Economy of Central Africa. What crops are grown in Africa? Export crops of subtropics of Africa

Africa. Economic essay. Agriculture

Accommodation Agriculture.

Africa at the turn of the 1980s had 12% of the world's cultivated land, 26% of pastures and meadows, 14% of cattle and 24% of small ruminants. However, its share in the world production of the main types of agricultural products does not exceed 3-5%. For certain types of tropical farming products (vanilla, cloves, cocoa beans, sisal, cashew nuts, palm kernels, etc.), Africa's share is significant (see Table 11).

Table 11. Agricultural production in Africa, thousand tons

	1960	1970	1983	Share in world production (1983%)	Major countries- manufacturers; share in African production (1983.%)
Cereals	39910	53213	62730	3,8	South Africa, Egypt, Nigeria (36)
including:
wheat	5570	8106	8974	1,8	South Africa, Egypt, Morocco (64)
rice	4470	7422	8551	1,9	Madagascar, Egypt, Nigeria (65)
corn	12060	19091	22383	6,5	South Africa, Egypt (33)
millet and sorghum	19350	14200	17399	18,9	Nigeria, Sudan (41)
tubers	51050	59340	86044	15,4	Nigeria, Zaire (51)
including:
cassava	30890	35653	48251	39,2	Nigeria, Zaire (51)
Legumes	…	4758	5783	13,2	Nigeria, Ethiopia, Egypt (39)
Peanuts unpeeled	4080	4330	4099	20,7	Sudan, Senegal, Nigeria (49)
Sesame	300	510	477	23,0	Sudan (42)
cottonseed	1760	2420	3424	7,8	Egypt, Sudan (49)
Olive oil	190	143	186	11,9	Tunisia, Morocco (84)
palm oil	920	1110	1351	23,0	BSC, Nigeria, Zaire (73)
palm nut kernels	820	710	733	34,1	Nigeria, Zaire, Benin (68)
raw sugar	2389	4896	6619	6,8	South Africa, Mauritius, Egypt (44)
Vegetables and gourds	…	16559	25417	6,8	Nigeria, Egypt, South Africa (50)
Fruit	…	26539	32313	10,9	Nigeria, South Africa, Egypt (26)
including:
citrus	1830	5663	4741	8,3	Egypt, Morocco, South Africa (64)
pineapples	380	736	1257	14,5	BSC, South Africa, Zaire (59)
bananas	950	3771	4547	11,2	Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda (49)
cashew nuts	…	309	164	35,1	Mozambique, Kenya, Tanzania (71)
Coffee	769	1299	3389	33,5	BSC, Ethiopia, Uganda (55)
cocoa beans	720	1109	3170	67,7	BSC, Nigeria, Ghana (77)
Tea	45	120	190	7,2	Kenya, Malawi (53)
Tobacco	220	203	318	5,2	Zimbabwe, South Africa, Malawi (65)
Sisal	370	391	179	46,6	Tanzania, Kenya (74)
cotton fiber	920	1314	1203	8,2	Egypt, Sudan (51)
Natural rubber	145	192	180	4,7	Nigeria, Liberia (58)

Source:
"RAO Production Yearbook", Rome. 1980-1984.

Agriculture employs 64.8% of the economically active population (1982). In the structure of the GDP of a number of countries (Ghana, Tanzania, Sudan, Madagascar, Ethiopia, Kenya, Cameroon, Senegal), the share of agriculture is 30-50% (1980). Cultivated land (1981) occupies 164.6 million hectares (5.4% of Africa), land under permanent crops - 18.2 million hectares (0.6%), natural pastures and meadows - 783.9 million hectares (25%). Potentially suitable for agriculture land is 500-700 million hectares. About 1/2 of the area in the savannah zone is subject to periodic droughts and desertification. In the equatorial zone, waterlogging of the soil and its erosion hinder the development of crop farming; The spread of tsetse flies limits the development of animal husbandry. Irrigated land 8.6 million ha (1981). Irrigated agriculture is carried out on a large area in Egypt, Sudan, Morocco, Madagascar, Algeria, Senegal, and South Africa.

In the developing countries of the region, hand tools or tools driven by the power of draft animals predominate. The power-to-weight ratio of farms is only 0.1 l. With. per 1 ha of agricultural land. In Tropical Africa, mainly hoe cultivation, in North and South Africa plow cultivation. In 1982, 451 thousand tractors were used on the continent, including (thousand) in South Africa 181, Algeria 44, Tunisia 35, Zimbabwe 21, Morocco 25, Egypt 26. On average, 1 tractor (1981) accounts for 340 hectares of arable land. The fleet of grain combines (45 thousand), seeders, threshers and other machines is not numerous. In a number of countries for farms and cooperatives organized rental of agricultural machinery.

In the world consumption of mineral fertilizers, the share of Africa is about 3%. Main consumers: Mauritius, Egypt, Zimbabwe, Algeria, Morocco, Senegal, Libya, Kenya, South Africa. Due to lack storage facilities, vehicles are great loss of agricultural products (for grain 30-55%). By the beginning of the 80s. in agricultural production, there has been technological progress (the so-called green revolution). The use of hybrid high-yielding varieties of agricultural crops, chemical plant protection products, etc., mainly in large commercial farms, is often of an experimental nature.

Usually 10-20% of the total planned investments in the economy are allocated for the development of agriculture, which does not exceed $10-15 per 1 ha of cultivated land (up to $30 in South Africa). According to FAO calculations, in order to maintain the existing at the end of the 1970s. level of provision of African countries with agricultural products in the period up to 1990, it is necessary to implement a broad comprehensive program (irrigation, development of new lands, mechanization, the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, etc.), which provides for a total allocation of 40 billion dollars (in 1975 prices) . At the same time, only 47% of the increase in agricultural production will be provided by intensive farming methods.

Agricultural system African countries are distinguished by the coexistence of diverse forms of land ownership and agrarian relations: patriarchal-communal, feudal, small-scale, national and foreign private capitalist, state-capitalist, state and cooperative. Communal land ownership prevails in Tropical Africa, where the land belongs to collectives (large families, clans, clans, tribes, villages). Feudal landownership retains its strongest positions in the Arab countries of North Africa, especially in Morocco. Private African landownership - the basis of the small-scale way of life of the African village - is developing from communal ownership on the basis of commercial lease, sale and mortgage of land. Private peasant landownership was widely developed in Zaire, the BSC, Nigeria, Ghana, Sudan (on a lease basis), Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, and a number of other countries. In North Africa, private landownership prevails over communal landownership. There is a significant stratum of agricultural capitalists in Morocco and Egypt (entrepreneurs from the cities and bourgeois landlords). African private capitalist landownership occupies the strongest positions in the BSC, Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria, and Kenya. European land ownership dominates South Africa, 87% of the territory is white settlement areas in which Africans cannot own land. Foreign capital maintains its positions in the agriculture of Liberia (rubber plantations), Kenya (production of cereals, sisal), Gabon and some other countries. Foreign private capitalist land ownership is represented mainly by large farms of European colonists and plantations. foreign companies. In Tropical Africa, land ownership by European colonists was almost eliminated in the course of agrarian reforms. Large arrays of European land holdings remain in Kenya, Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi. The state sector in agriculture is represented in the form of state farms and plantations, development corporations, etc. The land holdings of state agricultural enterprises account for the largest area in Algeria, where 1873 "self-governing" farms ("domains"), which are state farms with some features of a cooperative structure , occupied more than 1/3 of cultivated land (1980). Significant areas are also occupied by state agricultural enterprises in BSC (oil palm plantations of state agricultural companies Sodepalm, Palmivuar, etc.), Tanzania (nationalized foreign sisal, tea, sugar and other plantations), Congo, Benin. A special form of state land ownership is represented by farms on state irrigated lands in Sudan (El Gezira, El Manakil, Hashm el Ghirba, Rahad, Suhi, Tokar, Gash, Nuba Mountains, etc.), where farmers rent land from the government for fixed fee. In many countries with a socialist orientation, the cooperative (often state-cooperative) sector of the economy is developing, although its share in gross product agriculture and agricultural land is negligible. So, in Algeria in the late 1970s. more than 6.5 thousand cooperatives were created, covering about 100 thousand peasant families. In Tanzania, over 50% of the country's population works in cooperative settlements ("ujamaa"). The cooperative movement is expanding in Ethiopia. The number of marketing cooperatives is growing in the Congo, Benin and Guinea. In the structure of the gross agricultural product in many countries, the natural sector occupies a prominent place. In the late 1970s in Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, it accounted for 40-60% of the gross agricultural product. The products of the commodity sector prevail in the gross agricultural product of countries with an export orientation of agricultural production, as well as a developed domestic market. The commodity product of agriculture in most countries is formed by 50-80% from the products of small peasant farms, which make up 98% of farms of all types. In Egypt, the average farm area is 1.5 hectares. In the densely populated areas of Tropical Africa, the peasant uses only 0.2-0.8 hectares for crops. Only in a few countries (South Africa, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Algeria) in the production of certain types of agricultural products do large farms play the main role - plantations, state farms, farms.

Agricultural production.
The predominance of backward agrarian relations, the weakness of the material and technical base led to a low level of productive social labor. In general, agriculture in Africa has an agricultural direction: in the structure of gross agricultural output, agriculture accounts for 75-80%. Extensive forms of land use dominate in many parts of the continent. In the forest and savannah regions, various variants of the shifting system of agriculture prevail. The fields are dominated by mixed crops of cereals, legumes and tubers. Such is the agriculture of certain peoples in Zambia, Zimbabwe, Kenya, and in the bantustans of South Africa.

An example of a semi-intensive farming system is the terraced farming of the peoples of Ethiopia, Rwanda and Burundi, Northern Nigeria and Northern Cameroon, the inhabitants of Ukara Island on Lake Victoria. The use of crop rotations of grain crops with legumes allows the use of terraces almost constantly with annual breaks for fallow. Semi-intensive forms can be classified as African plantation economy in Ghana, Nigeria, BSC, Cameroon, Uganda and other countries, in which the cultivation of annual and biennial food crops using the methods of shifting agriculture is combined with the cultivation of plantation perennial crops - coffee, cocoa, rubber, oil palm and others on permanent plots. Such is the agriculture of the peoples in southwestern Nigeria, on the slopes of Mt. Elgon in Uganda.

Intensive irrigated agriculture is represented on the largest scale in Egypt, where 2 irrigation systems are used: the old one - basin irrigation and the new one, based on the creation of irrigation canals. Already in the middle of the XIX century. the total length of irrigation canals in Egypt reached 13 thousand km. In the XIX-XX centuries. a series of dams were built on the Nile River for irrigation purposes, the largest of which is the high-altitude Aswan dam. Irrigated agriculture is also represented in Mali (state irrigation systems "Office du Nizher"), Sudan and other countries.

Mixed agricultural and livestock (farm) commodity economy represented by the capitalist farms of the local European population in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Zambia, and Malawi, where hired labor, machinery, and mineral and organic fertilizers are widely used. Mixed small-scale agricultural and livestock farms are characteristic of certain regions of Ethiopia, Nigeria, Mali, Cameroon, Madagascar, and Angola.

Plant growing.
The leading role in crop production belongs to grain farming and the cultivation of tubers. In the mid 70s. their share in the gross agricultural output of Africa averaged 60-70%.

The main place in grain production is occupied (1983) by corn (36% of the total grain harvest), millet and sorghum (28%), wheat (14%), and rice (14%). Local types of cereals are also grown (for example, teff, close to millet in Ethiopia). South Africa, Nigeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco, Sudan account for over 50% of the grain harvest on the continent.

Pulses play an important role in shaping the food and feed resources of many African countries. In tropical Africa, "cowpeas", "horse beans", "pigeon peas", "chicken peas", mungou, woandzeya, lima beans, soybeans in South Africa, lentils and lupins are grown for local consumption.

The main areas of cultivation of grain and legumes- coastal lowlands of the subtropics, the savannah zone, the plains of the plateau and highlands.

The production of tubers (cassava, yams, sweet potatoes, taro, potatoes) mainly for local consumption is a traditional direction of agriculture in many parts of Africa (especially in forests and humid savannas). Among tubers, cassava dominates, accounting for 56% of the production of these crops.

Vegetable growing is developed in many countries, in particular in Egypt, where vegetable oil is produced on irrigated lands. a large number of tomatoes and onions for export. In the Maghreb countries, in areas adjacent to the sea, lettuce, cabbage, radish and other early vegetables are grown for export to Europe. Vegetable growing is also developed in South Africa, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Kenya.

In fruit growing, the most important place is occupied by the production of citrus fruits in the Mediterranean countries, as well as in South Africa and Zimbabwe. The countries of North and South Africa also produce the bulk of the fruits of the temperate zone (apples, pears, plums, peaches, apricots). In BSC, Kenya, South Africa and some other countries, plantation crops of pineapples are grown; in the countries of Tropical Africa - mango, avocado and papaya. Viticulture and winemaking are developed in the countries of the Maghreb and South Africa and are export-oriented. The main producers of banana fruit varieties for export: Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, Madagascar, Angola, BSC, Kenya, Somalia, Egypt. Almost all of the crop of bananas of vegetable varieties ("plantin") is consumed by the indigenous population.

The cultivation of the date palm is one of the main branches of crop production in the oases of desert and semi-desert regions. In 1983, the collection of dates reached 1066 thousand tons (38% of the world), including 440 thousand tons in Egypt and 210 thousand tons in Algeria.

Oilseed production is one of the main sectors of the economy of many African countries, especially in Tropical Africa. In savannah areas of moderate moisture, the main food and export oil and fat crop is peanuts (mainly in Senegal, Nigeria, Niger, Gambia). The oil palm is the main oil plant in the forested regions of Tropical Africa. The production of palm oil and the collection of palm nut kernels reaches its largest size in BSK, Nigeria and Zaire, with almost all production in Nigeria coming from wild and semi-cultivated trees, and in BSK and Zaire - from plantations.

For a number of African countries, one of the main areas of agriculture is the production of fibrous crops - cotton, sisal, kenaf. Among them, the most important is cotton, which is cultivated in 30 countries of the continent. In Egypt and Sudan, the proportion of cotton growing in the value of agricultural products reaches 36% and 27%, respectively (mainly fine- and long-staple varieties). In Ethiopia, the Awash River Basin Development Project is establishing extensive state-owned cotton plantations. Other significant producers are Uganda and Nigeria. Africa dominates the world production of sisal (Tanzania, Angola, Mozambique and Kenya).

Sugar cane is the main raw material for the production of sugar in tropical Africa, South Africa and Egypt. The leading role in sugar production belongs to South Africa (Natal province and KwaZululand bantustan). The economy of the islands of Mauritius and Reunion is specialized in the production of sugar for export. Other major producers of cane sugar: Egypt, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Swaziland, Ethiopia, Madagascar. Sugar beets are cultivated in Egypt in the Nile Delta and, for example, in the plains of Morocco.

Major manufacturers cocoa beans: BSC, Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon. Coffee is grown in about 25 African countries, including leading place occupied by BSC, Ethiopia, Uganda, Angola, Kenya and Tanzania. In the mountainous regions of East Africa, Arabica coffee is grown, in other countries - the Robusta variety. Tea production is growing rapidly in Kenya, Malawi, Uganda, Rwanda, Mozambique.

Tobacco production is most developed in Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, South Africa. Cultivation of hevea rubber - in Liberia, Nigeria, Zaire and Cameroon. A significant part of rubber production comes from foreign plantations.

The production of spices and spices is typical for the countries of East Africa and is especially developed on the adjacent islands of the Indian Ocean.

animal husbandry plays an important role in the economy of countries such as South Africa, Mali, Niger, Mauritania, Somalia, Chad, Botswana, Ethiopia, Sudan, Nigeria. Animal husbandry is the most backward branch of agriculture, characterized by an extremely extensive nature of production, low productivity and marketability. The average meat yield is (1983, kg per head of livestock): cattle 141, sheep 13, goats 12; average annual milk yield per cow 483 l. Therefore, although Africa accounts for a significant share of the world's livestock, its share in world livestock production is low (see table 12).

Table 12. Livestock numbers and production of major livestock products in Africa

	1960	1970	1983	Share in world livestock and production (1983%)	Countries with the largest livestock and production (1983%)
Number of livestock, thous.
Cattle	116820	156850	174333	14,2	Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, South Africa, Tanzania (49)
buffaloes	1840	2070	2393	1,9	Egypt (100)
donkeys	11910	10910	12053	30,2	Ethiopia, Egypt, Morocco (60)
Mules	1900	2115	2245	15,0	Ethiopia (65)
goats	104480	119010	156801	32,9	Nigeria, South Africa, Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia (51)
Sheep	137725	142940	190307	16,7	Ethiopia, Sudan, Morocco, South Africa (47)
Horses	3500	3920	3752	5,8	Ethiopia, Morocco, Nigeria (57)
camels	7635	10140	12557	74,0	Somalia, Sudan (65)
Pigs	5040	6635	11045	1,4	South Africa, Nigeria, Cameroon (36)
Livestock products, thousand tons
Meat	2550	4634	7178	5,1	South Africa, Nigeria, Egypt (34)
cow's milk	9200	9950	10678	2,3	South Africa, Kenya, Sudan (46)
Butter	90	142	151	1,9	Egypt, Kenya (47)
Wool unwashed	174	163	207	7,2	South Africa (51)
Hides and skins	450	590	737	9,3	Ethiopia, Nigeria, South Africa (33)

Source:
"RAO Production Yearbook 1983", Rome, 1984.

The introduction of a mixed agricultural and livestock economy in the main part of the territory of Tropical Africa is hindered by the spread of the tsetse fly. It is practically impossible to breed cattle in areas intensively infected with it. The state of the industry is also negatively affected by the conservative traditions of the indigenous population, which consist in striving for the maximum accumulation of cattle (as a measure of wealth), unwillingness to sell or slaughter it for meat and cull inferior animals.

Nomadic and semi-nomadic animal husbandry prevails in vast arid and semi-arid zones, where agriculture is excluded or difficult. All nomadic peoples are characterized by periodic seasonal (“large”) and non-periodic (“small”) migrations in search of pastures and water, the absence of permanent settlements. One of the most important problems of African countries is the transfer of nomads to settled life: measures in this direction are being carried out in Algeria, Ethiopia and a number of other countries.

Transhumance-pasture animal husbandry is typical mainly for agricultural and livestock areas free from tsetse flies. Agricultural and livestock farms are common in North Africa (except Libya) and South Africa, as well as in some areas of Tropical Africa (Ethiopia, Rwanda, Burundi, Senegal, Zaire, Kenya, Zambia). During the rainy season and at the beginning of the dry season, cattle graze near the villages on pastures and other lands not occupied by crops. During the dry season, cattle are driven to permanent water sources.

The integrated agricultural and livestock economy is represented by separate large private capitalist farms (European and African).

V. P. Morozov, I. A. Svanidze.

food problem- one of the most acute problems of the current stage of socio-economic development of African countries. In conditions of rapid population growth, the transition of most of it to the diet of the European type, extensive African agriculture, based on backward agrarian relations and a weak material and technical base, is not able to satisfy the growing needs of society for food. For 1980-84, the average annual growth rate of food production in the developing countries of Africa was 1.1%, which is much lower than the population growth rate. During this period, per capita food consumption decreased by 15-20%, despite the ever-increasing food imports. In 1980-85, under the influence of a severe drought that engulfed various regions of the continent, the trend towards a deterioration in the food situation manifested itself especially sharply. By 1985, 150 million people were starving or malnourished in drought-stricken areas (in 1970, 67 million; in 1982, 93 million).

According to FAO estimates, the average daily calorie intake of an African does not exceed 2200 kcal, which is below the minimum daily requirement. The main part of the diet is made up of products of plant origin: tubers, in the savannah zone - peanuts, cotton seeds, sesame, sunflower; in the forest zone - oil palm, nuts; in the subtropics - olives, sunflower. In some parts of the continent, diets are characterized by a lack of iron and iodine. With diets based on foods poor in carotene, beriberi A develops, leading to eye diseases. The specific disease beriberi, which is a consequence of vitamin B deficiency, is common in areas where refined grains are the basis of nutrition.

The development of industry in the region, the growth of urbanization lead not only to a quantitative increase in food needs, but also to a qualitative change in the diet, in which the share of dairy, meat, fish products, as well as food products that have undergone industrial processing, is gradually increasing. Under these conditions, for many countries, food imports are the main means of filling food shortages. For the 1970-80s. Africa's grain and meat imports tripled. 2 / 3 of grain imports are accounted for by Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Nigeria, Libya. Food imports also play an important role in Tunisia, Benin, Mozambique, Angola, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, BSC, Lesotho, Mauritania, Senegal, Zaire, and the island states of Africa.

A. P. Morozov.

Pyramids made from sacks of peanuts.
Niger.

Sisal felling.
Mozambique.

Cassava (cassava) field.
Burundi.

TOPIC:General characteristics of the economy of African countries

Target:To identify the features of the economy of African countries, the position of the region in the MGRT;

form an idea of ​​some features of the development of subregions

Africa; consider the causes that influenced economic backwardness

mainland. Continue work on preparing students for the exam, consolidating skills

work with tests.

Equipment:lesson presentation, economic map Africa, atlases, handouts.

During the classes.

Organizing time.

Repetition homework:

Which country in Africa has the largest population?

A country located on an island with an area of ​​600 sq. km.

Countries that lie on the territory of South Africa.

A landlocked country lying on the middle reaches of the Niger River.

A country where 98% of the population is concentrated in the territory occupying 4% of its area.

List and reveal the problems of African cities. Describe the urbanization of the mainland.

“Why is the proportion of children and adolescents in the age structure of the population of Spain significantly lower than in the age structure of the population of Algeria? (from the exam) "

Give an assessment of the population of subregions of the mainland, explain the reason for the differences in population density. “Why is there a high population density in the Nile River Valley? One reason is favorable natural conditions. Indicate at least two more reasons (from the USE options).

Why is the increased population density along the coasts of the oceans and seas less pronounced in Africa than in Foreign Asia?

Why is the population policy in Africa not carried out or not working?

The study new topic:

Conversation:What can you say about the level of development of most African countries?

There are currently 53 sovereign states in Africa.

Relate to developing, poor countries; economically developed-South Africa

Africa has: the world's lowest share of manufacturing

minimum per capita income (examples)

the most backward economic structure

What are the reasons for backwardness? (long colonial past)

Working with the textbook, p.279: Name distinctive features colonial economic structure.

a) the predominance of a low-commodity, low-productive economy;

b) poor development of the manufacturing industry

c) a strong backlog of transport

d) limiting the non-productive sphere mainly to trade and services

e) one-sided development of the economy, which manifests itself most often in the predominance of one branch of agriculture or industry. For example, in monoculture.

Monocultural (mono-commodity) specialization- narrow specialization of the country's economy in the production of one, as a rule, raw material or food product, intended mainly for export. Writing in a notebook.

Work with the textbook p.280. Monoculture countries in Africa

Measures to overcome backwardness in the economy:

Nationalization of natural resources;

agrarian reform;

Economic planning;

Personnel training.

The main task of the peoples of Africa is to gain economic independence, eliminate the one-sided agrarian-raw material structure of the economy and create a harmonious economy (development of the manufacturing industry and diversified agriculture).

The solution of these problems is hindered economic policy Western powers, the activities of transnational corporations. The American states have a large external debt.

Production structure farms of the African region:

agriculture - 20%, industry - 35%, services - 45%.

Atlas work.Name the most developed countries (except South Africa).

It should be noted that the proportion industrial production increased due to:

a) strengthening the primary processing of mineral raw materials in the African countries themselves

b) the development of "dirty industries" removed from developed countries - metallurgy, the chemical industry.

c) creation of an export easy and Food Industry

Despite the agrarian nature of the economy of the vast majority of African countries, they import food, which reflects the backwardness of the agricultural sector.

INDUSTRYAtlas work.

Where are the main industrial regions of Africa located?

The industry is characterizedimbalancebetween the development of mining and manufacturing, light and heavy industries. Africa is the world's largest producer of minerals.

For which types of mineral raw materials does Africa occupy a leading place in world production? To which countries is it exported? What impact does this have on the African economy?

In total, in Africa, one can distinguish7 main mining and industrial areas.

Atlas task:Determine the main types of raw materials and fuel extracted in each mining area. Appendix to lesson number 1.

What branches of the manufacturing industry have received the most development in these countries?

Ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering - only in some countries there is a noticeable number of enterprises (South Africa, Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Nigeria, Ghana)

Copper Smelter - Zambia, Zaire

Aluminum - Cameroon, Ghana

Light industry mainly cotton

Logging (Gabon, Congo, Cameroon, Ghana); fishing and processing.

The economic development of African countries also depends on the energy base (it is now weak). Africa accounts for 2% of the world's generated energy, 1/3 of which is generated by hydroelectric power plants. Aswan hydroelectric power station - river Nile - 3.5 million kW; Quebrabassa - Zambezi River - 3.6 million kW (Mozambique, but the energy it produces is intended mainly for South Africa); the Inga project - the lower reaches of the Congo River (section 26 km long), energy is supplied to Kinshasa and the mining and industrial region of Shaba (part of the Copper Belt), the power of the hydroelectric power station in the section can be increased to 30 million kW.

Agriculture.

Think, what are the features of agriculture in backward, developing countries?

Agriculture is the basis of the African economy, characterized bybigbackwardness.In tropical Africa, the main tools are hoes, pointed sticks. More advanced tools can be found only in large, high-commodity farms. The use of mineral fertilizers is also small. In tropical Africa, a shifting, slash-and-burn system of agriculture dominates, in which large tracts of land are excluded from agricultural production for many years.

Thus: unsustainable farming system

Low technical equipment

Unregulated grazing

Growing a crop in the same area leads to the developmentenvironmental problems. Name them.

development of soil erosion, deforestation, desertification( Sahel-extensive natural area in sub-Saharan Africa; violation of the ecological balance in it for reasons: an increase in natural population growth, a rapid increase in plowing of land and livestock, deforestation (the use of wood and charcoal as a fuel) Sahel problem - drought and famine,the population is turning into ecological refugees. Measures to prevent such tragedies: protection, restoration of natural fodder resources, improvement of livestock breeding and farming methods. But the implementation of the plan is hampered by a lack of funds.

The scourge of African agriculture is natural disasters (droughts, floods), plant diseases,pests (locusts).As a result, in Africa, the average yield of cereals and cotton is 2-3 times lower than the world average. The food problem, especially in the face of rapid population growth, remains very acute in Africa.

What are the agro-climatic resources of African countries? How did natural conditions affect the sectoral structure of agriculture, its location?

Africa's defining place in the world economy is tropical and subtropical agriculture. It also has a pronounced export orientation. In the structure of agriculture, export and consumer crops are distinguished.

Working with the table (Appendix No. 2)Familiarize yourself with the zonal specialization of export and consumer crops in Africa.

Atlas work.Highlight the specialization and location of animal husbandry.

The oldest agricultural industry in Africa is the breeding of domestic animals. In a number of countries (South Africa, Ethiopia, Mauritania, Somalia), extensive pasture animal husbandry plays an important role. Livestock products (wool, leather, skins) are exported very limitedly, livestock breeding is low-productive.

Africa's backward agriculture is in need of a radical overhaul.

Transport

By most indicators - the last place. In the structure of domestic freight turnover, railroads are in the lead, transport is technically backward. There are 5 transcontinental highways. South Africa occupies the 1st place in terms of the overall level of transport development.

Ports: Richards Bay (South Africa) - universal, cargo turnover 90 million tons.

Alexandria (Egypt); Casablanca (Morocco)

The Suez Canal was opened on November 17, 1869 sea ​​vessels with a draft of 8 m), it was deepened and expanded more than once.

Navy: Liberia provides "cheap" (or handy, false) flags.

"Why is Liberia one of the world's leading merchant maritime tonnage?" (from the exam)

External economic ties

1. International trade

2. Capital import

3. Freight operations (Liberia)

4. Export of labor (to European), and in some countries (oil refining) its import.

Import- 1\3 machines and equipment; fuel, industrial raw materials, semi-finished products and foodstuffs.

Trading partners- Western European developed countries (former metropolises)

Modern Africa is an arena of active, interethnicpolitical and economic integration.To solve the problems of the continent, several organizations were created:AfDB- African Development Bank

ECA - economic commission UN for Africa

YOU- East African Community

ECOSAG- Economic Community of West African States

UAE- Organization of African Unity

3. Fixing. Testing on the topic "Africa".

4. Homeworkpp. 278-281 of the textbook; questions on page 282.

Testing for the lesson "Economy of Africa".

IN 1

A1 Desertification effect:

a) only human c) only natural factors

b) natural Disasters d) natural and anthropogenic factors

A2 The main indicator of public health of the population is:

a) life expectancy c) natural increase

b) population d) sex and age structure

A3 Why is the Congo River full of water throughout the year:

a) in the basin of this river all year round heavy rains fall

b) it originates in the highlands

c) its flow is not regulated by dams and dams

d) the water level in the river is maintained by a system of reservoirs

A4 In what climatic zone of Africa are constantly high temperatures and a lot of precipitation: a) in the subtropical c) equatorial

b) tropical d) subequatorial

Q1 Which of the following African countries does not produce oil?

A) Ethiopia B) Algeria E) Angola G) Nigeria

B) Tunisia D) Somalia E) Libya

B2 Match each type of mineral with the country that specializes in

On their prey:

Minerals country

1) oil A) Morocco

2) copper ores B) Zambia

3) phosphorites B) South Africa

D) Algeria

Q3 Which two features of the colonial type of sectoral structure of the economy are named correctly?

a) The predominance of high-value agriculture

b) Weak development of the manufacturing industry

c) Lack of monocultural specialization

d) The predominance of trade and services in the non-manufacturing sector.

С1 Why is the balance of external migration of the population positive in Nigeria, and in the neighboring country

Niger - negative?

C2 Identify the country by description: “This country, belonging to the group of economically developed countries, is washed by the waters of two oceans. Most of its territory is occupied by a flat plateau, which is bordered by mountains from the south and east. Its subsoil is rich in various minerals. In the extraction of diamonds, gold, platinum, uranium, iron ores, this country occupies one of the first places in the world. Its population is distinguished by a complex ethnic composition. Among other countries of the continent, it stands out for its high proportion of people of European origin.

Testing for the lesson "Economy of Africa"

IN 2

A1 Precipitation is significantly higher in South East Africa than in South West Africa.

In addition to the presence of mountains and winds, this is due to:

a) with the proximity of the ocean d) with the presence of large rivers

b) with the existence of a warm current near the eastern shores and a cold one near the western

c) with all the above factors

A2 Red-yellow ferralitic soils are common in

a) in the zone of equatorial forests c) dry steppes

b) forest-steppes d) deserts

A3 In the eastern part of the mainland is:

a) the largest plateau on Earth c) the largest lowland on Earth

b) the largest mountain range on Earth d) the largest fault on Earth

A4 What the hell historical development Africa has had the greatest influence on its modern

appearance a) Africa - the mainland of ancient civilizations

b) Africa has gone through all stages of socio-economic development

c) colonial past

d) wealth in minerals

B1 Choose the correct statements:

a) The industry of North Africa gravitates towards coastal areas

b) The main agricultural crops of North Africa are olives, cereals,

cotton

c) Subsistence, consumer agriculture is the main branch of tropical

Africa

d) South Africa is rich in platinum, gold, coal, oil.

Write your answer in alphabetical order.

B2 Establish a correspondence between each of the indicators characterizing certain types transport, and the country

For which this indicator is typical.

Transport indicator country

1. Takes a leading place in the world in terms of tonnage A. South Africa

Maritime Merchant Fleet B. Maghreb

2. motorway passing along the route B. Liberia

ancient caravan routes G. Algiers

3. Has 40% of the entire rail network in D. Nigeria

Africa

4. runs a transcontinental gas pipeline

Write in the table the letters corresponding to the selected answers.

Q3 Select the countries where Africa's largest urban agglomerations are located:

A) Egypt B) South Africa

B) Algeria D) Nigeria

C1 What factors contributed to the transformation of South Africa into one of the largest exporters of coal?

One of the factors is the presence of large coal reserves. List at least two other factors.

C2 Identify country by description:

“This is a developing country located in two parts of the world. In industry, the electric power industry is developed (the largest hydroelectric power station on the continent was built here), oil production, light and food industries. The traditional branch of agriculture is irrigated labor-intensive agriculture, specializing in the cultivation of rice, cotton, and citrus crops. sea ​​coast, ancient historical, cultural, architectural monuments are the basis for the development of international tourism”.

Keys to the final testing on the topic "Economy of Africa".

Option 1

A1	A2	A3	A4	IN 1	IN 2	AT 3
				ABHD	1-D, 2-B, 3-A	B, G

C1 - Nigeria is a member of OPEC and Africa's largest oil exporter. AT oil industry and related industries create jobs that attract people from neighboring countries, including those from Niger

С2- South Africa

Option-2

A1	A2	A3	A4	IN 1	IN 2	AT 3
				A B C	1-C, 2-B, 3-A, 4-D	A, G

С1- Low production cost

Profitable EGP

Reducing coal production in developed countries (or in old industrial areas)

Growing demand for coal in the developed world

С2- Egypt

Africa has 12% of the world's cultivated land,

African livestock

It plays an important role in countries such as South Africa, Ethiopia, Sudan, Nigeria. Animal husbandry is the most backward part of agriculture, characterized by low productivity and marketability. So the average milk yield per cow is about 490 liters per year.

The spread of the tsetse fly has hampered the introduction of mixed farming and livestock farming in the main part of Africa. The traditions of the population, according to which there is an accumulation of livestock (as a measure of wealth), also have a negative effect.

Forest

Africa accounts for 16% of the forested area and 15% of the world's hardwood reserves. the area of ​​the continent is approximately 630 million hectares. 99% of the forest area is occupied by deciduous and mixed forests. Most of the harvested wood is used for fuel. Only in Côte d'Ivoire and South Africa does the share of industrial timber in harvesting reach 45-55%. Up to 60-70% of the value of timber exports falls on round

Due to the geographical position of Africa in the subtropical and equatorial-tropical geographical zones, tropical and subtropical agriculture has developed here. Cultivated crops can be divided into two groups: consumer and export. The first group includes: millet, sorghum, yams, cassava, wheat, barley, corn, rice, peanuts. In the second - cocoa, coffee, tea, cotton, citrus fruits, sugar cane.

Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of most African countries; it employs 2/3 of the economically active population of the mainland. Africa is a world supplier of many types of tropical agricultural products: cocoa beans - about 2/3 of world exports, sisal and coconut kernels 1/2, coffee and palm oil 1/3, tea 1/10, a significant amount of peanuts and peanut butter .

Of the consumer crops in African countries, wheat, corn, barley, and rice are most grown. The harvest of wheat is most significant in Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia; corn - in South Africa, Egypt, Nigeria, Ethiopia; barley - in Morocco, Ethiopia, Algeria.

Oilseeds are cultivated in many countries: peanuts and oil palm are grown in West Africa - about half of the harvest comes from Nigeria and Senegal, the olive tree in the north (about half of the olives and olive oil in Africa comes from Tunisia).

Among the export crops, an important role is played by industrial crops, including tonic - cocoa (Ghana, Nigeria), coffee (Ethiopia, Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo), tea (Kenya, Mozambique, Uganda, Tanzania, Congo). For the subtropics of the countries of North Africa, as well as for South Africa, the role of viticulture should be noted. A lot of citrus fruits are also grown here - oranges, tangerines, lemons, grapefruits. In the countries of North Africa, they are intended mainly for export.

Africa provides about 2/5 of the world production of dates. Especially many date palms grow in Egypt, in certain areas of Chad, Mali, Sudan, Niger, the Saharan part of Algeria, and Morocco.

Animal husbandry is characterized by very low productivity with a significant number of livestock of the main types of livestock. Almost everywhere animal husbandry is extensive, grazing. In some cases, transhumance, when shepherds drive herds from one pasture to another; in others, it is semi-nomadic, when pastoralists moving in search of new watering places and pastures stop for a longer period. The desertification of North Africa was a consequence of the active development of pastoralism in the Sahel zone. Some African peoples specialized in breeding certain domestic animals and are even named after a certain type of livestock (baccarat - cow shepherds, kababish - goat herders). In many countries cattle are deified and are not slaughtered for religious reasons; often the ownership of livestock is prestigious (the more heads of cattle, the more respect is given to the owner. Many peoples of North Africa use only the milk and blood of live cows for food. In Muslim countries, there is practically no pig breeding.

Maritime transport mainly provides external relations of the countries of the region. Great importance for shipping have the Strait of Gibraltar separating Africa and Europe (its distance is only 14 km) and connecting the Suez Canal.

If we consider the economies of the countries of the region, it should be noted that after gaining independence, the share of industry and non-production spheres in their sectoral structure increased, but nevertheless, in most countries, the colonial type of sectoral structure of the economy remains. Its distinguishing features:

• the predominance of low-commodity, low-productive agriculture;
• weak development of the manufacturing industry;
• a strong backlog of transport;
• limiting the non-productive sphere mainly to trade and services;
• one-sidedness of economic development.

In many countries, the one-sidedness of the economy has reached the level of monoculture, which is understood as single-commodity specialization (narrow specialization in the production of one, as a rule, raw material or food product, intended mainly for export).

Monoculture countries in Africa:

Countries	Share in the country's exports
	Oil and oil products					Ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, uranium, diamonds							Food products and agricultural raw materials
Algeria	99%
Gabon	82%
Egypt	68%
Congo	90%
Libya	98%
	98%
Botswana						70%
Guinea						95%
Congo (Zaire)						51%
Zambia						90%
						63%
Mauritania						51%
Namibia						74%
Niger						80%