Salmon factories. Private salmon plant in the networks of Russian legislation. Pobedinsky salmon hatchery

Plants and spawning farms

Fundamentals of fish farm design

Enterprises for the reproduction of fish stocks grow juveniles of valuable commercial fish and release them into natural reservoirs and reservoirs to preserve and increase their commercial stocks.

According to the nature of the juvenile rearing technology, these enterprises are divided into two groups: fish hatcheries (RP) and spawning and rearing farms (NVH).

At RZ and NVH, juveniles are grown to the downstream stage, i.e. until the age when, under conditions of natural reproduction, it begins to gradually slide from spawning places to feeding places. Usually, the migration of juveniles begins in 1.5-2 months. after spawning, upon reaching a weight of 1-3 g. An exception is salmon hatcheries, where juveniles are grown much longer until the downstream stage, which usually occurs in salmon at the age of 1-2 years, sometimes 3 years or more. But here there is an exception, for example, pink salmon and chum salmon, reaching the downstream stage, respectively, in the larval period of development and after 1.5-4 months. cultivation at the LRZ.

At fish hatcheries, juveniles of anadromous fish are reproduced and grown, at NVK - semi-anadromous and non-anadromous fish.

Fish hatcheries are divided depending on the type of fish grown into sturgeon, salmon, whitefish, fish. The structure of RP depends on the biotechnology of breeding and rearing certain fish.

Sturgeon hatcheries (ORZ)

The composition of the ORP depends on the production processes, the capacity of the plant. The number of transport, production and laboratory equipment, utility rooms is determined by the scheme technological process. There are three method of growing juveniles on ARI:

Basin (used at three plants - Abakansky, Selenginsky, Achuevsky, and also at present ORP on the Don),

Pond (is the main one) and

Combined.

The Volzhskiye ORZ was built to work according to the pond method of rearing juveniles (the so-called Group I of hatcheries, for example, Bertyulsky, Kizansky, Sergievsky) and combined (Group II of hatcheries - Ikryaninsky, Aleksandrovsky).

The main links of the technological process:

Selection of spawners on fishing tonnes and their delivery to RZ;

Keeping producers, their injection;

Obtaining eggs and sperm, insemination of eggs, their accounting, degluing, placement in incubation devices;

caviar incubation;

Keeping prelarvae and rearing larvae;

Cultivation of live feed (with pool and combined methods);

Growing of juveniles, their accounting;

Release of juveniles in the pre-estuary sections of the rivers.

All production buildings are combined into a single economic center, which includes:

Workshop of work with manufacturers with branches:

a) keeping spawners with modernized cages of the Kura type (ponds, pools);

b) operational and laboratory points and a warehouse for inventory;

Incubation shop;

live feed workshop;

Auxiliary premises block (factory management, garage, mechanical workshop, warehouse, laboratory);

Energy facilities;

Pool cultivation workshop;

nursery ponds;

Pumping station, water supply and water purification system. The production capacity of sturgeon hatcheries is in the range of 1-19 million units. juveniles.

Salmon hatcheries (LRZ)

LRZ for the reproduction of Atlantic salmon. Manufacturing processes at hatcheries for the reproduction of Atlantic salmon include:

Trapping and transportation of producers;

Aging producers;

Obtaining reproductive products (PP), insemination of eggs;

caviar incubation;

Keeping prelarvae;

Rearing of larvae, rearing of underyearlings;

Growing yearlings;

Growing two-year-olds;

Issuance of biennials;

Release of downstream migrants (in the northern regions, juveniles are grown up to the age of three).

Hatcheries for the reproduction of Atlantic salmon consist of:

The main production building, which includes departments for incubation of eggs, rearing of larvae; pool rearing of underyearlings, yearlings, two-year-olds; thermoregulatory; fodder kitchen and pantries of dry products; refrigerating chambers; engine room; household premises;

Block of auxiliary shops;

Administrative and technical block;

Point of capture of spawners with cages for holding spawners and a quarantine cage;

Block of technical services: pumping station, chlorination, water tower;

Warehouse of fuels and lubricants (fuels and lubricants); - treatment facilities.

The capacity of hatcheries for the reproduction of Atlantic salmon is from 60 to 300 thousand downstream migrants.

Hatcheries for the reproduction of Pacific salmon (chum salmon and pink salmon). Production processes:

Procurement of manufacturers;

Collection of PP, insemination of eggs at the hatchery, transportation of fertilized eggs to the hatchery;

caviar incubation;

Keeping prelarvae;

Growing larvae and releasing downstream juveniles into the river. The composition of the hatchery for the reproduction of chum salmon and pink salmon:

Incubation and larval shop;

Nursery with a laboratory, service and household premises;

Water supply system, which includes a head water intake, a supply channel, a pumping station;

Growth pond with fish protection structures;

Warehouses for fish-breeding equipment, material assets, building materials;

Warehouse of fuels and lubricants;

Workshops, garage, office building;

Caviar collection point with a slaughtering barrier, a trap, cages for keeping spawners, a greenhouse (a room for collecting, inseminating, swelling and packaging fertilized eggs for subsequent transportation to the RZ).

The typical capacity of the hatchery for the reproduction of chum salmon and pink salmon is 15 million pieces. rolling juveniles. The capacity of LRZ in the Far East ranges from 1 to 62 million downstream skiers.

Whitefish hatcheries (SRZ)

Production processes:

Trapping of producers and their delivery to the fish breeding point;

Obtaining PP, insemination of eggs and its transportation to the SRZ;

caviar incubation;

Concentration of prelarvae and keeping them in trays or pools;

Transportation of larvae to rearing ponds, cages or pools;

Cultivation of underyearlings;

Descent of nursery reservoirs, accounting of underyearlings, transportation of underyearlings to feeding reservoirs.

The composition of the shipyard:

Block of the incubation shop with a laboratory;

Larval cages or pools under a canopy;

nursery ponds, cages in lakes, nursery nursery lakes;

Pumping station;

Water tower;

Cooling towers-aerators;

Backup diesel power plant.

A fish-breeding station is also provided for harvesting spawners, keeping them in cages, collecting PP, inseminating eggs, which is located in a small room on the shore of the reservoir.

The capacity of the SRZ reaches hundreds of thousands of underyearlings.

Fish hatcheries for the reproduction of anadromous cyprinid fish

The production processes and composition of RH for the reproduction of anadromous cyprinids (rybtsa, shemai and kutum) are similar, so let's consider them using the example of fish RH (RRZ).

Production processes (with factory method):

Trapping of producers;

Obtaining PP, insemination of eggs;

Incubation of eggs and obtaining prelarvae;

rearing of juveniles;

Accounting for juveniles and releasing them into the river. Composition of RRZ: - point of procurement of producers;

Incubation shop;

Mother ponds with spawning ditches, cages for keeping spawners;

nursery ponds;

Business center with utility rooms.

The sires harvesting point is equipped with two or three slots or cages for short-term keeping of sires.

Producers are transported in slots or tarpaulin vats by motor vehicles.

The capacity of the RZ for the reproduction of anadromous cyprinid fish is hundreds of thousands of downstream migrants.

In Portland, located in Oregon on the Pacific coast of the United States (and later in Seattle, Washington), representatives of various public organizations Russia and the USA, as well as international environmental organizations involved in the conservation of salmon biodiversity and their sustainable use - the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the Russian Salmon Foundation, the Pacific Protection Center environment and Natural Resources (PERC), Wild Salmon Center, Sakhalin Salmon Initiative, Sakhalin Environment Watch and the Kamchatka Public Coalition "Save Salmon TOGETHER!".

In particular, we proposed, within the framework of the project for the development of communications, to revive the project to create a single information space "Northern Pacific" in order to preserve biodiversity and apply the principles of sustainable fishing in the North Pacific Ocean (North Pacific) - the most bioproductive fishing zone of the World Ocean. This project was interesting, first of all, because it can link into a single communication chain all projects, one way or another aimed at the conservation of wild salmon and its sustainable use.

But let's get back to the global (basic) topic.

Salmon hatcheries (LRZ)

On this issue, related to the need for artificial reproduction, although the discussion "for and against" has been going on for more than a year, there is no unequivocal answer and, probably, cannot be.

Currently, five countries of the North Pacific - the USA, Canada, Japan, Russia and South Korea - are engaged in artificial breeding of Pacific salmon.

The fundamental difference between the artificial reproduction of Pacific salmon for their subsequent grazing in the ocean and farm commercial reproduction and rearing of Norwegian salmon and trout on artificial feed has been recognized. It is considered wild salmon, which, as a result of feeding with artificial feed, has gained less than ten percent of the future marketable weight.

But one more important principle of grazing reproduction on hatcheries has been defined, when salmon can be considered wild, in the event that the artificial reproduction program is aimed at restoring natural reproduction. If there is no such program, then the fish farm cannot participate in the environmental certification of its fisheries and salmon products, as it contradicts the program for the conservation of wild salmon stocks.

Today, five BILLION juvenile salmon are sent to the waters of the North Pacific every year. FIVE BILLION! share Russian Federation- 700 million (of which more than 80 percent are accounted for by 34 hatcheries in the Sakhalin Region). The share of Alaska is 1 billion 500 thousand fry (with the main part falling on pink salmon (800 million) and chum salmon (500 million), and on other species, including for sport fishing, when the fish is sterilized and cannot reproduce, only 200 million).

It is not always correct to talk about the low return of artificially bred salmon. Today, fish farmers give examples of very high efficiency of hatcheries, which cannot but be convincing: all Japanese chum salmon in Hokkaido is of artificial origin and about 300 thousand tons of fish are caught here annually, which the Japanese want to certify according to the standards of the Marine Board of Trustees(MSC), that is, according to the standards of ENVIRONMENTAL certification.

Sakhalin fish farmers, or rather their high Moscow authorities, also do not get tired of repeating that the historically unprecedented approaches of pink salmon and chum salmon to the Far Eastern rivers are the result of the efforts of the Sakhalin and Kuril (and partly other Far Eastern) hatcheries.

The figures are also staggering - five billion fry released from factories throughout the North Pacific. No one today knows what the food supply for salmon is in this part of the ocean, where American and Asian salmon stocks feed and mix. Scientists talk (and we see this in the example of pink salmon) about favorable conditions for survival in the ocean. And at the same time, both American and Russian experts almost unanimously assert that pink salmon hatcheries are economically INEFFICIENT.

Executive Director of the Sakhalin Salmon Initiative (SLI), ex-Director of the Department of Fishing Industry of the Sakhalin Region Sergey Didenko is very skeptical about the contribution of salmon hatcheries in Sakhalin to the historical volume of pink salmon return to spawning, which Moscow is proud of and is preparing new projects for the construction of pink salmon hatcheries on Dalny East.

Firstly, according to the estimates of the fish farmers themselves, the maximum return of salmon of hatchery origin for spawning is 9 thousand tons. A drop in the bucket when compared to the historical catch in eastern Sakhalin in the fishing season of 2009, which exceeds this figure by almost twenty times.

And, secondly, what Sakhalin fish farmers do not like to talk about is that they reproduce non-commercial pink salmon, since caviar is laid in September, and the fishing season ends in August. That is, these factories work ONLY FOR THEMSELVES, to ensure reproduction in FACTORIES, and not in rivers, improving natural reproduction. Therefore, these factories are running idle. And the question is, does the state need such factories? In the United States, there is a similar problem with pink salmon plants and a program has been launched to close economically inefficient enterprises. But Congress initially commissioned research in 2000 to prepare hatchery reform. And it turned out that "factory farming does not solve the problem of destruction of natural habitats and restoration of natural populations of salmon. Based on the results of these studies and conclusions, a comprehensive list of reforms has been developed, which are currently being implemented in more than 100 hatcheries, including the closure of some of them" .

We are going to build new ones.

Experts give two explanations, and both of them are connected with the protectionism of the state, with the state will.

Firstly, against the general background of an increase in the catch of pink salmon, it is very convenient to report on the successes in the implementation of the Concept for the Development of the Russian Fishing Industry until 2020, which, if anyone has studied it, is fundamentally different from the version of the Concept originally approved by the Government of the Russian Federation and rejects radical ideas for the development of the coastal fishing industry. complex of Russia, that is, the idea of ​​reviving the Russian coast, defends the only idea - artificial breeding of fish, although, as the results of the Putin season of 2009 showed, we do not know what to do with pink salmon of natural origin, selling it at prices that are made by the fishing and fish processing enterprises of Sakhalin and Kamchatka UNPROFITABLE.

Well, and, secondly, the construction of private hatcheries on the largest spawning rivers of Sakhalin and Kamchatka is the way to real-life (and not imaginary) salmon resources, the use of which COMPENSATES for the idea of ​​building hatcheries and the construction itself. This is a real way to fish in the conditions of corrupt Russian capitalism. Let us recall the history of the construction of private Kamchatka fish hatcheries at the end of the last century. I will give only one example, which has already set the teeth on edge, with the construction of a hatchery plant on the Khapitsa River in the Kamchatka River basin. The idea was compensated in the form of a fishing site for a sea fixed seine set up for fishing for sockeye salmon, and a sockeye salmon breeding plant was never built, although if there was a threat with the ownership of the site, then the Royal State company, which initiated the construction of the hatchery, here I would have installed a module, as happened on Sakhalin, where they also saw the real path to the resource in the construction of new hatcheries. Let us recall the recent (2008) salmon wars on Sakhalin, when fish farmers from state-owned factories were already eager to catch fish for completely different purposes than reproduction, with the support of their high-ranking leaders.

And here's an example: in 2004, the governor of the Sakhalin region issued a decree that prohibited the construction of fish hatcheries on 67 key spawning rivers. And in 2008, this resolution was canceled, because (I quote) "the regional authorities do not have the authority to make such decisions regulating federal biological resources."

At the same time, 17 percent of all jobs in the Far East are in salmon fishing and related industries. According to the Constitution of Russia, natural resources are the basis for the life and activities of the population living in a given territory. But it turns out that the regions do not have the right to protect themselves even from those hatcheries that damage natural reproduction.

And now let's calculate what these plants cost us. Incomes from the Pacific salmon fishery for the Far Eastern regions total 16.6 billion rubles. Annual expenses of LRP of the Far East - 814.4 million rubles from federal budget, that is, from the general pocket of the country.

It is planned to build another 9 new hatcheries on Sakhalin, in the Kamchatka and Khabarovsk Territories, as well as the reconstruction of 15 operating plants throughout the Far East - that is, another 9.5 billion rubles.

And at the same time, half of all hatcheries in the Russian Far East will continue to be focused on the production of pink salmon, which today DOES NOT NEED such care and more than covers all the state’s costs aimed at saving it, and like hordes of Huns (or locusts, who knows?) falls on fertile pastures in the depths of the oceans. God grant, of course, that these pastures endure the pink salmon invasion and universal abundance and prosperity come. God grant that pink salmon occupies its ecological niche and does not pass to those food items that other types of salmon need. God grant that pink salmon does not begin to displace other, more valuable species of salmon, from that living space in the ocean, which cannot be infinite in size and in its feeding possibilities. Although it is precisely on this issue of the feeding capacity of salmon pastures that scientists different countries are already beginning to sound the alarm, since the curves of ups and downs in the number of salmon in the North Pacific over the past hundred years are well known to science.

And this is a very serious issue, as noted at the meeting in Protland.

Like the other - they say that the peak in the growth of pink salmon has already come? And will soon begin as rapid as the rise, the decline in the number of pink salmon and all other species of salmon? But after all, on the way to Russian spawning grounds for salmon, many troubles await, which are not known either in the USA, or in Canada, or in Japan, or in South Korea- large-scale drift net fishing and IUU fishing - massive poaching. In scales and volumes reaching, and sometimes exceeding, the official industrial withdrawal of these fish.

And what then? How will we save Far Eastern Russian salmon if hatcheries are not efficient by definition?

(to be continued)

The composition of the LRZ includes (Fig. 10):

1. Producer holding cages

2. Shop for insemination and incubation of eggs (Fig. 11)

3. Workshop-nursery with nursery channels

4. Administrative - technical block

5. Fuel depot, garages and workshops

6. Oil trap

7. Artesian well

8. Process water pumping station

Water supply is carried out using a pumping station through a water supply system. Before being used for technical needs, water enters the filters and is purified, and only after that it enters the ponds.

The administrative building is supplied with water from an artesian well. Waste water passes through the treatment plant and enters the drainage network.

The drainage system passes through the drainage network, having previously passed through the cleaning system. The spillway necessarily flows into the river downstream of the head of the water intake of the pumping station.

Figure 10 - Scheme of a salmon hatchery for the reproduction of chum salmon

1 - water intake with a fish barrier; 2- pumping station; 3 - sump for water; 4 - water supply network; 5 - cage for keeping spawners (males); 6 - cage for keeping spawners (females); 7 - berth; 8 - incubation apparatus of the "Box" type; 9 - drain for waste water; 10 - caviar insemination shop; 11 - nursery channels; 12 - drainage network; 13 - administrative and technical block; 14 - sewer well; 15 - oil trap; 16 - garage; 17 - fuel and lubricants warehouse; 18 - artesian well

1 - reservoir tank; 2 - incubation devices of the "Box" type;

3 - drain for waste water

Figure 11 - Plan and section of the incubation shop

11 BIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY OF THE SALMON FISH FACTORY FOR THE REPRODUCTION OF Chum salmon

chum salmon fish hatchery

To determine the biological efficiency of the work of hatcheries for the reproduction of chum salmon, it is necessary to calculate the value of the commercial return from the number of juveniles that, according to the task, should be grown and released into natural reservoirs by a fish farm. Then it is necessary to determine the commercial return from the amount of eggs that the females used in the hatcheries would have spawned under natural conditions. In this case, the biological fecundity of females is taken into account, in contrast to the indicators of industrial return from hatched fry, where the calculations are based on data on the working fecundity of females.

The biological efficiency of the work of the hatchery for the reproduction of chum salmon is determined by the ratio of the values ​​of the two indicators of the commercial return.

The commercial return of chum salmon when releasing a downstream larva is 1.2%.

15 million pieces H 1.2% / 100 \u003d 180,000 pcs.

Since the reproductive products of female chum salmon are taken by the autopsy method, the working fertility is equal to the biological one. The commercial return under natural conditions from caviar is 0.33%.

17808 pcs. H 2.4 thousand pieces = 42.7392 mln.

42.7392 mln. H 0.33 / 100 = 141016 pcs.

Biological efficiency: 180000 pieces / 141016 pieces. = 1.28

Artificial reproduction of chum salmon in hatcheries is 1.28 times more efficient than natural reproduction of the species.

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SALMON FISH FACTORIES

(EXPERIENCE OF AMERICA)

INTRODUCTION:

The first hatchery in the Pacific Northwest was opened over 100 years ago. Since then, the regions have begun to actively develop salmon farming as an opportunity to compensate for the decline in fish stocks due to human activities, resulting mainly from the destruction of the habitat of fish and their reproduction. There are currently 34 plants in operation in Oregon, and the annual cost of the State budget is over $40 million. However, when we began to study in depth the environmental impact of artificial fish, many wondered if the use of salmon hatcheries is a panacea for all ills in the problem of fish stock management.

Teachers may choose to take the students to the fish hatchery as part of a collective salmon watching trip in natural conditions. The trip to the LRZ is intended to emphasize the specifics of the discussion about the plants. It is important that students understand that there is some controversy in the use of HHPs. Some of the information below may provide a backdrop to this discussion about hrhs and wild fish.

Some arguments in favor of hatcheries

1. We have a moral obligation to fish populations that are dying because man destroys their habitat, and we must do something.

2. Fish hatcheries are designed to compensate for the decline in natural fish population caused by the construction of dams. Dams are not only an important source of relatively "clean" energy for the regions, they also improve the navigability of rivers, which are used as waterways to transport crops and other goods throughout the Northwest. If we destroy the dams, we will be forced to intensify the search for alternative forms of energy and transportation, which seems to be more important than the concern for the conservation of salmon populations.

3. Fish hatcheries support the economy of the regions, as many people work for them and in related agencies.

4. HRPs help and support the angling industry. Sport fishing is not only a popular hobby, but actively develops the economy of the territory.

5. According to some reports, 80% of salmon caught by the commercial fishing industry are hatchery fish.

6. Salmon has a significant traditional influence on Native Americans. The US government has a contractual obligation to Native American tribes to restore salmon herds so that Native Americans can continue to use salmon not only as food, but also as a spiritual resource. If natural salmon production continues to decline, we seem to have to rely heavily on hatcheries to meet these obligations.

7. If only hatchery fish are caught for human consumption, then we could leave natural fish alone to reproduce on their own.

8. Tagging and tracking makes it easier and much more efficient to manage hatchery fisheries.

9. Hatchery fish could be used in case of a serious threat to environmental safety.

Some arguments in favor of natural fish

1. We have a moral obligation to do something to correct the habitat we have destroyed and ensure that natural fish can continue to survive in the future.

2. HQs create a false illusion of abundance in people who consume fish and use their habitat, meaning that people have little concern for preserving the remains of that habitat. This also means that estimates of salmon stock levels are often based on the abundance of hatchery fish.

3. Natural fish have precious waste energy which, due to limited resources, hatchery fish waste cannot compete with.

4. Hatchery fish are more prone to disease than natural fish due to the fact that they are bred in close quarters. Diseases from hatcheries can then be transferred to natural fish. This means that the presence of hatchery fish in the wild can weaken natural fish populations.

5. When natural fish participate in the normal cycle, their bodies provide nutrients to the rivers and streams where they originated. Hatchery fish are removed from their places of origin, depriving the natural environment of precious nutrients.

6. Natural fish either learn how to avoid predators or they are eaten by predators. They also learn how to efficiently find food in natural conditions, or they die. On the other hand, hatchery fish are fed by human hands. They become accustomed to people (who would normally be perceived as predators). Then, when they grow up, they are not skilful enough to find food and are less afraid of predators than natural fish. This means that once they are released into the wild, hatchery fish are less likely to survive compared to wild fish.

7. According to a process called natural selection , wild fish, better adapted to the environment, survive and reproduce. When does a hatchery participate in artificial selection , it means human selection of fish that will survive to breed. Sometimes we make this decision based on the fish's suitability for making a good meal, rather than on the properties of the fish that would be best suited for its survival in the wild nature. Another problem is that some hatcheries tend to time the spawning to coincide with the first fish returning to the river to ensure they have enough catches to collect. As a result, the hatchery fish tend to return too early. This creates a problem if all the fish are returned to the hatchery at a time when the weather for the fish is either too rainy or too dry.

8. Genes carry pieces of information that allow fish to inherit the traits of their parents. Fish communities with genetic diversity that will at least give some of them the traits needed for sudden changes in environmental conditions are more likely to survive. Conversely, in fish populations without genetic diversity, there is a greater chance of extinction if the fish are confronted with environmental changes. Hatchery fish populations have a lower genetic inheritance than natural fish populations because hatchery fish have fewer ancestors than wild fish. Unfortunately, sometimes returning hatchery fish eggs are mixed with wild fish eggs in hatcheries. This means that the genetic diversity of natural fish populations is also decreasing.

9. Breeding hatchery fish is very expensive. Some may ask if this money is not better spent on habitat restoration to increase the reproduction rates of natural salmon.

SALMON FARMING ON SAKHALIN

So far, the question of the expediency of salmon breeding on Sakhalin has not been seriously discussed. Hatcheries are considered to operate efficiently and provide a significant share of commercial fishery production. Salmon hatcheries of the Sakhalin region. (as of December 1, 2003, the source of information is FGU Sakhalinrybvod). Maximum laying of eggs for 1997-2003 (million pieces):

	Name	Type of ownership	Pink salmon	Keta	coho salmon	Sima
	Ado-Tymovsky	Federal		40,0
	Pobedinsky	Federal		21,0
	Buyuklovsky	Federal		49,5
	Sokolovsky	Federal	28,4	14,3
	Bereznyakovsky	Federal	41,0	28,3
	Anivsky	Federal	41,2
	Taranay	Federal	37,7	15,8
	fruitful	Federal	17,7	13,5
	Sokolnikovsky	Federal		21,8
	Yasnomorsky	Federal		19,7
	Forest	In operational management	43,4
	Okhotsk	In operational management		27,7
	Pugachevsky	In operational management	26,1
	Kuril	In operational management	66,6	11,1
	Raid	In operational management	49,0	25,8
	Kalininsky	In operational management		43,4
	Pilenga-98	Private		11,8	0,01
	Bahura	Private	15,4
	Coin	Private	33,0	10,3
	Dolinka	Private	26,8
	Hall	Private
	rocky	Private
	Lazovoi	Private
	playful	Private
	Kuibyshevka	Private

In total, they were planted in 2003: pink salmon - 299.1 million, chum salmon - 294.5 million, coho salmon - 7.2 million, sims - 2.0 million. Other species are bred only as an experiment. The release of juveniles averages 92% of the laying. Plants No. 14, 15, 22, 25 - on Iturup. Nos. 23-25 ​​- deserted nurseries.