Protection against strong ultrasonic radiation. Noise and ultrasonic protection. Noise protection equipment. Ultrasonic protection. Means of collective and individual protection against noise, infrasound, ultrasound
According to the current environmental legislation, quality standards environment are established in the form of standards for maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances, as well as harmful microorganisms and other biological substances polluting the environment, and standards for maximum permissible levels (MPC) of harmful physical effects on it.
Environmental quality standards perform a number of functions. First of all, they establish limit values for harmful chemical, physical and biological impacts on the natural environment.
Such standards also serve to assess the state of atmospheric air, waters, soils in terms of chemical, physical and biological characteristics. The environmental quality standards established in accordance with the requirements of the legislation serve as one of the legal criteria for determining its favorable state. In practice, it is important to keep this in mind if necessary, for example, to protect the right of citizens to a healthy environment. The state of waters, soils, atmospheric air, corresponding to quality standards, i.e. favorable, indicates either the absence of anthropogenic pressure on nature, or the high efficiency of the environmental protection mechanism. And vice versa. Environmental quality standards are also taken into account when assessing the impact of the planned economic activity, the implementation of which will be associated with a negative impact on nature, with the development of cities and other settlements. Compliance with these standards and other environmental requirements when developing environmental measures in the design of enterprises and other facilities can be considered as a criterion for the environmental validity of the relevant design solutions.
The considered quality standards form the basis for regulating the protection of the environment from chemical, physical and biological impacts on the natural environment by individual sources - enterprises, vehicles etc. When setting these standards, both from an economic and environmental point of view, it is important to proceed from their scientific validity. Compliance with standards inflated even by a meager share turns into huge financial and financial losses for the state. material costs. At the same time, their underestimation is associated with the risk of damage to human health and the environment.
Therefore, the law defines legal criteria, taking into account and on the basis of which environmental quality standards are established. In this case, the criteria are those public interests that are taken into account when developing standards. They are expressed, for example, in Art. 26 of the Law "On the Protection of the Environment", according to which the standards for maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances are established in the interests of protecting human health, preserving the genetic fund, and protecting the flora and fauna. This means that the MPC standards for the relevant harmful substances must be determined at a level that excludes harm to human health, flora and fauna. State environmental authorities responsible for the development and approval of these standards must comply with this rule. pollution quality environmental protection
In the natural resource legislation, the rationing criteria are established in relation to individual protected natural resources. Thus, the criteria for standardization of permissible pollution of water bodies are given in the annexes to the Rules for the Protection of Surface Waters from Pollution. sewage dated May 16, 1974. In the Rules themselves, the pollution criterion is considered as a deterioration in water quality due to a change in their organoleptic properties and the appearance of harmful substances for humans, animals, birds, fish, food and commercial organisms - depending on the type of water use, as well as an increase in water temperature , changing the conditions for the normal life of aquatic organisms. The rules define General requirements to the composition and properties of water in objects used for domestic drinking and cultural and household water use and fishery purposes. Taking into account these requirements, rationing and evaluation of such indicators as suspended solids, floating impurities, odors, tastes, color, temperature, reaction to pH (acidity), mineral composition, the presence of dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, pathogens, toxic substances are carried out. .
The legislation formulates the general principles of regulation of permissible negative impact on the environment. In accordance with the Law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air", they consist in the fact that harmful effects on the air, for which there are no relevant standards, can be allowed in exceptional cases under permits issued by specially authorized government bodies on the certain period, during which the corresponding standard should be established.
In the scientific and educational literature on environmental protection, one can come across the judgment that the MPC standards for harmful substances are sanitary and hygienic. Indeed, earlier, when the protection of nature from pollution was considered as a sanitary problem and MPC standards were developed only taking into account the interests of protecting human health from the harmful effects of polluted air or water, such standards were sanitary and hygienic. Since then, when the need to protect other living objects of nature began to be envisaged in the development of MPC standards, they have become ecological. So, in relation to the protection of atmospheric air, they became such with the adoption in 1980 of the Law of the USSR "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air".
In accordance with environmental legislation, environmental quality standards are the same for the entire territory of Russia. At the same time, taking into account natural and climatic features, as well as the increased social value of individual territories (reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, resort and recreational areas), the establishment of more stringent MPC standards is allowed. The need for differentiation of environmental quality standards also arises in connection with the presence on the territory of Russia of various natural and climatic zones and, accordingly, with different reactions of plant and animal organisms to the same type of impact.
To date, a significant array of MPC standards for harmful substances in the environment and approximate safe exposure levels (SLI) have been established: for atmospheric air - MPC of more than 500 harmful substances and SLI of more than 1100 substances; for water objects of economic and drinking and cultural purposes - maximum concentration limit more than 1600 harmful substances and SHEE more than 200 substances; for soils - more than 100 MPC of harmful substances and about 70 approximately permissible concentrations. The laws do not provide for the establishment of SHEE, although their usefulness for practice is undeniable: like the standards, they are used in the design and environmental impact assessment of new construction and reconstruction projects operating enterprises, as well as for environmental monitoring.
Environmental quality standards define a scientifically grounded measure of combining the stringent environmental requirements of society for the quality of the environment and the ability of nature users to comply with them in their economic activities.
Three indicators are taken as the basis of environmental quality standards:
– medical(threshold level of threat to human health, its genetic program);
– technological(the ability of the economy to ensure the implementation of the established limits on the impact on a person and the conditions of his life);
– scientific and technical(ability technical means ensure compliance with exposure limits for all parameters).
Environmental impact standards establish requirements for the source of harmful effects, limiting it to a certain threshold value. These standards include the maximum allowable standards for discharges and emissions of harmful substances of chemical, physical, biological, radiation and other effects.
Environmental norms and standards are formed in two stages: methodical and calculated. The first stage is the preparation guidelines and instructions, and on the second, calculations are made.
Norms and standards in the field of environmental protection include natural and cost standards that guarantee the safety of natural ecosystems.
The system of progressive norms and standards is a set of interrelated and interdependent complexes of natural and cost norms and standards (Table 1.12.).
Table 1.12.
System of norms and standards
Note: * The soil and food conservation area is not considered here.
Environmental natural standards- these are economically justified and technically achievable values of the most effective use natural resources (water, air, land, soil, mineral resources etc.), calculated based on the possibilities scientific and technological progress. With the help of natural standards, measures are taken to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the environment, put into operation technological units and processes that meet modern environmental requirements, and introduce low-waste technologies and industries.
Cost standards in conditions market economy designed to provide economic incentives for environmental protection. These standards include basic standards for fees for emissions and discharges of harmful substances, as well as for waste disposal. These standards are the basis economic mechanism nature management operating in Kazakhstan. They are functionally related to natural standards. Clarification (tightening) of the latter often leads to the need to adjust the cost standards.
Environmental norms and standards characterize the relationship between society and nature. These norms and standards, reflecting the objective limits of permissible anthropogenic loads on ecosystems and the changes introduced into them, largely predetermine economic processes. Being essentially ecological, environmental norms and standards have a purely social character, because if they are violated, damage to the nature and health of the population is caused.
To assess the quality of the environment, norms and standards are used that limit the impact of harmful factors. When substantiating norms and standards, they proceed from a general principle - the natural adaptive ability of the body.
The environmental quality standards established in accordance with this direction are divided into sanitary and hygienic, ecological and production and economic .
SANITARY AND HYGIENIC STANDARDS. Sanitary and hygienic standards regulate the conditions and characteristics of zones of drinking water supply sources, water use facilities, sanitary protection zones of enterprises and are designed to protect human health and reduce the harmful effects of pollution sources on the elements of the natural environment.
Sanitary and hygienic standards, in turn, include independent groups: hygienic standards and sanitary protection.
Hygiene standards reflect the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants in the atmospheric air, water environment, soil, as well as the levels of harmful physical effects (acoustic vibrations, electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation), the values of which do not have any harmful effects on the human body at the present time and in the distant future and the health of future generations.
If a substance has a harmful effect on the environment in lower concentrations than on the human body, then when rationing, the threshold for the effect of this substance on the environment is taken into account.
Hygienic standards also include toxicometric indicators, which are concentrations, doses of harmful substances or physical factors that cause fixed reactions of the body. These standards are the most common and uniform throughout the country.
Along with them in necessary cases establish more stringent standards of harmful effects for individual areas.
Sanitary and protective standards designed to protect human health from the harmful effects of pollution sources and ensure sufficient cleanliness of water use points. They are used in the formation of sanitary zones of water supply sources, water use points, sanitary protection zones of enterprises.
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS establish the limit of permissible harmful anthropogenic impact on the environment, the excess of which may create a threat optimal conditions coexistence of man and his external environment. They include environmental-hygienic and environmental-protective standards, as well as maximum permissible regulatory loads on the environment.
When establishing environmental and hygienic standards it should be borne in mind that many living organisms are more sensitive to pollution than a person for whom the existing standards are established. Therefore, they must be much tougher than hygienic ones and ensure the normal functioning of the entire set of living organisms with which a person is directly or indirectly trophically connected.
Environmental protection standards pursue the goal of preserving the Earth's gene pool, restoring ecosystems, maintaining the existing natural balance. They are used in the organization of buffer zones of nature reserves, natural national parks, biosphere reserves, green areas of cities, etc.
The application of the system of maximum permissible environmental load standards is aimed at preventing the depletion of the natural environment and the destruction of its ecological ties, ensuring the rational use and reproduction of natural resources. These standards are scientifically substantiated maximum permissible anthropogenic impacts on a certain natural-territorial complex.
INDUSTRIAL AND ECONOMIC STANDARDS are designed to limit the parameters of the production and economic activities of a particular enterprise in terms of environmental protection of the natural environment. These include technological, urban planning, recreational and other standards of economic activity.
Technological standards include: the maximum allowable emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere, the maximum allowable pollutants into water bodies and the maximum allowable amount of fuel burned.
Such standards have different values for different enterprises and industries that differ in the profile of work, the volume and nature of pollution, climatic features, and the initial characteristics of the elements of the natural environment of the area where the industrial site is located. With the help of these standards, waste and emissions produced as a result of certain types of work at enterprises, noise pollution of the air, fuel consumption, etc. are limited. At the same time, these standards, characterizing the maximum allowable amount of pollution entering the environment in the area of sources equipped with neutralization systems do not allow assessing the neutralization systems themselves.
Urban planning standards develop to provide environmental safety in the planning and development of cities and other settlements.
Recreational regulations determine the rules for the use of natural complexes in order to ensure conditions for good recreation and tourism.
In cases where it is not possible to develop hygienic or technological standards, temporary standards are established. Temporary standards are subject to regular adjustment. With the growth of scientific knowledge, the development and improvement of technology and technology, they are regularly reviewed in the direction of tightening so that the impact on nature is minimal.
The classification of environmental quality standards requires some clarification in terms of the structure of the standards, which makes it possible to subdivide the latter into three groups.
the first are indicators of environmental quality, primarily the norms of maximum allowable concentrations of harmful substances in the air, water bodies and soil.
Second group establishes requirements for the source of harmful effects: MPE standards for the atmosphere and MPD for water bodies.
Third group contains the so-called auxiliary norms and rules, the purpose of which is to ensure the unity of the terminology used in the activities organizational structures and in legal regulation environmental work.
Environmental quality standards are the maximum allowable norms of anthropogenic impact on the natural environment as a kind of compromise between nature and the socio-economic environment of society. At the same time, this compromise is based on norms established by law or recommended by competent institutions.
For carcinogens and ionizing radiation, maximum concentration limits are not set, but they are limited in a given area by the natural background.
First, let's define what is meant by the quality of the environment. The quality of the environment is the state of the environment in terms of physical, chemical, biological and other indicators or their combination.
Environmental quality standards are standards for the state of the environment in terms of physical, chemical, biological and other indicators, subject to which a favorable, healthy environment is ensured.
The development, introduction and application of environmental standards, including environmental quality standards, is a complex phenomenon and includes:
· carrying out research work to substantiate the standards;
· carrying out examination of projects, the conclusions of which allow the introduction of this type of standards;
Establishing the grounds for the development or revision of environmental standards;
monitoring the application and compliance with standards;
Formation and maintenance of a unified information database;
· evaluation and forecasting of economic, social, environmental and other consequences of the application of environmental standards.
Environmental quality standards are established in the form of maximum allowable concentrations (MACs) of harmful chemical, physical, biological and other substances in the environment (atmosphere, water, soil, etc.). MPC is a scientifically substantiated measure of the combination of the environmental requirements of society for the quality of the environment and the ability of nature users to comply with them in their economic activities. The environmental requirements for MPCs of harmful substances in the environment are based on a medical (hygienic) indicator (threshold level of threat to human health and its genetic programs) and an environmental indicator (threshold level of threat to the state of the environment). But at the same time, scientific, technical, technological, economic, etc. possibilities are also taken into account. That is, the MPC requirements must be achievable.
Environmental quality standards are the same throughout Russia. But when they are established, the natural features of the territory (water area), the purpose of the object of nature, etc. are taken into account. Taking these factors into account, individual territories (water areas) may have their own, more stringent standards. These are, for example, specially protected natural areas (reserves), lakes. Baikal, sources of drinking water supply, etc.
Hygienic environmental quality standards are approved by the Chief sanitary doctor RF. As an example, we can name "Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) of Pollutants in the Atmospheric Air of Populated Areas", approved on 10/17/2003.
Permissible environmental impact standards
The purpose of their establishment: to prevent the negative impact on the environment of economic or other activities of legal and individuals. The following environmental impact standards are provided for (Article 22 of the Federal ZooEP):
· standards for permissible emissions and discharges of harmful substances and microorganisms into the environment;
· standards for the generation of production and consumption waste and limits on their disposal;
· standards of harmful physical effects on the environment (amount of heat, noise level; vibration, ionizing radiation, electromagnetic fields and other physical effects);
· norms of admissible withdrawal of components of natural resources;
· standards of permissible anthropogenic load on the environment;
· standards for other permissible impact on the environment in the course of economic and other activities established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the SRF in order to protect the environment.
Standards for permissible environmental impact, as well as environmental quality standards, are established taking into account the natural features of the relevant territory (water area).
Consider certain types standards for permissible environmental impact.
4.5.4. Permissible emission standards
and discharges of harmful substances and microorganisms
In order to comply with the MPC level of harmful substances in the environment, that is, to preserve the quality of the environment, standards for the impact on it are established in the form of maximum permissible emissions of harmful substances (MPE) into the atmosphere and maximum permissible discharges (MPD) of harmful substances into water bodies. Emissions are understood as the entry of harmful substances into the atmospheric air, and discharges - into water bodies.
MPE and MPD are established for stationary, mobile and other sources of environmental impact based on environmental quality standards, as well as technological standards.
The technological (technical) standard for permissible emissions and discharges of harmful substances and microorganisms into the environment is established for stationary, mobile and other sources, as well as technological processes, equipment and reflects the permissible mass of emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms into the environment per unit of output.
The technological standard determines the mass of harmful substances emitted into the environment based on the amount of products produced by the source of pollution. More production means more emissions and discharges and vice versa.
But at the same time, emissions within the limits of technological standards should not lead to an excess of the MPC of harmful substances in the corresponding territory (water area). Otherwise, it will be a permit for environmental pollution.
MPEs are developed and approved by the Department for Control and Supervision of Atmospheric Air Protection of the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision, and MPDs are approved by the FA of Water Resources of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation. The same bodies approve technological (technical) standards.
In order to maintain the quality of the environment in a specific area (water area) at a given MPC level, the MPE and MPD of harmful substances from all stationary, mobile and other sources into the environment of a given territory in the aggregate should not lead to an excess of the MPC of these substances.
In the atmospheric air of the settlement, the average daily content of freon-14 should not exceed 20 mg / m 3. For example, in the city of Barnaul, three enterprises emit this substance. Their total emission of freon-14 should not exceed 20 mg/m 3 . With this in mind, for each enterprise, a “own” norm of MPE of freon-14 is established.
This simple rule applies to all substances emitted into the atmospheric air and discharged into water bodies.
Limits on emissions and discharges
MPE and MPD are set for those enterprises and organizations - sources of pollution that operate relatively stably and have economic, technological and financial opportunities observe them. At those enterprises and organizations where this is not possible due to objective reasons(economic weakness, outdated equipment and technology, etc.), the law allows for the possibility of setting so-called limits on emissions and discharges.
The limits allow a higher level of emissions and discharges compared to the maximum allowable, but only for a certain period during which emissions and discharges at the enterprise must be brought to the standards through the introduction new technology, technology, etc.
Emissions and discharges of harmful substances from all sources of pollution are allowed on the basis of permits issued by regional authorities for atmospheric air and water resources.
In the absence of permits, as well as in case of violation of the conditions stipulated in the permit, emissions and discharges may be limited, suspended or terminated in judicial order at the initiative of the authorizing authorities.
4.5.6. Standards for permissible physical
environmental impacts
The physical effects on the environment include noise, vibration, electric and magnetic fields, radiation and a number of others.
Standards for permissible physical impacts on the environment are standards that are established in accordance with the levels of permissible impact of physical factors on the environment and, subject to which, quality standards and a favorable state of the environment for human health are ensured, in order to preserve the diversity of flora and fauna.
REGULATIONS
The Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Environmental Protection” does not contain a definition of standards as such, however, general definitions of these terms are formulated in the literature.
standard- an economic or technical indicator of the norms in accordance with which the work is performed. To normalize - to set the limits of something, to normalize.
The literature contains the definition of environmental standards: environmental standards- indicators of permissible technogenic impact of pollution sources on ecological systems and their individual components established by state bodies. Approved environmental standards serve as the basis for establishing normative volumes of emissions and discharges to enterprises - standards for maximum permissible emissions and discharges.
In accordance with Art. 1 Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" environmental standards are divided into:
1) environmental quality standards;
2) standards of permissible impact on it.
Environmental quality standards- these are standards that are established in accordance with physical, chemical, biological and other indicators to assess the state of the environment and, if observed, a favorable environment is ensured
They are divided into:
Standards established in accordance with chemical indicators of the state of the environment, including standards for maximum permissible concentrations chemical substances, including radioactive substances;
Standards established in accordance with physical indicators of the state of the environment, including indicators of levels of radioactivity and heat;
Standards established in accordance with biological indicators of the state of the environment, including species and groups of plants, animals and other organisms used as indicators of environmental quality, as well as standards for maximum permissible concentrations of microorganisms; other environmental quality standards.
These types of standards are established in the form of standards maximum allowable concentrations (MAC)- these are the standards that are established in accordance with the indicators of the maximum permissible content of chemicals, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms in the environment and non-compliance with which can lead to environmental pollution, degradation of natural ecological systems (Article 1 of the Federal Law "On the Protection environment").
In the literature, this term is formulated both as a standard that establishes the criteria for the quality of environmental components, which reflects the maximum permissible content of harmful (polluting) substances and in which there is no harmful effect on human health and the environment, and as the maximum permissible concentration of harmful substances in the atmospheric air, reservoirs, soils, established by the sanitary and epidemiological surveillance authorities in relation to the protection of human health, other authorities in order to protect the flora and fauna, and as a standard, the amount of harmful substances in the environment, with constant contact or exposure for a certain period of time, practically does not affect on human health and does not cause adverse effects in his offspring, established by law or recommended by competent institutions (commissions, etc.).
The concept of environmental quality standards is based on the concept of environmental quality. According to Art. 1 Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection", environmental quality- the state of the environment, which is characterized by physical, chemical, biological and other indicators and (or) their combination.
For example, the concept of "air quality" as a combination of physical, chemical and biological properties of atmospheric air, reflecting the degree of its compliance with hygienic standards for atmospheric air quality and environmental standards for atmospheric air quality, is established in Art. one federal law"On the Protection of Atmospheric Air". The same Federal Law of the Russian Federation fixes the definition of hygienic and environmental standards:
- hygienic quality standard atmospheric air - a criterion of atmospheric air quality, which reflects the maximum allowable maximum content of harmful (polluting) substances in the atmospheric air and in which there is no harmful effect on human health;
- environmental quality standard atmospheric air - a criterion of atmospheric air quality, which reflects the maximum allowable maximum content of harmful (polluting) substances in the atmospheric air and in which there is no harmful effect on the environment.
When analyzing these terms, one can see that if the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection" highlights the quality of the environment as a "state", then the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air" - as a set of relevant properties of air. That is one can speak of different formulations of these terms and the need to bring them to a "common denominator".
