recess is at the point of intersection of the medians, due to which triangles are formed.

The execution of the ornament of the first type begins in the slots of the sides. After their completion, the lower, divorced ends of the triangle are connected with one cut of the chisel. The second type of thread starts from the center of the triangle. From the trihedral recesses, patterns such as honeycombs, beads, scales, fir cones and others are formed.

The technique of geometric carving “radiance” can be a wonderful decoration for me only for individual items of dishes, but also for making the interior more decorative as an element of furniture. When it is performed, simpler carving techniques are used.

Usually, the “shine” is formed from several or trihedral recesses - wedges or triangles, which are interconnected with their vertices. "Shine" can be made in the form of fans, rhombuses, but this style is especially popular for decorating ceiling rosettes, which add great decorativeness to any interior design.

On a note!

There are other carving techniques. In addition, any professional wood carver considers it his duty to have his own, author's style of geometric carving, which, albeit in small things, differs from standard techniques.

Geometric carvings look great on unpainted light-colored wood (linden, maple, ash). For painting a wooden carved surface, use different kinds homemade or industrially manufactured stains.

To age the carving, to give it greater contrast and to visualize the relief, a solution of acetic acid is used, in which iron nails were “infused” for three to five days. This solution is applied with a piece of foam sponge or a cotton swab, after which it is dried and opened with furniture varnish.

The use of carved decor in the interior

Various decorative elements with geometric carvings are widely used in the interior design of residential premises in the Empire, Victorian, Baroque and other types of classical design.

Carved furniture gives solemnity, luxury and splendor to any living space. A bed with carved headboards will be the main shaping element of the interior design of the bedroom and will give all the furniture a touch of piquant sophistication.

On a note!

Quite popular in private homes are various interior elements (balusters, railings, handrails, balustrades), decorated with carved decor.

The use of geometric carvings on clones or pilasters makes it possible to visualize the increase in the height of the ceilings. The carved support posts of the railing will look no less aesthetically pleasing. Especially popular are these elements of flights of stairs decorated with concentric or spiral carved additions.

On a note!

Ceiling rosettes, platbands for interior doors, carved ceiling consoles and beams for hanging lamps will help to increase the decorativeness of any living space.

No less popular are baguettes, frames and friezes. Today, products made of polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride or expanded polystyrene are usually used as these decorative and finishing elements. However, if you use carved wooden products, the comfort and elegance of your home will increase significantly. In addition, wooden decor, with an appropriate protective finish, is in no way inferior to plastic products in terms of durability. A carved, wooden ceiling frieze will also add originality to the interior of the living space.

Carved wood processing is also widely used for various details used for facade decoration of a dwelling and for the formation of an exclusive landscape design. Today, you will not surprise anyone with small architectural forms (arbors, tables, benches) placed on a personal plot and decorated with various carved decorations. Entrance gates decorated with even the simplest carving and street gates installed in the fences of personal plots look quite attractive.

Today, it is enough to simply order products for decorating the interior of a living space and shaping landscape design in specialized workshops or from individual carvers. Simple products - ceiling rosettes, an ornament on cutting boards for kitchen utensils, with certain skills and free time, can be done independently.

Video

The video tutorial shows the first lesson on geometric carving. From it you will learn how to cut triangular parts.

Woodcarving is a wonderful home decoration for many people, but for some it is an unusual and entertaining process. Products made of wood adorned the dwellings of our ancient ancestors, and patterns on various household items were used not only for beauty, but also in terms of protection.

For beginners, you will need detailed MK, diagrams and sketches of sockets, drawings and templates, photographs and pictures of finished products for example.

What kind tools and materials needed for woodcarving:

• Special knife-jamb.
• Round chisel.
• Bar.
• Sandpaper.
• Lacquer of a certain color.
• Stain.
• Files.
• Ruler and eraser.
• Knives for geometric carving.

In order to learn how to properly carve wood using any technique, you need to go to good specialist to courses or to master the material yourself with the help of videos and photos.

Beginners need to learn how to properly hold a knife in their hand. You can master this action by trying to cut grooves on ordinary bars. You should not skip this step and move on to working with an ornament, because without initial training, your products will turn out to be uneven. First cut: creating a groove along the grain of the wood.

To properly understand how to work with sketches and how to cut, looking at images and drawings, you need to understand, how to apply the simplest methods.

Cutting a furrow across pieces of wood.

Across the grain, the wood is harder to cut, so the cut should be the same as cutting along the length of the grain, with one significant difference: the heel of the cutter must rise, and not be above the tree itself. This way, it will be easier to cut through the tree, but you need to be careful that the knife does not roll off the other side of the straight line.

Gallery: geometric woodcarving (25 photos)

Creating a grid and squares pattern on a special wood blank

Grid or squares – new element in the development of geometric carving. To create this simple ornament, you first need to make strips along the length of the fibers with the same width from each other, then cut grooves across the fibers. The result is this gorgeous pattern. You can also make a grid not along and across the bar, but purely diagonally.

In this case, it is necessary to monitor the accuracy of the hand and the straightness of the cut lines even more. If you get an unnecessary cut, it will be hardly noticeable in the process, but then, after staining or painting, it will stand out strongly.

How to cut triangles on a tree?

triangles- This is a popular ornament on various household items. You can often see triangles on cutting boards, photo frames, and jewelry boxes. Triangles are created as follows: lines are drawn from the top of the triangle to its center, along which a cut is made with a cutter.

To do this, the sharp part of the knife penetrates into the material, and the heel only touches, but does not enter, into the top of the triangle. This action is performed from each of the vertices. So the center of our ornament will be the deepest point in the pattern.

Then you need to tilt the cutter to the right and cut along the side from right to left and trim towards you. The new face must be made not from left to right, but after you have turned the block over. The hand should make the same movements as with the first face.

After creating the lightest triangles, you can try to develop triangles with a crooked center or round sides. In this case, the cutting technique will be the same, the main thing is to follow the movement of the hand along the marked lines.

This geometry technique is much more difficult, but with more practice, you can easily create a drawing of any complexity.

Decoration of boxes, sketch

Worth talking about beautiful designs for jewelry boxes. They can be made using different techniques: slotted carving, laying a base of fabric, foil or wood board of the desired color under the drawing; flat notch thread, to which geometric and contour threads are attached. Its difference is that in a flat background, depressions are made to the same depth.

Woodcarving is an amazingly beautiful and very popular type of manual woodworking in our time. Carved interior details captivate with their magnificent appearance and reflect rich national traditions.

Creative people who simply “itch” their hands to do something very interesting and useful should pay attention to woodcarving. Girls and women may think that this is only a male occupation. And they will be wrong, because there are no less women masters of woodcarving than men.

About woodcarving for beginners

To decorate the interior and exterior space, various types of carvings and techniques for implementing the plan can be used. If you are interested in this type of needlework, then you should understand that you need to master the methods and techniques of wood processing, acquire necessary tools and improve carving skills.

AT modern world smartphones and tablets wooden stand, decorated with wood carvings, looks very original.

Skillfully executed carving in the form of simple and ornate patterns and ornaments seems to enliven the world and endows it with sophistication, charm, emphasizes the taste of the owner of luxurious things and the talent of the master.

The works of the best carvers adorn the temples. Pay attention to the photo of the iconostasis of the upper church of the Savior Not Made by Hands, which is located in Moscow, in the Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos in Fili.

Modern masters with a delicate taste create real masterpieces.

And thanks to the technologies of finishing and protecting the finished product from the destructive effects of mold and insects, these wood carvings have been serving people for hundreds of years.

Pay attention to the magnificent carved pieces of furniture:

Stylish doors:

Amazing handmade figurines:

Very often, connoisseurs collect handmade carvings. Wonderful chess worthy of any collection.

Perhaps, over time, your masterpieces of woodcarving will be carefully kept by collectors or decorate temples.

Types of woodcarving

Of all types of woodcarving, the most interesting openwork or through thread on a tree, which has some transparency, in which only the image remains, without a background. An example is an overlaid carving - this is an ornament that is attached to a finished background after being made by a master.

Geometric carving on wood – this is a type of carving in which a pattern is formed using many simple geometric shapes (often a diamond is used).

Oriental carving on wood is distinguished by bizarre forms. Egypt is the cradle of oriental wood carving.

relief carving on wood. In this technique, the image is located above the background or at the same level with it. These are carved panels. various shapes with a three-dimensional image.

- this is a flat-relief carving, but distinguished by an abundance of carved and stucco decorations, various flowers, curls, leaves, figures of people in unnatural poses, fabulous fantastic animals.

It originated in the village of Kudrino. Well-known products in this type of carving are caskets, vases, dishes, ladles, and home decor items. The main element is a floral ornament: rosettes, curls and twigs.

Volumetric (sculptural) carving Great for making sculptures, animal and human figurines, toys. - a subspecies of volumetric thread. This is the main craft of the village of Bogorodskoye in the Moscow region. The famous Bogorodsk toys are figurines of animals and people made of linden and alder.

Most often used to decorate wooden Scandinavian churches. With images of Gods and various animals, wood carvers decorated inside and outside church buildings.

- the simplest and rather peculiar type of carving. On a flat background, the master cuts grooves - grooves, forming a pattern. Carved landscapes - images of landscapes on a tree.

All these types of carving are rather conditional. Each master chooses the most acceptable of them, taking into account work experience, wood quality and creative inspiration.

What can be carved?

The simplest staircase is transformed, decorated with carved balusters. Balusters- these are curly columns in the form of columns, a stylish and noble decoration of the stairs. Wooden balusters look organic with a spiral wooden staircase.

Bas-relief. Another name for "low relief". This is a sculptural image on a plane. Most often these are figures of people and animals. .

Choosing wood carving tools

As in every business, woodcarving has its own secrets, nuances that allow you to reveal the beauty of wood in a wonderful ornament. It is necessary to pick up special tools for wood carving and stock up on the necessary blanks and sketches for wood carving, which will be embodied in the form of drawings, borders, lace or genre scenes.

Basic Toolkit

Very high demands are placed on the quality of carving tools. Of course, craftsmanship plays an important role, but well-chosen and sharpened tools will help bring your idea to life. Experienced carvers at first glance at the tool will tell about its quality, and beginners are lost in the store from a huge selection.

The basic set for woodcarving includes:

• several knives and chisels;
• needle files;
• hacksaws for metal;
• vise;
• sandpaper;
• drill with several types of drills;
• bars.

Knives should be made only from high-quality steel. It is better to buy them in specialized stores for creativity. Although on initial stage just sharpened knives will do. Knives from Tatyanka, Narex, Kogatana and others will serve as an excellent start.

It is not necessary to choose an expensive foreign-made tool, because domestic tools can be the same good quality but much cheaper

With the growth of skill, you may need a set of tools, a milling machine, a drill, etc.

Chisels for carving

Sometimes, instead of a chisel for wood carving, a sharpened screwdriver or file is used.

Flat chisel- This is a long rod, at the end of which there is a flat cutting edge. It is often used for primary processing wood.

Chisel semicircular It is one of the most important tools for the job. They differ somewhat in the degree of roundness, that is, they are medium, round and sloping.

Still happens V- a figurative version of chisels. It can be useful for geometric woodcarving, which we will introduce you to below.

For beginners, a small set for woodcarving, but of good quality, is enough to immediately get used to the correct movements and pressure.

In this video, a wonderful master A. Yuriev shared with us which tools to choose for carving.

How to protect yourself from injury when carving wood

Any tool of a master carver can be compared with a straight razor, therefore, when working with it, safety measures must be strictly observed. The material must be positioned so that the knife or chisel can be worked freely, eliminating the possibility of a sharp edge hitting the hands.

The place to work should be comfortable and clean. All unnecessary tools at the moment should be neatly folded, because they are very sharp and can cause injury.

Work materials

Each type of wood for carving has its pros and cons. It is easy to work with soft wood, but there can also be a lot of marriage. These are aspen, linden, birch. For beginners, this wood is best suited.

Oak, boxwood, mahogany are more expensive and complex woods. It is hard and durable, so it is difficult to carve from such wood. Very often there are troubles when working with such types of wood. Either the instrument or the master may be damaged.

An experienced carver can easily work with various woods, including juniper. Well, for beginners it is better to use inexpensive materials - spruce, pine, pear or birch.

Whatever tools are chosen for woodcarving, safety precautions must be strictly observed!

Geometric thread technology

Geometric wood carving is considered the easiest and is great for beginners. To create a conceived drawing, you need to have small set wood carving tools and clearly withstand the pattern. For geometric woodcarving, symmetry and repetition are of the utmost importance. This achieves a wonderful play of light and shadow.

Cutting boards in this technique, wooden panels look great in the kitchen.

Geometric carving consists of sequential sawing out of simple geometric shapes: rectangles, triangles, squares, rhombuses. But the result is a wonderful ornament that looks different in different lighting conditions.

Execution sequence any wood carving is like this:

• First, a blank is made of wood (board, deck, blank).
• Next, rough leveling of the surface of the workpiece, in which all defects and roughness are removed.
• Then a decorative relief is formed with special cutters.
• After the completion of the main thread, finishing - grinding, impregnation, painting, varnishing.

You can not work with the workpiece on your knees! The master must have a table to work with.

Master class "Geometric woodcarving on a cutting board"

Tools. You will need 2 wood carving knives: a triangular joint knife and a pen knife, a ruler, a compass, a pencil.

A triangle joint knife is needed for cutting triangular shapes of various configurations, as well as for cutting long straight lines. To cut long lines such as a petal or a groove, a pen knife is used. Carving knives should be sharp and comfortable.

First stage. We make a sketch of the pattern on the board. It can be applied with a compass and ruler. Or you can print the patterns for carving taken on the Internet and transfer them to the prepared cutting board using a carbon paper.

Second phase. Cut out the petals. We use a pen knife.

During operation, the thumb is firmly pressed against the board, and the index finger lightly touches the wood. This will help to adjust the depth of entry of the knife into the surface and the angle of inclination. And the thumb will help move the blade smoothly. First, cut in one direction at an angle, then turn the board over and cut on the other side.

If the shavings curl in a “string” - the knife is good, sharp. It must be periodically undermined with a piece of leather with GOI paste.

Third stage. Cut out the triangles with a cutter. With a “heel”, at an angle of 45 degrees, we cut the knife into a tree, without bringing it to the edges of the pattern on three sides. The slots should be joined on all sides in the form of a pyramid. The sliver, falling out, forms a beautiful triangle.

Fourth stage. What could not be cut off, we carefully clean it so that the edges are frequent and even. By the same principle, we cut grooves and triangles around the perimeter of the board.

Fifth stage. We grind everything with sandpaper, process it with natural impregnation. All! The work is done. We decorate the kitchen with a useful and beautiful cutting board with wood carvings.

Drawings for woodcarving

To perform wood carving, photographs, drawings and sketches are simply necessary. A large pattern for wood carving is used for dimensional products: for the facades of houses, interior decoration with carvings of churches, windows.

For interior items and furniture, carvers use small patterns, which are carefully worked out by the master.

YOU WILL USE

We offer you an archive of . Choose, print, create.

Video wood carving workshops for beginners

Of course, the wood carving looks especially impressive in the video. Channel "HAND-CARVED WOOD" shows the features of geometric carving for beginners.

Women's view of woodcarving. Channel tatiankacarving shows us how to make flower petals and leaves.

Konstantin Belyaev on his channel he talks in detail about the cutters for woodcarving.

And on this video Ivan the Builder shows how to make relief plane carving:

We will be very happy if this article inspired you to take up woodcarving!

Having barely learned to hold objects in his hands, the little man shows a craving for creativity. Over time, he will have the opportunity to try himself in various types of skills: needlework, modeling, origami, wood carving, drawing. Of course, certain skills that the child received in early childhood will be useful for this. Sometimes a simple hobby gradually turns into a hobby, and then becomes a matter of life. So many centuries ago in Russia, one of the main types of creativity was woodcarving. And in the 21st century, it still arouses genuine interest among people.

Popular types of intricate art

For a long time, people have decorated their homes with wooden carvings. All sorts of paintings, kitchen utensils, religious objects, children's toys were considered valuable things for any family. Perhaps that is why various types of woodcarving appeared. The most popular options are:

• geometric;
• flat notched;
• slotted;
• sculptural;
• embossed;
• openwork;
• invoice.

Fortunately, the list does not end there, because this type of creativity is widespread throughout our vast country. Let's consider just a few of them.

Geometric wood carving involves the use of various figures in the work. These are triangles, circles, squares and polyhedra. It is used for the manufacture of furniture elements, household utensils, as well as wall crafts. The oldest type of such a carving is a trihedral-notched carving. This is one of the most simple methods, since it is performed with only one tool - a joint knife. For such woodcarving, you will need a simple set of items:

• lime board;
• special knife-jamb;
• ruler;
• pencil.

First, sketches of geometric shapes or a finished ornament are applied to the board. It is better for novice amateurs not to use complex drawings so that the work turns out to be flawless. For the first work, material from deciduous trees is suitable, since it is more convenient to draw straight lines on it with a sharp knife.

The wooden surface should be as smooth as possible. This is achieved by planing the board. However, it does not need to be sanded with sandpaper. Otherwise, the thread will not turn out clear and accurate, and the tool will quickly become dull.

The flat-pitted method is used to cut depressions of various sizes and shapes on a plane. It can be oval contours and all kinds of bulges.

The slotted type of thread is also considered quite simple. It is done with a jigsaw. A sketch of any figure applied to a wooden plane is cut out along the contour. As a result, cute crafts come out. A slotted carving is used for the manufacture of background objects through which other planes are visible. It is often called openwork carving, and it is used to decorate furniture in the Baroque style. It can also be elements of cupboards, window casings, doors, and sometimes decorative screens. If crafts are attached to a special base, then this type of thread is considered to be overhead.

The process of working with a slotted method begins with a sketch, which is applied to a pre-polished workpiece. It is transferred to the surface using a special template or transparent white paper. Then holes are made on the contours and cut out on the desktop using a thin jigsaw file.

Relief carving includes two main methods: flat and deaf. In addition, the deaf option implies a low or convex relief. The bottom line is that the pattern is formed due to the main background of the surface.

The flat-relief method is performed in such a way that the pattern and the background surrounding it are made at the same depth over the entire area of ​​​​the base. Blind carving is characterized by a convex pattern that does not have a flat outline. Such products are valued for their high decorativeness and richness of composition. After all, a kind of miniature landscape is created on the plane with hills, depressions and depressions. To create such masterpieces, masters use elements of almost all types of woodcarving. Therefore, beginners should master each method separately in order to apply skills with more.

First steps towards mastery

History shows that wood was traditionally used to decorate a living space. Nowadays, various photographs, drawings and sketches of woodcarving are exhibited in local history museums or printed publications. This suggests that smart people who are willing to learn are able to master this art form. Wood is a wonderful natural material from which you can create decorative compositions, paintings, furniture elements and kitchen utensils. Having mastered the basics ancient art, some have become real masters of woodcarving, devoting their whole lives to this.

Folk wisdom says: "Dashing trouble - the beginning." This is how it is if you do nothing. Practical Tips woodcarving for beginners opens the door for brave people to the world of magnificent DIY crafts. First you need to prepare the tools and understand the basic nuances of the craft.

It is advisable for beginners to choose high-quality and durable equipment for work in order to acquire valuable craftsmanship skills.

For wood carving, you need to prepare the following tools:

• sharp knife;
• chisel;
• jigsaw;
• bit;
• drill;
• needle files;
• spoon cutter;
• bars;
• milling machine.

Of course, for beginners, it will be enough to purchase a special set of tools for woodcarving, which includes a knife, a jigsaw and an awl. With their help, it is very convenient to master the skills of ancient craftsmanship.

The next step is the choice of raw materials. This is what the quality of the product depends on. In nature, there are two types of wood: hard and soft. The first group includes mahogany, oak and beech. To the second -, aspen, pine, spruce, birch. Of course, soft wood is easier to work with, but with one wrong move, it quickly deteriorates. Despite this, it is considered the most suitable raw material for beginners.

Hardwoods are used by professionals because they are very expensive.

In addition to the strength of the material, the color of the wood also plays a key role. A suitable raw material to learn the craft is birch. It lends itself wonderfully to cutting and drilling in any direction. When choosing drawings for woodcarving, it should be borne in mind that birch wood darkens over time. Despite this, she is very easy to work with.

When the pattern is selected, it must be transferred to a wooden blank. In the age of technology, you can use ready-made photographs or drawings provided by specialists. The theme of the images is very different, but each has its own unique beauty. When everything is ready, you can start creating your own masterpieces. An invaluable help for beginners are thematic woodcarving lessons.

Master class simple crafts

When you look at the finished crafts, it seems that making them is not at all difficult. Therefore, many lovers folk craft took the tool in their hands and set to work. To cut an ordinary flower, you need to prepare the following set of items:

• wood blank;
• double soft pencil;
• tracing paper;
• chisels.

It must be borne in mind that only special chisels for woodcarving are suitable. They should be v-shaped, narrow and semicircular. Next stage- picture. It can be taken from the Internet. To do this, a sheet of paper is applied to the screen, the diagram is redrawn, and then applied to a wooden plane.

Start work from the central part of the sketch, carefully cutting out a circle. Then, using a v-shaped chisel, the petals are cut along the contour. Waste wood between them is removed in the course of work. If there is no such chisel, professional wood carving knives are suitable, which are no worse to wield in this craft.

The outer part of the petal is cut out with a semicircular chisel. It becomes similar to the outline of a heart, but it's not scary. Then cuts are made in the inner part of the petal, connecting it to the center of the flower. It remains only to round it and the flower is ready. Now you can admire the first creation of your own hands. An invaluable help for beginners is a thematic woodcarving video that encourages you to immediately get to work.

Modern technology for experienced craftsmen

In the modern world, many works have long been performed mechanically. Applied craft does not lag behind in this. The use of technology enables craftsmen to save their strength and precious time. Wood carving machines make it possible to quickly and efficiently prepare the source material for work. The only drawback of such devices is their high cost, but people for whom carving is not just a hobby are ready to purchase them.

Pantograph

The device is designed to work with any wooden surfaces. It performs operations of various kinds, both volumetric and on the plane. The pantograph is used to process arcuate, bent or rotating parts. So with the help of a machine cut out various elements of furniture, statues or panels.

Drill

Excellent device for working with hard wood. It is important to take into account the properties and location of the fibers. natural material. With the help of a drill, craftsmen sharpen tools, grind wood, and, if necessary, polish it.

Wood species with dense wood that do not tend to chip are suitable for working with a drill.

CNC milling machine

This technique is mainly applied to the production of wooden furniture with carved decoration. The machine is designed to work with plywood of any kind and wood. It is characterized by high functionality and technical capabilities. When working on such equipment, it is important to use special protective equipment - goggles and gloves. Also follow the instructions for use of the device.

As practice shows, such machines simplify the process of wood carving. They make it possible to create great amount products in a short time. Devices are used not only in industry, but also for a personal workshop.

In any case, handmade products bring real satisfaction to a person. They create a pleasant atmosphere in the house, help to express the feelings of the master to his loved ones, and serve for the benefit of the household for a long time. Wooden crafts retain their natural beauty for a long time and never go out of style. Woodcarving is an art that has been passed down from generation to generation. It is available to anyone who wishes to master this craft. The main thing is not to be afraid of failures, but to be willing to learn, pick up tools and create masterpieces.

Wood carving video tutorial for beginners

Geometric carving

All elements of geometric carving are the simplest geometric shapes formed by straight and curved lines or a combination of tetrahedral or semicircular grooves. The main elements of a geometric thread are dihedral, trihedral wedge-cutting recesses of various widths, depths, configurations, tetrahedral recesses of various shapes and curvilinear recesses in the form of brackets. All pattern compositions are made by repeating these elements, creating some kind of geometric figure. The most common in geometric carving are trihedral notches - triangles that differ in shape and size, therefore such a thread is often called trihedral-notched. This type of carving is characterized by an ornament consisting of various combinations triangles, rhombuses, wavy zigzag disks, spirals, squares, sectors, segments, etc.

Marking begins with drawing with a hard pencil the lines that limit the ornament - parallel and perpendicular to the longitudinal edges of the workpiece, as well as at various angles. After drawing the bounding lines, the interior space is divided into elements of a geometric pattern: first, as a rule, into squares or rectangles, and then into triangles. Lines are divided into parts using a ruler or divider compass. The breakdown into small elements is performed by eye.

Geometric carving from beginning to end is performed with a jamb knife or a cutter knife. The knife can be wide or narrow, depending on the size of the pattern elements.

With a trihedral-notched thread, the knife is held in the same way as with a contour one.

A trihedral-notched triangle is formed from three triangles connected by vertices (Fig. 21, a). After marking the base of the triangles, they are cut, holding the cutter at an angle of 45 °; the cutter is pulled back. The carving of triangles starts from the vertices. Insert the tip of the blade vertically at the intersection point of the heights of the triangle (Fig. 21, b), point the heel to one of the outer peaks. In the center, the knife deepens by 3-4 mm, and only fits to the base of the triangle. This technique is called a tattoo. Make a prick to the other two vertices of the triangle, and turn not the knife, but the board.

Rice. 21. Execution of elements and patterns of geometric carving: a- marking of triangles; b- the position of the knife during tattooing; in- cutting out triangles; G- making pegs; d- pattern "diamonds"; e- pattern "chain"; and- pattern "viteyka"; h- snake pattern

The next step is cutting. Depending on how deep the carving will be, hold the knife at an angle of 30-45 ° to the surface of the board. Put the nose of the knife at the top and guide it along the side of the triangle, gradually deepening by 2-3 mm towards the middle, as you approach the other top, reduce the pressure on the board. At the top, the cutter is slightly raised and the notch is completed. In the same way, the final trimming of the triangles is performed, but more deeply. Isosceles triangles are formed with a recess at the junction point of the vertices (Fig. 21, in). In this case, it is necessary to monitor the movement of the cutter so as not to touch the cut of another triangle.

Another element that needs to be mastered is called a spike (Fig. 21, G). It is based on an equilateral or isosceles triangle. Skolysh is characterized by depressions towards the top. Vertically immerse the knife clamped in the fist by 3-4 mm into the top of the triangle and lower the heel of the knife along its sides until it touches the base - make punctures. Then, from the base of the triangle, slightly tilting the knife towards its top, make an undercut, cleaving the triangle.

We have considered two simple elements, on the various combinations of which almost all geometric carving is built. When marking, two parallel lines are first drawn, limiting the width of the ornament ribbon. Then a midline is usually required. Based on these lines, mark out the details of the pattern.

Diamond pattern - pairs of triangles lined up in two rows top to top (Fig. 21 , d).

Pattern "chain" - two rows of triangles facing each other with bases (Fig. 21, e).

The “viteyka” pattern is two rows of triangles located one against the other, but shifted by half a step (Fig. 21, and).

The “snake” pattern is two rows of triangles located, as in a “viteyka”, but the side faces of the upper row do not touch the side faces of the lower one, which is why an unfinished snake-shaped blank plane remains between them (Fig. 21, h). To avoid unnecessary chips, cut straight and inverted triangles alternately.

The “rosette” pattern is two rows of “windows” adjacent to one another (Fig. 22, a).

Herringbone pattern - first, large triangles are cut out in the top row, and then small triangles in the bottom row (Fig. 22, b). The uncut plane of the workpiece looks like small Christmas trees.

The “honeycomb” pattern - the plane of the workpiece is drawn into squares, on the sides of which two rows of pegs are selected top to top (Fig. 22, in). Using this markup, you can get different types of this ornament. One of them is a tetrahedral notch, that is, a pyramid directed deep into the workpiece. Consider two options: when the notch is located along the fibers and diagonally to them. It can be seen from the figure that in the first case one has to resort to threading across the fibers. The carving technique is similar to the technique of carving pegs with four closed vertices. In geometric carving, there are varieties of tetrahedral notches - rectangular, diamond-shaped and irregular shapes. It makes sense to immediately shade one of the groups of pegs (vertical or horizontal) separately so as not to make a mistake when carving. Sequentially cut out all the horizontal pegs, and then all the vertical ones.

Rice. 22. Making patterns in geometric carving: a- pattern "rosette"; b- herringbone pattern; in- honeycomb pattern; G- pattern "asterisk"; d- the pattern "ladder" is straight; e- the pattern "ladder" is inclined; and- pattern "squares"; h- four-sided pyramids inscribed in rhombuses; and- triangles inscribed in pegs; to- stars inscribed in honeycombs.

The “asterisk” pattern is a series of squares that are divided diagonally into four triangles, adjacent top to top and consisting of all the same triangles and pegs (Fig. 22, G).

The straight ladder pattern is made in the form of a tape with undercuts on one side and the other (Fig. 22, d).

The inclined "ladder" pattern is also made in the form of a tape with different leads and ends (Fig. 22, e).

The “squares” pattern is made by carving dihedral recesses along the sides of the square at the level of the plane of the workpiece or in the form of a tape, where the sides of the square are limited by a dihedral recess (Fig. 22, and). There are various options for inclining the sides of the dihedral recess along the sides of the square. If squares, rhombuses, honeycombs are large enough, the space inside them can be filled with one of the thread elements (Fig. 22, h - k).

Having mastered the previous exercises, you have come close to cutting out the “radiance” pattern - the most beautiful and complex in trihedral-notched carving. Radiance of various configurations, as a rule, are the central elements in geometric carving patterns. It can be squares, rectangles, rhombuses, circles, ovals and derivatives of the above figures, in which patterns are inscribed.

Rays of "radiance" are elongated trihedral recesses. On fig. 23 shows schemes for marking and cutting "radiances" inscribed in various simple figures. In their manufacture, the same techniques are used as when making trihedral recesses with a recess in the center. The carving is performed depending on the direction of the wood fibers. When carving along and across the layers of wood, it is necessary to choose the direction of the cut. The thread, made in the direction of the fibers, is shiny and juicy, and across - matte, difficult to finish. In this regard, it is necessary to mark the future product in such a way that the main thread occurs along the layer.

So, in order to make a “radiance” inscribed in a rhombus, first draw a rhombus (Fig. 23, a). Parties AB, BC, CD and DA divide into any number of equal parts (in this example there are five) and connect the division points to the center. First, vertical and horizontal lines are cut and deepened by making three cuts from the center of the triangle with a bevel into each corner of the cut. Having completed the notch, bring the cutter to one of the sides of the corner and, tilting it, cut the edges. Each triangle has three cut faces. "Shine", inscribed in a rectangle (square), is performed in a similar way (Fig. 23, b).

The most popular is the "radiance" inscribed in a circle. Such a rosette usually represents the center of the entire carved composition.

When marking sockets, the workpiece is first divided into squares (Fig. 23, in). Diagonals are drawn from the corners of the squares (Fig. 23, G). From the center of the square, two concentric circles are drawn using a compass (Fig. 23, d). The radius of the outer circle must be greater than the radius of the inner one by 3–5 mm (depending on the size of the outlet). The outer circle is divided into 16 sectors, and the inner one into 32. The ends of the radii of the inner and outer circles are connected by straight lines (Fig. 23, e).

With a vertically set knife, punctures are made to a depth of 2-3 mm and begin to cut and trim the edges coming from the center of the rays. Lastly, pegs are cut out (Fig. 23, and).

When carving the “radiance”, the angle of sharpening the tip of the cutter knife should be sharper than for carving other patterns.

The direction of movement of the knife when performing the “radiance” pattern on a plank with a horizontal arrangement of fibers is shown in fig. 23, h - l.

Rice. 23. Making the pattern "radiance": a- "shine", inscribed in a rhombus; b- "shine", inscribed in a square; c, d, e, f- markup of the "shine" pattern inscribed in a circle: and- outlet with a pattern of "shining" in finished form ( 1 - skolysh; 2 - triangular beam; 3 - uncut strip of the surface of the product; 4 - wedge-shaped notch); h, i, k, l- the direction of movement of the knife when cutting out the “radiance” pattern inscribed in various geometric shapes (the background indicates the direction of the wood fibers)

To perform elements of geometric, trihedral-notched and other types of thread, you need to remember a few rules:

- be sure to mark and pin the pattern;

- make a tattoo only at the point of convergence of the rays;

- when carving curved lines with a flat cutter, use a cutter with a sharper tip sharpening angle, and raise its heel the higher, the steeper the rounding;

- if dents, burrs remain when carving trihedral elements, you need to sharpen the knife well on the whetstone and carefully repeat all the operations.

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