After the titanium in the table. Physical characteristics and properties of one of the hardest metals - titanium. In pure form and in the form of alloys
In the periodic system, the chemical element titanium is designated as Ti (Titanium) and is located in a side subgroup of group IV, in period 4 under atomic number 22. It is a silvery-white solid metal that is part of a large number of minerals. You can buy titanium on our website.
Titanium was discovered at the end of the 18th century by chemists from England and Germany, William Gregor and Martin Klaproth, independently of each other with a six-year difference. It was Martin Klaproth who gave the name to the element in honor of the ancient Greek characters of the titans (huge, strong, immortal creatures). As it turned out, the name became prophetic, but it took humanity even more than 150 years to get acquainted with all the properties of titanium. Only three decades later, the first sample of titanium metal was obtained. At that time, it was practically not used due to its fragility. In 1925, after a series of experiments, chemists Van Arkel and De Boer obtained pure titanium using the iodide method.
Due to the valuable properties of the metal, engineers and designers immediately drew attention to it. It was a real breakthrough. In 1940, Kroll developed a magnesium-thermal method for obtaining titanium from ore. This method is still relevant today.
Physical and mechanical properties
Titanium is a fairly refractory metal. Its melting point is 1668±3°C. According to this indicator, it is inferior to such metals as tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, zirconium. Titanium is a paramagnetic metal. In a magnetic field, it is not magnetized, but it is not pushed out of it. Picture 2
Titanium has a low density (4.5 g/cm³) and high strength (up to 140 kg/mm²). These properties practically do not change at high temperatures. It is more than 1.5 times heavier than aluminum (2.7 g/cm³), but 1.5 times lighter than iron (7.8 g/cm³). In terms of mechanical properties, titanium is far superior to these metals. In terms of strength, titanium and its alloys are on a par with many grades of alloyed steels.
In terms of corrosion resistance, titanium is not inferior to platinum. The metal has excellent resistance to cavitation conditions. Air bubbles formed in a liquid medium during the active movement of a titanium part practically do not destroy it.
It is a durable metal that can resist fracture and plastic deformation. It is 12 times harder than aluminum and 4 times harder than copper and iron. Another important indicator is the yield strength. With an increase in this indicator, the resistance of titanium parts to operational loads improves.
In alloys with certain metals (especially nickel and hydrogen), titanium is able to "remember" the shape of the product created at a certain temperature. Such a product can then be deformed and it will retain this position for a long time. If the product is heated to the temperature at which it was made, then the product will take its original shape. This property is called "memory".
The thermal conductivity of titanium is relatively low and the coefficient of linear expansion, respectively, too. From this it follows that the metal is a poor conductor of electricity and heat. But at low temperatures, it is a superconductor of electricity, which allows it to transmit energy over considerable distances. Titanium also has a high electrical resistance.
Pure titanium metal is subject to various types cold and hot processing. It can be drawn and made into wire, forged, rolled into strips, sheets and foils with a thickness of up to 0.01 mm. The following types of rolled products are made from titanium: titanium tape, titanium wire, titanium pipes, titanium bushings, titanium circle, titanium bar.
Chemical properties
Pure titanium is a reactive element. Due to the fact that a dense protective film is formed on its surface, the metal is highly resistant to corrosion. It does not undergo oxidation in air, in salty sea water, does not change in many aggressive chemical environments(for example: dilute and concentrated nitric acid, aqua regia). At high temperatures, titanium interacts with reagents much more actively. It ignites in air at a temperature of 1200°C. When ignited, the metal gives off a bright glow. An active reaction also occurs with nitrogen, with the formation of a yellow-brown nitride film on the surface of titanium.
Reactions with hydrochloric and sulfuric acids at room temperature are weak, but when heated, the metal dissolves strongly. As a result of the reaction, lower chlorides and monosulfate are formed. Weak interactions with phosphoric and nitric acids also occur. The metal reacts with halogens. The reaction with chlorine occurs at 300°C.
The active reaction with hydrogen proceeds at a temperature slightly above room temperature. Titanium actively absorbs hydrogen. 1 g of titanium can absorb up to 400 cm³ of hydrogen. The heated metal decomposes carbon dioxide and water vapor. Interaction with water vapor occurs at temperatures above 800°C. As a result of the reaction, metal oxide is formed and hydrogen escapes. At higher temperatures, hot titanium absorbs carbon dioxide and forms carbide and oxide.
How to get
Titanium is one of the most common elements on Earth. Its content in the bowels of the planet by mass is 0.57%. The highest concentration of the metal is observed in the "basalt shell" (0.9%), in granitic rocks (0.23%) and in ultrabasic rocks (0.03%). There are about 70 titanium minerals that contain it in the form of titanic acid or dioxide. The main minerals of titanium ores are: ilmenite, anatase, rutile, brookite, loparite, leucoxene, perovskite and sphene. The main world producers of titanium are Great Britain, the USA, France, Japan, Canada, Italy, Spain and Belgium.
There are several ways to obtain titanium. All of them are applied in practice and are quite effective.
1. Magnesium thermal process.
Ore containing titanium is mined and processed into dioxide, which is slowly and at very high temperatures subjected to chlorination. Chlorination is carried out in a carbon environment. The titanium chloride formed as a result of the reaction is then reduced with magnesium. The resulting metal is heated in a vacuum equipment at a high temperature. As a result, magnesium and magnesium chloride evaporate, leaving titanium with many pores and voids. Sponge titanium is remelted to produce high-quality metal.
2. Hydride-calcium method.
First, titanium hydride is obtained, and then it is separated into components: titanium and hydrogen. The process takes place in an airless space at high temperature. Calcium oxide is formed, which is washed with weak acids.
Calcium hydride and magnesium thermal methods are commonly used on an industrial scale. These methods make it possible to obtain a significant amount of titanium in a short period of time, with minimal monetary costs.
3. Electrolysis method.
Titanium chloride or dioxide is exposed to a high current. As a result, the compounds are decomposed.
4. Iodide method.
Titanium dioxide interacts with iodine vapor. Next, titanium iodide is exposed to high temperature, resulting in titanium. This method is the most efficient, but also the most expensive. Titanium turns out very high purity without impurities and additives.
Application of titanium
Due to its good anti-corrosion properties, titanium is used for the manufacture of chemical equipment. The high heat resistance of the metal and its alloys contributes to the use in modern technology. Titanium alloys are an excellent material for aircraft, rocket and shipbuilding.
Monuments are made from titanium. And the bells made of this metal are known for their extraordinary and very beautiful sound. Titanium dioxide is a component of some medicines, for example: ointments against skin diseases. Also in great demand metal compounds with nickel, aluminum and carbon are used.
Titanium and its alloys have found applications in the chemical and food industries, non-ferrous metallurgy, electronics, nuclear technology, power engineering, electroplating. Weapons, armor plates, surgical instruments and implants, irrigation systems, sports equipment and even jewelry are made from titanium and its alloys. In the process of nitriding, a golden film is formed on the surface of the metal, which is not inferior in beauty even to real gold.
The monument in honor of the conquerors of space was erected in Moscow in 1964. It took almost seven years (1958-1964) to design and build this obelisk. The authors had to solve not only architectural and artistic, but also technical problems. The first of them was the choice of materials, including facing. After long experiments, they settled on titanium sheets polished to a shine.
Indeed, in many characteristics, and above all in corrosion resistance, titanium surpasses the vast majority of metals and alloys. Sometimes (especially in popular literature) titanium is called the eternal metal. But first, let's talk about the history of this element.
Oxidized or not oxidized?
Until 1795, element No. 22 was called "menakin". So named it in 1791 by the English chemist and mineralogist William Gregor, who discovered a new element in the mineral menakanite (do not look for this name in modern mineralogical reference books - menakanite has also been renamed, now it is called ilmenite).
Four years after Gregor's discovery, the German chemist Martin Klaproth discovered a new chemical element in another mineral - rutile - and named it titanium in honor of the elf queen Titania (Germanic mythology).
According to another version, the name of the element comes from the titans, the mighty sons of the goddess of the earth - Gaia (Greek mythology).
In 1797, it turned out that Gregor and Klaproth discovered the same element, and although Gregor had done this earlier, the name given to him by Klaproth was established for the new element.
But neither Gregor nor Klaproth succeeded in obtaining the elemental titanium. The white crystalline powder they isolated was titanium dioxide TiO 2 . For a long time none of the chemists succeeded in reducing this oxide, isolating pure metal from it.
In 1823, the English scientist W. Wollaston reported that the crystals he discovered in the metallurgical slags of the Merthyr Tydville plant were nothing but pure titanium. And 33 years later, the famous German chemist F. Wöhler proved that these crystals were again a titanium compound, this time a metal-like carbonitride.
For many years it was believed that metal Titanium was first obtained by Berzelius in 1825. in the reduction of potassium fluorotitanate with sodium metal. However, today, comparing the properties of titanium and the product obtained by Berzelius, it can be argued that the president of the Swedish Academy of Sciences was mistaken, because pure titabnum quickly dissolves in hydrofluoric acid (unlike many other acids), and Berzelius' metallic titanium successfully resisted its action.
In fact, Ti was first obtained only in 1875 by the Russian scientist D.K. Kirillov. The results of this work are published in his brochure Research on Titanium. But the work of a little-known Russian scientist went unnoticed. After another 12 years, a fairly pure product - about 95% titanium - was obtained by Berzelius's compatriots, the famous chemists L. Nilsson and O. Peterson, who reduced titanium tetrachloride with sodium metal in a steel hermetic bomb.
In 1895, the French chemist A. Moissan, reducing titanium dioxide with carbon in an arc furnace and subjecting the resulting material to double refining, obtained titanium containing only 2% impurities, mainly carbon. Finally, in 1910, the American chemist M. Hunter, having improved the method of Nilsson and Peterson, managed to obtain several grams of titanium with a purity of about 99%. That is why in most books the priority of obtaining metallic titanium is attributed to Hunter, and not to Kirillov, Nilson or Moissan.
However, neither Hunter nor his contemporaries predicted a great future for the titan. Only a few tenths of a percent of impurities were contained in the metal, but these impurities made titanium brittle, fragile, unsuitable for machining. Therefore, some titanium compounds found application earlier than the metal itself. Ti tetrachloride, for example, was widely used in the first world war to create smoke screens.
No. 22 in medicine
In 1908, in the USA and Norway, the production of white began not from lead and zinc compounds, as was done before, but from titanium dioxide. Such whitewash can paint a surface several times larger than the same amount of lead or zinc whitewash. In addition, titanium white has more reflectivity, they are not poisonous and do not darken under the influence of hydrogen sulfide. In the medical literature, a case is described when a person “took” 460 g of titanium dioxide at a time! (I wonder what he confused her with?) The "lover" of titanium dioxide did not experience any painful sensations. TiO 2 is part of some medicines, in particular ointments against skin diseases.
However, not medicine, but the paint and varnish industry consumes largest quantities TiO 2 . World production of this compound has far exceeded half a million tons per year. Enamels based on titanium dioxide are widely used as protective and decorative coatings for metal and wood in shipbuilding, construction and mechanical engineering. At the same time, the service life of structures and parts is significantly increased. Titanium white is used to dye fabrics, leather and other materials.
Ti in industry
Titanium dioxide is a constituent of porcelain masses, refractory glasses, and ceramic materials with a high dielectric constant. As a filler that increases strength and heat resistance, it is introduced into rubber compounds. However, all the advantages of titanium compounds seem insignificant against the background of the unique properties of pure metallic titanium.
elemental titanium
In 1925, the Dutch scientists van Arkel and de Boer obtained high purity titanium - 99.9% using the iodide method (more on that below). Unlike the titanium obtained by Hunter, it had plasticity: it could be forged in the cold, rolled into sheets, tape, wire, and even the thinnest foil. But even this is not the main thing. Studies of the physicochemical properties of metallic titanium led to almost fantastic results. It turned out, for example, that titanium, being almost twice as light as iron (the density of titanium is 4.5 g/cm3), surpasses many steels in strength. Comparison with aluminum also turned out in favor of titanium: titanium is only one and a half times heavier than aluminum, but it is six times stronger and, most importantly, it retains its strength at temperatures up to 500 ° C (and with the addition of alloying elements - up to 650 ° C ), while the strength of aluminum and magnesium alloys drops sharply already at 300°C.
Titanium also has significant hardness: it is 12 times harder than aluminum, 4 times harder than iron and copper. Another important characteristic of a metal is its yield strength. The higher it is, the better the details of this metal resist operational loads, the longer they retain their shape and size. The yield strength of titanium is almost 18 times higher than that of aluminum.
Unlike most metals, titanium has significant electrical resistance: if the electrical conductivity of silver is taken as 100, then the electrical conductivity of copper is 94, aluminum is 60, iron and platinum is 15, and titanium is only 3.8. It is hardly necessary to explain that this property, like the non-magnetic nature of titanium, is of interest for radio electronics and electrical engineering.
Remarkable resistance of titanium against corrosion. On a plate made of this metal for 10 years of being in sea water, there were no signs of corrosion. The main rotors of modern heavy helicopters are made of titanium alloys. Rudders, ailerons and some other critical parts of supersonic aircraft are also made of these alloys. On many chemical industries today you can find whole apparatuses and columns made of titanium.
How is titanium obtained?
Price - that's what else slows down the production and consumption of titanium. Actually, high price- not a congenital defect of titanium. There is a lot of it in the earth's crust - 0.63%. The still high price of titanium is a consequence of the difficulty of extracting it from ores. It is explained by the high affinity of titanium for many elements and the strength of chemical bonds in its natural compounds. Hence the complexity of the technology. This is how the magnesium-thermal method of titanium production looks like, developed in 1940 by the American scientist V. Kroll.
Titanium dioxide is converted with chlorine (in the presence of carbon) into titanium tetrachloride:
HO 2 + C + 2CI 2 → HCI 4 + CO 2.
The process takes place in shaft electric furnaces at 800-1250°C. Another option is chlorination in the melt of alkali metal salts NaCl and KCl. The next operation (equally important and time-consuming) - cleaning TiCl 4 from impurities - is carried out in different ways and substances. Titanium tetrachloride under normal conditions is a liquid with a boiling point of 136°C.
It is easier to break the bond of titanium with chlorine than with oxygen. This can be done with magnesium by the reaction
TiCl 4 + 2Mg → T + 2MgCl 2 .
This reaction takes place in steel reactors at 900°C. The result is a so-called titanium sponge impregnated with magnesium and magnesium chloride. They are evaporated in a sealed vacuum apparatus at 950°C, and the titanium sponge is then sintered or melted into a compact metal.
The sodium-thermal method for obtaining metallic titanium is, in principle, not much different from the magnesium-thermal method. These two methods are the most widely used in industry. To obtain purer titanium, the iodide method proposed by van Arkel and de Boer is still used. The metallothermic titanium sponge is converted to TiI 4 iodide, which is then sublimated in vacuo. On their way, titap iodide vapor encounters titanium wire heated to 1400°C. In this case, the iodide decomposes, and a layer of pure titanium grows on the wire. This method of titanium production is inefficient and expensive; therefore, it is used in industry to a very limited extent.
Despite the labor and energy intensity of titanium production, it has already become one of the most important non-ferrous metallurgy sub-sectors. World titanium production is developing at a very fast pace. This can be judged even by the fragmentary information that gets into print.
It is known that in 1948 only 2 tons of titanium were smelted in the world, and after 9 years - already 20 thousand tons. This means that in 1957 20 thousand tons of titanium accounted for all countries, and in 1980 only the USA consumed. 24.4 thousand tons of titanium... More recently, it seems, titanium was called a rare metal - now it is the most important structural material. This is explained by only one thing: a rare combination useful properties element number 22. And, of course, the needs of technology.
The role of titanium as a structural material, the basis of high-strength alloys for aviation, shipbuilding and rocketry, is rapidly increasing. It is in alloys that most of the titanium smelted in the world goes. A widely known alloy for the aviation industry, consisting of 90% titanium, 6% aluminum and 4% vanadium. In 1976, the American press reported on a new alloy for the same purpose: 85% titanium, 10% vanadium, 3% aluminum and 2% iron. It is claimed that this alloy is not only better, but also more economical.
In general, titanium alloys include a lot of elements, up to platinum and palladium. The latter (in the amount of 0.1-0.2%) increase the already high chemical resistance of titanium alloys.
The strength of titanium is also increased by such "alloying additives" as nitrogen and oxygen. But together with strength, they increase the hardness and, most importantly, the brittleness of titanium, so their content is strictly regulated: no more than 0.15% oxygen and 0.05% nitrogen are allowed in the alloy.
Despite the fact that titanium is expensive, replacing it with cheaper materials in many cases turns out to be economically viable. Here is a typical example. The case of a chemical apparatus made of stainless steel costs 150 rubles, and of a titanium alloy - 600 rubles. But at the same time, a steel reactor serves only 6 months, and a titanium one - 10 years. Add the cost of replacing steel reactors, the forced downtime of equipment - and it becomes obvious that using expensive titanium can be more profitable than steel.
Significant amounts of titanium are used in metallurgy. There are hundreds of grades of steels and other alloys that contain titanium as an alloying addition. It is introduced to improve the structure of metals, increase strength and corrosion resistance.
Some nuclear reactions must take place in an almost absolute void. With mercury pumps, the rarefaction can be brought up to several billionths of an atmosphere. But this is not enough, and mercury pumps are incapable of more. Further pumping of air is carried out by special titanium pumps. In addition, to achieve even greater rarefaction, fine titanium is sprayed onto the inner surface of the chamber where the reactions take place.
Titanium is often called the metal of the future. The facts that science and technology already have at their disposal convince us that this is not entirely true - titanium has already become the metal of the present.
Perovskite and sphene. Ilmenite - iron metatitanate FeTiO 3 - contains 52.65% TiO 2. The name of this mineral is due to the fact that it was found in the Urals in the Ilmensky mountains. The largest placers of ilmenite sands are found in India. Another important mineral, rutile, is titanium dioxide. industrial value they also have titanomagnetites - a natural mixture of ilmenite with iron minerals. There are rich deposits of titanium ores in the USSR, USA, India, Norway, Canada, Australia and other countries. Not so long ago, geologists discovered a new titanium-containing mineral in the Northern Baikal region, which was named landauite in honor of the Soviet physicist Academician L. D. Landau. In total, more than 150 significant ore and placer titanium deposits are known on the globe.
Physical and chemical properties of titanium, obtaining titanium
The use of titanium in pure form and in the form of alloys, the use of titanium in the form of compounds, the physiological effect of titanium
Section 1. History and occurrence of titanium in nature.
Titan -this is an element of a secondary subgroup of the fourth group, the fourth period of the periodic system of chemical elements of D. I. Mendeleev, with atomic number 22. The simple substance titanium (CAS number: 7440-32-6) is a light silver-white metal. It exists in two crystalline modifications: α-Ti with a hexagonal close-packed lattice, β-Ti with a cubic body-centered packing, the temperature of the polymorphic transformation α↔β is 883 °C. Melting point 1660±20 °C.
History and presence in nature of titanium
Titan was named after the ancient Greek characters Titans. The German chemist Martin Klaproth named it this way for his personal reasons, unlike the French who tried to give names in accordance with the chemical characteristics of the element, but since then the properties of the element were unknown, such a name was chosen.
Titanium is the 10th element in terms of number of it on our planet. The amount of titanium in the earth's crust is 0.57% by weight and 0.001 milligrams per 1 liter of sea water. Titanium deposits are located on the territory of: South African Republic, Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Japan, Australia, India, Ceylon, Brazil and South Korea.
In terms of physical properties, titanium is a light silvery metal, in addition, it is characterized by high viscosity during machining and is prone to sticking to the cutting tool, so special lubricants or spraying are used to eliminate this effect. At room temperature, it is covered with a translucent film of TiO2 oxide, due to which it is resistant to corrosion in most aggressive environments, except for alkalis. Titanium dust has the ability to explode, with a flash point of 400 °C. Titanium shavings are flammable.
To produce pure titanium or its alloys, in most cases, titanium dioxide is used with a small number of compounds included in it. For example, a rutile concentrate obtained by beneficiation of titanium ores. But the reserves of rutile are extremely small, and in connection with this, the so-called synthetic rutile or titanium slag, obtained during the processing of ilmenite concentrates, is used.
The discoverer of titanium is considered to be 28-year-old English monk William Gregor. In 1790, while conducting mineralogical surveys in his parish, he drew attention to the prevalence and unusual properties of black sand in the valley of Menaken in the south-west of England and began to explore it. In the sand, the priest found grains of a black shiny mineral, attracted by an ordinary magnet. Obtained in 1925 by Van Arkel and de Boer by the iodide method, the purest titanium turned out to be a ductile and technological metal with many valuable properties that attracted the attention of a wide range of designers and engineers. In 1940, Croll proposed a magnesium-thermal method for extracting titanium from ores, which is still the main one at the present time. In 1947, the first 45 kg of commercially pure titanium were produced.
In Mendeleev's periodic system of elements, titanium has serial number 22. The atomic mass of natural titanium, calculated from the results of studies of its isotopes, is 47.926. So, the nucleus of a neutral titanium atom contains 22 protons. The number of neutrons, that is, neutral uncharged particles, is different: more often 26, but can vary from 24 to 28. Therefore, the number of titanium isotopes is different. In total, 13 isotopes of element No. 22 are now known. Natural titanium consists of a mixture of five stable isotopes, titanium-48 is the most widely represented, its share in natural ores is 73.99%. Titanium and other elements of the IVB subgroup are very similar in properties to the elements of the IIIB subgroup (scandium group), although they differ from the latter in their ability to exhibit a large valence. The similarity of titanium with scandium, yttrium, as well as with elements of the VB subgroup - vanadium and niobium, is also expressed in the fact that titanium is often found in natural minerals together with these elements. With monovalent halogens (fluorine, bromine, chlorine and iodine), it can form di-tri- and tetra compounds, with sulfur and elements of its group (selenium, tellurium) - mono- and disulfides, with oxygen - oxides, dioxides and trioxides.
Titanium also forms compounds with hydrogen (hydrides), nitrogen (nitrides), carbon (carbides), phosphorus (phosphides), arsenic (arsides), as well as compounds with many metals - intermetallic compounds. Titanium forms not only simple, but also numerous complex compounds; many of its compounds with organic substances are known. As can be seen from the list of compounds in which titanium can participate, it is chemically very active. And at the same time, titanium is one of the few metals with exceptionally high corrosion resistance: it is practically eternal in the air, in cold and boiling water, it is very resistant in sea water, in solutions of many salts, inorganic and organic acids. In terms of its corrosion resistance in sea water, it surpasses all metals, with the exception of noble ones - gold, platinum, etc., most types of stainless steel, nickel, copper and other alloys. In water, in many aggressive environments, pure titanium is not subject to corrosion. Resists titanium and erosion corrosion resulting from a combination of chemical and mechanical effects on the metal. In this regard, it is not inferior to the best brands. stainless steels, copper-based alloys and other structural materials. Titanium also resists fatigue corrosion well, which often manifests itself in the form of violations of the integrity and strength of the metal (cracking, local corrosion centers, etc.). The behavior of titanium in many aggressive environments, such as nitrogen, hydrochloric, sulfuric, "aqua regia" and other acids and alkalis, is surprising and admirable for this metal.
Titanium is a very refractory metal. For a long time it was believed that it melts at 1800 ° C, but in the mid-50s. English scientists Diardorf and Hayes established the melting point for pure elemental titanium. It amounted to 1668 ± 3 ° C. In terms of its refractoriness, titanium is second only to such metals as tungsten, tantalum, niobium, rhenium, molybdenum, platinoids, zirconium, and among the main structural metals it is in first place. The most important feature of titanium as a metal is its unique physical and Chemical properties: low density, high strength, hardness, etc. The main thing is that these properties do not change significantly at high temperatures.
Titanium is a light metal, its density at 0°C is only 4.517 g/cm8, and at 100°C it is 4.506 g/cm3. Titanium belongs to the group of metals with a specific gravity of less than 5 g/cm3. This includes all alkali metals (sodium, cadium, lithium, rubidium, cesium) with a specific gravity of 0.9–1.5 g/cm3, magnesium (1.7 g/cm3), aluminum (2.7 g/cm3) and etc. Titanium is more than 1.5 times heavier than aluminum, and in this, of course, it loses to it, but it is 1.5 times lighter than iron (7.8 g/cm3). However, taking specific gravity an intermediate position between aluminum and iron, titanium surpasses them many times in its mechanical properties.). Titanium has a significant hardness: it is 12 times harder than aluminum, 4 times harder than iron and copper. Another important characteristic of a metal is its yield strength. The higher it is, the better the parts made of this metal resist operational loads. The yield strength of titanium is almost 18 times higher than that of aluminum. The specific strength of titanium alloys can be increased by a factor of 1.5–2. Its high mechanical properties are well preserved at temperatures up to several hundred degrees. Pure titanium is suitable for all types of processing in hot and cold states: it can be forged like iron, drawn and even made into wire, rolled into sheets, tapes, and foils up to 0.01 mm thick.
Unlike most metals, titanium has significant electrical resistance: if the electrical conductivity of silver is taken as 100, then the electrical conductivity of copper is 94, aluminum is 60, iron and platinum are -15, and titanium is only 3.8. Titanium is a paramagnetic metal, it is not magnetized like iron in a magnetic field, but it is not pushed out of it like copper. Its magnetic susceptibility is very weak, this property can be used in construction. Titanium has a relatively low thermal conductivity, only 22.07 W / (mK), which is approximately 3 times lower than the thermal conductivity of iron, 7 times lower than magnesium, 17–20 times lower than aluminum and copper. Accordingly, the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of titanium is lower than that of other structural materials: at 20 C, it is 1.5 times lower than that of iron, 2 - for copper, and almost 3 - for aluminum. Thus, titanium is a poor conductor of electricity and heat.
Today, titanium alloys are widely used in aviation technology. Titanium alloys were first used on an industrial scale in the construction of aircraft jet engines. The use of titanium in the design of jet engines makes it possible to reduce their weight by 10...25%. In particular, compressor discs and blades, air intake parts, guide vanes and fasteners are made from titanium alloys. Titanium alloys are indispensable for supersonic aircraft. The growth of flight speeds aircraft led to an increase in the temperature of the skin, as a result of which aluminum alloys no longer meet the requirements of aviation technology for supersonic speeds. The skin temperature in this case reaches 246...316 °C. Under these conditions, titanium alloys turned out to be the most acceptable material. In the 70s, the use of titanium alloys for the airframe of civil aircraft increased significantly. In the medium-haul aircraft TU-204, the total mass of parts made of titanium alloys is 2570 kg. The use of titanium in helicopters is gradually expanding, mainly for parts of the main rotor system, drive, and control system. An important place is occupied by titanium alloys in rocket science.
Due to the high corrosion resistance in sea water, titanium and its alloys are used in shipbuilding for the manufacture of propellers, plating sea vessels, submarines, torpedoes, etc. Shells do not stick to titanium and its alloys, which sharply increase the resistance of the vessel when it moves. Gradually, the areas of application of titanium are expanding. Titanium and its alloys are used in the chemical, petrochemical, pulp and paper and Food Industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, power engineering, electronics, nuclear technology, electroplating, in the manufacture of weapons, for the manufacture of armor plates, surgical instruments, surgical implants, desalination plants, parts of racing cars, sports equipment (golf clubs, climbing equipment), parts of watches and even jewelry. Nitriding of titanium leads to the formation of a golden film on its surface, which is not inferior in beauty to real gold.
The discovery of TiO2 was made almost simultaneously and independently by the Englishman W. Gregor and the German chemist M. G. Klaproth. W. Gregor, studying the composition of magnetic ferruginous sand (Creed, Cornwall, England, 1791), isolated a new "earth" (oxide) of an unknown metal, which he called menaken. In 1795, the German chemist Klaproth discovered a new element in the mineral rutile and named it titanium. Two years later, Klaproth established that rutile and menaken earth are oxides of the same element, behind which the name "titanium" proposed by Klaproth remained. After 10 years, the discovery of titanium took place for the third time. The French scientist L. Vauquelin discovered titanium in anatase and proved that rutile and anatase are identical titanium oxides.
The first sample of metallic titanium was obtained in 1825 by J. Ya. Berzelius. Due to the high chemical activity of titanium and the complexity of its purification, the Dutch A. van Arkel and I. de Boer obtained a pure Ti sample in 1925 by thermal decomposition of titanium iodide TiI4 vapor.
Titanium is the 10th most abundant in nature. The content in the earth's crust is 0.57% by mass, in sea water 0.001 mg / l. 300 g/t in ultrabasic rocks, 9 kg/t in basic rocks, 2.3 kg/t in acid rocks, 4.5 kg/t in clays and shales. In the earth's crust, titanium is almost always tetravalent and is present only in oxygen compounds. It does not occur in free form. Titanium under conditions of weathering and precipitation has a geochemical affinity for Al2O3. It is concentrated in bauxites of the weathering crust and in marine clayey sediments. The transfer of titanium is carried out in the form of mechanical fragments of minerals and in the form of colloids. Up to 30% TiO2 by weight accumulates in some clays. Titanium minerals are resistant to weathering and form large concentrations in placers. More than 100 minerals containing titanium are known. The most important of them are: rutile TiO2, ilmenite FeTiO3, titanomagnetite FeTiO3 + Fe3O4, perovskite CaTiO3, titanite CaTiSiO5. There are primary titanium ores - ilmenite-titanomagnetite and placer - rutile-ilmenite-zircon.
Main ores: ilmenite (FeTiO3), rutile (TiO2), titanite (CaTiSiO5).
In 2002, 90% of the mined titanium was used for the production of titanium dioxide TiO2. World production of titanium dioxide was 4.5 million tons per year. The confirmed reserves of titanium dioxide (without Russia) are about 800 million tons. For 2006, according to the US Geological Survey, in terms of titanium dioxide and excluding Russia, the reserves of ilmenite ores amount to 603-673 million tons, and rutile - 49.7- 52.7 million tons. Thus, at the current rate of production, the world's proven reserves of titanium (excluding Russia) will be enough for more than 150 years.
Russia has the world's second largest reserves of titanium after China. The mineral resource base of titanium in Russia consists of 20 deposits (of which 11 are primary and 9 are alluvial), fairly evenly dispersed throughout the country. The largest of the explored deposits (Yaregskoye) is located 25 km from the city of Ukhta (Komi Republic). The reserves of the deposit are estimated at 2 billion tons of ore with an average titanium dioxide content of about 10%.
The world's largest producer of titanium - Russian company"VSMPO-AVISMA".
As a rule, the starting material for the production of titanium and its compounds is titanium dioxide with a relatively small amount of impurities. In particular, it can be a rutile concentrate obtained during the beneficiation of titanium ores. However, the reserves of rutile in the world are very limited, and the so-called synthetic rutile or titanium slag, obtained during the processing of ilmenite concentrates, is more often used. To obtain titanium slag, ilmenite concentrate is reduced in an electric arc furnace, while iron is separated into a metal phase (cast iron), and not reduced titanium oxides and impurities form a slag phase. Rich slag is processed by the chloride or sulfuric acid method.
In pure form and in the form of alloys
Titanium monument to Gagarin on Leninsky Prospekt in Moscow
The metal is used in: chemical industry (reactors, pipelines, pumps, pipeline accessories), military industry (body armor, armor and fire barriers in aviation, submarine hulls), industrial processes (desalination plants, pulp and paper processes), automotive industry, agricultural industry, food industry, piercing jewelry, medical industry (prostheses, osteoprostheses ), dental and endodontic instruments, dental implants, sporting goods, jewelry (Alexander Khomov), mobile phones, light alloys, etc. It is the most important structural material in aircraft, rocket, and shipbuilding.
Titanium casting is carried out in vacuum furnaces in graphite molds. Vacuum investment casting is also used. Due to technological difficulties, it is used in artistic casting to a limited extent. The first monumental cast titanium sculpture in the world is the monument to Yuri Gagarin on the square named after him in Moscow.
Titanium is an alloying addition in many alloy steels and most special alloys.
Nitinol (nickel-titanium) is a shape memory alloy used in medicine and technology.
Titanium aluminides are very resistant to oxidation and heat-resistant, which in turn determined their use in aviation and automotive industry as structural materials.
Titanium is one of the most common getter materials used in high vacuum pumps.
White titanium dioxide (TiO2) is used in paints (such as titanium white) as well as in the manufacture of paper and plastics. Food additive E171.
Organotitanium compounds (eg tetrabutoxytitanium) are used as a catalyst and hardener in the chemical and paint industries.
Inorganic titanium compounds are used in the chemical, electronic, glass fiber industries as additives or coatings.
Titanium carbide, titanium diboride, titanium carbonitride are important components of superhard materials for metal processing.
Titanium nitride is used to coat tools, church domes and in the manufacture of costume jewelry, because. has a color similar to gold.
Barium titanate BaTiO3, lead titanate PbTiO3 and a number of other titanates are ferroelectrics.
There are many titanium alloys with different metals. Alloying elements are divided into three groups, depending on their effect on the temperature of polymorphic transformation: beta stabilizers, alpha stabilizers and neutral hardeners. The former lower the transformation temperature, the latter increase it, and the latter do not affect it, but lead to solution hardening of the matrix. Examples of alpha stabilizers: aluminum, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen. Beta stabilizers: molybdenum, vanadium, iron, chromium, nickel. Neutral hardeners: zirconium, tin, silicon. Beta stabilizers, in turn, are divided into beta-isomorphic and beta-eutectoid-forming. The most common titanium alloy is the Ti-6Al-4V alloy (in the Russian classification - VT6).
60% - paint;
20% - plastic;
13% - paper;
7% - mechanical engineering.
$15-25 per kilo, depending on purity.
The purity and grade of rough titanium (titanium sponge) is usually determined by its hardness, which depends on the content of impurities. The most common brands are TG100 and TG110.
The price of ferrotitanium (minimum 70% titanium) as of 12/22/2010 is $6.82 per kilogram. On 01.01.2010 the price was at the level of $5.00 per kilogram.
In Russia, titanium prices at the beginning of 2012 were 1200-1500 rubles/kg.
Advantages:
low density (4500 kg / m3) helps to reduce the mass of the material used;
high mechanical strength. It should be noted that at elevated temperatures (250-500 °C) titanium alloys are superior in strength to high-strength aluminum and magnesium alloys;
unusually high corrosion resistance, due to the ability of titanium to form thin (5-15 microns) continuous films of TiO2 oxide on the surface, firmly bonded to the metal mass;
the specific strength (ratio of strength and density) of the best titanium alloys reaches 30-35 or more, which is almost twice the specific strength of alloyed steels.
Flaws:
high production cost, titanium is much more expensive than iron, aluminum, copper, magnesium;
active interaction at high temperatures, especially in the liquid state, with all gases that make up the atmosphere, as a result of which titanium and its alloys can only be melted in a vacuum or in an inert gas environment;
difficulties involved in the production of titanium waste;
poor antifriction properties due to titanium sticking to many materials, titanium paired with titanium cannot work for friction;
high propensity of titanium and many of its alloys to hydrogen embrittlement and salt corrosion;
poor machinability similar to that of austenitic stainless steels;
high reactivity, a tendency to grain growth at high temperature and phase transformations during the welding cycle cause difficulties in welding titanium.
The main part of titanium is spent on the needs of aviation and rocket technology and marine shipbuilding. Titanium (ferrotitanium) is used as an alloying additive to high-quality steels and as a deoxidizer. Technical titanium is used for the manufacture of tanks, chemical reactors, pipelines, fittings, pumps, valves and other products operating in aggressive environments. Grids and other parts of electrovacuum devices operating at high temperatures are made from compact titanium.
In terms of use as a structural material, titanium is in 4th place, second only to Al, Fe and Mg. Titanium aluminides are very resistant to oxidation and heat-resistant, which in turn determined their use in aviation and automotive industry as structural materials. The biological safety of titanium makes it an excellent material for the food industry and reconstructive surgery.
Titanium and its alloys are widely used in engineering due to their high mechanical strength, which is maintained at high temperatures, corrosion resistance, heat resistance, specific strength, low density and other useful properties. The high cost of titanium and its alloys is in many cases offset by their greater performance, and in some cases they are the only material from which it is possible to manufacture equipment or structures capable of operating under given specific conditions.
Titanium alloys play an important role in aviation technology, where the aim is to obtain the lightest design combined with the required strength. Titanium is light compared to other metals, but at the same time it can work at high temperatures. Titanium alloys are used to make skin, fastening parts, a power set, chassis parts, and various units. Also, these materials are used in the construction of aircraft jet engines. This allows you to reduce their weight by 10-25%. Titanium alloys are used to produce compressor disks and blades, air intake and guide vane parts, and fasteners.
Titanium and its alloys are also used in rocket science. In view of the short-term operation of the engines and the rapid passage of dense layers of the atmosphere, the problems of fatigue strength, static endurance, and, to some extent, creep are removed in rocket science.
Due to insufficiently high heat resistance, technical titanium is not suitable for use in aviation, but due to its exceptionally high corrosion resistance, in some cases it is indispensable in the chemical industry and shipbuilding. So it is used in the manufacture of compressors and pumps for pumping such aggressive media as sulfuric and hydrochloric acid and their salts, pipelines, valves, autoclaves, various containers, filters, etc. Only titanium has corrosion resistance in media such as wet chlorine, aqueous and acidic solutions of chlorine, therefore equipment for the chlorine industry is made from this metal. Titanium is used to make heat exchangers that operate in corrosive environments, for example, in nitric acid (not fuming). In shipbuilding, titanium is used for the manufacture of propellers, plating of ships, submarines, torpedoes, etc. Shells do not stick to titanium and its alloys, which sharply increase the resistance of the vessel when it moves.
Titanium alloys are promising for use in many other applications, but their use in technology is constrained by the high cost and scarcity of titanium.
Titanium compounds are also widely used in various industries. Titanium carbide has a high hardness and is used in the manufacture of cutting tools and abrasive materials. White titanium dioxide (TiO2) is used in paints (such as titanium white) as well as in the manufacture of paper and plastics. Organotitanium compounds (eg tetrabutoxytitanium) are used as a catalyst and hardener in the chemical and paint industries. Inorganic titanium compounds are used in the chemical, electronic, fiberglass industry as an additive. Titanium diboride is an important component of superhard metalworking materials. Titanium nitride is used to coat tools.
With the current high prices for titanium, it is mainly used for the production of military equipment, where the main role belongs not to cost, but to technical characteristics. Nevertheless, cases of using the unique properties of titanium for civil needs are known. As the price of titanium declines and its production grows, the use of this metal in military and civilian purposes will expand more and more.
Aviation. The low specific gravity and high strength (especially at elevated temperatures) of titanium and its alloys make them highly valuable aviation materials. In the field of aircraft construction and the production of aircraft engines, titanium is increasingly replacing aluminum and stainless steel. As the temperature rises, aluminum quickly loses its strength. On the other hand, titanium has a clear strength advantage at temperatures up to 430°C, and elevated temperatures of this order occur at high speeds due to aerodynamic heating. The advantage of replacing steel with titanium in aviation is to reduce weight without sacrificing strength. The overall reduction in weight with increased performance at elevated temperatures allows for increased payload, range and maneuverability of aircraft. This explains the efforts aimed at expanding the use of titanium in aircraft construction in the manufacture of engines, the construction of fuselages, the manufacture of skins and even fasteners.
In the construction of jet engines, titanium is mainly used for the manufacture of compressor blades, turbine disks and many other stamped parts. Here, titanium is replacing stainless and heat-treated alloy steels. A saving of one kilogram in engine weight saves up to 10 kg in the total weight of the aircraft due to the lightening of the fuselage. In the future, it is planned to use sheet titanium for the manufacture of casings for engine combustion chambers.
In aircraft construction, titanium is widely used for fuselage parts operating at elevated temperatures. Sheet titanium is used for the manufacture of all kinds of casings, protective sheaths of cables and guides for projectiles. Various stiffening elements, fuselage frames, ribs, etc. are made from alloyed titanium sheets.
Shrouds, flaps, cable sheaths and projectile guides are made from unalloyed titanium. Alloyed titanium is used for the manufacture of the fuselage frame, frames, pipelines and fire barriers.
Titanium is increasingly used in the construction of the F-86 and F-100 aircraft. In the future, titanium will be used to make landing gear doors, hydraulic piping, exhaust pipes and nozzles, spars, flaps, folding struts, etc.
Titanium can be used to make armor plates, propeller blades, and shell boxes.
At present, titanium is used in the construction of military aircraft Douglas X-3 for skin, Republic F-84F, Curtiss-Wright J-65 and Boeing B-52.
Titanium is also used in the construction of civil aircraft DC-7. The Douglas company, by replacing aluminum alloys and stainless steel with titanium in the manufacture of the engine nacelle and fire barriers, has already achieved savings in the weight of the aircraft structure of about 90 kg. Currently, the weight of titanium parts in this aircraft is 2%, and this figure is expected to be increased to 20% of the total weight of the aircraft.
The use of titanium makes it possible to reduce the weight of helicopters. Sheet titanium is used for floors and doors. A significant reduction in the weight of the helicopter (about 30 kg) was achieved by replacing alloyed steel with titanium for sheathing the blades of its rotors.
Navy. The corrosion resistance of titanium and its alloys makes them a highly valuable material at sea. The US Department of the Navy is extensively investigating the corrosion resistance of titanium against exposure to flue gases, steam, oil, and sea water. Almost the same value in naval affairs also has a high specific strength of titanium.
The low specific gravity of the metal, combined with corrosion resistance, increases the maneuverability and range of the ships, and also reduces the cost of maintaining the material part and its repair.
Applications of titanium in the navy include the manufacture of exhaust silencers for diesel engines submarines, drives measuring instruments, thin-walled pipes for condensers and heat exchangers. According to experts, titanium, like no other metal, is able to increase the life of exhaust mufflers by submarines. For gauge discs exposed to salt water, gasoline or oil, titanium will provide better durability. The possibility of using titanium for the manufacture of heat exchanger tubes, which should be corrosion resistant in sea water washing the tubes from the outside, and at the same time withstand the effects of exhaust condensate flowing inside them, is being investigated. The possibility of manufacturing antennas and components of radar installations from titanium, which are required to be resistant to the effects of flue gases and sea water, is being considered. Titanium can also be used for the production of parts such as valves, propellers, turbine parts, etc.
Artillery. Apparently, the largest potential consumer of titanium may be artillery, where intensive research is currently underway on various prototypes. However, in this area, the production of only individual parts and parts made of titanium is standardized. The rather limited use of titanium in artillery with a large scope of research is explained by its high cost.
Various parts of artillery equipment were investigated from the point of view of the possibility of replacing conventional materials with titanium, subject to a reduction in titanium prices. The main attention was paid to parts for which weight reduction is essential (parts carried by hand and transported by air).
Mortar baseplate made from titanium instead of steel. By such a replacement and after some alteration, instead of a steel plate from two halves with a total weight of 22 kg, it was possible to create one part weighing 11 kg. Thanks to this replacement, it is possible to reduce the number of service personnel from three to two. The possibility of using titanium for the manufacture of gun flame arresters is being considered.
Titanium-made gun mounts, carriage crosses and recoil cylinders are being tested. Titanium can be widely used in the production of guided projectiles and missiles.
The first studies of titanium and its alloys showed the possibility of manufacturing armor plates from them. Replacing steel armor (12.7 mm thick) with titanium armor of the same projectile resistance (16 mm thick) makes it possible, according to these studies, to save up to 25% in weight.
Titanium alloys high quality allow us to hope for the possibility of replacing steel plates with titanium plates of equal thickness, which saves up to 44% in weight. The industrial use of titanium will provide greater maneuverability, increase the range of transportation and the durability of the gun. Current level of development air transport makes obvious the advantages of light armored cars and other vehicles made of titanium. The artillery department intends to equip infantry with helmets, bayonets, grenade launchers and hand-held flamethrowers made of titanium in the future. Titanium alloy was first used in artillery for the manufacture of the piston of some automatic guns.
Transport. Many of the benefits of using titanium in the production of armored materiel apply to vehicles as well.
The replacement of structural materials currently consumed by transport engineering enterprises with titanium should lead to a reduction in fuel consumption, an increase in payload capacity, an increase in the fatigue limit of parts of crank mechanisms, etc. railways it is essential to reduce dead weight. A significant reduction in the total weight of the rolling stock due to the use of titanium will save in traction, reduce the dimensions of the necks and axle boxes.
Weight is also important for trailers. Here, the replacement of steel with titanium in the production of axles and wheels would also increase the payload capacity.
All these opportunities could be realized by reducing the price of titanium from 15 to 2-3 dollars per pound of titanium semi-finished products.
Chemical industry. In the production of equipment for the chemical industry, the corrosion resistance of the metal is of the utmost importance. It is also essential to reduce the weight and increase the strength of the equipment. Logically, it should be assumed that titanium could provide a number of benefits in the production of equipment for transporting acids, alkalis and inorganic salts from it. Additional possibilities for the use of titanium are opening up in the production of such equipment as tanks, columns, filters and all kinds of high-pressure cylinders.
The use of titanium piping can improve the efficiency of heating coils in laboratory autoclaves and heat exchangers. The applicability of titanium for the production of cylinders in which gases and liquids are stored under pressure for a long time is evidenced by the use in microanalysis of combustion products instead of a heavier glass tube (shown in the upper part of the image). Due to its small wall thickness and low specific gravity, this tube can be weighed on smaller, more sensitive analytical balances. Here, the combination of lightness and corrosion resistance improves the accuracy of chemical analysis.
Other applications. The use of titanium is expedient in the food, oil and electrical industries, as well as for the manufacture of surgical instruments and in surgery itself.
Tables for food preparation, steaming tables made of titanium are superior in quality to steel products.
In the oil and gas drilling industry, the fight against corrosion is of great importance, so the use of titanium will make it possible to replace corroding equipment rods less frequently. In catalytic production and for the manufacture of oil pipelines, it is desirable to use titanium, which retains mechanical properties at high temperatures and has good corrosion resistance.
In the electrical industry, titanium can be used to armor cables due to its good specific strength, high electrical resistance and non-magnetic properties.
In various industries, fasteners of one form or another made of titanium are beginning to be used. Further expansion of the use of titanium is possible for the manufacture of surgical instruments, mainly due to its corrosion resistance. Titanium instruments are superior in this respect to conventional surgical instruments when repeatedly boiled or autoclaved.
In the field of surgery, titanium proved to be better than vitallium and stainless steels. The presence of titanium in the body is quite acceptable. The plate and screws made of titanium for fastening the bones were in the body of the animal for several months, and the bone grew into the threads of the screws and into the hole in the plate.
The advantage of titanium also lies in the fact that muscle tissue is formed on the plate.
Approximately half of the titanium products produced in the world are usually sent to the civil aircraft industry, but its decline after the well-known tragic events is forcing many industry participants to look for new applications for titanium. This material represents the first part of a selection of publications in the foreign metallurgical press devoted to the prospects of titanium in modern conditions. According to one of the leading American manufacturers of titanium RT1, out of the total volume of titanium production on a global scale at the level of 50-60 thousand tons per year, the aerospace segment accounts for up to 40 consumption, industrial applications and applications account for 34, and the military area 16 , and about 10 accounted for the use of titanium in consumer products. Industrial applications of titanium include chemical processes, energy, oil and gas industry, desalination plants. Military non-aeronautical applications include primarily use in artillery and combat vehicles. Sectors with significant use of titanium are the automotive industry, architecture and construction, sporting goods, and jewelry. Almost all titanium in ingots is produced in the USA, Japan and the CIS - Europe accounts for only 3.6 of the global volume. Regional end-use markets for titanium are quite different - the most striking example of originality is Japan, where the civil aerospace sector accounts for only 2-3 using 30 of the total titanium consumption in equipment and structural elements of chemical plants. Approximately 20% of Japan's total demand is for nuclear power and solid fuel power plants, the rest is for architecture, medicine and sports. The opposite picture is observed in the US and Europe, where exclusively great importance has consumption in the aerospace sector - 60-75 and 50-60 for each region, respectively. In the US, traditionally strong end markets are chemicals, medical equipment, industrial equipment, while in Europe the largest share is in the oil and gas industry and the construction industry. The heavy reliance on the aerospace industry has been a long-standing concern for the titanium industry, which is trying to expand titanium applications, especially in the current global civil aviation downturn. According to the US Geological Survey, in the first quarter of 2003 there was a significant decline in imports of titanium sponge - only 1319 tons, which is 62 less than 3431 tons in the same period in 2002. The aerospace sector will always be one of the leading markets for titanium, but we titanium industry must rise to the challenge and do everything we can to make sure our industry does not development and recession cycles in the aerospace sector. Some of the titanium industry's leading manufacturers see growing opportunities in existing markets, one of which is the subsea equipment and materials market. According to Martin Proko, Sales and Distribution Manager for RT1, titanium has been used in the energy and subsea industries for a long time, since the early 1980s, but only in the last five years have these areas become steadily developing with a corresponding growth in the market niche. In the subsea sector, the growth is primarily driven by drilling operations at greater depths, where titanium is the most suitable material. Its, so to speak, underwater life cycle is fifty years, which corresponds to the usual duration of underwater projects. We have already listed the areas in which an increase in the use of titanium is likely. Howmet Ti-Cast sales manager Bob Funnell notes that the current state of the market can be seen as growing opportunities in new areas, such as rotating parts for turbochargers in trucks, rockets and pumps.
One of our ongoing projects is the development of BAE Butitzer XM777 light artillery systems with a caliber of 155 mm. Newmet will supply 17 of the 28 structural titanium assemblies for each gun mount, with deliveries to the US Marine Corps due in August 2004. With a total gun weight of 9,800 pounds of approximately 4.44 tons, titanium accounts for about 2,600 pounds of approximately 1.18 tons of titanium in its design - a 6A14U alloy with a large number of castings is used, says Frank Hrster, head of fire support systems BAE Sy81et8. This XM777 system is to replace the current M198 Newitzer system, which weighs about 17,000 pounds and approximately 7.71 tons. Mass production is planned for the period from 2006 to 2010 - deliveries to the USA, Great Britain and Italy are initially scheduled, but it is possible to expand the program for deliveries to NATO member countries. John Barber of Timet points out that examples of military equipment that use significant amounts of titanium in their construction are the Abramé tank and the Bradley fighting vehicle. For the past two years, a joint program between NATO, the US and the UK has been underway to intensify the use of titanium in weapons and defense systems. As has been noted more than once, titanium is very suitable for use in the automotive industry, however, the share of this direction is rather modest - about 1 of the total volume of consumed titanium, or 500 tons per year, according to the Italian company Poggipolini, a manufacturer of titanium components and parts for Formula- 1 and racing motorcycles. Daniele Stoppolini, head of research and development at this company, believes that the current demand for titanium in this market segment is at the level of 500 tons, with the massive use of this material in the construction of valves, springs, exhaust systems, transmission shafts, bolts, could potentially rise to the level of almost not 16,000 tons per year He added that his company is just beginning to develop automated production of titanium bolts in order to reduce production costs. In his opinion, the limiting factors, due to which the use of titanium does not expand significantly in the automotive industry, are the unpredictability of demand and the uncertainty with the supply of raw materials. At the same time, a large potential niche for titanium remains in the automotive industry, combining optimal weight and strength characteristics for coil springs and exhaust gas systems. Unfortunately, in the American market, the wide use of titanium in these systems is marked only by the quite exclusive semi-sport model Chevrolet Corvette Z06, which can in no way claim to be a mass car. However, due to the ongoing challenges of fuel economy and corrosion resistance, the prospects for titanium in this area remain. For approval in the markets of non-aerospace and non-military applications, a joint venture UNITI was recently created in its name, the word unity is played up - unity and Ti - the designation of titanium in the periodic table as part of the world's leading titanium producers - American Allegheny Technologies and Russian VSMPO-Avisma. As the president of the new company, Carl Moulton, said, these markets were deliberately excluded - we intend to make new company a leading supplier to industries using titanium parts and assemblies, primarily petrochemical and power generation. In addition, we intend to actively market in the fields of desalination devices, vehicles, consumer products and electronics. I believe that our production facilities complement each other well - VSMPO has outstanding capabilities for the production of end products, Allegheny has excellent traditions in the production of cold and hot titanium rolled products. UNITI's share of the global titanium products market is expected to be 45 million pounds, approximately 20,411 tons. The market of medical equipment can be considered a steadily developing market - according to the British Titanium International Group, the annual content of titanium worldwide in various implants and prostheses is about 1000 tons, and this figure will increase, as the possibilities of surgery to replace human joints after accidents or injuries. In addition to the obvious advantages of flexibility, strength, lightness, titanium is highly compatible with the body in a biological sense due to the absence of corrosion to tissues and fluids in the human body. In dentistry, the use of prostheses and implants is also skyrocketing - three times in the last ten years, according to the American Dental Association, largely due to the characteristics of titanium. Although the use of titanium in architecture dates back more than 25 years, its widespread use in this area has only begun in recent years. The expansion of Abu Dhabi Airport in the UAE, scheduled for completion in 2006, will use up to 1.5 million pounds of approximately 680 tonnes of titanium. Quite a lot of various architectural and construction projects using titanium are planned to be implemented not only in the developed countries of the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Singapore, but also in Egypt and Peru.
The consumer goods market segment is currently the fastest growing segment of the titanium market. While 10 years ago this segment was only 1-2 of the titanium market, today it has grown to 8-10 of the market. Overall, titanium consumption in the consumer goods industry grew at about twice the rate of the entire titanium market. The use of titanium in sports is the longest running and holds the largest share of the use of titanium in consumer products. The reason for the popularity of titanium in sports equipment is simple - it allows you to get a ratio of weight and strength superior to any other metal. The use of titanium in bicycles began about 25-30 years ago and was the first use of titanium in sports equipment. Ti3Al-2.5V ASTM Grade 9 alloy tubes are mainly used. Other parts made from titanium alloys include brakes, sprockets and seat springs. The use of titanium in the manufacture of golf clubs first began in the late 80s and early 90s by club manufacturers in Japan. Prior to 1994-1995, this application of titanium was virtually unknown in the US and Europe. That changed when Callaway introduced its Ruger Titanium titanium stick, called the Great Big Bertha. Due to the obvious benefits and well-thought-out marketing from Callaway, titanium sticks became an instant hit. Within a short period of time, titanium clubs have gone from the exclusive and expensive equipment of a small group of golfers to being widely used by most golfers while still being more expensive than steel clubs. I would like to give the main, in my opinion, trends in the development of the golf market; it went from high-tech to mass production in a short period of 4-5 years, following the path of other industries with high labor costs such as the production of clothing, toys and consumer electronics, the production of golf clubs went into countries with the cheapest labor first to Taiwan, then to China, and now factories are being built in countries with even cheaper labor, such as Vietnam and Thailand, titanium is definitely used for drivers, where its superior qualities give a clear advantage and justify a higher price . However, titanium has not yet found very widespread use on subsequent clubs, as the significant increase in costs is not matched by a corresponding improvement in game. Currently, drivers are mainly produced with a forged striking surface, a forged or cast top and a cast bottom. Recently, the Professional Golf Association ROA allowed to increase the upper limit of the so-called return factor, in connection with which all club manufacturers will try to increase the spring properties of the striking surface. To do this, it is necessary to reduce the thickness of the impact surface and use stronger alloys for it, such as SP700, 15-3-3-3 and VT-23. Now let's focus on the use of titanium and its alloys on other sports equipment. Race bike tubes and other parts are made from ASTM Grade 9 Ti3Al-2.5V alloy. A surprisingly significant amount of titanium sheet is used in the manufacture of scuba diving knives. Most manufacturers use Ti6Al-4V alloy, but this alloy does not provide blade edge durability like other stronger alloys. Some manufacturers are switching to using BT23 alloy.
The retail price of titanium scuba knives is approximately $70-80. Cast titanium horseshoes provide a significant reduction in weight compared to steel, while providing the necessary strength. Unfortunately, this use of titanium did not materialize because the titanium horseshoes sparkled and frightened the horses. Few will agree to use titanium horseshoes after the first unsuccessful experiments. Titanium Beach, based in Newport Beach, California Newport Beach, California, has developed Ti6Al-4V alloy skate blades. Unfortunately, here again the problem is the durability of the edge of the blades. I think that this product has a chance to live if manufacturers use stronger alloys such as 15-3-3-3 or BT-23. Titanium is very widely used in mountaineering and hiking, for almost all items that climbers and hikers carry in their backpacks bottles, cups retail price $20-$30, cooking sets retail price approximately $50, dinnerware mostly made from commercially pure titanium Grade 1 and 2. Other examples of climbing and hiking equipment are compact stoves, tent racks and mounts, ice axes and ice screws. Arms manufacturers have recently begun producing titanium pistols for both sport shooting and law enforcement applications.
Consumer electronics is a fairly new and rapidly growing market for titanium. In many cases, the use of titanium in consumer electronics is not only due to its excellent properties, but also due to the attractive appearance of the products. Commercially pure Grade 1 titanium is used to make cases for laptop computers, mobile phones, plasma flat screen TVs and other electronic equipment. The use of titanium in speaker construction provides better acoustic properties due to titanium being lighter than steel resulting in increased acoustic sensitivity. Titanium watches, first introduced to the market by Japanese manufacturers, are now one of the most affordable and recognized consumer titanium products. World consumption of titanium in the production of traditional and so-called wearable jewelry is measured in several tens of tons. Increasingly, you can see titanium wedding rings, and of course, people wearing jewelry on their bodies are simply obliged to use titanium. Titanium is widely used in the manufacture of marine fasteners and fittings, where the combination of high corrosion resistance and strength is very important. Los Angeles-based Atlas Ti manufactures a wide range of these products in VTZ-1 alloy. The use of titanium in the production of tools first began in the Soviet Union in the early 80s, when, on the instructions of the government, light and convenient tools were made to facilitate the work of workers. Soviet titanium production giant Verkhne-Saldinskoye Metalworking Production Association produced at that time titanium shovels, nail pullers, pry bars, axes and keys.
Later, Japanese and American tool manufacturers began to use titanium in their products. Not so long ago, VSMPO signed a contract with Boeing for the supply of titanium plates. This contract undoubtedly had a very beneficial effect on the development of titanium production in Russia. Titanium has been widely used in medicine for many years. The advantages are strength, corrosion resistance, and most importantly, some people are allergic to nickel, an essential component of stainless steels, while no one is allergic to titanium. The alloys used are commercially pure titanium and Ti6-4Eli. Titanium is used in the manufacture of surgical instruments, internal and external prostheses, including critical ones such as a heart valve. Crutches and wheelchairs are made from titanium. The use of titanium in art dates back to 1967, when the first titanium monument was erected in Moscow.
At the moment, a significant number of titanium monuments and buildings have been erected on almost all continents, including such famous ones as the Guggenheim Museum, built by architect Frank Gehry in Bilbao. The material is very popular with people of art for its color, appearance, strength and resistance to corrosion. For these reasons, titanium is used in souvenirs and costume jewelry haberdashery, where it successfully competes with such precious metals as silver and even gold. . According to Martin Proko of RTi, the average price of titanium sponge in the US is 3.80 per pound, in Russia it is 3.20 per pound. In addition, the price of metal is highly dependent on the cyclicality of the commercial aerospace industry. The development of many projects could accelerate dramatically if ways can be found to reduce the costs of titanium production and processing, scrap processing and smelting technologies, said Markus Holz, managing director of the German Deutshe Titan. British Titanium agrees that titanium product expansion is being held back by high production costs and many improvements need to be made before titanium can be mass produced. modern technologies.
One of the steps in this direction is the development of the so-called FFC process, which is a new electrolytic process for the production of metallic titanium and alloys, the cost of which is significantly lower. According to Daniele Stoppolini, the overall strategy in the titanium industry requires the development of the most suitable alloys, production technology for each new market and application of titanium.
Sources
Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, WikiPedia
metotech.ru - Metotechnics
housetop.com - House Top
atomsteel.com – Atom technology
domremstroy.ru - DomRemStroy
DEFINITION
Titanium- the twenty-second element of the Periodic table. Designation - Ti from the Latin "titanium". Located in the fourth period, IVB group. Refers to metals. The nuclear charge is 22.
Titanium is very common in nature; the titanium content in the earth's crust is 0.6% (wt.), i.e. higher than the content of such widely used metals in technology as copper, lead and zinc.
In the form of a simple substance, titanium is a silvery-white metal (Fig. 1). Refers to light metals. Refractory. Density - 4.50 g/cm 3 . The melting and boiling points are 1668 o C and 3330 o C, respectively. Corrosion-resistant when exposed to air at normal temperature, which is explained by the presence of a protective film of TiO 2 composition on its surface.
Rice. 1. Titanium. Appearance.
Atomic and molecular weight of titanium
Relative molecular weight of a substance(M r) is a number showing how many times the mass of a given molecule is greater than 1/12 of the mass of a carbon atom, and relative atomic mass of an element(A r) - how many times the average mass of atoms of a chemical element is greater than 1/12 of the mass of a carbon atom.
Since titanium exists in the free state in the form of monatomic Ti molecules, the values of its atomic and molecular masses coincide. They are equal to 47.867.
Isotopes of titanium
It is known that titanium can occur in nature in the form of five stable isotopes 46Ti, 47Ti, 48Ti, 49Ti, and 50Ti. Their mass numbers are 46, 47, 48, 49 and 50, respectively. The atomic nucleus of the titanium isotope 46 Ti contains twenty-two protons and twenty-four neutrons, and the remaining isotopes differ from it only in the number of neutrons.
There are artificial titanium isotopes with mass numbers from 38 to 64, among which the most stable is 44 Ti with a half-life of 60 years, as well as two nuclear isotopes.
titanium ions
On the outer energy level of the titanium atom, there are four electrons that are valence:
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 2 4s 2 .
As a result of chemical interaction, titanium gives up its valence electrons, i.e. is their donor, and turns into a positively charged ion:
Ti 0 -2e → Ti 2+;
Ti 0 -3e → Ti 3+;
Ti 0 -4e → Ti 4+ .
Titanium molecule and atom
In the free state, titanium exists in the form of monatomic Ti molecules. Here are some properties that characterize the atom and molecule of titanium:
Titanium alloys
The main property of titanium, which contributes to its widespread use in modern technology, is the high heat resistance of both titanium itself and its alloys with aluminum and other metals. In addition, these alloys heat resistance - resistance to maintain high mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. All this makes titanium alloys very valuable materials for aircraft and rocket manufacturing.
At high temperatures, titanium combines with halogens, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and other elements. This is the basis for the use of titanium alloys with iron (ferrotittanium) as an additive to steel.
Examples of problem solving
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
| Exercise | Calculate the amount of heat released during the reduction of titanium (IV) chloride weighing 47.5 g with magnesium. The thermochemical reaction equation has the following form: |
| Solution | Let us write again the thermochemical reaction equation: TiCl 4 + 2Mg \u003d Ti + 2MgCl 2 \u003d 477 kJ. According to the reaction equation, 1 mol of titanium (IV) chloride and 2 mol of magnesium entered into it. Calculate the mass of titanium (IV) chloride according to the equation, i.e. theoretical mass (molar mass - 190 g / mol): m theor (TiCl 4) = n (TiCl 4) × M (TiCl 4); m theor (TiCl 4) \u003d 1 × 190 \u003d 190 g. Let's make a proportion: m prac (TiCl 4) / m theor (TiCl 4) \u003d Q prac / Q theor. Then, the amount of heat released during the reduction of titanium (IV) chloride with magnesium is: Q prac \u003d Q theor × m prac (TiCl 4) / m theor; Q prac \u003d 477 × 47.5 / 190 \u003d 119.25 kJ. |
| Answer | The amount of heat is 119.25 kJ. |
Titanium (Titanium), Ti, is a chemical element of group IV of the periodic system of elements of D. I. Mendeleev. Serial number 22, atomic weight 47.90. Consists of 5 stable isotopes; artificially radioactive isotopes have also been obtained.
In 1791, the English chemist W. Gregor found a new "earth" in the sand from the town of Menakan (England, Cornwall), which he called Menakan's. In 1795, the German chemist M. Klairot discovered in the mineral rutile a still unknown earth, the metal of which he called Titan [in Greek. mythology, the titans are the children of Uranus (Heaven) and Gaia (Earth)]. In 1797, Klaproth proved the identity of this land with that discovered by W. Gregor. Pure titanium was isolated in 1910 by the American chemist Hunter by reducing titanium tetrachloride with sodium in an iron bomb.
Being in nature
Titanium is one of the most common elements in nature, its content in the earth's crust is 0.6% (weight). It occurs mainly in the form of TiO 2 dioxide or its compounds - titanates. More than 60 minerals are known, which include titanium. It is also found in the soil, in animal and plant organisms. Ilmenite FeTiO 3 and rutile TiO 2 serve as the main raw material for the production of titanium. As a source of titanium, slags from smelting are becoming important titanium magnetites and ilmenite.
Physical and chemical properties
Titanium exists in two states: amorphous - dark gray powder, density 3.392-3.395 g / cm 3, and crystalline, density 4.5 g / cm 3. For crystalline titanium, two modifications are known with a transition point at 885° (below 885°, a stable hexagonal form, above - cubic); t° pl about 1680°; t° kip above 3000°. Titanium actively absorbs gases (hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen), which make it very brittle. Technical metal lends itself to hot pressure treatment. Perfectly pure metal can be cold rolled. In air at ordinary temperature, titanium does not change; when heated, it forms a mixture of oxide Ti 2 O 3 and nitride TiN. In a stream of oxygen at red heat, it is oxidized to dioxide TiO 2. Reacts with carbon, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, etc. at high temperatures. Resistant to sea water, nitric acid, wet chlorine, organic acids and strong alkalis. It dissolves in sulfuric, hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids, best of all in a mixture of HF and HNO 3 . The addition of an oxidizing agent to acids protects the metal from corrosion at room temperature. Tetravalent titanium halides, with the exception of TiCl 4 - crystalline bodies, fusible and volatile in an aqueous solution, hydrolyzed, prone to the formation of complex compounds, of which potassium fluorotitanate K 2 TiF 6 is important in technology and analytical practice. Of great importance are TiC carbide and TiN nitride - metal-like substances, which are distinguished by high hardness (titanium carbide is harder than carborundum), refractoriness (TiC, t ° pl \u003d 3140 °; TiN, t ° pl \u003d 3200 °) and good electrical conductivity.
Chemical element number 22. Titanium.
The electronic formula of titanium is: 1s 2 |2s 2 2p 6 |3s 2 3p 6 3d 2 |4s 2 .
The serial number of titanium in the periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev - 22. The element number indicates the charge of a yard, therefore, titanium has a nuclear charge of +22, the mass of the nucleus is 47.87. Titanium is in the fourth period, in a secondary subgroup. The period number indicates the number of electron layers. The group number indicates the number of valence electrons. A side subgroup indicates that titanium belongs to the d-elements.
Titanium has two valence electrons in the s-orbital of the outer layer and two valence electrons in the d-orbital of the pre-outer layer.
Quantum numbers for each valence electron:
4s4sWith halogens and hydrogen, Ti(IV) forms compounds of the TiX 4 type, having sp 3 → q 4 hybridization type.
Titanium is metal. Is the first element of the d-group. The most stable and common is Ti +4. There are also compounds with lower oxidation states -Ti 0, Ti -1, Ti +2, Ti +3, but these compounds are easily oxidized by air, water or other reagents to Ti +4. The detachment of four electrons requires a lot of energy, so the Ti +4 ion does not really exist and Ti(IV) compounds usually include covalent bonds. Ti(IV) is similar in some respects to the elements -Si, Ge, Sn and Pb, especially with Sn.
