What crops are grown in Africa? General characteristics of the economy of African countries Plantation branches of agriculture in Africa

general characteristics

The following features are typical for the economy of Africa: a) versatility; b) low level of economic development; c) the agrarian nature of the economy of most countries; d) a sharp delimitation in agriculture of commodity-export production, subsistence and small-scale farming, which serves local needs; ґ) the spread of monoculture in agriculture; e) the predominance of the mining industry in industrial production; is) the preservation of the colonial character during foreign trade.

Important features of the location of the economy of most African countries are the concentration economic activity in several centers and a significant gap in the levels of settlement and economic development of individual territories and countries.

There are relatively economically developed territories in Africa that are adjacent to the capitals - a bridge that became important economic centers back in the colonial period, as well as to ports, because of which raw materials are exported and where they are partially processed (Casablanca region in Morocco, Lagos in Nigeria , Alexandria in Egypt, Mombasi in Kenya, etc.). Significant industrial and economic centers arose in the zones of extraction of mineral raw materials (the centers of the "copper belt" in Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the industrial centers associated with the oil and gas regions in Algeria and Libya, the industrial regions of the PAR).

Agriculture

Africa is a world supplier of many types of tropical plant-growing raw materials: cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, spices, etc. population growth. More than 1/3 of the area of ​​the mainland is used in Africa's agriculture. Under arable land and perennial plantations occupy about 7%, under pastures - 24% of the area of ​​the continent.

The main crops in Africa are millet, sorghum, corn, rice, wheat, barley; root crops - cassava, sweet potato, yams, containers; fruit - bananas (equatorial and subequatorial zones), date (oases of deserts) and oil palms (tropics), olive (subtropics). The plantation economy in Africa is quite developed, but less than in Latin America and South-East Asia. In the tropical zone, only separate scattered areas of plantations arose.

On the territory of Africa, a significant part of the world's livestock and pack animals is concentrated. There are about 192 million heads of cattle, 210 million sheep, 176 million goats, 14 million camels on the continent. The leading place for livestock belongs to the countries of East Africa. However, animal husbandry as an area of ​​the economy has very low output rates.

In northern Africa, the bulk of agricultural production is produced in the subtropical zone of the Mediterranean and in the Nile valleys. In Morocco, Algeria, Sudan large areas are occupied by pastures. The most plowed part of Africa is the zone of savannas and equatorial forests in West Africa. In Central Africa, the conditions for agricultural activity are quite diverse: in the main zones of the equatorial forests there was land, and in the shrouds there are significant pastures that can be effectively used only where there is no tsetse fly. East Africa has a significant base for the development of animal husbandry: more than 1/4 of the pastures of the mainland are located here, in almost all countries of the region 40-50% of the territory is used for grazing.

In West Africa, the main export crops are cocoa, peanuts, coffee, bananas, palm oil, rubber; in Central Africa - palm oil, coffee, cotton; in East Africa, cotton, tea, coffee, sisal, vanilla and cashew nuts; in North Africa - olive oil, citrus, wine. In Egypt and Sudan - mainly cotton.

The main reason for the backwardness of animal husbandry is the low level of livestock technology and the low marketability of production, which is largely due to the peculiarities of the customs of pastoral tribes.

African industry

A particle of Africa in the industrial production of the countries of the world is close to 2%. In Africa, the mining and timber industries, the areas of primary processing of raw materials (mineral and vegetable) have gained development. Recently, there have appeared enterprises of mechanical engineering, chemical industry, ferrous metallurgy, industry building materials. An important place in the economy of African countries is occupied by foreign capital. In most farms gross output foreign and general enterprises represents close to half of the gross national product (Botswana, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Egypt, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zimbabwe, Kenya, etc.).

The mining and mining and metallurgical industries are most developed in the African industry. Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo occupy a significant place in copper production, where the mines are concentrated in the "copper belt". In addition to copper, ores of other metals are mined in this belt, zinc, lead, cobalt, gold, silver, and uranium are enriched. In general, the mining industry is developed in 1/4 of the juveniles: but the main part of the production and extraction of the most important types of mining raw materials falls on the PAR, Zambia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Energy in Africa is underdeveloped. Africa has 1/10 of the world's oil and 1/5 of the world's water resources. There are large deposits of coal. The main fuel resource in African countries is oil, the deposits of which are concentrated in Nigeria, Libya, Algeria, Egypt and the shelf of West Africa. The rivers of the Congo, Zambezi, Niger basins have a significant energy potential, but it is not used enough. The largest existing hydroelectric power plants are Aswan on the Nile, Caribou on the Zambezi, Kuindzhi on the Niger.

The manufacturing industry in African countries has not acquired much development. There are three forms production activities: 1) primary products, processing of export agricultural raw materials (cleaning of cotton, processing of coffee, cocoa, production of butter, sugar, wine juices) typical for those who export products Agriculture; 2) production of consumer goods; for local needs (handicraft production of fabrics, subject: home use, local food semi-finished products, drinks and products modern enterprises easy and Food Industry. The textile industry belongs to the relatively developed regions (PAR, Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia); 3) difficult industry (except for mining and smelting), poorly developed. The most common oil refineries and cement plants. Large Enterprises mining and metallurgical industry concentrated and PAR, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia, Egypt.

Foreign economic activity

Leading role in foreign economic relations African countries belongs to foreign trade. Exports are dominated by coal and agricultural raw materials, imports - finished products. Oil is exported by Algeria, Nigeria, Libya, iron ores - Liberia, Mauritania, diamonds and gold - STEAM, copper - Zambia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, STEAM, phosphates - Morocco, uranium - Niger, Gabon, cotton - Egypt, Sudan, Tanzania, coffee - Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Angola and others, peanuts - Senegal, Sudan, olive oil - Tunisia, Morocco.

Due to the geographical position of Africa in the subtropical and equatorial-tropical geographical zones, tropical and subtropical agriculture has developed here. Cultivated crops can be divided into two groups: consumer and export. The first group includes: millet, sorghum, yams, cassava, wheat, barley, corn, rice, peanuts. In the second - cocoa, coffee, tea, cotton, citrus fruits, sugar cane.

Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of most African countries; it employs 2/3 of the economically active population of the mainland. Africa is a world supplier of many types of tropical agricultural products: cocoa beans - about 2/3 of world exports, sisal and coconut kernels 1/2, coffee and palm oil 1/3, tea 1/10, a significant amount of peanuts and peanut butter .

Of the consumer crops in African countries, wheat, corn, barley, and rice are most grown. The harvest of wheat is most significant in Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia; corn - in South Africa, Egypt, Nigeria, Ethiopia; barley - in Morocco, Ethiopia, Algeria.

Oilseeds are cultivated in many countries: peanuts and oil palm are grown in West Africa - about half of the harvest comes from Nigeria and Senegal, the olive tree in the north (about half of the olives and olive oil in Africa comes from Tunisia).

Among export crops play a big role industrial crops, including tonic - cocoa (Ghana, Nigeria), coffee (Ethiopia, Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo), tea (Kenya, Mozambique, Uganda, Tanzania, Congo). For the subtropics of the countries of North Africa, as well as for South Africa, the role of viticulture should be noted. A lot of citrus fruits are also grown here - oranges, tangerines, lemons, grapefruits. In the countries of North Africa, they are intended mainly for export.

Africa provides about 2/5 of the world production of dates. Especially many date palms grow in Egypt, in certain areas of Chad, Mali, Sudan, Niger, the Saharan part of Algeria, and Morocco.

Animal husbandry is characterized by very low productivity with a significant number of livestock of the main types of livestock. Almost everywhere animal husbandry is extensive, grazing. In some cases, transhumance, when shepherds drive herds from one pasture to another; in others, it is semi-nomadic, when pastoralists moving in search of new watering places and pastures stop for a longer period. The desertification of North Africa was a consequence of the active development of pastoralism in the Sahel zone. Some African peoples specialized in breeding certain domestic animals and are even named after a certain type of livestock (baccara - cow shepherds, kababish - goat herders). In many countries cattle are deified and are not slaughtered for religious reasons; often the ownership of livestock is prestigious (the more heads of cattle, the more respect is given to the owner. Many peoples of North Africa use only the milk and blood of live cows for food. There is practically no pig breeding in Muslim countries.

We won independence and began to make every effort to overcome the age-old backwardness. During this period, the nationalization of natural resources, agrarian reform, training of national personnel, and economic planning were of great importance. The result of these transformations was the acceleration of the pace of development. The countries have begun to restructure both the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy.

The very first and greatest successes touched mining industry, which today in terms of production is $ 1/4 $ part of the world. The main part of the extracted fuel and raw materials - $9/$10 - the region supplies to the world market. The place of Africa in the international division of labor is determined primarily by the extractive industry. As for the manufacturing industry, it is very poorly developed or completely absent in the countries of the continent. But, such countries as Algeria, Egypt, South Africa, Morocco are developing the manufacturing industry, and it is at a higher level compared to other African countries.

Ready-made works on a similar topic

• Course work Economy of Africa 410 rub.
• abstract Economy of Africa 220 rub.
• Test Economy of Africa 200 rub.

Great importance in the world economy has the second branch of the economy of the mainland - tropical and subtropical agriculture. Agricultural products are export-oriented. Despite this, Africa in its development is still very far behind the rest of the world. The level of industrialization in the region is low, and crop yields are also low. The sectoral structure of the economy of most countries still has a colonial type.

It defines:

1. Low-commodity extensive agriculture;
2. Absence or weak development of the manufacturing industry;
3. Lack of developed transport, both domestic and international;
4. Limited non-productive sphere, represented only by trade and services.

Gross domestic product(GNP) of the mainland is only $ 500 billion dollars, of which $ 1/5 $ part falls on South Africa. The main suppliers of agricultural products in most African countries are small producers. They supply, as for domestic market and for export. A special role is assigned to the public sector, through which countries are trying to solve social economic problems, such as employment, limiting the influence of foreign capital, etc.

In such countries as Angola, Algeria, Mozambique, Tunisia, the public sector is quite well developed. In these countries, the largest number of state-owned enterprises is concentrated in mining, manufacturing, electricity, transport and foreign trade. State farms play a rather prominent role in agriculture in Algeria, Angola, Zambia, Mozambique, and Sudan. State of the art productive forces African countries is very low. And today, for $120 million people, the hoe is the main tool of labor.

The disproportions that have been preserved from the colonial past are also preserved in the territorial and sectoral structure of the economy and are characterized by uneven distribution. Many African countries are simply cut off from the outside world. The population of such countries is located near rivers and leads natural economy. Most African states are among the developing agrarian countries with a low level of its development, so even today more than $ 350 million Africans live on the verge of starvation or in conditions of extreme impoverishment.

African industry

Industry is not developing in all countries of the mainland, but only in the most developed ones.

Fuel and energy industry associated with fuel reserves. Oil reserves are concentrated in Libya, Gabon, Algeria, Nigeria, and Egypt. Natural gas in Algeria and Libya, coal in South Africa. Hydro resources are noted in the DRC, Madagascar, Mozambique. The unevenness of energy resources has a great influence on the development of the electric power industry. Approximately $1/4$ of the countries does not produce electricity at all. Hydropower plants built on the Nile, Congo, Zambezi play a very important role. Thermal power plants are the only source of electricity for $15$ states. Only Mozambique exports energy, with smaller amounts coming from Uganda and Ghana.

mining industry belongs to the leading industries and almost $100$% of the extracted raw materials are exported abroad. The mining industry for many African countries is the basis of industrial potential and exports. $ 75% of foreign investments were invested in the development of the industry, so foreign capital occupies a strong position in this area.

Oil refining industry associated with oil-producing countries. Oil refineries in the $50s were located in Egypt and Morocco, and their construction was the beginning of industrialization. Today the number of oil refineries has increased to $100$ and they are located mainly in the countries of North Africa, Nigeria and South Africa. The end product is diesel, gasoline, kerosene and jet fuel.

Chemical industry represented by production mineral fertilizers and sulfuric acid. Fertilizer production has been established in all countries of North Africa, as well as in Senegal, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Madagascar. In North Africa, back in the $70s, the chemistry of organic synthesis, the paint and varnish, rubber, chemical and pharmaceutical industries were developed. Explosives are produced by Zambia, Tunisia, Mauritania, Algeria.

Undoubtedly, a huge role is played metallurgy, but there are no full-cycle enterprises on the mainland. Algeria, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa have large metallurgical enterprises on their territory. Non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises located in Zambia, Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa are engaged in the production of copper, cobalt, aluminum, and lead.

Is in its infancy or almost non-existent mechanical engineering and metalworking. Some countries are assembling cars, bicycles, household appliances. Factories in Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Nigeria are engaged in the production of simple equipment.

In North, Central and West Africa, a fairly developed pulp and paper industry. Engaged in the production of lumber, sleepers, plywood, paper, cardboard. Pulp is produced for export.

A number of African countries are developing food, textile, leather and footwear industry.

African agriculture

Remark 2

Of the total world area of ​​cultivated land, Africa accounts for $12$%, but the region's share in the world agricultural production of the main types of products does not exceed $5$%. Only tropical crops rank well.

Among them are:

1. Coffee - $33$%;
2. Cassava - $39$%;
3. Sisal - $46$%;
4. Cocoa beans - $67$%.

Natural meadows and pastures account for $800 million ha, and cultivated land for $160 million ha.

The leading branch of agriculture is agriculture, which accounts for $75$-$80$%. Grain farming and the cultivation of tubers play a leading role - this is $ 60 $ - $ 70 $ % of the gross agricultural output. Of the grain crops, corn is the leading one, followed by millet and sorghum, and $14% is wheat and rice. The main grain on the continent is produced by such countries as South Africa, Nigeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco, Sudan. The leading tubers include cassava, which accounts for $56$%. Vegetable growing is developing in the countries of the Maghreb, Egypt and South Africa, oil palms are grown in Tropical Africa, date palms are grown in Algeria and Egypt. Ivory Coast, Ghana, Cameroon, Nigeria, Ethiopia grow cocoa beans and coffee.

Compared to crop production, an even more backward industry is animal husbandry. This industry is underproductive. In this case negative meaning has a tradition of the population associated with the accumulation of livestock as a measure of wealth and prosperity. Fishing in African countries is not of great importance and employs only $2$% of the economically active population, which means that this industry does not take a big part in solving the food problem. South Africa, Nigeria, Morocco, Tanzania and Ghana account for $50% of the total catch, of which $35% comes from inland waters. Fish processing is developing only in South Africa. Fish products are exported.

Africa's economy is the most backward in the world. The continent's GNP is only about $500 billion, with more than $100 billion coming from South Africa. According to the socio-economic type, the economy of Africa is multi-structural. The majority of the population is still within the framework of pre-capitalist ways and relations.

The patriarchal-communal way of life is characteristic of the main population of Tropical Africa, in a number of countries in North Africa. The feudal way of life was preserved in the zones of nomadic and semi-nomadic animal husbandry.

An important place is occupied by a small-scale way of life. In most African countries, small producers are the main suppliers of agricultural products for the domestic market and for export.

Foreign capital continues to occupy an important place in the economy. In more than half of the states, foreign and mixed enterprises account for up to 50% of GNP. The strongest positions of foreign capital are in Botswana, Gabon, Ghana, Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, and Morocco.

The public sector in Africa plays a special role; with its help, African states are trying to solve many social and economic problems (employment, limiting the influence of foreign capital, etc.). The public sector is most strongly developed in Algeria, Angola, Mozambique, Tunisia and a number of other states. State enterprises concentrated in the most important sectors of the economy: mining and manufacturing, electric power, transport, foreign trade. In agricultural production, state farms play a prominent role only in Algeria, Angola, Zambia, Mozambique, and Sudan.

The economy of Africa is generally characterized by an extremely low level of development of the productive forces. For almost 120 million people, the hoe is still the main tool of labor. Agriculture, which is the main branch of the economy for most countries, is based mainly on archaic types of farming, backward agricultural technology. Low-productive slash-and-burn agriculture and nomadic animal husbandry are widespread.

Production of the extractive industry has a pronounced export orientation, i.e. weak link with the local manufacturing industry. This is due to the fact that manufacturing industries in most countries are in their infancy.

Among the branches of the manufacturing industry, the textile and food industries have received the greatest development. The leading branches of the textile industry are the production of cotton fabrics (ARE, Sudan, Algeria), the food industry - the production of vegetable oils (palm, peanut, olive), coffee, cocoa, sugar, winemaking, canned fish.

Africa's agriculture The leading branch of Africa's agriculture is crop production. There are two areas in the structure of crop production: the production of food crops for local consumption and the production of export crops.
Crops consumed in African countries include millet, sorghum, rice, wheat, corn, cassava (or cassava), yams, and sweet potatoes (yam).

The main crops of the African continent - millet and sorghum, are cultivated almost everywhere. Corn is the main food crop of the savannah zone. Wheat crops are concentrated in North Africa and South Africa. Rice is mainly grown in well-moistened areas of East Africa (Nile Valley, Madagascar, etc.). The scale of wheat and rice production does not cover the internal needs of the region, so many African countries import wheat and rice.

Agriculture in Africa in the international geographical division of labor is represented primarily by branches of tropical and subtropical agriculture. Africa stands out for the production of cocoa beans (60%), cassava (42%), sisal (41%), palm nuts (39%), peanuts (27%), coffee (22%), millet and sorghum (20%), olives (16%), tea (12%). African countries are also major exporters of citrus fruits, grape wines, tobacco, and tropical timber.

Animal husbandry in the region is subordinate to agriculture, with the exception of countries where agriculture is limited by natural conditions (Mauritania, Somalia, Lesotho, etc.). Animal husbandry is characterized by low productivity (due to low pedigree). It relies on a backward production and technical base.

Nomadic, semi-nomadic and distant pasture animal husbandry prevails. The main branches of animal husbandry are sheep breeding (wool and meat-wool direction), cattle breeding (mainly meat direction), camel breeding.

Agriculture is experiencing great difficulties due to periodic droughts, livestock diseases (tse-tse fly) and other negative phenomena.

Desertification and deforestation have become environmental catastrophes for Africa. The main area of ​​drought and desertification is the Sahel zone, stretching along the southern borders of the Sahara from Mauritania to Ethiopia across ten countries. This zone is famous for the fact that in the period from 1968 to 1974 not a single rain fell here, and in the 80s, droughts were repeatedly repeated. The Sahel turned into a scorched earth zone, and this phenomenon began to be called the "Sahelian tragedy."

Transport of the region characterized by an underdeveloped transport system. In the era of colonialism, only maritime and railway transport(although the length of the railways is small). Now road and air transport is developing.

For some countries in Central and East Africa, a large economic importance has inland water transport. The basins of the Congo, Nile and Niger rivers stand out in terms of length and intensity of use.

Sea transport mainly provides external relations of the countries of the region. Of great importance for shipping are the Strait of Gibraltar dividing Africa and Europe (its distance is only 14 km) and the Suez Canal connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas.

If we consider the economies of the countries of the region, it should be noted that after gaining independence, the share of industry and non-production spheres in their sectoral structure increased, but nevertheless, in most countries, the colonial type of sectoral structure of the economy remains. His distinctive features:

• the predominance of low-commodity, low-productive agriculture;
• weak development of the manufacturing industry;
• a strong backlog of transport;
• limiting the non-productive sphere mainly to trade and services;
• one-sidedness of economic development.

In many countries, the one-sidedness of the economy has reached the level of monoculture, which is understood as mono-commodity specialization of the country's economy (narrow specialization in the production of one, as a rule, raw material or food product intended mainly for export).

Security of African countries mineral resources

African agriculture

Practical task: using the maps of the atlas, make a table in your notebook

"Zonal specialization of export and consumer crops in Africa".

Monoculture countries in Africa

Africa provides 2/3 of the world's exports of cocoa beans, 1/2 of sisal and coconut kernels, 1/3 of coffee and palm oil, 1/10 of tea, a significant share of peanuts and peanut butter, dates and spices.

THEME: general characteristics African economies

Target: To identify the features of the economy of African countries, the position of the region in the MGRT;

To form an idea of ​​some features of the development of subregions

Africa; consider the causes that influenced economic backwardness

Mainland. Continue work on preparing students for the exam, consolidating skills

Test work.

Equipment: lesson presentation,economic map of Africa, atlases, handouts.

During the classes.

Organizing time.

Homework review:

Which country in Africa has the largest population?

A country located on an island with an area of ​​600 sq. km.

Countries that lie on the territory of South Africa.

The country lying on the middle course of the riverNiger landlocked.

A country where 98% of the population is concentrated in the territory occupying 4% of its area.

List and reveal the problems of African cities. Describe the urbanization of the mainland.

“Why is the proportion of children and adolescents in the age structure of the population of Spain significantly lower than in the age structure of the population of Algeria? (from the exam) "

Give an assessment of the population of subregions of the mainland, explain the reason for the differences in population density. “Why is there a high population density in the Nile River Valley? One reason is favorable natural conditions. Indicate at least two more reasons (from the USE options).

Why is the increased population density along the coasts of the oceans and seas less pronounced in Africa than in Foreign Asia?

Why is the population policy in Africa not carried out or not working?

Exploring a new topic:

Conversation: What can you say about the level of development of most African countries?

There are currently 53 sovereign states in Africa.

Relate to developing, poor countries; economically developed-South Africa

Africa has: the world's lowest share of manufacturing

Minimum per capita income (examples)

The most backward structure of the economy

What are the reasons for backwardness? (long colonial past)

Working with the textbook, p.279: Name the distinctive features of the colonial structure of the economy.

a) the predominance of a low-commodity, low-productive economy;

B) poor development of the manufacturing industry

B) a strong backlog of transport

D) limiting the non-productive sphere mainly to trade and services

E) one-sided development of the economy, which manifests itself most often in the predominance of one branch of agriculture or industry. For example, in monoculture.

Monocultural (mono-commodity) specialization- narrow specialization of the country's economy in the production of one, as a rule, raw material or food product, intended mainly for export. Writing in a notebook.

Work with the textbook p.280. Monoculture countries in Africa

Measures to overcome backwardness in the economy:

Nationalization of natural resources;

agrarian reform;

Economic planning;

Personnel training.

The main task of the peoples of Africa is to gain economic independence, eliminate the one-sided agrarian-raw material structure of the economy and create a harmonious economy (development of the manufacturing industry and diversified agriculture).

The solution of these problems is hindered economic policy Western powers, the activities of transnational corporations. The American states have a large external debt.

The production structure of the economy of the African region:

agriculture - 20%, industry - 35%, services - 45%.

Atlas work.Name the most developed countries (except South Africa).

It should be noted that the proportion industrial production increased due to:

A) strengthening the primary processing of mineral raw materials in the African countries themselves

B) the development of "dirty industries" removed from developed countries - metallurgy, the chemical industry.

C) creation of export light and food industries

Despite the agrarian nature of the economy of the vast majority of African countries, they import food, which reflects the backwardness of the agricultural sector.

INDUSTRY Atlas work.

Where are the main industrial regions of Africa located?

The industry is characterized imbalance between the development of mining and manufacturing, light and heavy industries. Africa is the world's largest producer of minerals.

For what types of minerals Africa ranks leading place in world production? To which countries is it exported? What impact does this have on the African economy?

In total, in Africa, one can distinguish7 main mining and industrial areas.

Atlas task:Determine the main types of raw materials and fuel extracted in each mining area.Appendix to lesson number 1.

What branches of the manufacturing industry have received the most development in these countries?

Ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering - only in some countries there is a noticeable number of enterprises (South Africa, Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Nigeria, Ghana)

Copper smelter - Zambia, Zaire

Aluminum - Cameroon, Ghana

Light industry, mainly cotton

Logging (Gabon, Congo, Cameroon, Ghana); fishing and processing.

The economic development of African countries also depends on the energy base (it is now weak). Africa accounts for 2% of the world's generated energy, 1/3 of which is generated by hydroelectric power plants. Aswan HPP - Nile River - 3.5 million kW; Quebrabassa - the Zambezi River - 3.6 million kW (Mozambique, but the energy it produces is intended mainly for South Africa); the Inga project - the lower reaches of the Congo River (section 26 km long), energy is supplied to Kinshasa and the mining and industrial region of Shaba (part of the Copper Belt), the HPP capacity in the section can be increased to 30 million kW.

Agriculture.

Think, what are the features of agriculture in backward, developing countries?

Agriculture is the basis of the African economy, characterized by great backwardness. In tropical Africa, the main tools are hoes, pointed sticks. More advanced tools can be found only in large, high-commodity farms. The use of mineral fertilizers is also small. In tropical Africa, the shifting, slash-and-burn system of agriculture dominates, in which large tracts of land are excluded from agricultural production for many years.

Thus: unsustainable farming system

Low technical equipment

Unregulated grazing

Growing a crop in the same area leads to the developmentenvironmental problems. Name them.

development of soil erosion, deforestation, desertification(Sahel -extensive natural area in sub-Saharan Africa; violation of the ecological balance in it for reasons: an increase in natural population growth, a rapid increase in plowing of land and livestock, deforestation (the use of wood and charcoal as a fuel) Sahel problem - drought and famine,the population is turning into ecological refugees. Measures to prevent such tragedies: protection, restoration of natural fodder resources, improvement of livestock breeding and farming methods. But the implementation of the plan is hampered by a lack of funds.

The scourge of African agriculture is natural disasters (droughts, floods), plant diseases,pests (locusts).As a result, in Africa, the average yield of cereals and cotton is 2-3 times lower than the world average. The food problem, especially in the face of rapid population growth, remains very acute in Africa.

What are the agro-climatic resources of African countries? How did natural conditions affect the sectoral structure of agriculture, its location?

Africa's defining place in the world economy is tropical and subtropical agriculture. It also has a pronounced export orientation. In the structure of agriculture, export and consumer crops are distinguished.

Working with the table (Appendix No. 2)Familiarize yourself with the zonal specialization of export and consumer crops in Africa.

Atlas work.Highlight the specialization and location of animal husbandry.

The oldest agricultural industry in Africa is the breeding of domestic animals. In a number of countries (South Africa, Ethiopia, Mauritania, Somalia), extensive pasture animal husbandry plays an important role. Livestock products (wool, leather, skins) are exported very limitedly, livestock breeding is low-productive.

Africa's backward agriculture is in need of a radical overhaul.

Transport

By most indicators - the last place. The leaders in the structure of domestic cargo turnover are railways, transport is technically backward. There are 5 transcontinental highways. South Africa occupies the 1st place in terms of the overall level of transport development.

Ports: Richards Bay (South Africa) - universal, cargo turnover 90 million tons.

Alexandria (Egypt); Casablanca (Morocco)

The Suez Canal was opened on November 17, 1869 sea ​​vessels with a draft of 8 m), it was deepened and expanded more than once.

Marine: Liberia provides "cheap" (or convenient, false) flags.

"Why is Liberia one of the world's leading merchant maritime tonnage?" (from the exam)

Foreign economic relations

1. Foreign trade

2. Capital import

3. Freight operations (Liberia)

4. Export of labor (to European), and in some countries (oil refining) its import.

Import - 1/3 of machinery and equipment; fuel, industrial raw materials, semi-finished products and foodstuffs.

Trading partners- Western European developed countries (former metropolises)

Modern Africa is an arena of active, interethnicpolitical and economic integration.To solve the problems of the continent, several organizations were created: AfDB - African Development Bank

ESA – economic commission UN for Africa

YOU – East African Community

ECOSAG - Economic Community of West African States

UAE - Organization of African Unity

3. Fixing. Testing on the topic "Africa".

4. Homework pp. 278-281 textbook; questions on page 282.

Testing for the lesson "Economy of Africa".

IN 1

A1 Desertification effect:

A) only human c) only natural factors

B) natural Disasters d) natural and anthropogenic factors

A2 The main indicator of public health of the population is:

A) life expectancy c) natural growth

B) population d) sex and age structure

A3 Why is the Congo River full of water throughout the year:

A) in the river basin all year round heavy rains fall

b) it originates in the highlands

C) its flow is not regulated by dams and dams

D) the water level in the river is maintained by a system of reservoirs

A4 In what climatic zone of Africa are constantly high temperatures and a lot of precipitation: a) in the subtropical c) equatorial

B) tropical d) subequatorial

Q1 Which of the following African countries does not produce oil?

A) Ethiopia B) Algeria E) Angola G) Nigeria

B) Tunisia D) Somalia E) Libya

IN 2 Match each type of mineral with the country that specializes in

On their prey:

Minerals country

1) oil A) Morocco

2) copper ores B) Zambia

3) phosphorites B) South Africa

D) Algeria

Q3 Which two features of the colonial type of sectoral structure of the economy are named correctly?

A) The predominance of high-value agriculture

B) Weak development of the manufacturing industry

C) Lack of monocultural specialization

D) The predominance of trade and services in the non-manufacturing sector.

С1 Why is the balance of external migration of the population positive in Nigeria, and in the neighboring country

Niger - negative?

C2 Identify the country by description: “This country, belonging to the group of economically developed countries, is washed by the waters of two oceans. Most of its territory is occupied by a flat plateau, which is bordered by mountains from the south and east. Its subsoil is rich in various minerals. In the extraction of diamonds, gold, platinum, uranium, iron ores, this country occupies one of the first places in the world. Its population is distinguished by a complex ethnic composition. Among other countries of the continent, it stands out for its high proportion of people of European origin.

Testing for the lesson "Economy of Africa"

IN 2

A1 Precipitation is significantly higher in South East Africa than in South West Africa.

In addition to the presence of mountains and winds, this is due to:

A) with the proximity of the ocean d) with the presence of large rivers

B) with the existence of a warm current near the eastern shores and a cold one near the western

B) with all the above factors

A2 Red-yellow ferralitic soils are common in

A) in the zone of equatorial forests c) dry steppes

B) forest-steppes d) deserts

A3 In the eastern part of the mainland is:

A) the largest plateau on Earth c) the largest lowland on Earth

B) the largest mountain range on Earth d) the largest fault on Earth

A4 What the hell historical development Africa has had the greatest influence on its modern

Appearance a) Africa-mainland of ancient civilizations

B) Africa has gone through all stages of socio-economic development

B) colonial history

D) rich in minerals

B1 Choose the correct statements:

A) The industry of North Africa gravitates towards coastal areas

B) The main agricultural crops of North Africa are olives, cereals,

Cotton

C) Subsistence, consumer agriculture is the main branch of tropical

Africa

D) South Africa is rich in platinum, gold, coal, oil.

Write your answer in alphabetical order.

IN 2 Establish a correspondence between each of the indicators characterizing certain types transport, and the country

For which this indicator is typical.

Transport indicator country

1. Takes a leading place in the world in terms of tonnage A. South Africa

Maritime Merchant Fleet B. Maghreb

2. motorway passing along the route B. Liberia

Ancient caravan routes G. Algiers

3. Has 40% of the entire rail network in D. Nigeria

Africa

4. runs a transcontinental gas pipeline

Write in the table the letters corresponding to the selected answers.

Q3 Select the countries where Africa's largest urban agglomerations are located:

A) Egypt B) South Africa

B) Algeria D) Nigeria

C1 What factors contributed to the transformation of South Africa into one of the largest exporters of coal?

One of the factors is the presence of large coal reserves. List at least two other factors.

C2 Identify country by description:

“This is a developing country located in two parts of the world. In industry, the electric power industry is developed (the largest hydroelectric power station on the continent was built here), oil production, light and food industries. The traditional branch of agriculture is irrigated labor-intensive agriculture, specializing in the cultivation of rice, cotton, and citrus crops. sea ​​coast, ancient historical, cultural, architectural monuments are the basis for the development of international tourism”.

Keys to the final testing on the topic "Economy of Africa".

Profitable EGP

Reducing coal production in developed countries (or in old industrial areas)

Growing demand for coal in the developed world

С2- Egypt