VPC shipbuilding. military industry. Communication between civil and military sectors

Grade 9

Subject: Military industrial complex

Target: to acquaint students with the composition, place and meaning this complex in the country's economy, its main problems.

Tasks: 1 Educational : to form an idea of ​​the special role of the military-industrial complex, to specify the principles for locating branches of the military-industrial complex, to convert military-industrial complex enterprises.

2. Developing: improving skills to work with additional materials on the topic of the lesson; ability to analyze problems and establish cause-and-effect relationships.

3. Educational: development of skills of detailed oral response. The ability to clearly express your thoughts. Raising a sense of pride and patriotism for their homeland.

Lesson type : lesson presentation and assimilation of new educational material.

Lesson Form : lesson - dialogue, group work.

Methods: 1. explanatory - illustrative

2. reproductive with elements of problem presentation

3. partial search.

Means of education : posters, tables, presentation, drawings, atlas.

Motivation of the educational process : The military-industrial complex is a necessary industry, whose main goal is the production of weapons and military equipment in order to protect the Fatherland.

During the classes:

To answer this question correctly and completely, remember the main dates and events of the formation of the army.

June 22, 1941 - the treacherous attack of fascist Germany on the Soviet Union, the retreat of the Soviet Army - poorly armed, not prepared for war.

(slide view).

What are the tasks of the Russian Armed Forces in modern conditions?

In peacetime. To protect the sovereignty and state interests of Russia in the world on its own, as well as within the framework of the collective security system.

In wartime . For the strategic defense of the state, repelling aggression, reducing the military and economic potential of the enemy and covering the territory of Russia in military conflicts of any level and scale.

Problematic question : What are the reasons forcing Russia to arm itself?

(The answer is discussed in the form of a dialogue)

lessons of the Great Patriotic War

"cold war" - the ideological confrontation between the two superpowers of the United States and the USSR (Russia).

NATO offensive on the borders of Russia (the Baltic countries, Ukraine and Georgia).

Explanation new topic:

Before the collapse of the USSR, the military-industrial complex consisted of 1,100 factories operating - 9 million

Military-industrial complex- a set of industrial enterprises and institutions of science and technology that produce military equipment, ammunition and weapons.

Military-industrial complex enterprises were distinguished by secrecy, cities with military-industrial complex were protected. In the 1990s, cities came out of their closed position, having received names.

Composition of the military-industrial complex. Intersectoral complexes participating in the military-industrial complex

(table number 1.)

The role of intersectoral complexes in the production of defense products

Intersectoral complex

Defense production

Specialized defense complexes

Fuel-

Energy

Nuclear fuel production

Nuclear weapons (atomic weapons)

Engineering

Ship, aircraft, rocket, tank, automotive, communications, firearms, electronics, electrical engineering, etc.

Aerospace and rocket and space

Structural materials, metallurgical

Production of composites, metal powders and rolled products

Chemical-forest

Production of chemicals, compounds, lumber

Chemical weapons

Building

Cement and other production

Military building.

agro-industrial

Casein production

Consumer Goods Services

Production of technical fabrics, uniforms

Aviation industry

Military shipbuilding

Nuclear weapons production

The main branches of the military-industrial complex

Production

Artillery systems

Small arms production

Rocket and space industry

armored industry

The composition of the military-industrial complex(scheme No. 1)

Group 1 - make a diagram of the main branches of the military-industrial complex. (Uch. Alekseev - p. 154)

Group 2 - make an analysis of table 1.

As part of the military-industrial complex, the following complexes are distinguished:

Nuclear - a shield that ensures the security of the country; there are 2 Russian nuclear centers: Sarov (Arzamas -16) and Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk - 70). Nuclear weapons themselves were largely intended to be used on missile systems.

Rocket and space industry – the first centers of this industry were created in the suburbs. Under the guidance of the famous designer S.P. Korolev in the city of Korolev (Kaliningrad) since 1946. work was underway to create ballistic missiles, artificial Earth satellites and the Vostok rocket were created, on which cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin flew into space. The main military cosmodrome of the USSR, and now Russia, from which all the main spacecraft and military satellites were launched, is located near the city of Mirny, south of Arkhangelsk. There was another cosmodrome - Kapustin Yar - in the Astrakhan region, which was later turned into a testing ground for missiles and military equipment. At present, a new Russian cosmodrome "Svobodny" has been created in the Amur Region. The Mission Control Center is located in Korolev, the Cosmonaut Training Center is located in Zvezdny.

Aviation enterprises are located with scientific centers and the largest design bureaus, where there are highly qualified personnel. The largest aircraft manufacturing centers are located in Balashikha, Zhukovsky, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Saratov, Kazan, and Samara. Helicopters are produced in Kazan, Tyumen, Perm, Ulan-Ude.

main center military shipbuilding – St. Petersburg, submarines are made in Severodvinsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Nizhny Novgorod.

Centers armored industry - Nizhny Tagil, Omsk, armored vehicles are produced in Kurgan, Arzamas.

Important centers productionartillery weapons - Perm, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, and small - Tula, Izhevsk, Kovrov.

Chemical weapon - (until Russia refused to use it) was produced in Dzerzhinsk, Novosibirsk.

the main principles that determine the geography of the branches of the military-industrial complex: (p.103)

security of location of its production facilities (Urals, Siberia);

the principle of duplication (understudy enterprises are located in different regions of the country);

concentration of industries, research institutes, design bureaus in Moscow and the Moscow region;

formation of closed cities with numbers and "ZATO"

The main placement factors: (Group work: determine placement factors according to the table of factors)

Safety;

maintaining capacity;

science intensity;

high qualification of personnel;

transport factor

Conversion. Production of civilian products (table No. 2). Conversion problems.

The military-industrial complex strives to produce as many weapons as possible. But how many weapons does the country need?

Huge expenditures on armaments were at one time one of the reasons that led the economy of the USSR to an economic crisis.

Due to the rapid reduction in military orders, many military enterprises were closed during the years of perestroika, others began to quickly reorganize into the production of civilian products.

Conversion is the transfer of military production to the production of civilian products.

When carrying out the conversion, it is necessary to retain qualified personnel, use progressive technologies enterprises of the military-industrial complex.

Task for the group (Make an analysis of table No. 2)

Table number 2.

VPK conversion. civilian products.

Name of goods, products

Share of military-industrial complex enterprises in its output, %

Motoblocks

TVs

Computer Engineering

radio receivers

electric stoves

Cameras

Vacuum cleaners

Sewing machines

Washing machines

Refrigerators

Motorcycles

Tape recorders

Main freight wagons

Trams

Drilling rigs for oil and gas production

diesels

The teacher's story about the fundamental reform of the military-industrial complex:

nuclear complex - the shield of the country (nuclear weapons)

think tanks in Sarov (Arzamas - 16), Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk - 70).

About new types of weapons. What will the tank of the 21st century be like? BTR - armored weapons. BMP, BTR - light armored vehicles. (demonstration of weapons)

In the boundless future, not a single war, not a single armed conflict of any intensity will do without armored weapons and tanks. The main characteristics of the tank: weight - about 60-65 tons, not maneuverable, should be reduced to 45 - 50 tons. Modern models of tanks - T-80-84S, T-90.

Integration of on-board electronics into a single complex, new weapon control technologies (external target designation, automatic target tracking, remote detonation of ammunition).

As part of Navy: about 100 submarines (missile carriers, nuclear and diesel submarines). Large anti-submarine ship "Admiral Chabanenko". Nuclear submarines such as "Typhoon", "Gepard". The submarine of the Northern Fleet "Novomoskovsk" launched an artificial Earth satellite into low Earth orbit. More than 70 combat submarines of the main classes; 250 coastal ships and boats; 500 planes and helicopters. Aircraft carrier cruiser "Admiral of the Fleet" Soviet Union Kuznetsov, where ship-based fighters SU-33, (SU-27K) are based. heavy nuclear missile carrier cruiser "Peter the Great" (a ship with the most powerful weapons in the world, its cruise missiles"Granite" have no analogues in the world).

All these weapons and military equipment form the basis of the Russian Army, if we talk aboutthe volume of exports of arms and military equipment, then Russia exports weapons for only 1.7 - 4 billion dollars and ranks 4th among exporting states, and the military-industrial complex provides less than 4% of Russian exports. Partners are India, China, South Korea, Bangladesh, Burma, Yemen, Greece Vietnam.

Why is Russia selling military equipment to other countries?

Doesn't this weaken Russia's military potential?

Consolidation. Practical work. Determination of centers for the location of enterprises in the military-industrial complex. Make a conclusion on the map textbook Dronov p.110, fig.38, Alekseev., p. 155, fig.48

The final stage. Conclusion. Does the state need the military-industrial complex as a special branch of the country?

arming the country for defense, protection from outside against international terrorism.

Creation of weapons of rapid deployment

The main stage in the creation of the military-industrial complex of Russia.

Homework: finish off practical work, read & 20 s. 103 -111(Dronov). & 33 p.152 - 158 (Alekseev).

The military-industrial complex (abbreviated as the military-industrial complex) is a part of the industry of the state that is engaged in the production of military equipment and is aimed at R&D in the defense sector. The formation of the military-industrial complex took place in the second half of the 20th century. The main prerequisites for its formation were the growth in the scale of hostilities and the expansion of the armed forces.

At that time, the best results were demonstrated by the military-industrial complex of the Soviet Union, America, Great Britain, Italy and the Warsaw Pact Organizations (OVD).

In connection with the transition from battles to a peaceful political dialogue between the warring parties, and then the split of the USSR and the Department of Internal Affairs, the number of weapons and armed forces produced was reduced by almost three times. Thus, since the 1990s, the Russian military-industrial complex has established itself at a sufficient level for the security of the state as a whole, and there have been no noticeable ups and downs. At the beginning of 2000, it included more than two thousand enterprises, but there was no clear understanding of what the military-industrial complex was. Today, the management commission includes 18 people headed by the President of the Russian Federation - Putin V.V. In addition, the scientific and technical council of the military-industrial complex (the leader is Mikhailov Yu.M.) and the collegium of the military-industrial complex (the head is D. O. Rogozin, the head of the collegium apparatus is I. V. Borovkov) function under the commission.

The specifics of the military-industrial complex

Distinctive features of the military-industrial complex:

• the customer is always the state;
• non-standard requirements (manufacturability, capital intensity, long-term) to the quality and technical properties of weapons and military equipment;
• confidentiality innovative projects;
• the inability of enterprises to enter the foreign market;
• high professionalism of the leaders of the military-industrial complex of Russia;
• producers are directly dependent on each other;
• need large stock material and labor resources;
• huge scale of defense enterprises.

The level of development of the military-industrial complex of Russia plays a key role in maintaining the security of the entire country, is largely responsible for the technical re-equipment of the main segments of the economy (medicine, transport, education, fuel and energy complex (FEC), social Security etc.), is a sign of political stability.

By what principle are military-industrial complex enterprises located?

The military-industrial complex includes enterprises that manufacture and develop the necessary equipment for a successful attack, ammunition, firearms and chemical weapons.

The location of the enterprise is determined based on the following factors:

1. safety;
2. convenient logistics interchange;
3. availability of qualified specialists and stocks of material resources;
4. the city in which the enterprise is based must be closed;
5. the possibility of creating duplicate production.

The main principle is the security of the location of the manufacturing enterprise of the military-industrial complex, taking into account the flight time of foreign missiles and aircraft, therefore enterprises and main centers are located in remote regions of Russia (Siberia or the Urals).

Branches of the military-industrial complex:

1. manufacture of ammunition. For these purposes, the plant is located in the Central and Western regions of Russia;
2. small arms industry (Izhevsk, Volgograd, Klimov, Nizhny Novgorod, Kovrovsk);
3. nuclear production, including mining and processing of uranium ore (Zelenogorsk, Ozersk, etc.). Dispose of nuclear waste in Snezhinsk;
4. space industry (launch and manufacture of rockets in Moscow, Samara, Omsk, Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk);
5. production of military aircraft parts and their collection (Kazan, Moscow, Irkutsk, Taganrog, Saratov and other cities);
6. tank industry (Volgograd, Arzamas);
7. military shipbuilding (Komsomolsk-on-Amur and other closed cities).

In total, the complex includes more than a thousand enterprises throughout Russia, each of which is distinguished by special secrecy. The military-industrial complex includes factories, research centers, design bureaus and test sites.

State agents of Russia

For 2019, the structure of the military-industrial complex of Russia includes five state agents:

• RASU. Operates in the field of electronic industry (radio industry and other means of communication);
• RAV. Works in the armaments industry;
• "Rossudostroenie". Engaged in warships;
• RAKA. Enterprise associated with the aviation industry;
• "Rosammunition". A specialized agency that manufactures munitions and chemical weapons.

Each of the functioning agencies is included in the government and oversees the defense industry.

Due to what is the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation being revived and what are the prospects for development?

After several years of improvement and restructuring production process Russia began to demonstrate positive results and take an active part in the implementation of innovative projects. The updating of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation takes place on the basis of the largest state corporation in the field of manufacturing and selling military equipment and weapons - Rostec. Today, the corporation includes more than 660 small enterprises throughout Russian Federation employing nearly half a million people. Most political observers regard such an act as copying the industrial model of the development of the USSR. If we analyze in more depth, we can see that Russian government adheres to a mixed position - a centralized type of planning and the formation of market relations. After Rostec entered the top 10 largest enterprises in the world, the head of the communications service Brovko V. stated with confidence that in the plans by 2035 the year will be firmly fixed in the fifth position. In addition, the state corporation aims at a closer partnership with Latin American countries (today 16% of exports go to this region).

The restoration of the Russian military-industrial complex is based on the experience of the 90s. The main goal of the complex is to achieve independence from imports. To do this, Rostec companies depend on each other by expanding production.

Problems of the military-industrial complex in Russia and the USA

It's no secret that business sharks own the US economy. In this regard, the question arises: why is so much money in the United States inverted into the military-industrial complex? The economic situation leaves much to be desired, as the public debt is growing exponentially. As you know, the military industry does not generate income, and due to the costs of its maintenance, less funds for the development of infrastructure, education and other segments of the economy. It is worth mentioning that the US military-industrial complex is the largest employer in the world (more than 3 million employees). In turn, the main problem of the Russian military-industrial complex is that the pricing system does not stimulate the employees of the enterprise to increase productivity. It is unprofitable to increase production efficiency, since most of the profits go to the state budget, so the rationing and regulation of average wages does not bring the expected results.

Outcome

The military-industrial complex contributes to the development of many industries (aviation, electronics, space, science and even the banking sector). Russia is actively integrating the fundamental and practical areas of innovation within the framework of the effective operation of military organizations. Due to this, the military-industrial complex is fully functioning and successfully developing. In addition, efforts are being made to ensure that the military-industrial complex produces ideal products that justify investment expectations. It is obvious that in such a current situation of the military-industrial complex, the prospect for a wonderful future and a successful present undoubtedly exists. The government is constantly reorganizing work so that defense enterprises can function as efficiently and efficiently as possible.

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them.

Briefly about the Performance Award:

1. First time in Russia - real and current picturewith performance at the enterprise level, plants, factories.
2. Data processed over 5000 industrial enterprises in Russia: total revenue - more than 55% of Russia's GDP, the number of employees - more than 5.5 million people.
3. As a result - TOP-1000 significant enterprises from the key industries of Russia.
4. Industry reviews: Metallurgy, Energy, Engineering, Oil and gas production and oil refining, Chemical industry, Instrumentation, Radio-electronic industry, Production building materials, Food industry, Electrical industry, Woodworking industry and pulp and paper mill, Light industry, etc.
5. For the first time in Russia - TOP-200 military-industrial complex enterprises.

More details about the results of the Prize can be found in previously published materials:

• Main results: All-Russian award "Labor Productivity: Russian Industry Leaders - 2015"

Data of the TOP-1000 leaders of Russia, TOP-300 leaders of Mechanical Engineering, TOP-200 leaders of the military-industrial complex, full reviews by industry, findings and analytics, comments and interviews with performance leaders will be published in the October issue Almanac "Production Management".

Expanded data on enterprises(in terms of sales, number of employees, etc.) are provided only to members Russian Performance Center. Also for members of the Russian Center for Productivity - an annual project " Operational efficiency of industrial enterprises in Russia: KPIs for senior management"- an applied tool for self-assessment of the activities of enterprises and the search for hidden reserves.

We are open for cooperation with all companies wishing to become a memberRussian Performance Center . You can send your applications and proposals to

The data of military-industrial complex enterprises are traditionally considered the most closed to an external audience, the more significant is for the first time in Russia prepared review of labor productivity data 200 military-industrial complex enterprises - that is how many of them are in the TOP-1000 presented in the results of the Prize. The total revenue of the 200 military-industrial complex enterprises under consideration is more than 2.6 trillion rubles, the number of employees is more than 1 million people.

Bonuses for many directors of state corporations, holdings and military-industrial complex enterprises already depend on such KPIs as labor productivity growth. The data presented in the results of the Prize can become a practical tool for self-assessment and evaluation of their activities.

Leaders in labor productivity in the military-industrial complex

1st place: Far Eastern Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Center(OSK), labor productivity - 9.24 million rubles / person / year, which is more than 4.5 (!) times higher than the average productivity in the military-industrial complex(average - 2.02 million rubles / person).

2nd place: Moscow machine building plant"Vanguard"(Almaz-Antey Air Defense Concern), labor productivity - 8.40 million rubles / person. /year

3rd place: Baltic shipyard"Amber"(OSK), labor productivity - 8.22 million rubles / person. /year

Military-industrial complex enterprises are also leaders in productivity in a number of regions of Russia:

• Far Eastern Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Center - in Primorsky Krai (labor productivity - 9.24 million rubles / person / year)
• Baltic shipbuilding plant "Yantar" - in the Kaliningrad region (labor productivity - 8.22 million rubles / person / year)
• Ulan-Uden Aviation Plant - in the Republic of Buryatia (labor productivity - 5.88 million rubles / person / year)

TOP-100: Leaders in labor productivity of the military-industrial complex of Russia

№	Company	Productivity 2014, million rubles/person/year	Region
1	Far Eastern Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Center	9,24	Primorsky Krai
2	Moscow Machine-Building Plant "Avangard"	8,40	Moscow
3	Baltic shipbuilding plant "Yantar"	8,22	Kaliningrad region
4	Kazan Helicopter Plant	7,94	Republic of Tatarstan
5	SPC "Research Institute of Long-Range Radio Communication"	6,93	Moscow
6	Ulan-Uden Aviation Plant	5,88	The Republic of Buryatia
7	NPK "Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering"	5,63	Moscow region
8	Klimov	5,35	St. Petersburg
9	Admiralty Shipyards	4,91	St. Petersburg
10	Kamov	4,84	Moscow region
11	Center for Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Technology	4,58	St. Petersburg
12	Corporation "Irkut"	4,38	Irkutsk region
13	NPO Plant "Volna"	4,28	St. Petersburg
14	VPK "NPO Mashinostroeniya"	4,26	Moscow region
15	Radio avionics	4,16	St. Petersburg
16	Rostvertol	4,12	Rostov region
17	Tactical Missiles Corporation	4,00	Moscow region
18	Information satellite systems named after academician M.F. Reshetnev	3,94	Krasnoyarsk region
19	Vyborg Shipyard	3,86	Leningrad region
20	NPP "Kant"	3,65	Moscow
21	Dry Company	3,63	Moscow
22	Shipyard "Severnaya Verf"	3,57	St. Petersburg
23	Monolith	3,47	Bryansk region
24	VNII "Signal"	3,40	Vladimir region
25	Saransk TV Factory	3,39	The Republic of Mordovia
26	United shipbuilding corporation(OSK Group)	3,20	St. Petersburg
27	NPO "Moscow Radio Engineering Plant"	3,18	Moscow
28	NPK "Systems of Precision Instrumentation"	3,15	Moscow
29	Rocket and Space Corporation Energia named after S. P. Korolev	3,15	Moscow
30	Yaroslavl Radio Plant	3,11	Yaroslavl region
31	Mari Machine Building Plant	3,10	Mari El Republic
32	Plant of radio equipment	3,06	Sverdlovsk region
33	Arzamas Machine Building Plant	3,06	Nizhny Novgorod Region
34	Uraltransmash	3,05	Sverdlovsk region
35	NPO "Pribor"	2,97	Moscow
36	Moscow Helicopter Plant M.L. Mile	2,93	Moscow
37	Machine-building plant "Arsenal"	2,90	St. Petersburg
38	Arseniev Aviation Company "Progress" named after N.I. Sazykin"	2,89	Primorsky Krai
39	Reducer - PM (Aircraft reducers and transmissions - Perm Motors)	2,84	Perm region
40	IL (Aviation complex named after S.V. Ilyushin)	2,83	Moscow
41	NPO "Lianozovsky Electromechanical Plant"	2,81	Moscow
42	Tambov plant "October"	2,74	Tambov Region
43	aircraft engine	2,72	Perm region
44	Ship repair center "Zvezdochka"	2,67	Arhangelsk region
45	GOZ Obukhov plant	2,67	St. Petersburg
46	Head production and technical enterprise "Granit"	2,64	Moscow
47	Dux	2,61	Moscow
48	Omsktransmash (KBTM)	2,59	Omsk region
49	Equality	2,58	St. Petersburg
50	Barrier	2,51	St. Petersburg
51	Kazan Electrotechnical Plant	2,51	Republic of Tatarstan
52	Ural Optical and Mechanical Plant named after E.S. Yalamova	2,48	Sverdlovsk region
53	Russian space systems	2,46	Moscow
54	Zelenodolsk plant them. A.M. Gorky	2,46	Republic of Tatarstan
55	Vyatsko-Polyansky machine-building plant "Hammer"	2,44	Kirov region
56	Perm Motor Plant	2,42	Perm region
57	OKB im. A.S. Yakovlev	2,40	Moscow
58	RTI	2,40	Moscow
59	Research and Production Corporation "Uralvagonzavod"	2,39	Sverdlovsk region
60	NPO "Radioelectronics" them. IN AND. Shimko	2,39	Republic of Tatarstan
61	Corporation "Phazotron - NIIR"	2,37	Moscow
62	Plant them. V.A. Degtyarev	2,30	Vladimir region
63	PO "Northern machine-building enterprise" (Sevmash)	2,28	Arhangelsk region
64	Novosibirsk Aircraft Repair Plant	2,28	Novosibirsk region
65	Radiophysics	2,27	Moscow
66	Moscow Plant of Electromechanisms	2,24	Moscow
67	Kurgan Machine-Building Plant	2,24	Kurgan region
68	Scientific Research Institute of Technical Glass	2,23	Moscow
69	Shvabe - Photodevice	2,22	Moscow
70	northern press	2,20	St. Petersburg
71	Murom Radio Plant measuring instruments	2,20	Vladimir region
72	Ryazan Radio Plant	2,19	Ryazan Oblast
73	Ufa motor building Production Association	2,19	Republic of Bashkortostan
74	State Corporation "Rostec"	2,18	Moscow
75	Tula Cartridge Plant	2,18	Tula region
76	Sredne-Nevsky Shipyard	2,17	St. Petersburg
77	electrical signal	2,11	Voronezh region
78	Corporation space systems special purpose"Comet"	2,10	Moscow
79	Plant "Energy"	2,09	St. Petersburg
80	Balashikha Foundry and Mechanical Plant	2,04	Moscow region
81	Plant No. 9	2,00	Sverdlovsk region
82	Tupolev	1,96	Moscow
83	Zlatoust watch factory	1,94	Chelyabinsk region
84	Krasnogorsk plant named after Zverev	1,93	Moscow region
85	Izhevsk motor plant "Aksion-holding"	1,87	Udmurt republic
86	NPP Zvezda	1,84	Moscow region
87	Oreltekmash	1,84	Oryol Region
88	Vanguard	1,82	St. Petersburg
89	Semiconductor plant	1,81	Mari El Republic
90	Voronezh Joint Stock Aircraft Building Company	1,77	Voronezh region
91	Nizhny Novgorod Aircraft Building Plant "Sokol"	1,73	Nizhny Novgorod Region
92	Nizhny Novgorod Machine Building Plant	1,72	Nizhny Novgorod Region
93	Stupino machine-building production enterprise	1,72	Moscow region
94	Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant "Kupol"	1,69	Udmurt republic
95	Don plant of radio components	1,65	Tula region
96	Lytkarinsky plant of optical glass	1,65	Moscow region
97	Research Institute of Measuring Instruments - Novosibirsk plant named after the Comintern	1,61	Novosibirsk region
98	Solnechnogorsk Mechanical Plant	1,60	Moscow region
99	Moscow Machine-Building Plant "Znamya"	1,59	Moscow
100	Motovilikha plants	1,59	Perm region

Methodology for conducting the Performance Prize: the basis for the Prize was the data of enterprises from their questionnaires, as well as from open sources(quarterly and annual reporting). To calculate productivity, we used data on revenue and average headcount enterprises in 2014. Data in foreign currency are translated into rubles at the average weighted exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation for 2014.

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Will the Military-Industrial Complex (MIC) be able to serve as the basis further development Russia?

What is the VPK?

The military-industrial complex of Russia is a system of enterprises that develop and manufacture military equipment and weapons. The terms “defense-industrial complex”, “military (defense) industry” are also used as synonyms for the military-industrial complex.

Russia inherited a huge military-industrial complex from the USSR. Taking into account family members, every tenth inhabitant of Russia was associated with the military-industrial complex.

The armament and military equipment of the Soviet military-industrial complex corresponded to the best world standards, and in many cases even surpassed them. This was facilitated by the high technological level of most enterprises of the complex. The military-industrial complex concentrated the most qualified personnel, the best technique and skillful organizers of production.

Military-industrial complex enterprises also produced the most sophisticated civilian goods. For example, most of the tape recorders and computers came out of there. And VCRs, televisions and cameras were created only at military factories.

Weapons and equipment were produced on a scale that exceeded reasonable defensive needs and the real economic possibilities of the country. The gigantic burden of military spending was one of the reasons that led the USSR to an economic and political crisis.

One of the tasks facing the military-industrial complex is its conversion (from Latin conversis - change, transformation). The conversion of the military-industrial complex means the transfer of military enterprises (in whole or in part) to the production of civilian products. This is necessary for Russia, since it is economically impossible and unnecessary from a military-strategic point of view to maintain the previous volumes of arms production.

What are the features of the location of the branches of the military-industrial complex?

Virtually all significant cities of Russia became centers of military production, where it was closely connected with "civilian" mechanical engineering, the chemical industry and other industries.

The military-industrial complex led to the emergence in Russia of the so-called "closed cities" - science cities. More than a dozen such cities were created in our country for the development and production of atomic and other types of weapons. They were not marked on any geographical map and had conditional names: Chelyabiisk-70, Sverdlovsk-44, Krasnoyarsk-26, etc. These cities were distinguished by a high level of improvement, good supply and complete closure. The special nature of the work, the strictest requirements for discipline and adherence to production technology, the highest qualifications of workers - all this has formed in these cities unique labor collectives capable of mastering the production of any, arbitrarily complex products.

Arzamas-16, the most famous among them, created in 1946 on the site of the famous Sarbva monastery, can serve as an example of a closed city. Surrounded by dense Mordovian forests, which then received the status of the Mordovian State Reserve, the center was especially secretive. He was tasked with eliminating the US monopoly on nuclear weapons. Such world-class theoretical physicists as three times Heroes of Socialist Labor Yu. B. Khariton, Ya. B. Zeldovich, A. D. Sakharov and many others worked in this scientific center. It was in Arzamas-16 (now the city of Serov) that the first atomic and hydrogen bombs in the USSR were created, and subsequent generations of nuclear weapons were developed. Today the Russian Federal nuclear center in Sarov - a large multi-purpose research center. And the Sarov Avangard plant is dismantling the warheads it once produced as part of the nuclear arms reduction program.

Where are air and space weapons produced?

The aviation and rocket and space industry is located in large cities - centers of concentration of qualified personnel. Finished products - airplanes, helicopters, ballistic missiles and others - are assembled from thousands of parts supplied by allied enterprises. Particularly distinguished by its complexity is the production of space complexes.

In most areas in space technology, our country is "ahead of the rest." Unique Russian technologies provide long-term human space flights. Our designers have developed the world's best system for automatic docking of spacecraft. Russia also holds the lead in the creation of large structures in open space, film and inflatable structures. Now our space industry is participating in many international projects.

The Baikonur Cosmodrome (in Kazakhstan) is now used by Russia on a lease basis. From here, Russian and foreign cosmonauts go into space. In Russia itself, there are currently two spaceports. One of them is Plesetsk.

In the late 1950s among the forests, lakes and swamps of the Plesetsk district of the Arkhangelsk region, a test site for strategic missile forces and its "capital" - the city of Mirny were built. Since 1966, spacecraft have been launched from here. Since that time, Plesetsk has become the most "working" cosmodrome in the world, which has no equal in terms of the number of launches (more than 1500). But it also remains a military training ground - it was here, for example, that the new Russian intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) Topol-M, which formed the backbone of our country's strategic nuclear forces at the beginning of the 21st century, received a "start in life" .

In the Amur Region, on the basis of the former garrison of a strategic missile division, Russia's second Svobodny Cosmodrome has recently been created. The first satellite was launched from there in March 1997.

Almost all unmanned spacecraft are controlled from Krasnoznamensk (Golitsyno-2) near Moscow, and manned ones are controlled from the Mission Control Center (MCC) in Korolev, Moscow Region.

Research and design organizations of the industry are concentrated to a large extent in the Moscow region. Almost all Russian aircraft and helicopters are designed here, intercontinental ballistic missiles and launch vehicles are being developed.

Rice. 41. Products of the military-industrial complex of Russia

A powerful aerospace complex was formed in the Volga region. Among its many large centers, Samara occupies a special place in the Russian cosmonautics, where launch vehicles, rocket engines and satellites for various purposes, including photo reconnaissance satellites, are developed and manufactured. In Nizhny Novgorod, the Sokol aircraft building plant, which produced fighters designed by S. A. Lavochkin La-5 and La-7 during the war years. It was on such machines that the Soviet ace number one, three times Hero of the Soviet Union I. N. Kozhedub, won all his victories (shooting down 62 enemy aircraft). Among today's military products of the plant is the world's most powerful fighter-interceptor MiG-31.

In Arseniev (Primorsky Territory), almost all combat helicopters Mi-24s that fought in Afghanistan, and now the world's first Ka-50 combat helicopter, better known as the Black Shark, is being produced. They also make a unique anti-ship missile "Mosquito", called in the West "Sunburn" ("Sunburn"). Capable of destroying an aircraft carrier, this missile rushes to a target at a height of only 5 m at a speed of 2.5 times the speed of sound, automatically performing anti-aircraft maneuvers, which makes the Mosquito almost invulnerable.

The former artillery plant in Votkinsk (in Udmurtia), founded in the 19th century, is now the only enterprise in Russia for the production of intercontinental ballistic missiles (Topol-M).

Where are other military-industrial complex products produced?

Among the centers of artillery and small arms, we single out Izhevsk in Udmurtia.

Do you know which product of the Russian industry is the most common in the world? This is the famous AK-47 - a Kalashnikov assault rifle, produced in this city, and then produced in several other countries. In total, several tens of millions of pieces were produced, and it was so popular that it even got on the state emblem of one of the African countries - Mozambique. Izhevsk became the “homeland” of not only the Kalashnikov assault rifle, but also the Makarov pistol and the Dragunov sniper rifle. A Nikonov assault rifle was created here, a weapon of the 21st century, which has no analogues in many design solutions.

Motovilikha Plants in Perm continues to be one of the largest manufacturers modern species weapons, including multiple launch rocket systems "Grad", "Hurricane" and "Smerch".

From the centers of the armored industry, find Nizhny Tagil, Kurgan and Omsk on the map.

The Nizhny Tagil production association Uralvagonzavod, which produces the most massive T-72 tanks of the last quarter of our century and the new T-90 rocket and gun tanks, is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest in the world industrial enterprise. World-renowned infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) are produced in Kurgan.

After the war, Omsk tank builders mastered the production of new formidable vehicles. One of the tanks produced today - the T-80UM "Bars" - experts call powerful, like a "Dreadnought", fast and comfortable, like a "Mercedes". In Omsk, a new generation tank "Black Eagle" was also created, which is by far the best in the world.

by the most major center military shipbuilding of Russia since the time of Peter I is St. Petersburg. Local shipyards can build almost all types of warships from combat boats to nuclear missile cruisers. Severodvinsk is the largest in the world and the only center of nuclear submarine shipbuilding in Russia.

conclusions

Our country needs the military-industrial complex as a supplier of modern equipment and weapons for the Russian army (and for export) and as a "generator high technology» for civilian sectors of the economy. Therefore, it is important to preserve the core of the military-industrial complex, research institutes, design bureaus and factories associated with it. This will solve the problem of national security of the country. At the same time, the state will have to solve the difficult task of partially transferring the military industry to a peaceful track. This will make it possible to introduce new technologies in all spheres of the economy, retain highly qualified personnel, and achieve the competitiveness of high-quality civilian products.

Questions and tasks

1. Name the main products of the military-industrial complex. What brands of military aircraft, tanks, small arms do you know?
2. How to explain the concentration of various military industries in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Sverdlovsk regions?
3. Write abstracts:
   1. "New technologies of the military-industrial complex and their significance for civilian production";
   2. "MIC and its impact on the state of the environment".
4. How to explain that it was in the military-industrial complex that the most highly qualified labor resources? What qualities do you think people working at military-industrial complex enterprises should have? Why?

1. Characteristics of the military-industrial complex of Russia

The military-industrial complex (MIC) of Russia is a powerful system of enterprises producing military equipment, weapons and ammunition. The terms "military industry" and "defense industry" are also used as synonyms for the military-industrial complex.

The VPK includes:

• - research organizations (their task is theoretical developments);
• - design bureaus (KB) that create prototypes (prototypes) of weapons;
• - testing laboratories and testing grounds, where, firstly, the “finishing” of prototypes in real conditions takes place, and secondly, the testing of weapons that have just left the factory walls;
• - manufacturing enterprises, where the mass production of weapons is carried out.

But in addition to military products, military-industrial complex enterprises produce civilian products. Most of the refrigerators, tape recorders, computers, vacuum cleaners and washing machines in Russia were produced at the enterprises of the military-industrial complex. And televisions, video recorders, cameras and sewing machines were produced only in military factories.

Thus, the military-industrial complex concentrates the production of more complex products. This was facilitated by the high technical level of most military-industrial complex enterprises. This was the sector National economy, in which production was at the level of the best world samples, and in many cases even exceeded it.

The military-industrial complex concentrated the most qualified and enterprising personnel, the best equipment and skilled production organizers. Its scope was enormous. At the end of the 80s. about 4.5 million people were employed at 1800 enterprises of the military-industrial complex of Russia, including 800 thousand in the field of science. This accounted for about a quarter of those employed in industry. Including family members, 12-15 million people were directly connected with him, that is, every tenth inhabitant of Russia.

The cost of maintaining the army and the military-industrial complex lay on the entire population of the country, lowering its standard of living. The defense industry was dominated by the conviction that the most important thing was to produce as many products as possible.

A feature of the military-industrial complex is the location of many of its enterprises in "closed" cities, which until recently were not mentioned anywhere, they were not even put on geographical maps. Only recently they received real names, and before that they were designated by numbers (for example, Chelyabinsk-70).

The military-industrial complex consists of several main branches:

• - Production of nuclear weapons
• - Aviation industry
• - Rocket and space industry
• - Manufacture of small arms
• - Manufacture of artillery systems
• - Military shipbuilding
• - Armored industry.

The nuclear weapons complex is part of the Russian nuclear industry. It includes the following productions.

• 1. Extraction of uranium ore and production of uranium concentrate. In Russia, only one uranium mine is currently operating in Krasnokamensk (Chita region). It also produces uranium concentrate.
• 2. Uranium enrichment (separation of uranium isotopes) takes place in the cities of Novouralsk (Svedlovsk-44), Zelenogorsk (Krasnoyarsk-45), Seversk (Tomsk-7) and Angarsk. 45% of the world's uranium enrichment capacities are concentrated in Russia. With the reduction in the production of nuclear weapons, these industries are increasingly export-oriented. The products of these enterprises are used both for civilian nuclear power plants and for the production of nuclear weapons and for industrial reactors for the production of plutonium.
• 3. The manufacture of fuel elements (TVELs) for nuclear reactors is carried out in Elektrostal and Novosibirsk.
• 4. Production and separation of weapons-grade plutonium is now carried out in Seversk (Tomsk-7) and Zheleznogorsk (Krasnoyarsk-26). The stocks of plutonium in Russia have been accumulated for many years to come, but nuclear reactors in these cities they do not stop, as they provide them with heat and electricity. Previously, Ozersk (Chelyabinsk-65) was a major center for the production of plutonium, where in 1957, due to a failure in the cooling system, one of the tanks in which liquid production waste was stored exploded. As a result, an area of ​​23,000 km was contaminated with radioactive waste.
• 5. The assembly of nuclear weapons took place in Sarov (Arzamas-16), Zarechny (Penza-19), Lesnoy (Sverdlovsk-45) and Trekhgorny (Zlatoust-16). The development of prototypes was carried out in Sarov and Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk-70). The first atomic and hydrogen bombs were developed in Sarov, where the Russian Federal Nuclear Center is now located.
• 6. Disposal of nuclear waste is by far one of the most difficult environmental issues. The main center is Snezhinsk, where waste is processed and buried in rocks. military industry industrial weapons

The aviation industry is located, as a rule, in large industrial centers, where finished products are assembled at head enterprises from parts and assemblies supplied by hundreds (and sometimes thousands) of subcontractors. The main placement factors manufacturing enterprises- the convenience of transport links and the availability of skilled labor. And the design of almost all types of Russian aircraft is carried out by the Design Bureau of Moscow and the Moscow Region. The only exception is the Beriev Design Bureau in Taganrog, where amphibious aircraft are manufactured.

The rocket and space industry is one of the most science-intensive and technically complex industries. For example, an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) contains up to 300 thousand systems, subsystems, individual devices and parts, and a large space complex - up to 10 million. Therefore, there are much more scientists, designers and engineers in this field than workers.

Research and design organizations of the industry are concentrated to a large extent in the Moscow region. ICBMs (in Moscow and Reutov), ​​rocket engines (in Khimki and Korolev), cruise missiles (in Dubna and Reutov), ​​anti-aircraft missiles (in Khimki) are being developed here.

And the production of these products is scattered almost throughout Russia. ICBMs are produced in Votkinsk (Udmurtia), ballistic missiles for submarines - in Zlatoust and Krasnoyarsk. Launch vehicles for launching spacecraft are produced in Moscow, Samara and Omsk. Spacecraft are manufactured in the same place, as well as in St. Petersburg, Istra, Khimki, Korolev, Zheleznogorsk.

The main cosmodrome of the former USSR was Baikonur (in Kazakhstan), and in Russia now the only operating cosmodrome is in the city of Mirny, Arkhangelsk region (near Plesetsk station). Anti-aircraft missile systems are being tested at the Kapustin Yar test site in the Astrakhan region.

The control of the military space forces and all unmanned spacecraft is carried out from the city of Krasnoznamensk (Golitsyno-2), and manned ones - from the mission control center (MCC) in the city of Korolev, Moscow Region.

Artillery and small arms is a very important branch of the military-industrial complex. The most famous and mass-produced type of small arms produced is the Kalashnikov assault rifle, which is used in at least 55 countries (and in some it is even depicted on the state emblem).

The main centers for the production of small arms are Tula, Kovrov, Izhevsk, Vyatskiye Polyany (Kirov region), and the leader science Center located in Klimovsk (Moscow region). Artillery systems are produced mainly in Yekaterinburg, Perm, Nizhny Novgorod.

The armored industry was one of the most developed branches of the military-industrial complex. Over the past period, 100 thousand tanks have been produced at the factories of the former USSR. Now a significant part of them is subject to destruction under the treaty on the limitation of arms in Europe. Of the four Russian factories Tanks are now produced only at two factories - in Nizhny Tagil and Omsk, while factories in St. Petersburg and Chelyabinsk are being redeveloped. Armored personnel carriers (APCs) are produced in Arzamas, and infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) in Kurgan.

It is difficult to separate military shipbuilding from civil shipbuilding, since until recently the majority of Russian shipyards worked for defense. The largest shipbuilding center since the time of Peter I is St. Petersburg, where there are about 40 enterprises in this industry. Almost all types of ships were built here. Nuclear submarines were previously produced in Nizhny Novgorod and Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Currently, their production is preserved only in Severodvinsk. Other centers of military shipbuilding are a number of cities on the rivers where small ships are produced (Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Zelenodolsk, etc.).

Speaking about the military-industrial complex of Russia, one cannot fail to mention such a concept as the conversion of the military-industrial complex (from the Latin word conversic - change, transformation). It means the transfer of military production to civilian production. For Russia, this is vital, since it is economically impossible to maintain the previous volumes of arms production, and even from a purely military point of view, it is not necessary, since former potential adversaries become Russia's partners. At the same time, the most advanced technologies are concentrated in the military-industrial complex. It is necessary to preserve them during the conversion so that qualified personnel contribute to the creation of new civilian industries.

At the same time, it is necessary to maintain the production of the most effective types military equipment in order to be able to equip the Russian army with the most modern weapons, as well as supply weapons to other countries. Until recently, all information on such a branch of the military-industrial complex as the production of armored vehicles was closed. In recent years, due to the general course towards greater openness, the commercial interest of manufacturers in advertising their products, the desire to expand exports, many publications about the production in the military-industrial complex have appeared in the media and specialized literature.

Russia has actually lost most of the traditional markets for its weapons. Foreign firms compete not only in trade new technology, but even in the modernization of Soviet technology of the past decades, which is in service with the army of a number of countries. The problem of the revival of domestic production is now becoming more and more urgent.

Another problem facing the military-industrial complex is the problem of conversion. It is too complex, has no simple solutions, requires constant attention and time. Even in the United States - a country with a developed market economy and a powerful civilian sector of industry, it demanded a large-scale structural maneuver and a radical change in the entire system of procurement of weapons and military equipment.

The economy of the USSR has historically evolved as a militarized economy, oriented towards a purely cost-based production structure, incapable of competition, oriented towards a closed domestic market. Attempts to reform, undertaken in some years, failed. One got the impression that the created system was not capable of reforming in an evolutionary way.

The directly military-industrial or defense complex gradually separated into an independent organizational structure, which included the management system, enterprises and organizations of nine ministries. The defense complex developed and produced far more than just military equipment. For example, in 1989 the share of non-food consumer goods and civilian products in total volume production of the defense complex amounted to 40%. This, in particular, was facilitated by the transfer in 1987 to the defense complex of enterprises of the reformed Ministry of Light and Food Industry. It is not uncommon for cases when the share of output of military products at enterprises of the defense complex did not exceed 10%, and a number of enterprises belonging to the defense ministries did not produce any military products at all. On the other hand, military products were produced by enterprises of those industries that were not organizationally part of the defense complex.

For a long time, the defense complex was provided as a priority financial resources, scientific and technical personnel, material resources. As a result of this, the enterprises of the defense complex provided themselves with high, in relation to enterprises and organizations of other sectors of the national economy, the characteristics of material and human resources determined the level of scientific and technological achievements in the country and the pace of scientific and technical progress. Taking into account the position that the defense industry complex occupied in the country's economy, the weakness of civilian industries, when developing the conversion program, the concept of "physical" conversion was adopted, that is, the direct conversion of production capacities defense industry for the production of civilian products. The production and scientific and technical potential of the defense industries, released as a result of the reduction in the production of weapons and military equipment, was to be used as a matter of priority for the implementation of state allied targeted programs that ensure the implementation of the most important areas of scientific and technological progress, including the development of civil aviation, shipbuilding, the space program of scientific and national economic importance, communications, electronic technology and computer science, the production of advanced materials and compounds high purity, clean energy, non-food consumer goods, technological equipment for the processing industries of the agro-industrial complex, light industry, trade and Catering, medical equipment, equipment and instruments for environmental purposes. The program provided for the creation of 22 basic intersectoral scientific, technical, technological, engineering and other centers for the conversion of the scientific and technical potential of the defense complex. The adopted conversion program could be implemented only in the conditions of a planned distribution economy and was associated with the largest costs both for the development and industrial development of new products.

Another problem is the transition beyond the critical minimum of the volume of production of many types of military products. In general, in recent years, the state defense order for the bulk of weapons and military equipment ensures the utilization of production capacities by a maximum of 10-15%. Everywhere, the defense order has fallen below the minimum acceptable level, which leads to an increase in costs per unit of output, as well as to the degradation and loss of high-tech industries. Today it is realized that it was necessary to carry out the conversion less hastily and at much lower costs. World experience and the state of Russian enterprises being converted confirm that a high rate of this process causes serious consequences and turns the demilitarization of the economy into one of the factors of the fall industrial production generally. The scale and rate of conversion at the beginning of the 1990s exceeded by almost an order of magnitude those that took place in most developed countries and amounted to 30 to 60% or more in various sectors of the military-industrial complex. The objective difficulties of the conversion were exacerbated by its limited funding. Privatization at military-industrial complex enterprises was accompanied by the cessation public funding, which is quite natural. However, the new owners, especially labor collectives, turned out to be unable to invest in production, especially its defense part. As a result, a large-scale and difficult to control for the state process of enterprises leaving the production of weapons and military equipment began, an unjustified judgment of the range of military products, which was practically not supported by the progressive unification of weapons and military equipment. In subsequent years, this situation worsened even more.

However, the main problem of the military-industrial complex is scanty funding. In this area, generally accepted in world statistics are indicators of annual military spending per one soldier and one resident of the country. In 1997, the cost per soldier in Russia was 14 thousand dollars, and in the USA - 176 thousand, in the UK - 200, in Germany - 98. In the same year, military spending per capita was: in Russia - 233 dollars, in the USA -978, in the UK - 578, in Greece - 517 dollars. The actual expenditures of the state budget for defense needs in 1993 amounted to 4.4% of GDP; in 1994 - 5.6%, in 1995 - less than 4%, in 1996 - 3.5%, in 1997 - 2.7%. At the same time, the volume of GDP itself was continuously declining. The limited ability to finance the state defense order for the supply of specific models of weapons and military equipment to the Armed Forces led to the idea of ​​concentrating most of the resources allocated for this purpose on research and development in the field of creating new types of weapons. This idea, according to experts, was absolutely correct. Its implementation would make it possible to create scientific, technical and technological groundwork for the subsequent re-equipment of the Armed Forces with qualitatively new weapons and military equipment systems.

It is absolutely clear that today Russia's lagging behind militarily and economically leading countries in this area is unacceptable. The world is on the verge of another scientific and technological revolution, which should lead to a significant qualitative breakthrough in the modernization of currently operating models of weapons and military equipment, the emergence of fundamentally new types of weapons that will be based on new physical principles and high technologies. Moreover, dual-use will have much more technology than those used in the production of current weapons. However, so far in practice the idea of ​​concentrating efforts on military R&D not backed by adequate budgetary resources. As a result, only for 1989-1995. there was a more than 10-fold decrease in funding for research and development in the field of military production. Today in Russia the budget allotted for this in dollar terms is 30 times less than in the United States, and 10 times less than in European NATO countries. In addition, budget appropriations are a target figure that has never been fulfilled in recent years. The percentage of real allocations for defense R&D differs significantly from the original plans.

Such meager funding brought the scientific and design organizations of the military-industrial complex to a critical point, followed by the loss of reproductive potential, especially for high-tech samples of weapons and military equipment. Its restoration will subsequently require significantly more funds than its current maintenance at the current level.

One of the negative outcomes of the deterioration financial position defense enterprises

Sharp obsolescence of equipment. Indeed, the insufficient level of investment in the technical re-equipment of functioning and mobilization capacities leads to their rapid moral and physical aging, which in the near future will undoubtedly affect the ability to produce modern weapons and military equipment. Analysis of the technical condition of the active part of the main production assets defense industry shows that industries have seen a negative trend towards equipment obsolescence. It is assumed that by 2001 the number of equipment with an age of 20 years will be half of its total number.

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