Farming: how to properly organize agribusiness. Peasant farming (KFH) - what is it, how to open it? Who can apply for such a payment

One of the most important industries in Russia is the cultivation of grain crops. Let us briefly describe the technology and business plan of this type of entrepreneurship in order to navigate what is required for its organization.

Demand for crop products around the world is considered to be the highest. And in our country there are natural conditions in order to fully satisfy the buyer's requirements. The most important thing is to decide on a seed crop and a suitable site for its cultivation.

The relevance of the agricultural business

At the state level, a law has been adopted on the development and regulation of this industry, which contributes to the support of entrepreneurship in the cultivation of grain crops, and also makes it possible to increase the volume of their production and processing.

In this case, state subsidies for project investment are provided, as well as various tax benefits. Even if you do not have enough funds to organize this type of business at the proper level, you can count on loans with favorable conditions.

Statistical data also speaks of an increase in acreage and growing sales of grain. And although there are certain risks when growing various crops, the profitability of the business remains at a high level. Experts say that in one year it is possible to reach full payback only through wholesale sales of products within the country.

If we add to this a high level of exports, then the profitability and attractiveness of this business idea only grows. It is important to decide what exactly you will grow. For example, about half of the crops are wheat, as it is considered the most popular crop from which bakery and confectionery, cereals, flour and much more. At the same time, there are several important factors influencing the development of a business:

• Expansion of areas for sowing wheat, which significantly increases the gross indicators.
• When exporting, the list of countries for the supply of goods is constantly updated, and its volumes increase every year.
• World prices for this species product changes frequently.
• In addition to the usual demand for cereals, there is also a need for this cereal on livestock farms.

But business strategy must be built deliberately. After all, there are various fluctuations in the market according to changes in weather conditions, the amount of grain reserves, price trends, etc. Even political sanctions affect the level of demand and the cost of the final product. Therefore, the entrepreneur in this industry will have to constantly monitor changes on a large scale.

Where to begin?

When organizing the production of grain crops as a business, you need to understand this issue. And if you do not have enough relevant experience or theoretical knowledge, then it is better to take a professional agronomist as a permanent assistant.

After all, when choosing a plot of land and the crops themselves, you need to focus on the climatic conditions of the region, take into account the timing of sowing and harvesting, the seasonality of the business, the need to use fertilizers, drawing up a plan for the purchase of equipment, etc.

The main stages of the organization of entrepreneurship will be the following:

1. Choice of crops for cultivation according to the possibilities of the region.
2. Search for investments for start-up costs.
3. Buying or renting a suitable field for sowing.
4. Registration of an enterprise with the issuance of a permit for this type of work.
5. Acquisition of specialized machinery, equipment, inventory, etc.
6. Creation of storage facilities in accordance with the requirements for grain storage.
7. Recruitment of personnel with proper training and experience.
8. Purchase of seeds in the right quantity.
9. Carrying out sowing work.
10. Field care according to standards.
11. Harvesting.
12. Storage and sale of goods.

Activity registration

In the case of the creation of such an enterprise, it will be necessary to register a personal subsidiary (LPH) or a peasant farm (KFH). But it should be noted that in order to reach high profits and in order to reduce risks in this industry, experts recommend growing crops in large volumes. Therefore, the second form of organization will be more acceptable.

It will be necessary to develop a competent business plan and make a feasibility study of the project. To do this, it is better to contact a professional who will develop the right strategy, which will become the basis for successful development enterprises.

Here you can download for free as a sample.

Selection of land

With all the diversity of the territory of our country, it is better to focus on the southern regions for sowing most grain crops. Although the regions of the middle lane are also suitable for certain types plants. Take into account not only climatic conditions, but also the terrain, previous uses of the field, the duration of its operation, and much more.

It is important to understand that the land cannot produce a good harvest every year, therefore, periodically experienced agronomists provide it with rest or sow different cultures, replacing them with each other. The ideal plan is:

• the available territory is divided into four zones;
• three of them are used, for example, for wheat, sunflower and barley;
• the fourth is left untouched;
• annually change the place of sowing for each of them and choose a new site for recreation.

As a result, there is a change in the composition of the soil and its periodic restoration, which has a beneficial effect on the overall yield, and hence the profitability of the project.

It makes no sense to engage in the cultivation of crops in a small volume. Therefore, it is recommended to rent an area of ​​at least 400 hectares. With an average business size, this figure is already 5,000 hectares.

When concluding a lease agreement, it is better to draw it up immediately for several years in advance in order to avoid the risks of changing payments and not disrupting the sowing schedule. If you want to do this business for a long period, it is better to try to buy the fields into your property as early as possible.

Dealing with plants

When choosing the crops that will be grown on the field, you need to think carefully about all the points. After all, the equipment used, sowing and harvesting time, business payback periods, average yields, sales markets and much more depend on this.

So, wheat can be lumpy and food, winter and spring. In addition to this type of crop, rye, barley and sunflower are in high demand. It is these plants that are considered the most favorable choice for growing in the middle and southern latitudes of Russia.

Equipment and machinery

In order to speed up and simplify the process of growing these crops as much as possible, it is advisable to purchase modern machines:

1. Seeding complex.
2. Baler.
3. Tractor.
4. Mowers.
5. seeder.
6. Disc harrow.
7. Plow.
8. Combine.
9. Freight transport.
10. Volokushka, etc.

And also in capital investments it is necessary to include expenses for the creation of warehouses, hangars, construction industrial premises, repair shops, purchase of various equipment, etc.

Staff

As mentioned above, in order to develop successful business for the cultivation of grain crops in without fail you will need to hire an experienced agronomist. In addition, it is desirable to acquire other employees:

• the head of the enterprise may be the owner himself;
• with large volumes of production, a substitute is needed;
• several tractor drivers;
• combiners;
• other workers;
• accountant for competent tax reporting;
• product sales manager.

Since this type of business is seasonal, most of the employees are hired only for a few months a year. The permanent staff usually consists of three people.

Growing technology

The whole process goes through the following steps:

1. Harrowing the soil, which takes 8 to 10 days.
2. Spring sowing work, which can take up to 10-15 days.
3. Re-harrowing.
4. Treatment with herbicides, fertilizers, etc.
5. Harvesting, which will take at least 20 days.
6. Storage of grain in barns.

With the use of modern technology and high-quality fertilizers, we can talk about high yields and good business development prospects.

Financial calculations

There are various factors that influence the overall income:

• climate;
• weather;
• soil quality;
• success in the rapid sale of grain;
• general market prices.

To draw up an approximate plan with calculations, you need to take average indicators for the volume of cultivation of certain crops, take into account the size of the sown area and the pricing policy of the enterprise.

	Capital investment	Cost, in rubles
1	Staff salary (per year)	300 000
2	Purchase of grain for sowing	100 000
3	Fuels and lubricants and other materials	500 000
4	Building a barn	800 000
5	Acquisition of equipment	1 300 000
6	Land lease	300 000
7	Other costs	200 000
	Total:	3 500 000

As a result, for the first year you will pay about 3.5 million rubles. But in the future, only the costs of paying for the work of employees, renting land and purchasing raw materials will be required. And with well-established sales markets, the sale of goods will be faster and easier every year, which will significantly affect the growth of profits.

From 200 hectares, 400-600 tons of grain can be harvested, depending on the yield and the specific crop. With an average cost of 6000 per ton of products, you can get 2,400,000-3,600,000 rubles. As a result, all initial investments will pay off in the first year. But since it is necessary to purchase or partially leave grain for the next crops, they usually talk about a full refund only after 2-3 years.

Sales market

Even when starting a business, you need to take care of how to sell products. In the agricultural direction, the usual methods of advertising are not needed.

For creating client base it is enough to conclude contracts with wholesale grain suppliers, food warehouses, large retail chains, farmlands, grain processing enterprises, etc.

Possible risks

As with anything, this industry is not without challenges. They usually consist of the following:

1. A sharp, unexpected drop in the price of a commodity, especially when there is a harvest year and supply exceeds basic demand. When concluding futures contracts, these risks can be partially avoided.
2. Equipment for harvesting and processing crops periodically fails and requires repair or replacement. If this happened during the critical period active work, then the delivery time of the products may be disrupted. Therefore, it is advisable to have several cars in stock or find an opportunity to rent equipment for a short time.
3. Reducing the liquidity of the enterprise due to the uneven cultivation and sale of grain crops. If you pay off the debt before the deadline, then such troubles can be avoided.
4. A lean year - sooner or later, all agricultural workers face this. Insurance and the formation of a plan will help to reduce risks, taking into account the minimum possible profit for the corresponding region.

Video: how to grow wheat?

If we consider various areas of family business, the development of their own agricultural business is of great interest to entrepreneurs. In Russia, the peasant farming as a type of activity has become widespread among citizens. This is primarily due to the introduction of state programs to support agricultural business and farm enterprises. Thanks to the emergence of a number of benefits, peasant farming has become a promising and profitable type of business activity.

Future entrepreneurs face certain difficulties in early stages work. What type of agricultural activity to choose? How much money will you need to develop your own business and how quickly will the investment pay off? How to set up your own business? Similar questions are of interest to many novice farmers. Let's try to figure it out.

KFH - what is it?

A small commercial structure that receives about 60-70% of the profit from agricultural products produced by its own efforts is called a peasant farm. KFH can be created by members of a single family or by one citizen.

To open an enterprise, all participants in the farm make property or cash contributions in certain shares. This allows you to carry out further activities, process, store agricultural products, transport and sell them.

The farm enterprise uses for production own products land plots of certain areas, equipment and warehouses. The profit received from its sale is the main part of the income of all family members. As a rule, the head of a peasant farm is a professional agrarian with knowledge and extensive experience.

The head of the peasant farm has the right to represent the interests of his enterprise before organizations various shapes property or certain citizens. He has a bank account and a seal at his disposal. This enables the head of the company to conclude cooperation agreements, issue the necessary powers of attorney, hire employees, and also carry out other actions necessary for the development of the farm.

Every novice entrepreneur who wants to organize a farm should know the main advantages of running this type commercial activities. First of all, agricultural products will always be in demand for well-known reasons. It must be understood that the cost of food is constantly rising, which provides producers with a stable profit. The advantages of opening your own farm should also include:

• presentation of goods on domestic market agricultural products produced by domestic companies;
• Availability federal programs to support agricultural business;
• a wide range of activities;
• preferential taxation;
• strong consumer demand for domestic products.

It would be useful for novice businessmen to know that more than 80% of the grown vegetable crops are supplied to the markets and trading network small farms. This allows us to present approximate volumes of consumer demand for this type of product and development prospects.

Law on Peasant Farming

It's important to know legislative framework on which the activities of peasant farms are based. The law gives a precise definition of the activities of the peasant farm. Farms are associations of persons related by kinship (property) who have property in common ownership.

According to the law, the activities of farms include not only the production of agricultural products, but also their storage, processing, transportation and sale to the final consumer. The property of the farm belongs to him by right of ownership.

Peasant farms for the implementation of their activities have the right to use their own land, which can be allocated by the state, leased or received in lifetime inheritable possession. Land plots are subject to mandatory sale at public auction in favor of persons entitled to use them for their intended purpose. This is possible if the creditors applied to the judicial authorities with a claim to the land of the peasant farm.

Federal Law No. 74 defines legal provisions farms in the Russian Federation. The main ones include:

• citizens can unite to create a peasant farm on a voluntary basis;
• all members of a peasant farm must take a personal part in its activities;
• debt collection from the enterprise is carried out through the sale of property at public auction;
• all members of the farm are liable to each other (subsidiary liability).

According to Federal Law No. 74, a peasant farm can carry out its activities without forming a legal entity. note that government should provide all possible assistance in the formation of farms (providing access to finance, assistance in obtaining land plots). If there are no violations of the law on the part of the peasant farm, the state has no right to interfere in its activities.

Important: A person who has reached the age of 16 can become a member of a peasant farm. Third parties, in addition to family members, may be included in the enterprise, provided that their number does not exceed 5 people. If any of the members leaves the membership, he is entitled to receive monetary compensation.

Main types of farming activities

Entrepreneurs who want to open a KFH should know what the main activities are. Farms can specialize in growing crops, raising poultry and livestock, and producing a variety of foodstuffs.

Growing crops is characterized by high consumer demand at any time of the year. It is important to establish distribution channels, which will allow you to quickly get the desired income and avoid loss of profit due to product spoilage. If an entrepreneur plans to grow crops, he needs to decide on the direction. So, in great demand consumers use cereals, including rye, corn, buckwheat, sunflower, barley, wheat and oats. Among vegetables, it is profitable to grow tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, carrots, garlic, potatoes and eggplants.

KFH can specialize in the cultivation of fruit and berry crops (strawberries, prunes, pears, apricots, apples) and greens (parsley, dill, garlic and onions). Farms that grow and sell mushrooms (mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, shiitake) bring good income. The list of agricultural crops can vary significantly depending on the climatic conditions of the regions of Russia.

Animal farms bring considerable income and have a number of distinctive features. First of all, there are several main areas of this type of activity: breeding domestic animals (cows, pigs, horses, rabbits, goats, sheep), beekeeping, fish farming (sturgeon, pike, trout, carps, silver carps) and poultry farming (chickens, ducks, pheasants). , turkeys, geese).

It is known that honey, meat of domestic animals and poultry, fish, as well as dairy products are in great demand among the population, regardless of the season, which ensures high profits. Many farmers scale up over time and expand their own production.

Yes, having livestock farm, you can open a line for the production of sausages, delicacies, stew, offal, as well as dairy products (cheese, cottage cheese, sour cream, milk). If a peasant farm specializes in growing grain crops, you should consider opening your own mill or bakery, and vineyard owners may consider producing their own varieties of wine.

Important: Beginners can take up growing fruits and vegetables. These agricultural products are considered to be in demand among consumers. As you develop this direction scale up to include new activities.

How to open KFH?

Let's take a closer look at the algorithm of actions.

Collection of documents

Geographically, agricultural activities can be carried out in any region of Russia, while the registration of a peasant farm must be carried out at the branch of the Federal Tax Service at the place of actual residence of a citizen who will be the head of the company. To create an enterprise, the following must be submitted to the tax service: founding documents KFH:

• passport of the head of the farm organization;
• a certificate from the place of residence of the person registering the organization;
• application of the established form for registration of a peasant farm;
• agreement (agreement) on the organization of a farm;
• receipt for payment of state duty.

Important: payment of state duty (800 rubles) is prerequisite for registration of KFH. If the entrepreneur was refused to open his organization, the funds for paying the tax are not returned.

As for the agreement on the organization of an agricultural enterprise, it is necessary to know the features of its preparation. The contract is concluded between relatives (family members) who have expressed a desire to establish a farm from scratch.

The agreement must necessarily contain a number of information. These should include information about:

• members of the created peasant farm;
• the head of the organization;
• rights and obligations of each member of the KFH;
• methods of capital formation, management and use of material resources;
• distribution of profits among the participants of the enterprise.

The document must contain a clause that indicates how each family member can enter the agricultural organization being created and on what conditions to leave it. You need to know that if the farm is organized by a single citizen, such an agreement will not be required. If there are originals of all documents for registration with the tax service, duplicates do not need to be notarized.

Farm Registration

How to register a farm from scratch and is this procedure mandatory? Each entrepreneur is obliged to legalize their activities within the framework of existing legislation. After collecting a standard package of documents, you must come to the department of the Federal Tax Service and obtain a permit to conduct business.

In addition, a package of documents can be sent to the fiscal authorities by mail, without forgetting to attach an inventory of available attachments and declare the value of the letter. MFCs operate on the territory of the Russian Federation. A novice entrepreneur can apply there and register his activity. Also, farmers can go to the official website tax service. As practice shows, the registration of a peasant farm quickly passes with a personal appeal to the fiscal authorities.

Waiting for the decision of the tax service

The process of registering farming activities takes 5 days from the date of application to the fiscal authorities. After that, the entrepreneur will receive compulsory certificate state registration of the head of the farm. You also need to take the following documents from the tax office:

• extract from USRIP;
• certificate of registration with the Federal Tax Service;
• information letter of the State Statistics Committee.

Please note that if the tax authorities find false data in the information submitted by the applicant (or there are too many errors in the execution), the documents will have to be put in order. To do this, a novice entrepreneur will be sent a notification. All errors and these shortcomings must be eliminated, after which it is allowed to re-apply to the Federal Tax Service for registration of a peasant farm.

State support for peasant farms in Russia

Future farmers should know that the state provides developed for development Agriculture programs. For example, farmers can receive subsidies for the purchase of special machinery and various equipment. To find out the details of participation in assistance programs, entrepreneurs need to contact the department of agriculture in their place of residence.

Farmers can receive subsidies for the purchase of fuel, take part in the tax grace period program (5 years last tax holidays, exempting novice farmers from mandatory contributions). As for agricultural production, the state often provides special orders to peasant farms, allowing them to develop quickly and earn decent money.

Entrepreneurs can count on receiving assistance from the state in the construction of greenhouses and other privileges. It is also necessary to know that support is being provided to rural farms, which consists in building housing stock for workers, attracting young professionals and creating proper working and living conditions for them and their families.

At the initial stages of farming, the best option would be to rent land, since it is cheap and does not require time. With long-term cooperation, it is possible to agree with the landlord on the purchase of plots. To do this, it is worth using the pre-emptive right of purchase, which provides for the opportunity to pay a price for land that does not exceed the cadastral value by more than 15%.

Entrepreneurs are required to know that if land plots are empty for more than 3 years and are not used for agricultural activities, the state may confiscate them. In addition, you must strictly follow the rules environmental safety otherwise the land plots will also be taken away.

The success of the development of a peasant farm largely depends on the experience of the head of the enterprise and his employees. Most experienced managers believe that the agricultural business is worth starting small and gradually increasing momentum.

As practice shows, farming can eventually become a highly profitable activity, however, we must not forget about the existing risks (unsuitable weather conditions, poor harvest, animal diseases, etc.). For this reason, it is not recommended to apply to banks for loans and develop the economy with borrowed money.

Do not expect instant and big profits from your activity. In a competitive environment, an entrepreneur must provide consumers with inexpensive and high-quality products. For this reason, it is recommended to focus on the process of growing animals or crops in the initial stages. It is also recommended to find buyers who will provide continuous income. These can be large wholesale bases, supermarkets, market sellers. In addition to quality products, you should organize the delivery of products to customers, which will certainly take the business to a whole new level.

Frequently asked Questions

Consider the most common questions on the topic.

How is KFH different from LPH?

LPH is commonly understood as maintaining personal subsidiary farm. This form property allows anyone who owns a personal plot or a small plot of land to work. LPH allows you to:

• not pay taxes;
• do not submit reports;
• get a loan from 300 to 750 thousand rubles for the development of the economy;
• legally use land plots not exceeding 2.5 hectares.

If an entrepreneur has formalized his activity in the form of private household plots, he will not have the opportunity to obtain quality certificates for his products, as well as a declaration of conformity established standards and standards. This circumstance significantly reduces purchasing power. Moreover, in contrast to the farm peasant economy, it is impossible to get a large loan for the development of private household plots.

Please note that LPH does not give legal grounds for hiring a person, therefore the salary is paid illegally. This form of activity is considered non-entrepreneurial, which is associated with the direct production of agricultural products and their processing. Farms are registered as individual entrepreneurs and allow entrepreneurial activity: production, storage, processing and legal sale of products.

Is KFH a legal entity or an individual?

Almost every novice businessman does not know if KFH is a legal or individual? The state does not require farmers to register legal entity, therefore, most entrepreneurs draw up IP. The system for accruing insurance, pension contributions, and taxes operates in such a way that farmers submit reports and enjoy the provided benefits on an equal basis with businessmen who have registered individual entrepreneurship.

Which taxation system to choose?

Representatives of peasant farms are recommended to choose ESHN (Unified Agricultural Tax). Taxation under the Unified Agricultural Tax is the best for farmers, since this scheme was originally developed to support peasant farms. Entrepreneurs pay the minimum tax under the so-called “profit minus expenses” system.

When paying taxes under the UAT scheme for the full tax period, a time period equal to 1 year is taken. The advance payment must be paid within half a year (reporting period). At the same time, the object of taxation is understood as the amount of income, which is reduced by the amount of expenses. note that tax rate is 6%. ESHN replaces VAT, corporate property tax and income tax.

Which OKVED to choose for registration of a peasant farm?

For every kind economic activity there is a classifier - OKVED. For agricultural enterprises specializing in animal husbandry and crop production, this is the OKVED class - 01. Then there are subclasses. For example, if a farm raises animals for the subsequent sale of dairy products, you need to specify the code from 01.41.1 to 01.41.29; for the sale of meat products - from 01.42.1 to 01.42.12; for rearing artiodactyl animals - from 01.43.1 to 01.43.3, etc.

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It is easy to guess that many farmers choose for themselves KFH as the main form of business. This can be easily explained by the existing state programs to support agricultural enterprises and farms, both at the federal level and within a single region.

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It is becoming more and more difficult for those wishing to open their own business to do so in the city. Profitable species businesses are fiercely competitive. But you can start your own business in the village. One of the advantages of starting a farm is a small investment. How to start a farm from scratch, we will try to tell.

To support rural businesses, the state is implementing several programs that are aimed at supporting agricultural business owners. Also introduced tax incentives. Thanks to this, farming becomes promising.

Where to begin?

The first step to opening your farm is to develop a detailed and competent business plan. It is necessary, at least approximately, to calculate all costs, get qualified advice from knowledgeable specialists, and plan all actions. Ready business plan farming is your guiding thread. A good start is half the battle. Any issues that arise will be resolved in due time.

You need land is your first practical task. There are two options - to rent a suitable plot or to buy it. The second option is more profitable in the future. Renting land is dangerous because its owner may refuse to renew the lease at the most inopportune moment. In the regions, the price of one hectare of land is approximately 2-4 thousand rubles. Even if you do not have large savings, the amount you need will be available to you.

The first step is to find suitable land

After solving the problem of finding suitable land, decide what exactly you want to do. The most well-known areas of agricultural activity are breeding cows, pigs or poultry, growing vegetables and fruits, berries and melons, and breeding fish.

The choice of one direction for a beginner in the agricultural business will probably be more correct. Experts advise starting with vegetables. Developing your business, you will add new directions. Because high profitability shown by trusses combining different types directions.

Beginners can start growing vegetables

Whatever type of activity you choose, there is always additional profit that you can make from it. Having your own raw materials, you can set up your own production. For example:

1. Growing fruits, berries and vegetables. Additional profit is the sale of frozen vegetables and fruits.
2. Raising pigs or cattle. You can set up the production of your own products - stews, sausages, deli meats. Breeding cows will allow you to produce dairy products for sale.
3. Growing cereals. Production of our own flour and cereals, maintenance of our own bakery, where you can bake all kinds of bakery products.

This list is exemplary. Many more items can be added to it. It depends on your desire to earn, your capabilities and imagination. And, of course, do not forget about one important point - you need to take care of the sales market in advance. If you are new to the business and have no sales skills yet, you can hire an experienced salesperson. He will look for buyers and conclude contracts.