Russian oil and gas industry. Oil and gas industry The oil industry is

Oil industry Russia (photos are below) is the largest source of financial revenues to the country's budget. This is not surprising, since "black gold" is considered one of the most expensive domestic natural resources. In terms of its production, our state occupies a leading position on the planet. Here, its share, according to analytical data, is about 13%.

Discovery of the first deposits

Most researchers argue that the history of the Russian oil industry dates back to the fifteenth century. It was then that reserves of "black gold" were first discovered in Ukhta. The first production for its production was founded by a resident of Arkhangelsk F.S. Pryadunov in 1745. For a whole century, oil production was a very unprofitable occupation, which was explained by the narrow scope of its application. Only after the invention of the kerosene lamp in 1853 did the demand for this mineral increase many times over.

Start of production

The oil industry of Russia began to develop actively with the advent of the first exploratory oil well, which was drilled on the Apsher Peninsula in 1847, and seventeen years later, industrial production began on the Kudako River (Kuban). In 1879, the "Nobel Brothers Oil Production Partnership" began to function in the city of Baku, which specialized not only in the extraction of raw materials, but also in its processing. The enterprise has created its own network for the transportation and sale of "black gold", which includes oil pipelines, wagons, tank farms with an approach railway tracks and tankers. The rapid development of the oil industry in Russia led to the fact that already at the end of the nineteenth century, the first foreign investors appeared in it, which were the Rothschilds and Rockefellers.

revolutionary period

The revolutionary events that took place in the country at the beginning of the last century led to a crisis in all sectors of the economy. The extraction of hydrocarbon raw materials was no exception. The coup d'état led to an outflow of foreign investment and a reduction in oil production several times at once. The problems of the Russian oil industry at that time were also connected with the fact that most of the industry workers were diverted to participate in the revolutionary processes. Only after the stabilization of the state political system in the twenties, the development of the extraction and processing of "black gold" began to gradually return to its previous course. During the Soviet era, it constantly developed.

General state of the industry today

As noted above, as of today, the most profitable sector of the economy is the oil industry in Russia. A map showing the largest deposits of this mineral is presented below.

Western Siberia has become the main center of the industry. Through the implementation modern technologies here the volume of extraction of raw materials has recently increased significantly and now stands at about 117 million tons per year (61% of the entire country). At the same time, due to the constant development of other deposits, its share in production is gradually decreasing. The most significant areas in the European part of the country, which covers the third part of the industry, are the Volga region, the Urals and the North Caucasus.

The largest mining companies

As of today, about 320 companies are engaged in oil production in the state. It should be noted that about 180 of them are independent enterprises. At the same time, the rest of the operators are included in the vertically integrated structure of oil and gas companies. The oil and gas industry in Russia is highly dependent on such enterprises as Rosneft, Surgutneftegaz, Gazprom Group, TNK-BP, Lukoil, Tatneft, Russ Neft and Bashneft. The fact is that these eight companies account for about 90% of hydrocarbon production. The largest manufacturer oil not only in our country, but throughout the world is the Rosneft company, which controls more than 37% of the domestic market and annually produces approximately 195 million tons of "black gold".

Oil refining

In terms of primary oil refining, the Russian Federation is second only to the United States and China. The total capacity of our country in this industry averages 280 million tons per year. It is impossible not to focus on the fact that now there is a tendency for some reduction in this area of ​​activity. This can be explained by the fact that the entire Russian oil industry is currently undergoing a period of active modernization of existing installations. Its result should be bringing fuel production to a level not lower than Euro-3. The need for improvement is caused by the constant growth in demand for aviation kerosene and motor gasoline, as well as with increasing quality requirements for them. Be that as it may, in 2012, the maximum volume of primary processing of "black gold" was reached in the entire history of the industry. At the same time, the installations involved in it worked with a load of 95%.

Oil product output structure

Speaking about the structure of oil products production, it should be noted that now the production of medium and heavy fractions dominates among them. Fuel oil accounts for approximately 37% of the market, petroleum fuels and oils - 35%, motor gasoline - 19%, other - 9%. Interesting feature is that the share of high-octane grades of gasoline (A-92 and A-95) in the manufacture of this type of fuel is almost 93%.

Export

As noted above, the development of the Russian oil industry is the key to the rapid economic growth of the state, since it accounts for a significant share of financial revenues to the treasury. This is due to the large total volumes of exports of raw materials and finished products, which, according to statistics, is about 240 million tons per year. At the same time, about 12% of products are transported to neighboring countries, and 88% - to non-CIS countries. An interesting feature in the structure of exports of oil and petroleum products is that almost 80% of them fall on the states of the Atlantic region, while the Pacific region receives only 20%. Refining diesel fuel and fuel oil in the recipient countries is much more profitable than constantly increasing the rates of deep oil refining in our country. Since domestic gasoline is inferior in quality to European products, most of it is supplied to the domestic market. At the same time, more than 78% of fuel oil and diesel fuel are sold abroad.

The main problems of the oil industry

According to various sources, the total stock of "black gold" in the domestic subsoil ranges from 20 to 35 billion tons. In general, in recent years, the Russian oil industry has been characterized by a gradual deterioration in the resource base. This is due not only to a reduction in reserves, but also to a deterioration in the quality of the extracted raw materials. The fact is that the percentage of hard-to-recover oil is growing all the time. And the volume of financial investments in the industry is not sufficient to cope with current and future challenges. If a similar trend continues, then in the next few decades the country may completely be left without ready-made sites for mining. This is the main problem of the Russian oil industry. Their presence is evidenced by a number of signs. Among them, one can note a decrease in the volume of explored reserves (in absolute terms), a slowdown in the rate of commissioning of new wells, a reduction in the number of drilling operations, an increase in the number of idle wells, as well as a strong depreciation of fixed assets.

Development prospects

So, what are the prospects for the development of the Russian oil industry? First of all, it is necessary to focus on the fact that the extraction of raw materials in the next ten years, according to scientists, will be reduced by almost 20%. Even development on the shelf and in Eastern Siberia will not be able to significantly affect this situation. At the same time, the decrease in production is taking place against the backdrop of a huge supply of domestic processing companies with resources. For example, TNK-BP's balance of reserves will last for 50 years, while Lukoil's will last for 40 years. Some of the analysts are quite optimistic about the prospects for the development of the Russian oil industry. According to the forecasts of the domestic Ministry of Energy, it is quite realistic to reach the production rate of "black gold" of 530 million tons by 2030. It should be achieved at the expense of new deposits, the development of which is currently underway in Eastern Siberia, Yakutia and Yamal. Great hopes are also placed on projects that should be implemented on the shelf of the Pechora, Kara, Black, Okhotsk and Barents Seas.

Role in the economy

According to statistics, as of 2001, oil workers provided one tenth of the entire production capacity of our country. Due to the high competitiveness of products, even during the global economic crisis, the decline in production volumes of domestic companies operating in the industry was much smaller compared to other areas of the economy. The oil industry of Russia still remains the main supplier of funds to the budget, where its share has reached 13%. According to the data of the Ministry of Finance, according to the results of last year, oil and oil products were sold for a total amount exceeding 194 billion US dollars.

Conclusion

Based on the forecasts of scientists, the reserves of "black gold" will run out in the bowels of the Earth in about forty years. Not all experts agree with this. Many claim that great amount deposits with an unknown reserve of this mineral still remain undiscovered. Whatever it was, Russian government does not plan to reduce oil exports in the near future. Moreover, the oil industry faces the goal of increasing production. Thus, it remains only to hope that the real reserves of raw materials will last at least until such time, until not only in Russia, but throughout the world, other sources of energy and fuel production come to the fore.

The importance of oil in the national economy of the country

The oil industry today is a large national economic complex that lives and develops according to its own laws. What does oil mean today for the national economy of the country?

Raw materials for petrochemicals in the production of synthetic rubber, alcohols, polyethylene, polypropylene, a wide range of various plastics and finished products from them, artificial fabrics;

Source for the production of motor fuels (gasoline, kerosene, diesel and jet fuels), oils and lubricants, as well as boiler and furnace fuel (fuel oil), building materials (bitumen, tar, asphalt);

Raw material for the production of a number of protein preparations used as additives in livestock feed to stimulate its growth. Oil is our national wealth, the source of the country's power, the foundation of its economy. At present, the oil industry Russian Federation ranks 1st in the world. In 2006, 481 million tons of oil and gas condensate were produced. In terms of production, Saudi Arabia is in 2nd place and the United States is in 3rd place. According to 2007 data, there are 27 large oil refineries (refineries) in the Russian Federation, 19 of which are part of the structure of vertically integrated companies. The total capacity of these refineries is 320 million tons. In addition, crude oil is processed at 5 Gazprom plants with a total capacity of 7.7 million tons per year, as well as at 40 small-scale units (mini-refineries) with a total capacity of 5.6 million tons per year for raw materials. About 900,000 workers are employed at the enterprises of the oil industry and its service industries, including about 20,000 people in the field of science and scientific services. Over the past decades, fundamental changes have taken place in the structure of the fuel industry associated with a decrease in the share of coal industry and the growth of industries for the extraction and processing of oil and gas. Natural gas and open pit coal are coming to the fore. The data are presented in table 1.

Table 1. Changes in the structure of mineral fuel production in Russia

As can be seen from the table, the first place in the structure of fuel production is gas 651 billion m 3 . And as you can see, throughout its entire length, gas production has only increased. As for oil, the decline in production falls on the crisis of the 1990s. Since 2000, there has been an increase in production, but how much we produced in the 90s, and this is 516 million tons, we still do not produce now. At present, the figures have reached 491 million tons. The growth rates of oil production achieved in Russia have recently been among the highest in the world. The growing global demand for oil is the main incentive for domestic companies to actively develop export deliveries of Russian oil abroad and contributed to the growth of oil production. The main increase in oil was provided at the fields of Siberian (19%, or 17.5 million tons in 2004 compared to 14.5 million tons in 2003), North-West (18.8%, or 21.5 million tons instead of 18.1 million tons in 2003) and Ural (10.5%, or 309.3 million tons against 279 million tons in 2003) federal districts, as a result, their share in the distribution of oil production by regions of Russia has increased. As in previous years, the bulk of Russian production (67.4% in 2004) comes from the Ural Federal District. The consumption of oil for energy purposes will be reduced, on the contrary, its use as a chemical raw material will expand. Currently, oil and gas account for 74% of the fuel and energy balance structure, while the share of oil is declining, while the share of gas is growing and amounts to approximately 41%. The share of coal is 20%, the remaining 6% is electricity.

The place of the oil industry in the Russian economy

The Russian oil industry is the main sector of the country's fuel and energy complex. The successful functioning of this industry depends on the effective satisfaction of internal and external demand for oil and products of its processing, the provision of foreign exchange and tax revenues to the budget. This industry plays an equally important role in ensuring energy security and Russia's political interests. Despite the huge role of the oil industry in the economy, negative phenomena have been intensifying in Russia in recent decades, primarily related to the violation of the proportions between the growth of industrial oil reserves and the volume of its production. This is happening against the backdrop of a significant increase in oil production. The data is presented in Figure 1.

Rice. 1. Oil production (including gas condensate), million tons

As can be seen from the figure, the level of oil production dropped sharply in the 90s, this is due to the crisis, and since 2000. oil production is increasing, this is due to the export of oil and an increase in its processing in the country. Dynamics of oil production and refining volumes in Russia 2000-2006 is shown in table 2.

Table 2. Dynamics of oil production and refining volumes in Russia in 2000-2006

KURSK STATE PEDAGOGICAL

UNIVERSITY

Department: Economics and Management

Discipline: macroeconomics

Course work

On the topic: Placement and development of the oil industry

Faculty student

Economics and management

2 courses, 2 groups

Vedeneva V.O.

Supervisor

Grade__________________

The date_____________________

Kursk-2002

Introduction.. 2

Oil and its main characteristics.. 6

Composition of oil and its properties. 6

The problem of the origin of oil.. 8

Oil industry.. 10

Its definition and composition. ten

Problems of the oil industry. 12

Development of oil production. fifteen

Causes of the decline of the oil industry. 17

Features of the location of the oil refining industry. Main locations. 19

Oil transport. Main oil pipelines. 21

Export of oil. 24

Consequences of intensive mining. 26

Russia-Opec: the problem of the price war.. 31

The reaction of the Russian Federation to the proposals of OPEC.. 35

Russia's offer on the world market. 36

Conclusion. 39

List of references... 43

20th century full of many events that excited and shook the earth's civilization. There was a struggle for the redistribution of the world, for spheres of economic and political influence, for sources of mineral raw materials. Among this, bubbling with passions, human society, one dominant stands out: the desire to possess the resources of "black gold" so necessary for the progressive development of industry.

Truly it was coveted by all the industrial powers of the world. A person fell into a cruel dependence on this mineral raw material. This was especially acute during the "fuel crisis" that erupted in the early 1970s. Raw material prices skyrocketed, causing an increase in the cost of living throughout the world.

If in middle Ages, when people were attracted by the brilliance of gold and diamonds, individual people were drawn into adventures in the extraction of these minerals, and only as an exception, some states, then our days almost all industrialized countries of the world are involved in the pursuit of "black gold".

Oil has been known for a long time. Archaeologists have established that it was mined and used as early as 5-6 thousand years BC. The most ancient crafts are known on the banks of the Euphrates, in Kerch, in the Chinese province of Sichuan. It is believed that the modern term "oil" comes from the word "nafata", which in the language of the peoples of Asia Minor means to seep. Oil is mentioned in many ancient manuscripts and books. In particular, the Bible already speaks of resin springs in the vicinity of the Dead Sea.

No problem, perhaps, worries humanity today as much as fuel. Fuel - the basis of energy, industry, Agriculture, transport. Human life is unthinkable without fuel.

Developing, humanity begins to use all new types of resources (atomic and geothermal energy, solar, tidal hydropower, wind and other non-traditional sources). However the main role in providing energy to all sectors of the economy fuel resources play today. This clearly reflects the "receipt part" of the fuel and energy balance.

The fuel and energy complex is closely connected with the entire industry of the country. More than 20% is spent on its development Money. The fuel and energy complex accounts for 30% of fixed assets and 30% of the cost of industrial products in Russia. He uses 10% of the output machine-building complex, 12% of metallurgy products, consumes 2/3 of pipes in the country, provides more than half of Russian exports and a significant amount of raw materials for the chemical industry. Its share in transportation is 1/3 of all goods in railways, half transportation maritime transport and all pipeline transportation.

The fuel and energy complex has a large regional function. The well-being of all Russian citizens is directly related to it, such problems as unemployment and inflation.

Highest value in the country's fuel industry have three industries: oil, gas and coal.

The oil bases were the backbone of the Soviet leadership. Cheap oil provided a delay in the restructuring of the energy-intensive industry of the USSR. This oil tied the countries of the eastern bloc. Foreign exchange earnings from its exports made it possible to provide the consumer market imported goods.

A lot has changed since then. The internal structure of the state is being radically rebuilt. The process of reorganization of the Russian administrative space is unfolding. New regional formations are emerging. But oil is still the most important source of currency for the country.

Indeed, the fuel and energy sectors provide at least 60% of foreign exchange earnings to Russia, allow you to have a positive foreign trade balance, support the ruble exchange rate. Revenues to the country's budget from excises on oil and oil products are high.

Velika the role of oil in politics. Regulation of oil supplies to neighboring countries is, in fact, an important argument in the dialogue with the new states.

Thus, oil is the wealth of Russia. The oil industry of the Russian Federation is closely connected with all industries National economy is of great importance for the Russian economy. Demand for oil always outstrips supply, so successful development practically all developed countries of the world are interested in our oil industry.

Russia has not yet acted as an active independent entity in the global energy policy, although the slightest socio-economic and political aggravations in Moscow or Tyumen are immediately reflected in the cost of oil on the stock exchanges in New York or London.

Until now oil policy was determined by two cartels - western and eastern. The first unites 6 largest oil companies, which account for 40% of the oil production of non-OPEC countries. The combined sales of these companies in 1991 amounted to nearly $400 billion. The eastern cartel (OPEC) includes 13 countries that provide 38 percent of all world oil production and 61 percent of world oil exports. Russia's production is 10% of the world, so we can say with confidence that the country has a strong position in international market oil. For example, OPEC experts said that the states that are members of this organization will not be able to make up for the shortage of oil if the world market leaves the Russian Federation. .

In addition, there is nothing to replace oil in the foreseeable future. Global demand will grow by 1.5 percent a year, while supply will not increase significantly. Prior to the energy crisis in 1973, for 70 years, world production almost doubled every ten years. However, now of the OPEC member countries, which have 66% of the world's reserves, only four countries can significantly increase the volume of oil production (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Nigeria, Gabon). The role of Russia becomes all the more significant, otherwise a number of experts do not exclude the possibility of another energy crisis coming soon.

So, oil and the Russian oil industry are of the utmost importance for our country and the world as a whole.

Having started the exploitation of oil and gas fields, a man, without knowing it, let the genie out of the bottle. At first it seemed that oil only brings benefits to people, but it gradually became clear that its use also has a downside. What does oil bring more, benefit or harm? What are the consequences of its application? Will they prove fatal to mankind?

No dispute: Oil and gas are the most efficient and most convenient fuel today. Unfortunately, more than 90% of the produced oil and gas is burned in industrial furnaces and in car engines. In this regard, and in the coming decades, hydrocarbons will account for the lion's share in the fuel balance of mankind. Is it reasonable to use oil and gas only as a source of energy? The statement of D.I. Mendeleev that burning oil and gas is the same as melting a furnace with banknotes. Experts are returning to this idea even now. The American scientist Ralph Lapp writes in one of his articles: “I consider it barbaric to burn the unique heritage of the Earth - hydrocarbons - in the form of oil and natural gas. Burning these molecular structures just to generate heat should be considered a crime.” Nothing more eloquent.

Composition of oil and its properties.

Oil is rock. It belongs to the group of sedimentary rocks along with sands, clays, limestones, rock salt, etc. We are used to thinking that rock is solid, of which the earth's crust and deeper bowels of the Earth are composed. It turns out that there are liquid rocks, and even gaseous ones. One of important properties of oil- the ability to burn. A number of other sedimentary rocks have the same quality: peat, brown and coal, anthracite. Together, combustible rocks form a special family, called caustobioliths (from the Greek words "caustos" - combustible, "bios" - life, "cast" - stone, i.e., combustible organic stone). Among them, caustobiolites of the coal and oil series are distinguished. series, the latter are called bitumen, and oil belongs to them.

All caustobioliths contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, but in different proportions. Chemically oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and carbon compounds, it consists of the following main elements: carbon (84-87%), hydrogen (12-14%), oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur (1-2%), the sulfur content sometimes increases to 3-5%. In oil, hydrocarbon, asphalt-resinous parts, porphyrites, sulfur and ash part are distinguished.

Mira is an international industrial sector that provides for the exploration of oil and gas and oil fields, oil extraction, pipeline transport for fossil. Production, in turn, includes the development of deposits and other works.

It should be said that the oil industry in Russia is a highly developed industry. This is due to the geographical features of the country. Until 1992, Russia was in second place in the world in terms of proven reserves after Saudi Arabia. Russia's reserves today amount to about 20.2 billion tons. In 1991, they amounted to about 23.5 billion tons.

However, it has not developed as rapidly as in previous years. According to experts, there are reserves in the country with a too low degree of confirmation of predicted reserves. They significantly reduce the overall provision of Russia with natural reserves. In addition, there is a large proportion of deposits with high development and development costs. Of all the reserves that the Russian oil industry has, about 55% are highly productive.

Special attention specialists are given to reserves, presumably located in the territory of Western Siberia. It is due to them that the main increase in the country's reserves by forty percent is predicted. However, even in this case, the oil industry will acquire mainly low-productivity fields. The amount that was supposed to be produced in the region is the limit of profitability for it.

It should be noted that the economic crisis affected not only the fuel and energy industries of individual countries, but also, as a result, oil in general.

It should be said that in Russia the decline began to be observed as early as 1989. Oil production has dropped significantly. The volume of oil produced even in the richest region - the Tyumen region - has decreased from 394 million tons to 307 million. The oil industry in the country today is characterized by a noticeable decrease in the growth of highly productive reserves, deterioration in the quality of raw materials and a slowdown in exploration work at the fields. At the same time, experts note a reduction in production drilling, and an increase in the number of inactive wells, a widespread transition to mechanized methods of field development against the background of a sharp decrease in the number of flowing wells. Of no small importance are the absence to any extent of a significant reserve of large deposits, and the need to involve in the exploitation of reserves that are located in hard-to-reach and undeveloped areas.

The first wells in Russia were drilled in 1864 in the Kuban. At the same time, one of the wells gave a fountain of more than one hundred and ninety tons of flow rate per day. At that time, oil production was carried out to a greater extent by monopolies that depended on foreign capital. By the twentieth century, Russia began to take a leading position in the oil industry of the world. At the beginning of the century, oil production already accounted for about eleven million tons. During the civil war there was a significant decline. Later, by the thirties, oil production increased again to 11.6 million tons.

In the first years of the formation of Soviet power, the main deposits were located in the regions of the North Caucasus (Maikop, Grozny). However, it should be said that the war caused significant damage to these territories, which, in turn, significantly reduced the volume of production. In the postwar period, in parallel with the restoration of the North Caucasian deposits, large basins of the Volga-Ural region were put into development. By 1960, the percentage of production in these territories increased to seventy-one.

The oil industry of the world is one of the most important components of the world economy and has a significant impact on the development of other industries. Russia occupies one of the leading positions in the oil industry, as it has a sixth of the world's oil reserves.

Characteristics of the state economy

The most promising areas for oil production in the Russian Federation are the European North and the Far East. Oil in these areas is produced by pumping and flowing methods.

At the moment, the importance of the oil industry in the fuel and energy complex is dominant. There are several main oil regions of the country.

West Siberian region. It produces more than sixty percent of all oil in the country. These fields are distinguished by the fact that the oil is shallow, the concentration of reserves is quite high, the conditions for drilling are optimal, in addition, the resulting oil is of high quality.

Ural region. Large reserves and concentrations of production are located in Bashkortostan.

North Caucasus. The main deposits are Grozny and Dagestan, in addition, there are located in the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories.

Northern region. Up to a hundred oil fields have been discovered here, where it is shallow and there are conditions for drilling. The largest deposit considered to be the Timan-Pechora.

Far East region. The most promising is Sakhalin and the seas surrounding it.

An important element of the characteristics of the state's oil industry is its. The main enterprises are located in the Central, Povolozhsky, Ural, East Siberian, Far East and West Siberian energy regions.

16 cities of Russia are mainly involved in production and oil, including:

• Moscow;
• Yaroslavl;
• Permian;
• Komsomolsk-on-Amur;
• Khabarovsk;
• Volgograd;
• Saratov;
• Nizhny Novgorod.

world industry

The oil industry of the world is the leading branch of the world economy and the fuel and energy industry, in particular, which influences the trends of this economy and even the political relations of countries.

The oil and gas industry is a highly invested oil wells in the world, which are now exploited for the extraction of the resource, reaches a million.

Industrial mining began in the nineteenth century in the United States, Russia and Romania. One hundred years later, refineries were operating in twenty countries, and another forty years later, in forty countries. The leading roles in mining in the twentieth century remained with Iran, the United States, Soviet Union and Venezuela.

Oil industry

World oil production

With the growth of production and as they developed, the volume of the world market also gradually increased. Half a century ago, oil was relatively inexpensive, but after the onset of the energy crisis, the cost of oil went up sharply.

This fact also affected the resource extraction areas, since mining in hard-to-reach deposits under extreme conditions became unprofitable.

Only by the 1990s did the oil industry enter a phase of stable development. OPEC, an international government organization formed by oil-producing countries to control the oil production quota, remained the main regulator of the cost of oil produced.

Economic aspect

In 1998, the price of oil dropped to $80 a ton, which is catastrophically cheap. This fall in value has led to a significant decline in the income of countries exporting oil.

In order to return these revenues to their previous levels, the countries that are members of OPEC began to gradually reduce the volume of oil production. The result was a gradual increase in the price of oil, up to three hundred dollars per ton.

Such a jump hit the economic condition of the main countries importing oil, including Britain, the USA, and Germany. This so-called artificial crisis of oil consumption led to the fact that these countries were forced to use part of their inviolable resources.

Distribution of world production

The most important characteristic of the global oil industry is the geography of resource extraction within certain regions. At the end of the twentieth century, they talked about two groups of oil-producing countries - socialist and capitalist, since the regulation of production and its sale was carried out almost entirely by the formed OPEC.

Now OPEC controls more than forty percent of world oil production, the share of world oil production in developing countries reaches 66%, in Western countries - 19%.

The main oil-producing countries of the world in the current decade remain:

• Saudi Arabia;
• Russia;
• China;
• Iran;
• Mexico;
• Canada;
• Venezuela;
• Norway;
• Kuwait;
• Libya;
• Nigeria.

Placement factors

Location factors of the oil industry is such a set of conditions that provides the most rational and expedient choice of the location of an industrial and economic facility or their groups.

A large number of factors that the oil and gas industry is subject to in locating its facilities are classified by their origin.

natural factors. These include a comprehensive economic assessment natural conditions– geological, seismic – and volumes of resources for further development industry and area in which the deposit is supposed.

Economic forces. The economic factor is considered to be a factor that takes into account the remoteness and expediency of transporting the extracted resources for their processing, as well as the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection.

demographic factors. These are systems for the resettlement of workers, ensuring adequate working conditions infrastructure, security this region sufficient labor resources.

This also includes the state of infrastructure, economic and economic-geographical factors. The oil industry gravitates towards sources of raw materials that are not always located close to developed infrastructure.

Resource conditions

When placing the capacities of the oil refining and fuel industries, the economic state of the resources is also taken into account. It means:

• mining and geological conditions of mining;
• reservoir thickness and density;
• its depth, volume of reserves, quality.

To assess the quality, an analysis of the composition of gas or oil is carried out, and the energy value is estimated.

Fuel and energy complexes have a great area-forming potential and create conditions for the creation of fuel-intensive industries. The environmental strategy in such complexes should be aimed at reducing the negative impact on the environment.

Industry composition

The industry composition is a classification system in which the class of communication between production capacities within the same industry is calculated, there can be more than 10 links, especially when it comes to an inter-industry complex.

Communication within the industry composition can be:

• Horizontal - if the industries between which the relationship is calculated are in the same category.
• Vertical - if there is a hierarchy of industries in ascending order.

In the case of the oil industry, the sectoral composition plan consists of horizontal links:

• Resource extraction;
• Resource transportation;
• Primary processing;
• Recycling.

An example of a vertical industry composition is the petrochemical industry and the oil industry as its component.

Significance in the world economy

Oil and gas production is an industry that requires large investments, but, on the other hand, significantly replenishes the budget of a country that supplies oil to less industrialized regions. Fluctuations in the cost of oil significantly affect the ratio of the values ​​of currencies and shares of industrial giants.

The economic and political picture of the world, spheres of influence in the sectors of the world economy depend on it. Such industries as transport, petrochemical, organic, pharmaceutical, trade are subject to it, since the development of these industries is impossible without fuel and products for fine organic synthesis.

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