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Natural zones and soils: their relationship and characteristics. The main types of soils in Russia, their brief description Location of soils

Arctic desert zone. Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, and the New Siberian Islands lie in this zone. The zone is characterized great amount ice and snow in all seasons of the year. They are the main element of the landscape.

The arctic air prevails here all year round, the radiation balance for the year is less than 400 mJ/m 2 , the average temperature in July is 4-2°C. Relative humidity is very high - 85%. Precipitation is 400-200 mm, and almost all of it falls in solid form, which contributes to the formation of ice sheets and glaciers. However, in some places the supply of moisture in the air is small, and therefore, with an increase in temperature and a strong wind, a large lack of it is formed and strong evaporation of snow occurs.

The soil-forming process in the Arctic takes place in a thin active layer and is at the initial stage of development. In the valleys of rivers and streams and on sea terraces, two types of soils are formed - typical polar desert soils on drained polygonal plains and polar desert solonchak soils in saline coastal areas. They are characterized by a low content of humus (up to 1.5%), weakly expressed genetic horizons and very small thickness. In the Arctic deserts, there are almost no swamps, few lakes, and salt spots form on the surface of the soil in dry weather with strong winds.

The vegetation cover is extremely sparse and patchy, it is characterized by poor species composition and exceptionally low productivity. Low-organized plants dominate: lichens, mosses, algae. The annual growth of mosses and lichens does not exceed 1-2 mm. Plants are extremely selective in their distribution. More or less close groupings of plants exist only in places sheltered from cold winds, on fine earth, where the thickness of the active layer is greater.

The main background of the Arctic deserts is formed by scale lichens. Hypnum mosses are common, sphagnum mosses appear only in the south of the zone in very limited quantities. Of the higher plants, saxifrage, polar poppy, grains, chickweed, arctic pike, bluegrass and some others are characteristic. Cereals grow luxuriantly, forming hemispherical pillows up to 10 cm in diameter on a fertilized substrate near nesting gulls and lemming burrows. An ice ranunculus and a polar willow grow near the snow patches, reaching only 3-5 cm in height. The fauna, like the flora, is poor in species; there are lemmings, arctic foxes, reindeer, polar bears, and among the birds ubiquitous ptarmigan and snowy owl. On the rocky shores there are numerous bird colonies - mass nesting of sea birds (guillemots, little auks, white gulls, fulmars, eiders, etc.). The southern shores of Franz Josef Land, the western shores of Novaya Zemlya are a continuous bird colony.

Lesson Objectives:

Coordinate independent work students, taking into account their personal characteristics, in order to create the most favorable conditions for their manifestation.
Think over the main types of communication, forms of cooperation between students and the teacher, taking into account personal interaction, equal partnership in the classroom.
In the conditions of student-centered learning, to provide each student, based on his abilities, inclinations, interests, subjective experience, with the opportunity to realize himself in the knowledge of the diversity of Russian soils and their dependence on vegetation.

Lesson objectives:

Using the subjective experience of each student about soils, the ability to independently obtain information using maps, to form knowledge about the diversity of soils in Russia.
Encourage students to independently choose and use the most significant for them methods of in-depth study of the material on the main types of soils in Russia.
Encourage the student to self-development and self-expression in the selection and implementation practical tasks, problem solving.
To assist the creative group in studying the soils of our area, the impact of the economic activity of the population on pollution and soil protection.
Conduct reflection and assessment of acquired knowledge.

Learning new material.

Teacher: Guys, look at the soil map of Russia. Name the main soils, moving from north to south.

Teacher: What are the main natural components involved in the formation of soils:

Rocks
Plants and animals
Climatic conditions
Relief
Ground water level
Permafrost
Time

Teacher: Do you think that the distribution of soils not only in Russia, but all over the world is chaotic or obeys the laws of nature?
Students: The distribution of soils obeys the law of latitudinal zonality, in the mountains of altitudinal zonality.
Teacher: Now we will get acquainted with the main types of soils in Russia and try to fill out a table characterizing the soils.

The main soils of Russia

Soil types	soil formation conditions	Humus content	soil properties	natural area
1. Arctic	little warmth and vegetation	No	not fertile	arctic
2. Tundra-gley	Permafrost, little heat, waterlogging	1,5%	Low power, have a gley layer	Tundra
3. Podzolic	To uvl. > 1 Chilly. Plant residues - needles, pepper leaching	1,5 – 2%	Flushing, sour, infertile.	Taiga
4. Sod-podzolic	To uvl. > 1 More plant residues by flushing the soil in spring	2 – 2,5%	More fertile, acidic	mixed
5. Gray forest, brown forest	To uvl. = 1 Moderate continental climate, remnants of forest and herbaceous vegetation	2 – 5%	fertile	Shirokolist- vein forests
6. Chernozems	To uvl. ? one Lots of heat and plant residues	10 – 12%	The most fertile, granular	steppes
7. Chestnut	To uvl. = 0.8, 0.7 Lots of heat	3 – 5%	fertile	Dry steppes
8. Brown and gray-brown	To uvl.< 0,5 Dry climate, little vegetation	1%	Soil salinization	semi-deserts

Arctic soils:

Low temperatures throughout the year.
The parent rock is covered with snow or ice.
The vegetation cover is represented by mosses and lichens.
The process of soil formation is difficult.
Arctic soils form on small areas of the islands of the Arctic, unoccupied by snow and ice, during the short summer.

Tundra-gley soils:

Summer is cold and short.
Presence of permafrost.
Vegetation cover: mosses, lichens, undersized shrubs.
Soil formation retarded due to lack of heat.
Humus contains 1.5%
The natural zone is the tundra.

Podzolic soils:

Summer is cool, K uvl. > 1.

Excessive moisture leads to washing of humus, an infertile layer of washing out is formed - podzol.
Vegetation cover is represented by needles.
Soil formation is difficult, as the needles contain resins that make it difficult to rot and give increased acidity.
Humus - 1.5 - 2%.
Natural zone - taiga.

Soddy-podzolic soils:

Summer is warm, K uvl. > 1.

Soil washing only in spring.
The vegetation cover is more diverse.
Soils are more fertile.
Humus - 2%.
The natural zone is mixed forests.

Gray forest soils:

The climate is temperate continental with warm summers. = 1.
The vegetation cover is represented by the remains of forest and herbaceous vegetation.
The soils are fertile.
Humus 2 - 5%.
The natural zone is broad-leaved forests.

Chernozem soils:

Moderate continental and continental warm climate, K uvl. =< 1; 0,9.
The vegetation cover is represented by herbaceous vegetation, there is no leaching, which contributes to the accumulation of humus.
Soils are very fertile.
Humus - 10 - 12%.
Natural zone - steppes.

Chestnut soils:

Continental arid climate, a lot of heat, K uvl.< 1; 0,8.
The vegetative cover is represented by herbaceous vegetation, but a lot of heat and little moisture form a less diverse vegetative cover.
The soils are fertile.
Humus 3 - 5%.
The natural zone is dry steppes.

Brown and gray-brown soils:

Sharply continental, dry climate, K uvl.< 0,5.
Small vegetation cover.
Soil formation is difficult as a result of high temperatures, reduced moisture and plant litter.
Humus - 1%.
The soils are saline.
Natural zone - deserts.

Teacher: We have traced the change of soils from north to south on the territory of the Russian Plain. What conclusions can you draw about the diversity of soils and the main natural components that influence soil formation?

Pupils: Latitudinal zonality is traced. As a result of changes in climatic features of heat and moisture, the vegetation cover changes, and from plant litter, the formation of various soils directly occurs. Equally bad for soil formation is the lack of heat and moisture as well as their excess. Fertile soils are formed with a sufficient amount of heat and moisture and an annual litter of vegetation.

Teacher: What soils are typical for our area?

Pupils: Chernozems.

Teacher: Soil is one of the main wealth of the Belgorod region. The main property of the soil is the presence of humus in it. The region is located in favorable natural and climatic conditions, which contributed to the formation of highly fertile soils. The students of the research group will talk about the soils of our village.

Pupils: The territory of the village of Pushkarnoye is located northwest of the city of Belgorod in the basin of the small rivers Vezelka and Iskrinka, tributaries of the Northern Donets in a pronounced forest-steppe zone. Our steppe spaces are combined with forest tracts, where the vegetation of broad-leaved forests grows.

In the forest areas, the soils are gray and dark gray forest. On the flat steppe regions - ordinary chernozems. In the river valleys - chernozem-meadow and floodplain soils.

The acidity of soils in the northwestern part of the Pushkar fields is increased, liming is required.

The duration of agricultural development of the territory affects the fertility and humus reserves in soils. Man's activities negatively affect the soil. On the territory of our village, the terrain is very complex, there are few flat places, so plowing should be carried out across the slopes, there are many ravines, which also complicates work in the fields. Water erosion predominates, and the washout of the humus layer from the fields. The environmental team of our class is fighting against spontaneous dumps in the village. The floodplain part of the Vezelka River, as well as the river itself, has been taken under our protection from household waste. People continue to burn bonfires, plant remains in their gardens in spring and autumn, not realizing that these are valuable raw materials that increase soil fertility and bonfires burn microorganisms present in the soil.

Teacher: Soil is a complex natural formation. Recent studies by scientists are increasingly confirming that the soil is a special natural formation, transitional between living and non-living.

Thanks guys for a job well done. They spent research work and introduced us to the main soils of our village.

Now let's give the floor to Bakhaev N.V., he will acquaint us with new technologies that allow us to obtain high yields; but take care of the soil, as fertility is the main quality of the soil Agro-saving technologies.

The modern concept of agro-saving technologies includes the use of all environmentally sound and environmentally friendly methods of protecting cultivated plants from harmful organisms.

The main methods are agrotechnical, biological and chemical.

1. Agrotechnical method includes the following types:

a) crop rotations. Proper crop rotation is the main component cropping systems and one of the stages of weed control, since crops affect the different types weed plants.

b) Tillage is essential in weed control.

2. The biological method involves the fight against weeds, crops of cultivated plants that are highly competitive in relation to weeds, that is, phytocenoses of some crops strongly suppress the development of weeds (rye, winter wheat).

Biological objects are also used - insects, microorganisms, nematodes that suppress the growth and development of weeds. But this method has not yet been widely developed in Russia.

3. Chemical method. Currently, herbicides are actively used. It is not decisive in relation to other methods, but is used in combination with them. Due to the complex and not always unambiguously beneficial impact of pesticides on ecosystems. Their use must be rational, that is, economically and environmentally sound.

All of the above agro-saving technologies, plus the application of mineral fertilizers, natural factors, (weathering, washing out, etc.) still has a negative impact on soil fertility, that is, humus content and, naturally, there is a problem of restoring soil fertility, and one of the ways to save what is left is the application of organic fertilizers, the biological method and rationally environmentally sound agricultural methods.

Homework: Individual multi-level assignments.

Verification of the actual material.

Why does soil change occur?
Who is the founder of soil science?
What soils are the most fertile?

Ability to work with a map.

What soils are located in the Yaroslavl region?
What soils formed in the lower reaches of the Volga River?
Identify soils on the Kola Peninsula?

Causal relationships.

Why is the accumulation of humus in the forest zone reduced?
Why are the most fertile soils in Russia - chernozems?
Why do taiga soils contain little humus, but high acidity?

Creative application of knowledge.

Give examples proving the negative impact of man on the soil, leading to its degradation.
Give examples of soil protection.
Why should fertilizers be used with care?

Reflection:

I value my work...
I found out today...
I was…

The warmth of the sun, clean air and water are the main criteria for life on Earth. Numerous climatic zones led to the division of the territory of all continents and water space into certain natural zones. Some of them, even separated by vast distances, are very similar, others are unique.

Natural areas of the world: what is it?

This definition should be understood as very large natural complexes (in other words, parts of the geographic belt of the Earth), which have similar, uniform climatic conditions. The main characteristic of natural areas is animal and vegetable world who inhabit this area. They are formed as a result of uneven distribution of moisture and heat on the planet.

Table "Natural zones of the world"

natural area	climate zone	Average temperature (winter/summer)
Antarctic and Arctic deserts	Antarctic, arctic	24-70°С /0-32°С
Tundra and forest tundra	Subarctic and Subantarctic	8-40°С/+8+16°С
	Moderate	8-48°C /+8+24°C
mixed forests	Moderate	16-8°С /+16+24°С
broadleaf forests	Moderate	8+8°С /+16+24°С
Steppes and forest-steppes	subtropical and temperate	16+8 °С /+16+24°С
temperate deserts and semi-deserts	Moderate	8-24 °С /+20+24 °С
hardwood forests	Subtropical	8+16 °С/ +20+24 °С
Tropical deserts and semi-deserts	Tropical	8+16 °С/ +20+32 °С
Savannahs and woodlands		20+24°C and above
Variable rainforests	subequatorial, tropical	20+24°C and above
Permanently wet forests	Equatorial	above +24°С

This characteristic of the natural areas of the world is only introductory, because you can talk about each of them for a very long time, all the information will not fit in the framework of one table.

Natural zones of the temperate climate zone

1. Taiga. Surpasses all other natural zones of the world in terms of the area occupied on land (27% of the territory of all forests on the planet). It is characterized by very low winter temperatures. Deciduous trees cannot withstand them, so the taiga is coniferous dense forests(mainly pine, spruce, fir, larch). Very large areas of the taiga in Canada and Russia are occupied by permafrost.

2. Mixed forests. More typical for northern hemisphere Earth. It is a kind of border between the taiga and the broad-leaved forest. They are more resistant to cold and long winters. Tree species: oak, maple, poplar, linden, as well as mountain ash, alder, birch, pine, spruce. As the table "Natural areas of the world" shows, the soils in the zone of mixed forests are gray, not very fertile, but still suitable for growing plants.

3. Broad-leaved forests. They are not adapted to harsh winters and are deciduous. They occupy most of Western Europe, the south of the Far East, the north of China and Japan. Suitable for them is a maritime or temperate continental climate with hot summers and fairly warm winters. As the table "Natural zones of the world" shows, the temperature in them does not fall below -8 ° C even in the cold season. The soil is fertile, rich in humus. The following types of trees are characteristic: ash, chestnut, oak, hornbeam, beech, maple, elm. The forests are very rich in mammals (ungulates, rodents, predators), birds, including commercial ones.

4. Temperate deserts and semi-deserts. Their main distinguishing feature- almost complete absence of vegetation and sparse animal world. There are a lot of natural areas of this nature, they are located mainly in the tropics. There are temperate deserts in Eurasia, and they are characterized by sharp temperature changes during the seasons. Animals are represented mainly by reptiles.

Arctic deserts and semi-deserts

They are huge areas of land covered with snow and ice. The map of natural zones of the world clearly shows that they are located on the territory of North America, Antarctica, Greenland and the northern tip of the Eurasian continent. In fact, these are lifeless places, and polar bears, walruses and seals, arctic foxes and lemmings, penguins (in Antarctica) live only along the coast. Where the land is free of ice, lichens and mosses can be seen.

Moist equatorial forests

Their second name is rainforests. They are located mainly in South America, as well as in Africa, Australia and the Greater Sunda Islands. The main condition for their formation is a constant and very high humidity (more than 2000 mm of precipitation per year) and a hot climate (20 ° C and above). They are very rich in vegetation, the forest consists of several tiers and is an impenetrable, dense jungle that has become home to more than 2/3 of all types of creatures that now live on our planet. These rainforests are superior to all other natural areas of the world. Trees remain evergreen, changing foliage gradually and partially. Surprisingly, the soils of moist forests contain little humus.

Natural zones of the equatorial and subtropical climatic zone

1. Variably humid forests, they differ from rainforests in that precipitation falls there only during the rainy season, and during the period of drought that follows it, the trees are forced to shed their leaves. The animal and plant world is also very diverse and rich in species.

2. Savannas and woodlands. They appear where moisture, as a rule, is no longer enough for the growth of variable-humid forests. Their development occurs in the depths of the mainland, where tropical and equatorial air masses dominate, and the rainy season lasts less than six months. They occupy a significant part of the territory of subequatorial Africa, the interior of South America, partly Hindustan and Australia. More detailed information about the location is reflected in the map of natural areas of the world (photo).

hardwood forests

This climate zone is considered the most suitable for human habitation. Hardwood and evergreen forests are located along sea and ocean coasts. Precipitation is not so abundant, but the leaves retain moisture due to a dense leathery shell (oaks, eucalyptus), which prevents them from falling off. In some trees and plants, they are modernized into thorns.

Steppes and forest-steppes

They are characterized by the almost complete absence of woody vegetation, this is due to the meager level of precipitation. But the soils are the most fertile (chernozems), and therefore are actively used by man for agriculture. Steppes occupy large areas in North America and Eurasia. The predominant number of inhabitants are reptiles, rodents and birds. Plants have adapted to the lack of moisture and most often have time to make their life cycle for a short spring period, when the steppe is covered with a dense carpet of greenery.

Tundra and forest tundra

In this zone, the breath of the Arctic and Antarctic begins to be felt, the climate becomes more severe, and even coniferous trees cannot withstand it. Moisture is in excess, but there is no heat, which leads to swamping of very large areas. There are no trees at all in the tundra, the flora is mainly represented by mosses and lichens. It is believed that this is the most unstable and fragile ecosystem. In connection with the active development of gas and oil fields it is on the verge of an ecological catastrophe.

All the natural areas of the world are very interesting, whether it is a seemingly completely lifeless desert, endless arctic ice or millennia-old rainforests teeming with life.

Soils are classified by type. The first scientist to classify soils was. Within the territory of Russian Federation the following soil types are encountered: Podzolic soils, gley soils, arctic soils, permafrost-taiga soils, gray and brown forest soils, and chestnut soils.

Tundra gley soils are on . Formed without much influence on them. These soils are found in areas where there is (in the Northern Hemisphere). Often, gley soils are places where deer live and feed in summer and winter. An example of tundra soils in Russia can serve, and in the world - this is Alaska in the USA. In areas with such soils, people are engaged in agriculture. Potatoes, vegetables and various herbs grow on such land. To improve the fertility of tundra gley soils, the following types of work are used: the most moisture-saturated lands and the irrigation of arid regions. Also, the methods of improving the fertility of these soils include the introduction of organic and fertilizers into them.

arctic soils obtained by thawing. This soil is quite thin. The maximum layer of humus (fertile layer) is 1-2 cm. This type of soil has a low acidic environment. This soil is not restored due to the harsh. These soils are distributed on the territory of Russia only in (on a number of islands). Due to the harsh climate and a small layer of humus, nothing grows on such soils.

Podzolic soils common in forests. There is only 1-4% humus in the soil. Podzolic soils are obtained through the process of podzol formation. There is a reaction with an acid. That is why this type of soil is also called acidic. Podzolic soils were first described by Dokuchaev. In Russia, podzolic soils are common in Siberia and on. In the world, there are podzolic soils in, and Canada. Such soils must be properly cultivated. They need to be fertilized, organic and mineral fertilizers. Such soils are more useful in logging than in agriculture. After all, trees grow on them better than crops. Soddy-podzolic soils are a subtype of podzolic soils. They are similar in composition to podzolic soils. characteristic feature of these soils is that they can be more slowly washed out by water, unlike podzolic ones. Soddy-podzolic soils are found mainly in (territory of Siberia). This soil contains up to 10% of the fertile layer on the surface, and at a depth the layer sharply decreases to 0.5%.

Permafrost-taiga soils were formed in forests, under perpetual conditions. They are found only in continental climates. The greatest depths of these soils do not exceed 1 meter. This is caused by proximity to the permafrost surface. The humus content is only 3-10%. As a subspecies, there are mountain permafrost-taiga soils. They form in the taiga on, which are covered with ice only in winter. These soils exist. They meet on. More often, mountain permafrost-taiga soils are found next to small reservoirs. Outside of Russia, such soils exist in and in Alaska.

gray forest soils formed in forest areas. An indispensable condition for the formation of such soils is the presence of a continental climate. Deciduous forests and herbaceous vegetation. Places of formation contain the element necessary for such soil - calcium. Thanks to this element, water does not penetrate deep into the soil and does not erode them. These soils are grey. The content of humus in gray forest soils is 2-8 percent, that is, soil fertility is average. Gray forest soils are divided into gray, light gray, and dark gray. These soils prevail in Russia on the territory from to. Fruit and grain crops are grown on soils.

Brown forest soils distributed in forests: mixed, coniferous and broad-leaved. These soils are only in conditions. Soil color brown. Usually brown soils look like this: on the surface of the earth there is a layer of fallen leaves, about 5 cm high. Next comes the fertile layer, which is 20, and sometimes 30 cm. Even lower is a clay layer of 15-40 cm. There are several subtypes of brown soils. The subtypes vary with temperatures. There are: typical, podzolized, gley (surface gley and pseudopodzolic). On the territory of the Russian Federation, soils are common in the Far East and near the foothills. Undemanding crops such as tea, grapes and tobacco are grown on these soils. It grows well on such soils.

chestnut soils common in and . The fertile layer of such soils is 1.5-4.5%. That says the average fertility of the soil. This soil has a chestnut, light chestnut and dark chestnut color. Accordingly, there are three subtypes of chestnut soil, differing in color. On light chestnut soils, agriculture is possible only with abundant watering. The main purpose of this land is pasture. On dark chestnut soils, the following crops grow well without irrigation: wheat, barley, oats, sunflower, millet. There are slight differences in the soil and in the chemical composition of the chestnut soil. Its division into clay, sandy, sandy loamy, light loamy, medium loamy and heavy loamy. Each of them has a slightly different chemical composition. The chemical composition of chestnut soil is diverse. The soil contains magnesium, calcium, water-soluble salts. Chestnut soil tends to recover quickly. Its thickness is supported by annually falling grass and leaves of rare trees in the steppe. On it you can get good yields, provided that there is a lot of moisture. After all, the steppes are usually dry. Chestnut soils in Russia are common in the Caucasus, on

Climatic conditions in different regions of the world vary considerably. As a result of these differences, various types of soils were formed, each of which has its own agrotechnical characteristics.

Soil structure, fertility and origin determine the main characteristics that allow organizing soil classification.

In the classification of soils, it is customary to distinguish several nested structural units: type, subtype, genus, species, variety, and category.

Soil types and their characteristics.

The main soil types are represented by the following variations:

Soils of the tundra zone.
Soils of the taiga-forest zone.
Soils of the forest-steppe zone.
Soils of the steppe zone.
Soils of the dry steppe zone.
Soils of the semi-desert zone.
Soils of dry subtropics.
Soils of humid subtropics.
intrazonal soils.
Soils of river floodplains.

What are the characteristics and features of the main soil types?

1) Soils of the tundra zone.

The main soil type in this climatic zone is tundra-gley. Formed at low temperatures, with a small amount of precipitation. Evaporation of moisture is negligible due to low temperatures. Because of this, there is an excess of water on the soil surface.

The depth of soil heating is low, as a result, soil formation processes take place only in the upper layers of the soil, and permafrost is located at a greater depth.

Vegetation is poorly developed on tundra-gley soils. These are mainly dwarf shrubs and trees, lichens, mosses. There are some types of cereals. There are no forests in the tundra zone, which is hidden in the very word "tundra" - in translation "forestlessness".

Excessive moisture content in tundra-gley soils in combination with low temperatures has a depressing effect on the vital activity of microorganisms. The humus layer is thin, peat accumulates over time.

2) Soils of the taiga-forest zone.

There are podzolic, soddy-podzolic and gley-podzolic soils.

The climate is moderately humid and moderately cold. A large number of woodlands and swamps. Soils are mostly acidic, with high humidity. Humus content is low.

3) Soils of the forest-steppe zone.

They are subdivided into gray forest, brown forest, podzolized and leached chernozems.

The climate is moderately humid and moderately warm. The amount of precipitation is negligible. Forests alternate with steppe expanses. The humus content is quite high, the soils have good fertility.

4) Soils of the steppe zone.

The traditional soils for this zone are chernozems.

The climate is characterized by warm summers and not very cold winters. Precipitation is average. Most of the territory is flat.

The humus horizon has an impressive depth, but a good supply of soil moisture is required to achieve high yields.

5) Soils of the zone of dry steppes.

The main soils of the dry steppes are chestnut.

The climate is arid, with low rainfall. The relief structure is flat.

6) Soils of the semi-desert zone.

Represented by brown arid soils.

The climate is very arid, with low rainfall. The relief consists mainly of plains, there are mountains.

7) Soils of dry subtropics.

Traditional soils are serozems.

The climate is dry and hot. The relief is represented by plains and foothills.

8) Soils of humid subtropics.

For this zone, the most common soils are krasnozems. The climate is warm, with high humidity and high rainfall, the temperature is stable throughout the year.

The relief is low mountains and foothills.

The amount of humus is not very large. Often there is a deficiency of phosphorus and nitrogen in the soil.

9) Intrazonal soils.

Usually the climate is arid and very warm, and the relief is flat.

The fertility rate is very low.

10) Soils of river floodplains.

A feature of floodplain soils is that they are often flooded when nearby rivers flood. There are alluvial (floodplain) soddy, marsh and meadow soils.